SIMULADO2 - Língua Inglesa para CAIXA - 2024

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401) 
Língua Inglesa para CAIXA - 2024
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/s/Q3Nuz3
Ordenação: Por Matéria e Assunto (data)
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2397953
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Fed’s Jefferson says inflation is U.S. central bank’s most worrisome problem
 
Inflation is the most serious problem facing the Federal Reserve and “may take some time” to address,
Fed Governor Philip Jefferson said on Tuesday in his first public remarks since joining the U.S. central
bank’s governing body.
 
“Restoring price stability may take some time and will likely result in a period of below-trend growth,”
Jefferson told a conference in Atlanta, joining the current Fed consensus for continued interest rate
increases to battle price pressures.
 
“I want to assure you that my colleagues and I are resolute that we will bring inflation back down to 2%
... We are committed to taking the further steps necessary.”
 
Monetary policy that stabilizes inflation “can produce long-term, noninflationary economic expansions ...
that economic history suggests is an ideal framework or environment for inclusive growth,” Jefferson
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/s/Q3Nuz3
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2397953
said. “So, it is important that we get back to that kind of economy. And that is what I think the intent of
the Fed is.”
 
Fed Chair Jerome Powell has admitted that the central bank’s intent to slow economic growth will cause
economic “pain” and likely increased unemployment, but that the worst outcome would be to let inflation
take root.
 
In his remarks, Jefferson said there are reasons to think rigid conditions in the labor market are already
easing. Indeed new data on Tuesday showed a severe decrease in job openings in August that began to
bring the number of workers sought by companies more in line with the numbers of unemployed.
 
That could help reduce salary growth, Jefferson said, and there were indications as well that “supply
bottlenecks have, finally, begun to resolve,” and could also help slow down price increases.
 
But it remains uncertain how that will work, and in the meantime “inflation remains elevated, and this is
the problem that concerns me most,” Jefferson said. “Inflation creates economic burdens for households
and businesses, and everyone feels its effects.”
 
Available at: https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/feds-jefferson- first-remarks-calls-i
nflation-most-concerning-problem- 2022-10-04/. Retrieved on: Oct 4, 2022. Adapted.
 
In the section of paragraph “it remains uncertain how that will work, and in the meantime inflation
remains elevated”, the expression in the meantime is synonymous with
a) in the past
b) sometimes
c) in the future
d) always
e) for now
402) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2397954
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Fed’s Jefferson says inflation is U.S. central bank’s most worrisome problem
 
Inflation is the most serious problem facing the Federal Reserve and “may take some time” to address,
Fed Governor Philip Jefferson said on Tuesday in his first public remarks since joining the U.S. central
bank’s governing body.
 
“Restoring price stability may take some time and will likely result in a period of below-trend growth,”
Jefferson told a conference in Atlanta, joining the current Fed consensus for continued interest rate
increases to battle price pressures.
 
“I want to assure you that my colleagues and I are resolute that we will bring inflation back down to 2%
... We are committed to taking the further steps necessary.”
 
Monetary policy that stabilizes inflation “can produce long-term, noninflationary economic expansions ...
that economic history suggests is an ideal framework or environment for inclusive growth,” Jefferson
said. “So, it is important that we get back to that kind of economy. And that is what I think the intent of
the Fed is.”
 
Fed Chair Jerome Powell has admitted that the central bank’s intent to slow economic growth will cause
economic “pain” and likely increased unemployment, but that the worst outcome would be to let inflation
take root.
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2397954
403) 
In his remarks, Jefferson said there are reasons to think rigid conditions in the labor market are already
easing. Indeed new data on Tuesday showed a severe decrease in job openings in August that began to
bring the number of workers sought by companies more in line with the numbers of unemployed.
 
That could help reduce salary growth, Jefferson said, and there were indications as well that “supply
bottlenecks have, finally, begun to resolve,” and could also help slow down price increases.
 
But it remains uncertain how that will work, and in the meantime “inflation remains elevated, and this is
the problem that concerns me most,” Jefferson said. “Inflation creates economic burdens for households
and businesses, and everyone feels its effects.”
 
Available at: https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/feds-jefferson- first-remarks-calls-i
nflation-most-concerning-problem- 2022-10-04/. Retrieved on: Oct 4, 2022. Adapted.
 
The fragment of last paragraph “Inflation creates economic burdens for households and businesses”
means that inflation
a) alleviates families and jobs.
b) oppresses families and companies.
c) stimulates institutions and commerce.
d) supports institutions and jobs.
e) promotes savings and investments.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2399408
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
How To Teach Your Kids Good Money Habits
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2399408
 
As a parent, you want the best for your children.
 
This doesn’t necessarily mean you want them to have the best clothes, the latest toys or coolest gadgets.
 
Most likely, it means you want to lay a foundation that they can build upon to do well in life. “Without a
working knowledge of money, it is extraordinarily difficult to do well in life,” says Sam X. Renick,
cocreator of Sammy Rabbit, a children’s character and financial literacy initiative. “Money is central to
managing life, day-in and day-out. Where we live, what we eat, the clothes we wear, the car we drive,
health care, education, child-raising, gift giving, vacations, entertainment, heat, air-conditioning,
insurance—you name it, money is involved.” If you want to play a key role in shaping your children’s
feelings, thinking and values about money, you need to give them the gift of financial literacy from an
early age. Lessons should begin before age seven, Renick says, because research shows that money
habits and attitudes are already formed by then. Actually, showing them how money works is more
effective, so let them see you buying things with cash.
 
Your kids’ early interactions with money will likely involve spending. They see you using it to buy things,
including things for them. So it’s important to teach them from a young age that money isn’t just for
spending— they should be saving money regularly, too. “Saving teaches discipline and delayed
gratification,” Renick says. “Saving teaches goal-setting and planning. It emphasizes being prepared, and
it builds security and independence.” Help your kids get in the habit of saving by giving them a piggy
bank or savings jar where they can deposit coins or cash.
 
Kids need to have money of their own so they can learn how to make decisions about using it. An
allowance can accomplish that. However, you should consider requiring your kids to do certain tasks to
earn their allowance. “Just about everyone values money they earn differently than money they receive,”
Renick says. There are some kinds of housework the kids have to do without pay because they’re
expected to help out as part of a family. But they can have specific activities they need to complete ifthey want to get paid.
 
In addition to wanting his kids to understand that money is earned, it is important that they can learn to
live within a budget. “My two youngest children would constantly ask for money and spend like drunken
sailors,” says Tim Sheehan, co-founder and CEO of Greenlight, a debit card for kids with parental
controls. “When I started paying them an allowance, I told them that was all the money they would get
and that it was up to them to manage it. Amazingly, it worked,” he says. They track how much they have
coming in and going out and how much they’re saving using the Greenlight app. Learning how to budget
now will help them when they enter the real world, Sheehan says.
 
A key reason that it is important for you, as a parent, to teach your kids financial lessons is because you
can share your money values through those lessons. If you value giving to others, you can introduce that
value to your children by helping make it a habit for them from an early age. You could do as Chase
Peckham – from the San Diego Financial Literacy Center – did with his kids, when they were little, and
create spending, saving and giving jars.
 
