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Exercício 1 – Aula 1. 1 – There are many ways to improve speaking. Which one of the alternatives below IS NOT one of them? R = Read long books and memorize the words. 2 – O foco em uma determinada habilidade comunicativa geralmente parte da necessidade e objetivo do aprendiz: falar, escrever, ler textos acadêmicos, etc. O fato é que sem praticar nenhuma dessas habilidades, você não irá muito longe. Por isso que, quando se quer falar fluentemente, deve-se exercitar, prioritariamente, a seguinte habilidade comunicativa: R = speaking 3 – Segundo Widdowson (1998), o conceito de habilidade pode ser associado a treino, já que exigirá um determinado nível de desempenho. Outros apontam as habilidades como destrezas que requerem uma prática específica. As quatro habilidades são: R = listennig, speaking, reading and writing 4 – Which alternative CORRECTLY matches the pictures and the descriptions? I. He’s unconscious. II. It’s bleeding. III. It’s bruised. IV. It’s swollen. V. He has a black eye. VI. He has a bad scar under his eye. Adapted from: GOUGH, Chris. English Vocabulary Organiser. 100 Topics for Self-study. LTP, England. (2001) R = I ¿ f; II ¿ b; III ¿ a; IV ¿ d; V ¿ c; VI ¿ e 5 – Pesquisas apontam para a necessidade de se reconhecer o fato de que a habilidade de "speaking" envolve três áreas de conhecimento: R = d) mecânico, funções, regras sociais e culturais. 6 – Research has proved that shy people restrict themselves to a minimum exposure to face-to-face interaction and for this reason they tend to give up and invent excuses. One of the most common excuses is R = Lack of vocabulary. 7 – A princípio, podemos dizer que há três tipos de situações comunicativas orais em que nos podemos encontrar: interacional, parcialmente interacional e a não interacional. Um exemplo de situação interacional é: R = conversações face a face. 8 – According to researchers, which of the following statements is the correct one? R = Oral language is the base on which the other language arts develop Exercício 2 – Aula 1. 1 – A habilidade de speaking é considerada a mais essencial das habilidades de comunicação. What¿s the most adequate comment about it? R = Speaking is a productive ability which involves more than just pronouncing words. 2 – Para tornar-nos fluentes em uma língua, temos à disposição quatro habilidades comunicativas, a saber: listenning, speaking, _____________ and ______________: R = reading and writing 3 – What’s the CORRECT order of the lines of the dialogue below? (i) I have lovely memories of our college days. (ii) What do you mean: it’s possible that I’m right? Here’s a photo of you at the bottom of the stairs as a permanent reminder. (iii) Don’t you remember? She had dark hair and brown eyes. A real beauty if my memory serves me well. (iv) I’ll never forget the day you got drunk and fell down the stairs, for example. (v) I need something to jog my memory. What was Angela like? (vi) Really? Down the stairs? I have no recollection of the incident. (vii) My mind’s a blank, but it’s possible that you’re right. (viii) Yes, me too. Whenever we meet it all comes back to me. (ix) You were in love with someone called Angela, as I recall. That’s what caused it. Adapted from: HARMER, Jeremy; ROSSNER, Richard. More than Words. Vocabulary for upper intermediate to advanced students. Book 1. Longman, England. (1991) R = (i), (viii), (iv), (vi), (ix), (v), (iii), (vii), (ii) 4 – Para tornar-nos fluentes em uma língua, temos à disposição quatro habilidades comunicativas. Marque a opção que tenha as quatro: R = Compreensão auditiva / escrita / fala / leitura. 5 – Speaking é uma habilidade 'produtiva' oral que envolve mais do que apenas pronunciar palavras. Muitos alunos brasileiros de inglês como língua estrangeira a consideram como a 'medida do saber' de uma língua. Eles igualam a fluência à capacidade de manter uma conversação. Paralelamente, muitos afirmam que compreendem inglês, mas não se sentem confiantes o suficiente para iniciar ou manter uma conversação. Em geral, as razões para isso são as expostas abaixo, EXCETO: R = as atividades propostas pelos professores; 6 – In order to improve the speaking skill, one should not: R = translate from/to one´s native language Exercício 1 – Aula 2. 