Then help your children plan their giving by discussing what groups or causes they want to support.
 
Just as important as the lessons you teach your kids about money are the ways you discuss and handle
money when you’re around them. For example, if you complain about having to spend too much on
certain things and then take your kids out for compulsive shopping, you’re sending mixed messages. If
you want your children to develop good spending and saving habits, they need to see you making smart
spending and saving choices. In short, practice what you preach. And preach with consistency. Educating
your children about personal finance is a process that can take time. But if you put in the effort and
continuously communicate a clear message about money, you will instill good habits that will serve your
children well.
 
404) 
Available at: https://www.forbes.com/advisor/personal-finance/how-to-teach-
your-kids-good-money-habits/ Retrieved on: Jan. 2, 2023. Adapted.
 
In the sentence of paragraph, “Money is central to managing life, day-in and day-out.” the expression
“day-in and day-out” means
a) in the past
b) in the future
c) previously
d) every day
e) subsequently
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2399411
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Advérbios (Adverbs)
How To Teach Your Kids Good Money Habits
 
As a parent, you want the best for your children.
 
This doesn’t necessarily mean you want them to have the best clothes, the latest toys or coolest gadgets.
 
Most likely, it means you want to lay a foundation that they can build upon to do well in life. “Without a
working knowledge of money, it is extraordinarily difficult to do well in life,” says Sam X. Renick,
cocreator of Sammy Rabbit, a children’s character and financial literacy initiative. “Money is central to
managing life, day-in and day-out. Where we live, what we eat, the clothes we wear, the car we drive,
health care, education, child-raising, gift giving, vacations, entertainment, heat, air-conditioning,
insurance—you name it, money is involved.” If you want to play a key role in shaping your children’s
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2399411
feelings, thinking and values about money, you need to give them the gift of financial literacy from an
early age. Lessons should begin before age seven, Renick says, because research shows that money
habits and attitudes are already formed by then. Actually, showing them how money works is more
effective, so let them see you buying things with cash.
 
Your kids’ early interactions with money will likely involve spending. They see you using it to buy things,
including things for them. So it’s important to teach them from a young age that money isn’t just for
spending— they should be saving money regularly, too. “Saving teaches discipline and delayed
gratification,” Renick says. “Saving teaches goal-setting and planning. It emphasizes being prepared, and
it builds security and independence.” Help your kids get in the habit of saving by giving them a piggy
bank or savings jar where they can deposit coins or cash.
 
Kids need to have money of their own so they can learn how to make decisions about using it. An
allowance can accomplish that. However, you should consider requiring your kids to do certain tasks to
earn their allowance. “Just about everyone values money they earn differently than money they receive,”
Renick says. There are some kinds of housework the kids have to do without pay because they’re
expected to help out as part of a family. But they can have specific activities they need to complete if
they want to get paid.
 
In addition to wanting his kids to understand that money is earned, it is important that they can learn to
live within a budget. “My two youngest children would constantly ask for money and spend like drunken
sailors,” says Tim Sheehan, co-founder and CEO of Greenlight, a debit card for kids with parental
controls. “When I started paying them an allowance, I told them that was all the money they would get
and that it was up to them to manage it. Amazingly, it worked,” he says. They track how much they have
coming in and going out and how much they’re saving using the Greenlight app. Learning how to budget
now will help them when they enter the real world, Sheehan says.
 
A key reason that it is important for you, as a parent, to teach your kids financial lessons is because you
can share your money values through those lessons. If you value giving to others, you can introduce that
value to your children by helping make it a habit for them from an early age. You could do as Chase
Peckham – from the San Diego Financial Literacy Center – did with his kids, when they were little, and
create spending, saving and giving jars.
 
Then help your children plan their giving by discussing what groups or causes they want to support.
 
Just as important as the lessons you teach your kids about money are the ways you discuss and handle
money when you’re around them. For example, if you complain about having to spend too much on
certain things and then take your kids out for compulsive shopping, you’re sending mixed messages. If
you want your children to develop good spending and saving habits, they need to see you making smart
spending and saving choices. In short, practice what you preach. And preach with consistency. Educating
your children about personal finance is a process that can take time. But if you put in the effort and
continuously communicate a clear message about money, you will instill good habits that will serve your
children well.
 
Available at: https://www.forbes.com/advisor/personal-finance/how-to-teach-
your-kids-good-money-habits/ Retrieved on: Jan. 2, 2023. Adapted.
 
In the passage of paragraph, “An allowance can accomplish that. However, you should consider
requiring your kids to do certain tasks to earn their allowance”, the term “however” establishes the idea
of
a) addition
b) conclusion
c) contrast
d) purpose
e) reason
405) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2400850
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente de Tecnologia/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Conjunções e Conectivos (Conjuctions e Linking Words)
From Bartering to Bitcoin
 
By Rich Beattie
 
What we call “money” has always been a moving target. It changes appearance and value. Here are five
key developments in the history of money that have impacted how we earn, save and spend today.
 
Cash Cows - Before humans had money, they had stuff. In ancient times, when you had stuff other
people wanted, you bartered it for stuff you wanted.
 
Around 9000 BC, the most popular commodities included things like cattle, sheep and camels. This was
fine when people bartered close to home, but bulky creatures are cumbersome and difficult to transport.
As people started to venture farther afield to trade, a moreportable option became essential.
 
In 1200 BC people started using cowries—the shells of marine mollusks taken from oceans. They were
recognized as precious, and their use spread across Asia, Africa, Oceania and Europe. Having been in use
for centuries — even into the 20th century in some places—cowries win the prize as the world’s longest-
running currency.
 
Three Coins in the Fountain - The issue with bartering became assigning value: Just how much was a
cowrie or a cow worth? So, agreeing on the value of money became essential. It was the Lydians, around
600 BC, who get credit for a critical step in this process: fashioning the first known coins, which were
made of a gold and silver alloy.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2400850
 
The metal used to make a coin—along with its weight—was important, as it denoted the money’s value.
Moreover, as coins gained popularity, so did the idea of adorning them with locally inspired designs.
 
Coins were money, but they now doubled as a historic record. Eventually, they took on even more uses:
People flipped them to make decisions and tossed them into wells while making wishes. They may be
used less in 2020, but coins have been an integral part of our culture for centuries.
 
The Paper Chase - Coins were obviously lighter and easier to transport than cows, but carrying bags of
heavy metal still wasn’t very practical. China’s Tang Dynasty, in the seventh century, came up with a
smart solution, namely, paper money. It was super-light and could feature even richer designs than coins,
and it promised a certain amount of purchasing power.
 
Gold Rush - One of the problems, though, was that counterfeiters had great success with paper bills.
 
The bigger problem came when governments faced economic crises; it was far too easy to print more
paper money, which led to skyrocketing inflation.
 
Paper needed a backup—something universally valued yet not easily replicated. Something like gold.
 
The “gold standard” let governments create a fixed price for this precious metal that was tied directly to
the value of their currency. In the United States, the idea took root in the late 17th century, and it spread
to Europe in the 19th century. But confidence in the gold standard crumbled during World War I, and it
soon became apparent that in order to thrive, currencies needed the freedom to fluctuate dynamically
against each other. The gold standard was dropped in the United States in 1933, and a global economy
started to take shape.
 
406) 
The E-Buck Stops Here? - Cows, cowries, coins, paper, gold: Money has always had a physical
presence. But today, it is quickly evolving into numbers that float through the ether. This modern era of
money began in 1946 with the first bank-issued charge card. Credit cards followed some 12 years later,
still related to dollars. However, technology, with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, is changing the world’s
definition of “money.”
 
Now, social media companies and entire countries are considering digital currencies of their own.
Meanwhile, artificial intelligence is growing eversmarter, and perhaps one day soon your budget and
expenses will be managing themselves. The debate rages about exactly where we are headed, but with
history as our guide, the one thing we can absolutely count on is the inevitability of change.
 
Available at: https://www.synchronybank.com/blog/brief-
history-of-money/. Retrieved on: Sept 10, 2022. Adapted.
 
In the fragment in the paragraph of the text “One of the problems, though, was that counterfeiters had
great success with paper bills”, the word in bold is associated with the idea of
a) time
b) addition
c) condition
d) emphasis
e) opposition
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689179
CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Bombeador/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Forthcoming innovation & trends in shipping industry
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689179
 
The shipping trends play a vital role in global trade, transporting goods worth trillions of dollars yearly.
Population growth and continued urbanization will also lead to an increase in demand for maritime
shipping services. The maritime shipping industry must continue to innovate and adopt new technologies
to meet this increased demand. The following are some of the most promising trends and innovations
currently taking place in the maritime shipping industry:
 
Green Technology - One of the most critical trends in maritime shipping is the move toward green
technology. With increasing public awareness of the need to protect the environment, it is becoming
increasingly crucial for maritime companies to adopt green practices. Maritime companies invest in
cleaner-burning fuels such as LNG (liquefied natural gas). LNG produces significantly lower emissions
than traditional marine fuels such as heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel. Some maritime companies are also
experimenting with battery-powered ships to reduce emissions further. While battery-powered ships are
not yet commercially viable on long voyages, they show great promise for use on shorter routes.
 
Electric Ships - Global maritime transport emits around 900 million tons of carbon dioxide annually,
accounting for 2-3% of the world’s total emissions. As the push for decarbonization gathers momentum,
it is only a matter of time before electric ships become the norm.
Autonomous Ships - Another exciting trend in maritime shipping is the development of autonomous
ships. Autonomous ships have the potential to revolutionize the industry. They offer many advantages
over traditional vessels, including reduced operating costs, increased efficiency, and improved safety by
reducing the need for manual labor onboard ships. In addition, automated systems are less susceptible
to human error than their manual counterparts. While there are many regulatory hurdles to overcome
before autonomous vessels can be deployed commercially, they are expected to eventually become a
common sight in the world’s oceans.
 
Blockchain - Blockchain technology is also beginning to make its way into the maritime shipping industry.
Blockchain offers several potential benefits for maritime companies, including improved tracking of
shipments and real-time visibility of their location- this would minimize delays caused by lost or misplaced
cargo, reduce paperwork, and increase transparency throughout the supply chain. Moreover, blockchain-
based smart contracts could automate many administrative tasks related to shipping, such as
documentation and billing.
 
Big data and predictive analytics - Another major trend transforming maritime shipping is the increasing
use of big data and predictive analytics. The shipping industry generates vast amounts of data that can
be extremely valuable if analyzed correctly. Big data analytics can improve everything from route
planning to fuel consumption. By harnessing the power of data, shipping companies can optimize their
operations, reduce costs, and enhance safety and security. Predictive analytics is particularly valuable for
identifying potential problems before they occur, such as equipment failures or weather hazards.
 
Cybersecurity - Cybersecurity is a growing concern for maritime companies due to the increased reliance
on digital systems and networks. As the shipping industry becomes increasingly digitized, companies
must implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect their vessels and cargo from attack. Ships are
now equipped with everything from satellite communications to remote monitoring capabilities, all of
which create potential cyber vulnerabilities.
 
Conclusion - The maritime shipping news is undergoing a period of significant change, with new
technologies and trends emerging that have the potential to revolutionize the way that we ship goods
around the world.
 
Available at: https://maritimefairtrade.org/6-forthcoming-innovation-
-trends-in-the-shipping-industry/ Retrieved on April 22, 2023.Adapted.
 
The words adequately related to vessels and navigation are presented at:
a) keel - popa; parte traseira
b) bow - casco; parte que se assenta sobre a água
407) 
c) knot - nó; unidade de velocidade
d) stern - quilha; parte submersa da água
e) hull - proa; parte dianteira
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689181
CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Bombeador/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Verbos (Verbs)
Forthcoming innovation & trends in shipping industry
 
The shipping trends play a vital role in global trade, transporting goods worth trillions of dollars yearly.
Population growth and continued urbanization will also lead to an increase in demand for maritime
shipping services. The maritime shipping industry must continue to innovate and adopt new technologies
to meet this increased demand. The following are some of the most promising trends and innovations
currently taking place in the maritime shipping industry:
 
Green Technology - One of the most critical trends in maritime shipping is the move toward green
technology. With increasing public awareness of the need to protect the environment, it is becoming
increasingly crucial for maritime companies to adopt green practices. Maritime companies invest in
cleaner-burning fuels such as LNG (liquefied natural gas). LNG produces significantly lower emissions
than traditional marine fuels such as heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel. Some maritime companies are also
experimenting with battery-powered ships to reduce emissions further. While battery-powered ships are
not yet commercially viable on long voyages, they show great promise for use on shorter routes.
 
Electric Ships - Global maritime transport emits around 900 million tons of carbon dioxide annually,
accounting for 2-3% of the world’s total emissions. As the push for decarbonization gathers momentum,
it is only a matter of time before electric ships become the norm.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689181
Autonomous Ships - Another exciting trend in maritime shipping is the development of autonomous
ships. Autonomous ships have the potential to revolutionize the industry. They offer many advantages
over traditional vessels, including reduced operating costs, increased efficiency, and improved safety by
reducing the need for manual labor onboard ships. In addition, automated systems are less susceptible
to human error than their manual counterparts. While there are many regulatory hurdles to overcome
before autonomous vessels can be deployed commercially, they are expected to eventually become a
common sight in the world’s oceans.
 
Blockchain - Blockchain technology is also beginning to make its way into the maritime shipping industry.
Blockchain offers several potential benefits for maritime companies, including improved tracking of
shipments and real-time visibility of their location- this would minimize delays caused by lost or misplaced
cargo, reduce paperwork, and increase transparency throughout the supply chain. Moreover, blockchain-
based smart contracts could automate many administrative tasks related to shipping, such as
documentation and billing.
 
Big data and predictive analytics - Another major trend transforming maritime shipping is the increasing
use of big data and predictive analytics. The shipping industry generates vast amounts of data that can
be extremely valuable if analyzed correctly. Big data analytics can improve everything from route
planning to fuel consumption. By harnessing the power of data, shipping companies can optimize their
operations, reduce costs, and enhance safety and security. Predictive analytics is particularly valuable for
identifying potential problems before they occur, such as equipment failures or weather hazards.
 