1 – De acordo com estudos (PCNs, 1998), para ser considerado BOM em uma língua devemos ser capazes de utilizá-la das mais variadas formas, ou seja, se você é um bom falante, mesmo que não goste de ouvir as pessoas, você deve procurar fazê-lo ainda que minimamente. Se você gosta de escutar as pessoas, mas não gosta de ler, estará perdendo chances de se aprimorar. Isso nos leva a crer que, para se comunicar com eficiência em uma dada língua estrangeira é necessário: R = praticar muito 2 – Esta habilidade envolve o processo de receber e, ao mesmo tempo, de construir significados a partir de mensagens verbais. Refere-se ao processo de escutar algo com atenção minuciosa. Uma comunicação eficaz depende necessaria e primeiramente dela: R = listenning 3 – What can you say to ask someone about their favorite team? R = What team do you cheer for? 4 – A habilidade da fala, por exemplo, não pode ser ensinada separadamente. Ela usualmente está conectada à habilidade de : R = listenning 5 – A commom mistake in the everyday classroom is that speaking and listenning activities usually are: R = teacher centered 6 – A finalidade geral de um curso ou escola, no que tange à aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira, é aperfeiçoar as quatro habilidades (listening, speaking, reading e writing), reforçando o conteúdo com doses de gramática, vocabulário e fonética. Embora isso seja demasiadamente importante, não é o objetivo final. O objetivo de se estudar uma dada língua estrangeira é: R = Tornar-se capaz de usá-la 7 – "Hear" and "listen" are verbs that we use to talk about our sense of hearing - using our ears. But they have important differences in meaning. In which sentence the verb is employed correctly? R = We went to hear the President's big speech last night. Exercício 1 – Aula 3. 1 – Você quer verificar a informação dada por Jim em seu cartão. Assinale a informação que não está incluída no cartão. INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF ENGLISH NAME: Jim Williams AGE: 25 NATIONALITY: American ADDRESS: 759, North High Hill, New Jersey PHONE NUMBER: 201-775-5369 JOB: Math teacher R = How often do you visit New Jersey 2 – What can you say when you want to say good-bye to someone? R = See you. 3 – What can you say if you want to know about someone's age? R = How old are you? 4 – What don't you say to welcome people? R = Please, go away. 5 – Americanos são, em geral, mais formais do que latinos. Asim sendo, como você acha que os americanos saúdam alguém que acabaram de conhecer: R = With a handshake 6 – Leia as sentenças abaixo que se referem às diversas nacionalidades. Assinale a alternativa que estabelece uma relação errada. R = Jane is from Britain. She´s Canadian. 7 – What can you say if you want to know if someone has siblings? R = Do you have brothers and sisters? 8 – Make common English phrases by choosing the alternartive that fills the blank: _____ are you? - I am fine, thank you! R = How Exercício 2 – Aula 3. 1 – What can you say to ask about someone's nationality? R = Where are you from? 2 – Mentalmente reorganize a pergunta que se segue " job is your what ?" . Então, escolha a alternativa que a responde R = I´m an English teacher. 3 – Here are some small dialogues. In which one the answer does NOT apply to the question? R = Do you like yourjob? Yes, I am. 4 – What can you say to greet someone at night? R = Good evening. 5 – What can you say when you want to know how someone is? R = How are you doing? 6 – Make common English phrases by choosing the alternartive that fills the blank: _____ are you?' 'I am fine, thank you R = How 7 – Everyday, I wake up at 6 o'clock. I take a shower, brush my teeth, have breakfast and go to work. The sentences above are about me. If I talked about Mary, how would it be, considering accuracy and grammar? Choose the most appropriate alternative: R = Everyday, Mary wakes up at 6 o'clock. She takes a shower, brushes her teeth, has breakfast and goes to work. 8 – What is the suitable answer to the question ¿Do you have any children?¿ R = Yes, I have two children Exercício 3 – Aula 3. 1 – Read the sentence below "Jake was caught cheating in his test, and now he´s got to face the music!" What does the expression "face the music" mean? R = c. having to face the unpleasant effects of one´s action 2 – Which of these expressions is not used to greet people? R = Where are you going? 3 – Qual das alternativas abaixo responde a seguinte questão" Who are you?" R = I´m Maria Exercício 1 – Aula 4. 