Cybersecurity - Cybersecurity is a growing concern for maritime companies due to the increased reliance
on digital systems and networks. As the shipping industry becomes increasingly digitized, companies
must implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect their vessels and cargo from attack. Ships are
now equipped with everything from satellite communications to remote monitoring capabilities, all of
which create potential cyber vulnerabilities.
 
408) 
Conclusion - The maritime shipping news is undergoing a period of significant change, with new
technologies and trends emerging that have the potential to revolutionize the way that we ship goods
around the world.
 
Available at: https://maritimefairtrade.org/6-forthcoming-innovation-
-trends-in-the-shipping-industry/ Retrieved on April 22, 2023. Adapted.
 
The word or expression in parenthesis, adequately related to the highlighted expressions in the excerpts
below is:
a) “Natural fiber lines are biodegradable, but are susceptible to rot...” (to grow)
b) “Wire ropes are preferred for larger vessels in harsh environments. Applications consist of towing
and anchoring operations” (hauling)
c) “Double braided lines are made of a core of high - strength fibers,...” (border)
d) “Seafarers and docking personnel use kevlar lines in demanding applications, such as offshore
mooring and towing operations...” (in the continent)
e) “Synthetic lines are strong, durable... have a high strength-to-weight ratio and can handle
loads up to 50 times their weight...” (addition of strength and weight)
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689928
CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Máquinas/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Technology And Innovation:
The Gateway To Development For Guyanese?
 
We live in vulnerable energy times. The energy crisis, climate change and energy transition are all
shaking and shaping the global future. “The energy realities of the world remind us that oil and gas will
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689928
be here for decades to pivot a just, affordable and secure energy transition,” as John Hess, CEO of Hess
Corporation, mentioned during the International Energy Conference and Expo in Guyana in February
2023.
 
As someone said, vulnerability is the birthplace of innovation and technology is the driving force behind
progressive changes. Nevertheless, how can Guyana play a vital role in reordering energy security? “By
embedding innovation earlier in the process, Guyana can skip several steps and avoid what most
economies went through” this idea was emphasized several times during the same conference. “If we
integrate innovation into Guyana’s process today, there might be some accelerated success.”
 
Guyana can play an essential role in balancing the global energy supply and demand markets and
address the energy crisis by becoming a top crude oil producer globally. The goal is to become
competitive in the global oil and gas market and this can be achieved by attracting and establishing
partnerships with companies that can bring increased efficiency and productivity to the local oil and gas
operations, from exploration and production to storage and transportation. For Guyana, this means that
improvements in regulations, a transparent, secure and competitive environment for foreign investment,
and incentives from the government can serve as catalysts for technology and innovation.
 
Collaborating with universities and creating a business innovation hub mentality for young entrepreneurs
with government support, like loan guarantees, grants, and tax credits, will also spur the industry.
 
Innovative technology will play a critical role in climate change. The oil and gas sector must reduce its
emissions by at least 3.4 gigatons of CO2 equivalent a year by 2050 – a 90 % reduction in current
emissions. Guyana today can become a world leader in setting a benchmark around flaring and it’s
possible for the country to achieve zero-flare objective, because “from day one the right solutions and
the right technologies were properly planned and properly positioned in order to enable the extraction
and the production with almost zero carbon footprint”, as the Emissions Directorat Schlumberger
vocalized about a year ago.
409) 
 
Innovations and technologies are key to the energy transition, from floating wind farms to solar
photovoltaic farm developments, waste-to-fuel projects and green hydrogen, shaping Guyana’s energy
transition and future. All this requires not only massive financial support but an innovationoriented and
technology-friendly environment, with a strong emphasis on education, training and research.
Nevertheless, the decision in Guyana on what technologies to adopt and how much to innovate will have
a big impact on results over the long term and the government should base it on a clear vision and
roadmap.
 
Available at: https://www.newsamericasnow.com/guyana-oil
-technology-and-innovation-the-gate-way-to-development -caribbean-news/. Retrieved on: April 26, 2023. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of paragraph 3 “Guyana can (…) address the energy crisis”, the term address means
a) deal with
b) ignore
c) bypass
d) understand
e) recommend
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689933
CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Máquinas/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Technology And Innovation:
The Gateway To Development For Guyanese?
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2689933
We live in vulnerable energy times. The energy crisis, climate change and energy transition are all
shaking and shaping the global future. “The energy realities of the world remind us that oil and gas will
be here for decades to pivot a just, affordable and secure energy transition,” as John Hess, CEO of Hess
Corporation, mentioned during the International Energy Conference and Expo in Guyana in February
2023.
 
As someone said, vulnerability is the birthplace of innovation and technology is the driving force behind
progressive changes. Nevertheless, how can Guyana play a vital role in reordering energy security? “By
embedding innovation earlier in the process, Guyana can skip several steps and avoid what most
economies went through” this idea was emphasized several times during the same conference. “If we
integrate innovation into Guyana’s process today, there might be some accelerated success.”
 
Guyana can play an essential role in balancing the global energy supply and demand markets and
address the energy crisis by becoming a top crude oil producer globally. The goal is to become
competitive in the global oil and gas market and this can be achieved by attracting and establishing
partnerships with companies that can bring increased efficiency and productivity to the local oil and gas
operations, from exploration and production to storage and transportation. For Guyana, this means that
improvements in regulations, a transparent, secure and competitive environment for foreign investment,
and incentives from the government can serve as catalysts for technology and innovation.
 
Collaborating with universities and creating a business innovation hub mentality for young entrepreneurs
with government support, like loan guarantees, grants, and tax credits, will also spur the industry.
 
Innovative technology will play a critical role in climate change. The oil and gas sector must reduce its
emissions by at least 3.4 gigatons of CO2 equivalent a year by 2050 – a 90 % reduction in current
emissions. Guyana today can become a world leader in setting a benchmark around flaring and it’s
possible for the country to achieve zero-flare objective, because “from day one the right solutions and
the right technologies were properly planned and properly positioned in order to enable the extraction
410) 
and the production with almost zero carbon footprint”, as the Emissions Director at Schlumberger
vocalized about a year ago.
 
Innovations and technologies are key to the energy transition, from floating wind farms to solar
photovoltaic farm developments, waste-to-fuel projects and green hydrogen, shaping Guyana’s energy
transition and future. All this requires not only massive financial support but an innovationoriented and
technology-friendly environment, with a strong emphasis on education, training and research.
Nevertheless, the decision in Guyana on what technologies to adopt and how much to innovate will have
a big impact on results over the long term and the government should base it on a clear vision and
roadmap.
 
Available at: https://www.newsamericasnow.com/guyana-oil
-technology-and-innovation-the-gate-way-to-development -caribbean-news/. Retrieved on: April 26, 2023. Adapted.
 