1 – What is the best way to ask for an explanation? R = e) I didn't understand. Could you explain that? 2 – How can you thank someone for helping you with some heavy packs? R = Thank you. 3 – As frases abaixo são consideradas frases que iniciam conversas, que dão a partida - conversation starters. Leia uma a uma e escolha a alternativa que as relaciona com seus respectivos assuntos. Someone has a crush on Mike. Do you have an apartment available? I've got a pretty tight schedule today! R = romance - housing - duty 4 – What is the best way to suggest to repeat an action? R = b) Let's do it again. 5 – As a teacher of real beginners, which type of language could you teach first in order to foster speaking practice in classroom? R = Classroom language. 6 – Você está numa lanchonete. Qual seria a melhor maneira de fazer o seu pedido? R = Could I have a muffin and a coffee, please? 7 – What is the best way to ask the teacher to repeat an explanation? R = c) COULD YOU SAY THAT AGAIN, PLEASE? 8 – What is the best way to ask to enter a place? R = a) EXCUSE ME, MR.(MRS)______. MAY I COME IN? Exercício 2 – Aula 4. 1 – What is the best way to say that someone can come in? R = a) Sure. Come on/come on in. 2 – Qual a melhor maneira de sugerir um filme a alguém? R = Why don¿t we go to the movies tonight? 3 – What can you say if you want to smoke near someone? R = Do you mind if I smoke? 4 – Here are some small dialogues. In which one the answer does NOT apply to the question? R = What do you do in your free time? No, I don¿t. Exercício 1 – Aula 5. 1 – Choose the option that the phrasal verb means respect or admire someone: R = I know Peter looked up to Harrison Ford. 2 – The phrasal verb _____________________________ means to look with hatred or intense dislike at someone R = look daggers at someone 3 – Which phrase below has a negative meaning? R = Mexican food leaves me cold. 4 – Choose the proper collocation to complete the sentence: "The first thing I do when I get home from the gym is to _____________ a bath". R = take 5 – Pensando no que foi trabalhado em aula, leia o trecho que se segue e escolha a alternativa que traduz CORRETAMENTE a palavra EM DESTAQUE: While Annie was a hardworking young bookseller, Max was an INDOLENT rich man who only occasionally dabbled in the world of work. R = lazy 6 – In which alternative the word "cross" is a noun? R = a) My father gave me a beautiful gold cross last night. 7 – Este contexto inclui "quem" somos o que trazemos para a interação (interesses, necessidades, princípios, personalidade, etc). We are talking about: R = c) Psychological Context 8 – Pensando no que foi trabalhado em aula, leia o trecho que se segue e escolha a alternativa que traduz CORRETAMENTE a palavra EM DESTAQUE: The coach takes every opportunity to CENSURE his players, yet he ignores every opportunity to praise them. R = criticize Exercício 2 – Aula 5. 1 – Which alternative CORRECTLY matches the pictures and the descriptions? I. His leg’s in cast. II. His arm’s in a sling. III. He’s walking on crutches. IV. He needs a walking stick. V. His ankle’s bandaged up. VI. He had to have stitches. VII. He’s in a wheelchair. VIII. He can’t walk without a zimmer frame. Adapted from: GOUGH, Chris. English Vocabulary Organiser. 100 Topics for Self-study. LTP, England. (2001) R = I ¿ g; II ¿ e; III ¿ d; IV ¿ c; V ¿ h; VI ¿ f; VII ¿ a; VIII ¿ b 2 – Choose the best option to fill the gaps 1 Did you know that Chrissie got ________________ (embarrassed/pregnant) on holiday in Ibiza? 2 The ________________ (signature/subject) I hate most is maths. 3 Begonia is a very ________________ (kind /sympathetic) person. 4 Keep ________________ (removing/stirring) the soup the whole time. 5 The poor live in the ________________ (slums/suburbs). R = pregnant - subject - kind - stirring - slums 3 – Leia as frases abaixo e escolha a alternativa que preenche as lacunas apropriadamente. 1.All my immediate family live in England but I have a lot of ________________ (parents/relatives) in Canada. 2. My ________________ (journey/working day) is from 8 am to 5 pm but it only take me twenty minutes to get to the office. 3. The Red Cross are ________________ (controlling/monitoring) the situation in the north very closely. 4. The rebels are ________________ (controlling/monitoring) the entire north of the country. 5. ________________ (Eventually/Temporarily), we decided to go on holiday rather than buy a home cinema kit. R = relatives - working day - monitoring - controlling – eventually. 