In the segment of paragraph 6 “Innovations and technologies are key to the energy transition”, the term
key means
a) moderately interesting
b) somewhat useful
c) almost convenient
d) basically similar
e) crucially important
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2693665
CESGRANRIO - PTNS (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Administração/2023
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
How space technology is bringing
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2693665
green wins for transport
 
Space technology is developing fast, and, with every advance, it is becoming more accessible to industry.
Today, satellite communications (satcoms) and space-based data are underpinning new ways of
operating that boost both sustainability and profitability. Some projects are still in the planning stages,
offering great promise for the future. However, others are already delivering practical results.
 
The benefits of space technology broadly fall into two categories: connectivity that can reach into
situations where terrestrial technologies struggle to deliver and the deep, unique insights delivered by
Earth Observation (EO) data. Both depend on access to satellite networks, particularly medium earth
orbit (MEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites that offer low-latency connectivity and frequently
updated data. Right now, the satellite supplier market is booming, driving down the cost of access to
satellites. Suppliers are increasingly tailoring their services to emerging customer needs and the potential
applications are incredible – as a look at the transportation sector shows.
 
Satellite technology is a critical part of revolutionizing connectivity on trains. The Satellites for
Digitalization of Railways (SODOR) project will provide low latency, highly reliable connectivity that,
combined with monitoring sensors, will mean near realtime data guides operational decisions. This
insight will help trains run more efficiently with fewer delays for passengers. Launching this year, SODOR
will help operators reduce emissions by using the network more efficiently, allowing preventative
maintenance and extending the lifetime of some existing trains. It will also make rail travel more
attractive and help shift more passengers from road to rail (that typically emits even less CO2 per
passenger than electric cars do).
 
Satellite data and communications will also play a fundamental role in shaping a sustainable future for
road vehicles. Right now, the transport sector contributes around 14% of the UK’s greenhouse gas
emissions, of which 91% is from road vehicles – and this needs to change.
 
A future where Electric Vehicles (EV) dominate will need a smart infrastructure to monitor and control the
electricity network, managing highly variable supply and demand, as well as a large network of EV
charging points. EO data will be critical in future forecasting models for wind and solar production, to
help manage a consistent flow of green energy.
 
Satellite communications will also be pivotal. As more wind and solar installations join the electricity
network – often in remote locations – satcoms will step in to deliver highly reliable connectivity where 4G
struggles to reach. It will underpin a growing network of EV charging points, connecting each point to
the internet for operational management purposes, for billing and access app functionality and for the
users’ comfort, they may access the system wherever they are.
 
Satellite technologywill increasingly be a part of the vehicles themselves, particularly when automated
driving becomes more mainstream. It will be essential for every vehicle to have continuous connectivity
to support real-time software patches, map updates and inter-vehicle communications. Already, satellites
provide regular software updates to vehicles and enhanced safety through an in-car emergency call
service.
 
At our company, we have been deeply embedded in the space engineering for more than 40 years – and
we continue to be involved with the state-of-the-art technologies and use cases. We have a strong track
record of translating these advances into practical benefits for our customers that make sense on both a
business and a sustainability level.
 
Available at: https://www.cgi.com/uk/en-gb/blog/space/how-space-
technology-is-bringing-green-wins-to-transport. Retrieved on April 25, 2023. Adapted.
 
In the fragment in the first paragraph of the text “However, others are already delivering practical
results”, the word However can be associated with the idea of
a) time
411) 
b) condition
c) emphasis
d) opposition
e) accumulation
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2037064
CESGRANRIO - PNMO (ELETRONUCLEAR)/ELETRONUCLEAR/Especialista em Proteção
Radiológica/2022
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text
 
U.S. domestic air conditioning use could exceed electric capacity in next decade due to
climate change
 
Climate change will provoke an increase in summer air conditioning use in the United States that will
probably cause prolonged blackouts during peak summer heat if states do not expand capacity or
improve efficiency, according to a new study of domestic-level demand.
 
Human emissions have put the global climate on a trajectory to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming
by the early 2030s, the IPCC reported in its 2021 evaluation. Without significant alleviation, global
temperatures will probably exceed the 2.0-degree Celsius limit by the end of the century.
 
Previous research has examined the impacts of higher future temperatures on annual electricity
consumption for specific cities or states. The new study is the first to project residential air conditioning
demand on a domestic basis at a wide scale. It incorporates observed and predicted air temperature and
heat, humidity and discomfort indices with air conditioning use by statistically representative domiciles
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2037064
across the contiguous United States, collected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) in
2005-2019.
 
“It’s a pretty clear warning to all of us that we can’t keep doing what we are doing or our energy system
will fail completely in the next few decades, simply because of the summertime air conditioning,” said
Susanne Benz, a geographer and climate scientist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
 
The heaviest air conditioning use with the greatest risk for overcharging the transmission lines comes
during heat waves, which also present the highest risk to health. Electricity generation tends to be below
peak during heat waves as well, reducing capacity to even lower levels, said Renee Obringer, an
environmental engineer at Penn State University. Without enough capacity to satisfy demand, energy
companies may have to adopt systematic blackouts during heat waves to avoid network failure, like
California’s energy organizations did in August 2020 during an extended period of record heat sometimes
topping 117 degrees Fahrenheit. “We’ve seen this in California already -- state power companies had to
institute blackouts because they couldn’t provide the needed electricity,” Obringer said. The state
attributed 599 deaths to the heat, but the true number may have been closer to 3,900.
 
The new study predicted the largest increases in kilowatt-hours of electricity demand in the already hot
south and southwest. If all Arizona houses were to increase air conditioning use by the estimated 6%
needed at 1.5 degrees Celsius of global warming, for example, amounting to 30 kilowatt-hours per
month, this would place an additional 54.5 million kilowatthours of demand on the electrical network
monthly.
 
Available at: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/ 220204093124.htm. Retrieved on: Feb. 9, 2022. Adapted.
 
The term domestic, in the expression “domestic air conditioning use”, in the title of the text, is
synonymous with
a) residential
412) 
b) commercial
c) municipal
d) individual
e) national
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2037069
CESGRANRIO - PNMO (ELETRONUCLEAR)/ELETRONUCLEAR/Especialista em Proteção
Radiológica/2022
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text
 
U.S. domestic air conditioning use could exceed electric capacity in next decade due to
climate change
 
Climate change will provoke an increase in summer air conditioning use in the United States that will
probably cause prolonged blackouts during peak summer heat if states do not expand capacity or
improve efficiency, according to a new study of domestic-level demand.
 
Human emissions have put the global climate on a trajectory to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming
by the early 2030s, the IPCC reported in its 2021 evaluation. Without significant alleviation, global
temperatures will probably exceed the 2.0-degree Celsius limit by the end of the century.
 
Previous research has examined the impacts of higher future temperatures on annual electricity
consumption for specific cities or states. The new study is the first to project residential air conditioning
demand on a domestic basis at a wide scale. It incorporates observed and predicted air temperature and
heat, humidity and discomfort indices with air conditioning use by statistically representative domiciles
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2037069
across the contiguous United States, collected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) in
2005-2019.
 