4 – Este contexto se refere às nossas reações aos enunciados de outras pessoas. We are talking about: R = Relational Context 6 – Este contexto inclui comportamentos e regras sociais que afetam a interação (Ex. O brasileiro não se comporta como um britânico). We are talking about: R = a) Cultural Context 7 – Which alternative CORRECTLY matches the pictures and the descriptions? I. He’s broken his arm. II. He’s sprained his wrist. III. He’s cut his thumb. IV. He’s burnt his hand. V. He has a nosebleed. VI. He hit his head. VII. He got an electric shock. VIII. He got stung by a bee. IX. He twisted his ankle. Adapted from: GOUGH, Chris. English Vocabulary Organiser. 100 Topics for Self- study. LTP, England. (2001) R = I ¿ i; II ¿ d; III ¿ b; IV ¿ f; V ¿ a; VI ¿ e; VII ¿ g; VIII ¿ c; IX ¿ h 8 – In which sentence the phrasal verb with "look" means "not notice something on purpose"? R = Peter quickly looked the other way. Exercício 3 – Aula 5. 1 – Exte contexto se refere ao significado do texto a partir das palavras/idéias ordenadas em um mesmo grupo e contexto, por exemplo: hospital, nurse, doctor, ambulance. We are talking about: R = e) Semantic context 2 – Non-verbal information is most likely to be shared/received in a: R = non-linguistic context 3 – One can catch all below BUT.... R = a time 4 – Which alternative CORRECTLY matches the pictures and the descriptions? (i) The accident left a scar on his forehead. (ii) He has a birthmark on his head. (iii) I¿ve just had a tattoo done.(iv) He has a mole on his back. Adapted from: GOUGH, Chris. English Vocabulary Organiser. 100 Topics for Self- study. LTP, England. (2001) R = i ¿ d; ii ¿ b; iii ¿ a; iv ¿ c 5 – What’s the CORRECT order of the lines of the dialogue below? (i) Hallo. Didn’t you say you would meet us at 6:30? Or is my memory playing tricks? (ii) By the way, I was racking my brains trying to think of Joe’s surname. What is it? (iii) And where’s Joe? I hope he hasn’t forgotten all about the meeting. He’s so absent-minded these days. (iv) It looks as if no one has remembered to bring it. What a memorable meeting we’re having. (v) Perhaps we’d better phone to remind him. Who can remember his phone number? (vi) Erm… it’s on the tip of my tongue: Donaldson or Davison I think. (vii) It’s getting really late now. Where can he be? He’s so forgetful. (viii) Did I? I’ve got a mind like a sieve, I’m afraid. I thought I said 7 o’clock. Adapted from: HARMER, Jeremy; ROSSNER, Richard. More than Words. Vocabulary for upper intermediate to advanced students. Book 1. Longman, England. (1991) R = (i), (viii), (iii), (vii), (ii), (vi), (v), (iv) Exercício 1 – Aula 6. 1 – Read the following sentence: " When in Rome, do as Romans do. ". Mark ( V ) if the sentence explains the meaning of the proverb: R = When you travel, you should respect and copy the local customs. 2 – This expression means that something is very easy to complete. R = a piece of cake 3 – Choose the alternative that represents the equivalent or near- equivalent relation between the sentences. 1. You are an old hand at teaching. 2. That's great! You keep everything under your thumb. 3. You don't want to stick your neck out, do you? a. You're experienced. b. You have control of the situation. c. You don't want to take the risk. R = 1. a, 2. b, 3. C 4 – The meaning of the expression in capitals in the sentence: LAST WEEKEND LOUIS STUDIED TILL THE COWS WENT HOME is R = He studied for a very long time. 5 – Slangs and idioms are so old as the act of speaking. They are part of our routine and may reveal excitement, offense, happyness, irony, humor, feelings, state and etc. With the technological progress this kind of language seems to be more and more around. The phrase that provides a good example of it is R = It is raining cats and dogs today. 6 – Which idiom below means "feeling very sad and depressed"? R = down in the dumps 7 – Choose the option that means the same as ´success is shown by the deeds´. R = A tree is known by its fruit 8 – Semelhante a um ditado conhecido por falantes do português "water under the bridge", significa que... R = What has happened is past now Exercício 2 – Aula 6. 1 – While studying vocabulary, the most difficult and threatening group for foreign learners is R = Idiomatic expressions and slangs. 2 – Complete the proverb: "Boys will be ____________". R = boys 3 – Choose the best alternative to complete the saying related to work. Rome wasn't built in _____. R = a day 4 – From the concepts studied along the course we may understand that idioms represent R = Common phrases or sayings whose meanings cannot be understood by individual words. 5 – The expression ´Can I take a raincheck?