“It’s a pretty clear warning to all of us that we can’t keep doing what we are doing or our energy system
will fail completely in the next few decades, simply because of the summertime air conditioning,” said
Susanne Benz, a geographer and climate scientist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
 
The heaviest air conditioning use with the greatest risk for overcharging the transmission lines comes
during heat waves, which also present the highest risk to health. Electricity generation tends to be below
peak during heat waves as well, reducing capacity to even lower levels, said Renee Obringer, an
environmental engineer at Penn State University. Without enough capacity to satisfy demand, energy
companies may have to adopt systematic blackouts during heat waves to avoid network failure, like
California’s energy organizations did in August 2020 during an extended period of record heat sometimes
topping 117 degrees Fahrenheit. “We’ve seen this in California already -- state power companies had to
institute blackouts because they couldn’t provide the needed electricity,” Obringer said. The state
attributed 599 deaths to the heat, but the true number may have been closer to 3,900.
 
The new study predicted the largest increases in kilowatt-hours of electricity demand in the already hot
south and southwest. If all Arizona houses were to increase air conditioning use by the estimated 6%
needed at 1.5 degrees Celsius of global warming, for example, amounting to 30 kilowatt-hours per
month, this would place an additional 54.5 million kilowatthours of demand on the electrical network
monthly.
 
Available at: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/ 220204093124.htm. Retrieved on: Feb. 9, 2022. Adapted.
 
In the segment of paragraph 4 “we can’t keep doing what we are doing or our energy system will fail
completely in the next few decades”, the term fail completely is synonymous with
a) expand
413) 
b) divide
c) improve
d) work
e) collapse
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1756038
CESGRANRIO- Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2021
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Robots, the next generation of soccer players
 
If you think a robot will steal your job, you are not alone. Soccer players should be worried too. The next
Messi probably won’t be of flesh and blood but plastic and metal.
 
The concept emerged during the conference “Workshop on grand challenges in artificial intelligence,”
held in Tokyo in 1992, and independently, in 1993, when Professor Alan Mackworth from the University of
Bristol in Canada described an experiment with small soccer players in a scientific article.
 
Over 40 teams already participated in the first RoboCup tournament in 1997, and the competition is held
every year. The RoboCup Federation wants to play and win a game against a real-world cup humans’
team by 2050.
 
The idea behind artificially intelligent players is to investigate how robots perceive motion and
communicate with each other. Physical abilities like walking, running, and kicking the ball while
maintaining balance are crucial to improving robots for other tasks like rescue, home, industry, and
education.
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1756038
Designing robots for sports requires much more than experts in state-of-the-art technology. Humans and
machines do not share the same skills. Engineers need to impose limitations on soccer robots to imitate
soccer players as much as possible and ensure following the game’s rules.
 
RoboCup Soccer Federation, the “FIFA” of robots, which supports five leagues, imposes restrictions on
players’ design and rules of the game. Each has its own robot design and game rules to give room for
different scientific goals. The number of players, their size, the ball type, and the field dimensions are
different for each league.
 
In the humanoid league the players are humanlike robots with human-like senses. However, they are
rather slow. Many of the skills needed to fully recreate actual soccer player movements are still in the
early stages of research.
 
The game becomes exciting for middle and small size leagues. The models are much simpler; they are
just boxes with a cyclopean eye. Their design focuses on team behavior: recognizing an opponent,
cooperating with team members, receiving and giving a standard FIFA size ball.
 
Today, soccer robots are entirely autonomous. They wireless “talk” to each other, make decisions
regarding strategy in real-time, replace an “injured” player, and shoot goals. The only person in a
RoboCup game is the referee. The team coaches are engineers in charge of training the RoboCups’
artificial intelligence for fair play: the robots don’t smash against each other or pull their shirts.
 
The next RoboCup competition will soon be played, virtually, with rules that will allow teams to
participate without establishing physical contact.
 
Available at:<https://www.ua-magazine.com/2021/05/12/robots-the-
-next-generation-of-soccer-players>. Retrieved on: July 4th, 2021.
Adapted.
414) 
 
In the sentence fragment of the fifth paragraph “Designing robots for sports requires much more than
experts in state-of-the-art technology”, the words in bold can be replaced, without any change in
meaning, by the following words:
a) drawing / scholars
b) creating / amateurs
c) planning / specialists
d) finishing / professionals
e) manufacturing / engineers
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1757696
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente de Tecnologia/2021
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
COVID-19 Economy: Expert insights on what
you need to know
 
As we practice social distancing and businesses struggle to adapt, it’s no secret the unique challenges of
Covid-19 are profoundly shaping our economic climate. U.S. Bank financial industry and regulatory affairs
expert Robert Schell explains what you need to know in this uncertain time.
 
• Don’t panic while things are “on pause”
Imagine clicking the pause button on your favorite TV show. Whether you stopped to make dinner or put
kids to bed, hitting pause gives you time to tackle what matters most. Today’s economy is similar. While
we prioritize health and safety, typical activities like driving to work, eating at restaurants, traveling and
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1757696
attending sporting events are on hold. This widespread social distancing takes a toll on our economy,
putting strain on businesses and individuals alike.
 
Keep your financial habits as normal as possible during this time. Make online purchases, order takeout,
pay bills and buy groceries. These everyday purchases put money back into the economy and prevent it
from dipping further into a recession.
 
• Low interest rates could help make ends meet
In March, the Federal Reserve cut rates drastically to boost economic activity and make borrowing more
affordable. For you, this means interest rates are low for credit cards, loans and lines of credit, and even
fixed-rate mortgages. Consider taking advantage of these low rates if you need extra help paying your
bills, keeping your business running or withstanding a period of unemployment.
 
• Spend on small businesses
Looking to make a positive impact? Supporting small businesses is an easy and powerful way to help.
You can order takeout, tip generously or donate to your local brick-and-mortar retail store, if they provide
that option. Your support makes a big impact for struggling business owners.
 
• Prior economic strength may help us bounce back
The thriving economy of 2019 isn’t just a distant, bittersweet memory. When our health is no longer at
risk and social distancing mandates begin to diminish, we’ll slowly start to rebuild. The stability, low
unemployment rate and upward-trending market we experienced prior to Covid-19 puts us in a good
position to kick-start economic activity and rebound more quickly.
 
Available at <https://www.usbank.com/fi nancialiq/ manage-your-
-household/personal-finance/covid-economy-expert-insights.
html>. Retrieved on: Jul. 20, 2021. Adapted.
 
415) 
In the 1st paragraph, the word uncertain, in the fragment “in this uncertain time” is formed with the
prefix un-.
 