´ means that: R = You hope the person invites you again another time 6 – Complete the proverb: "Don´t count your __________ before they are hatched". R = chicken 7 – Which expression means that something will never happen? R = when pigs fly 8 – As foreign language learners, we know that in order to express ourselves, understand and improve English fluently, we need to learn not only grammar and a good deal of vocabulary but also how to be capable of using this language according to different contexts. There is a kind of knowledge which is part of our routine and seems to be always around: on TV, radio, movies, magazines, internet and in everyday informal conversation: R = The knowledge of slangs and Idioms. Exercício 1 – Aula 7. 1 – In terms of pronunciation, which word is the one odd? R = jacket 2 – Which of the following words is pronounced as the word "eight"? R = late 3 – Approximately how many sounds are there in American English? R = 40-45 depending on dialectical variations 4 – A good pronunciation seems to be a key-element for students to foster a more authentic and efficient communication. If you do not have a good pronunciation you might have bad results, for instance R = It becomes very hard for listeners to understand what you say. 5 – Which concept is NOT TRUE about English pronunciation? R = One may guess a word´s pronunciation by its spelling 6 – The following sets has ONE in which the words do not rhyme. Which one? R = King : kind 7 – What kind of error does a non-native speaker of English make if s/he says sheep instead of ship in a conversation? R = s/he is confusing too distinct sounds 8 – These are words that have different spelling but sound the same. These words are the homophones. In which alternative the pair is NOT an homophone? R = slip - sleep Exercício 2 – Aula 7. 1 – Which word does not have this sound: /ŋ/? R = meant 2 – A good pronunciation seems to be a key-element for students to foster a more authentic and efficient communication. If you do not have a good pronunciation you might have as result R = Not being able to recognize a word when spoken by another person. 3 – In which alternative the ¿TH¿ is voiced? R = that 4 – Which word does not have this sound: Voiced /ð/? R = think 5 – In order to be successful in speaking a foreign language, we should take many aspects into consideration, as for example: R = The recognition of the need of practicing speaking and listening. Exercício 1 – Aula 8. 1 – Numa conversa telefônica, você diz que tem 16 anos de idade. Contudo, o seu interlocutor não entende e acha que você tem 60 anos. Ao retificar a informação e dizer "I am sixteen" a que palavra você daria ênfase? R = SIXTEEN 2 – Choose the expression used to express FORMAL opinion: R = I tend to think that... 3 – When you feel that your opinion WAS NOT SO CLEAR, you can make use of clarifications. The only one which is not an adequate example is R = Sorry, I guess that it is ok. 4 – The only option which conveys a fair probability idea is..: R = There's probably a good argument for... 5 – if we consider the question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of having more than one child? It is useful for: R = expressing opinions 6 – Expressing opinions, If you want to be NEUTRAL, for instance, you may make use of the following expressions, but not: R = Tom Hanks is an excellent actor. 7 – What do you do if there is a misunderstanding? R = I apologize immediately 8 – Even in our mother tongue, to express opinion is one very important way of interaction. Choose the option that refers to it: R = What do you think about Rock? Exercício 2 – Aula 8. 1 – In which alternative there is an example of someone clarifying an opinion? R = By spending money on confining wild animals to zoos, we are wasting resources. By this I mean there are more urgent economic problems to deal with: hospitals and schools should be our first priority. 3 – Chosse the alternative that contains an expression for giving INFORMAL opinion: R = I Think... 4 – One of the tips for you to start practicing opinions is R = Choosing familiar and interesting topics. 5 – The only option which conveys an informal neutral opinion is... R = I feel that... 6 – In which alternative the words or phrases express a personal point of view? R = Speaking for myself¿ 7 – If you were required to write a formal letter to your boss expressing your opinion on a subject, you would start it in the followway: R = I am unconvinced that.... Exercício 1 – Aula 9. 