A pair of words formed with prefixes that convey the same meaning is:
a) doubtful / joblessness
b) unique / only
c) impossible / discourage
d) certainty / envision
e) inside / intimate
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/613566
CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Bombeador/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Industry Needs to Design Ships Differently
 
The shipping industry needs to design ships differently and be more technologically innovative to reach
world climate goals and counter cybersecurity risks, it was agreed at the annual Tripartite Shipbuilding
Forum.
 At the meeting in Nantong, China, held on November 1-3, the forum reached several general
conclusions on ship design and technology. 
 This year’s themes were decarbonization of ships, safe design and digitalization. These issues are
interlinked as they are all relevant to the creation of a more efficient seaborne transport system.
 At the end of two days of debate, it was concluded that the industry urgently needs new ship designs,
equipment, propulsion systems and alternative fuels to achieve the CO2 reduction goals established by
the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the specific objectives to be established for international
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/613566
shipping by the IMO (International Maritime Organization), a specialized agency of the United Nations, as
part of its GHG (greenhouse gas) reduction strategy.
 It was agreed that the industry needs to use all available technology to a much greater extent, and
increase technological innovation to reduce CO2 emissions to the ambitious degree required by the
international community.
 The Tripartite forum has therefore established inter-industryworking groups with the aim of developing
a better understanding of current R&D (research and development) efforts for the new technologies
needed by the shipping sector to realize its vision for zero CO2 emissions this century.
 The participants hope that the general understandings reached at the meeting will send an important
signal to all industry stakeholders about the vital role that everyone must play to deliver the continuous
improvement of shipping’s environmental performance now demanded by global society. The critical
importance of the safety of seafarers and ships which they operate were also part of the meeting’s
agenda. As explained, there are increasing concerns that new regulations governing ship designs aimed
at further reducing CO2 emissions could potentially have adverse effects on the safe operation of ships.
 One example would be any legal requirements that led to a further reduction of engine power. The
concern is that ships could get into problems during bad weather if the engine is insufficiently powered,
putting both the crew and the environment at serious risk.
 Moreover, recent cyber attacks have increased awareness of potential threats facing the industry. When
it comes to ship design and construction, it was generally agreed that the industry needs to adopt new
methods and standards to create more resilient digital systems on board. A more layered approach to a
ship’s digital system and greater segregation can increase safety, so that a single attack cannot readily
spread to IT (information technology) and other systems both on board the ship and ashore.
 The Tripartite forum agreed that in advance of its next meeting in Korea in 2018, the industry partners
represented at Tripartite will work together to develop new design standards, which will help raise the
resilience of ships’ digital systems and make them more resistant to possible cyber-attacks.
 Available at: <http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/236231/ forum-industry-needs-to-design-ships-differently/>.
Retrieved on: Dec. 2, 2017. Adapted.
 
416) 
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items express similar ideas in
a) “innovative” – traditional
b) “continuous” – endless
c) “concern” – comfort
d) “resilient” – weak
e) “raise” – diminish 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/615417
CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Mecãnico/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
How to Take Care of Cargo on Container Ships at Sea?
 
On container ships, cargo is carried in standardized containers, which are placed one over the other and
secured using lashing.
 While at sea, the ship is subjected to heavy rolling and pitching, which can not only disturb the cargo
but also upset the stability of the ship. Parametric rolling – a unique phenomenon on container ships,
must be carefully dealt with in order to ensure safety of cargo containers at sea.
 Keeping a watch on the loaded cargo containers when the container ship is sailing is as equally
important as preparing a container ship for loading cargo. Also, officers must know all the important
equipment tools which are used to handle cargo on container ships.
 The following important points must be considered for taking care of cargo containers while at sea:
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/615417
Check lashing
 Proper container lashing is one of the most important aspects of securing cargo safely on the ships.
Every officer in charge of cargo loading and unloading must know and understand the important points
for safe container lashing.
 Moreover, when the ship is sailing, lashing must be checked at least once a day and tightened
whenever necessary.
 If the ship is about to enter rough sea or in case of heavy weather, lashing should be frequently
checked and additional lashing must be provided wherever required.
 
Checking containers with dangerous goods
 Cargo containers carrying dangerous goods must be checked at regular intervals of time, especially in
bad weather. Dangerous goods containers must be frequently checked for leakages or damages while the
ship is sailing.
 
Checking reefer containers
 Reefer containers (refrigerated containers) must also be checked and monitored at least twice daily for
proper functioning. Frequent monitoring is required in case of special reefer cargo containers or
containers which are suspected to malfunctioning.
 
Avoid wet damage of cargo
 Adverse weather condition might result into damage of cargo because of leakages from water and oil
systems. Such kind of damage to container ships is known as wet damage. Water from rains might also
get accumulated inside the cargo hold and damage the cargo in lower tier containers in the cargo hold.
 Regular sounding of cargo hold bilges is of utmost importance for early detection of problems related
to water or oil ingress in cargo holds. Bilges, the bottom inside part of a ship where dirty water
collects, must be checked once a day in normal weather condition and at regular intervals of time in
rough weather. When the ship is at port, cargo hold bilges must be drained into holding tanks.
417) 
 Regular rounds of the cargo deck compartment must be made to check the condition of lashing and
cargo containers.
 Sometimes, it might so occur that in spite of taking all the necessary precautions, damage to cargo or
the ship’s hull would take place. In such cases, the master of the ship must take the necessary
precautions to minimize the damage. He should also report the same to the company and make
necessary entries in the ship’s log book.
 A master’s report on the damages sustained must also be made along with a sea protest which is to be
produced at the next port. 
Available at: <https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/how-to-take-care-of-cargo-on-container-ships-at-
sea/>. Retrieved on: July 21, 2016. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items express opposite ideas in
a) “standardized” – uniform
b) “placed” – located
c) “subjected” – exposed
d) “upset” – disturb
e) “ensure” – neglect
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/615436
CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Mecãnico/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
How to Take Care of Cargo on Container Ships at Sea?
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/615436
 
On container ships, cargo is carried in standardized containers, which are placed one over the other and
secured using lashing.
 While at sea, the ship is subjected to heavy rolling and pitching, which can not only disturb the cargo
but also upset the stability of the ship. Parametric rolling – a unique phenomenon on container ships,
must be carefully dealt with in order to ensure safety of cargo containers at sea.
 Keeping a watch on the loaded cargo containersa when the container ship is sailing is as equally
important as preparing a container ship for loading cargo. Also, officersb must know all the important
equipment toolsc which are used to handle cargo on container shipsd.
 The following important pointse must be considered for taking care of cargo containers while at sea:
 
Check lashing
 Proper container lashing is one of the most important aspects of securing cargo safely on the ships.
Every officer in charge of cargo loading and unloading must know and understand the important points
for safe container lashing.
 Moreover, when the ship is sailing, lashing must be checked at least once a day and tightened
whenever necessary.
 If the ship is about to enter rough sea or in case of heavy weather, lashing should be frequently
checked and additional lashing must be provided wherever required.
 
Checking containers with dangerous goods
 Cargo containers carrying dangerous goods must be checked at regular intervals of time, especially in
bad weather. Dangerous goods containers must be frequently checked for leakages or damages while the
ship is sailing.
 
Checking reefer containersReefer containers (refrigerated containers) must also be checked and monitored at least twice daily for
proper functioning. Frequent monitoring is required in case of special reefer cargo containers or
containers which are suspected to malfunctioning.
 