1 – Na oralidade, é comum fugirmos ao padrão:How many brothers do you have? I have two brothers and one sister. Não costumamos dar respostas completas e gramaticalmente impecáveis no dia a dia. Assinale o diálogo que possui uma forma mais formal, diferente da oralidade: R = Why are you sad? I'm sad because my boyfriend has dumped me. 2 – If you have a terrible headache, you have to R = take a medicine and go to bed 3 – If you like detective stories, if you prefer to stay indoors, if you are an imaginative person, your hobby is R = Reading 4 – How would you talk about future plans? Choose the alternative which is grammatically coherent: R = Tomorrow, I am going to the park with my kids. 5 – What's the possible answer for the question: "What's she like?" R = She is very confidente. 6 – Leia o texto e assinale a alternativa que expressa a sua idéia central . If there´s one thing we´re good at, it´s shopping. We love shopping in the States, and we have huge shopping malls which are designed for two purposes: to give us the greatest possible choice of things to buy, and to separate us from our money R = Americans love buying things in general. 7 – What is the answer to the question: "How do you go there?" R = Either by bus or by dad's car. 8 – Choose the only question above whose question is NOT about profession: R = Where do you live? Exercício 2 – Aula 9. 1 – Na oralidade, é comum fugirmos ao padrão: Do you have a car? I have a car. Não costumamos dar respostas completas e gramaticalmente impecáveis no dia a dia. Assinale o diálogo que possui uma forma mais cotidiana, digna da oralidade: R = How often do you go the church? Once a week. 2 – What's the possible answer for the question: "What does she look like?" R = She is very tall 3 – What dialogue doesn't match its description? R = Making new friends A. Oh, Monika, you really like to knit, don't you? B. Yes. Really enjoy it. Exercício 1 – Aula 10. 1 – In order to maintain a conversation, we may have to use the so- called `hesitations'. Which alternative does NOT have a so-called `hesitation'? R = Tell me more about it. 2 – Leia o texto que se segue e assinale a alternativa incorreta em relação ao conteúdo: Bullying in Schools: Harassment Puts Gay Youth at Risk While trying to deal with all the challenges of being a teenager, gay/ lesbian/ bisexual/ transgender (GBLT) teens additionally have to deal with harassment, threats, and violence directed at them on a daily basis. They hear anti-gay slurs such as ¿hom, faggot and sissy about 26 times a day or once every 14 minutes.[1] Even more troubling, a study found that thirty-one percent of gay youth had been threatened or injured at school in the last year alone! Schools should offer a safe and respectful learning environment for everyone. When bullying is allowed to take place, it affects everyone. Their mental health and education, not to mention their physical well-being, are at-risk. R = According to the text, gay teen's health is not affected by such abuses. 3 – We need to take care of simplification in informal speech. Many proficient learners know a lot of vocabulary and master pronunciation, but they sometimes do not know how to end a conversation in a formal way. Choose the alternative that DOES NOT contain a FORMAL closing: R = see you 4 – Read the dialogue below: A: Do you accept credit cards? B: Yes, of course. Please fill in this form. A: Here you are. B: Thank you. If you need something, you can dial 100 to call the front desk. A: Thank you. Where's the lift? B: It's at the end of the hall. Now, where is this conversation most likely to take place? R = in a hotel 5 – Besides verbal expressions, we also have NON-VERBAL OPENERS. Choose the alterantive that DOES NOT contain a non- verbal openers: R = Hi 6 – What would it be a non-verbal opener in a conversation? R = Introducing yourself 7 – Make common English phrases by choosing the alternartive that fills the blank: Excuse me, _____! R = Please 8 – One of the actions below is an indicator of a non-verbal closing of a conversation: R = Breaking eye contact Exercício 2 – Aula 10. 1 – Now turning to conversation in a foreign language, we should take other factors into consideration. Many times learners of English get stuck while opening, trying to maintain or closing a conversation. This may occur because many reasons but NOT: R = People know exactly what to say. 2 – 2. Choose the correct answer for each question. Billy: Would you like some more wine, Darling? Sally: Yes, please but just ________ . R = A little 3 – In order to perform a conversation, we may consider that: R = The speakers change turns in a cooperative way 4 – How have you been? is similar to: R = How are you?