Avoid wet damage of cargo
 Adverse weather condition might result into damage of cargo because of leakages from water and oil
systems. Such kind of damage to container ships is known as wet damage. Water from rains might also
get accumulated inside the cargo hold and damage the cargo in lower tier containers in the cargo hold.
 Regular sounding of cargo hold bilges is of utmost importance for early detection of problems related
to water or oil ingress in cargo holds. Bilges, the bottom inside part of a ship where dirty water
collects, must be checked once a day in normal weather condition and at regular intervals of time in
rough weather. When the ship is at port, cargo hold bilges must be drained into holding tanks.
 Regular rounds of the cargo deck compartment must be made to check the condition of lashing and
cargo containers.
 Sometimes, it might so occur that in spite of taking all the necessary precautions, damage to cargo or
the ship’s hull would take place. In such cases, the master of the ship must take the necessary
precautions to minimize the damage. He should also report the same to the company and make
necessary entries in the ship’s log book.
 A master’s report on the damages sustained must also be made along with a sea protest which is to be
produced at the next port. 
Available at: <https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/how-to-take-care-of-cargo-on-container-ships-at-
sea/>. Retrieved on: July 21, 2016. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “...which are used to handle cargo on container ships”, which refers to
a) containers 
b) officers 
418) 
c) tools 
d) ships 
e) points
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/618974
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Administração/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017
 
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of the global energy system and upending traditional
ways of meeting energy demand, according to the World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver of this transformation.
 Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas,
as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still half as much as it would have been without efficiency
improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in the absence of large-scale carbon capture,
utilization and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows down but is not reversed before 2040 even
as electric-car sales rise steeply.
 WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next two
decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major forces: the United States is set to
become the undisputed global oil and gas leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks to falling
costs; the share of electricity in the energy mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy takes it
on a cleaner growth mode, with implications for global energy markets.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/618974
 Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity soon after 2030.
 “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result of government support and declining battery costs
but it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and
aviation keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes the undisputed leader for oil and gas production
for decades, which represents a major upheaval for international market dynamics.”
 These themes — as well as the future role of oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
 This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global trends.
A new phase in the country’s development results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy industry
and coal.
 At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles
and the source of more than a quarter of projected growth in natural gas consumption. As demand
growth in China slows, other countries continue to push overall global demand higher – with India
accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
 The shale oil and gas revolution in the United States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is
projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.
 This is having a major impact on oil and gas markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and provoking a
major reorientation of global trade flows, with consumers in Asia accounting for more than 70% of global
oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG from the United States is also accelerating a major structural shift
towards a more flexible and globalized gas market.
419) 
 WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak
in oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors –
namely petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day
by 2040. While carbon emissions have flattened in recent years, the report finds that global energy-
related CO2 emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower pace than in last year’s projections. Still,
this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/ november/a-world-in-transformation-world-
energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in Text, the two items that express synonymous ideas are
a) deployed – disturbed
b) undisputed – irrefutable
c) upheaval – stagnation
d) unlock – restrain
e) incumbent – unnecessary 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/618975
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Administração/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/618975
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of the global energy system and upending traditional
ways of meeting energy demand, according to the World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver of this transformation.
 Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas,
as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest sourceof new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still half as much as it would have been without efficiency
improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in the absence of large-scale carbon capture,
utilization and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows down but is not reversed before 2040 even
as electric-car sales rise steeply.
 WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next two
decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major forces: the United States is set to
become the undisputed global oil and gas leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks to falling
costs; the share of electricity in the energy mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy takes it
on a cleaner growth mode, with implications for global energy markets.
 Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity soon after 2030.
 “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result of government support and declining battery costs
but it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and
aviation keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes the undisputed leader for oil and gas production
for decades, which represents a major upheaval for international market dynamics.”
 These themes — as well as the future role of oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
 This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global trends.
A new phase in the country’s development results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy industry
and coal.
 At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles
and the source of more than a quarter of projected growth in natural gas consumption. As demand
growth in China slows, other countries continue to push overall global demand higher – with India
accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
 The shale oil and gas revolution in the United States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is
projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.
 This is having a major impact on oil and gas markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and provoking a
major reorientation of global trade flows, with consumers in Asia accounting for more than 70% of global
oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG from the United States is also accelerating a major structural shift
towards a more flexible and globalized gas market.
 WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak
in oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors –
namely petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day
by 2040. While carbon emissions have flattened in recent years, the report finds that global energy-
related CO2 emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower pace than in last year’s projections. Still,
this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/ november/a-world-in-transformation-world-
energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of
electricity generation in many places, including China and India” and “with India accounting for almost
one-third of global growth to 2040” forging ahead and accounting for mean, respectively,
a) rapidly declining – amounting to
420) 
b) dramatically falling – adding up to
c) rising steeply – being blamed for
d) slowing down – being responsible for 
e) progressing steadily – being the reason for 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/619293
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Administração/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017
 
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of the global energy system and upending traditional
ways of meeting energy demand, according to the World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver of this transformation.
 Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas,
as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still half as much as it would have been without efficiency
improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in the absence of large-scale carbon capture,
utilization and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows down but is not reversed before 2040 even
as electric-car sales rise steeply.
 WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next two
decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major forces: the United States is set to
become the undisputed global oil and gas leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks to falling
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/619293
costs; the share of electricity in the energy mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy takes it
on a cleaner growth mode, with implications for global energy markets.
 Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity soon after 2030.
 “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result of government support and declining battery costs
but it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and
aviation keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes the undisputed leader for oil and gas production
for decades, which represents a major upheaval for international market dynamics.”
 These themes — as well as the future role of oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
 This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global trends.
A new phase in the country’s development results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy industry
and coal.
 At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world leader in wind, solar, nuclearand electric vehicles
and the source of more than a quarter of projected growth in natural gas consumption. As demand
growth in China slows, other countries continue to push overall global demand higher – with India
accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
 The shale oil and gas revolution in the United States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is
projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.
 This is having a major impact on oil and gas markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and provoking a
major reorientation of global trade flows, with consumers in Asia accounting for more than 70% of global
oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG from the United States is also accelerating a major structural shift
towards a more flexible and globalized gas market.
 WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak
in oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors –
namely petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day
by 2040. While carbon emissions have flattened in recent years, the report finds that global energy-
related CO2 emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower pace than in last year’s projections. Still,
this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/ november/a-world-in-transformation-world-
energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change”, Still can be
replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by
a) Therefore
b) Furthermore
c) Nevertheless
d) In other words
e) Because of that
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/654443
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2018
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/654443
421) 
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
Bank Clerk Job Description
 
Definition and Nature of the Work
 
Banks simplify people’s lives, but the business of banking is anything but simple. Every transaction —
from cashing a check to taking out a loan — requires careful record keeping. Behind the scenes in every
bank or savings and loan association there are dozens of bank clerks, each an expert at keeping one area
of he bank’s business running smoothly.
 
New account clerks open and close accounts and answer questions for customers. Interest clerks record
interest due to savings account customers, as well as the interest owed to the bank on loans and other
investments. Exchange clerks, who work on international accounts, translate foreign currency values into
dollars and vice versa. Loan clerks sort and record information about loans. Statement clerks are
responsible for preparing the monthly balance sheets of checking account customers. Securities clerks
record, file, and maintain stocks, bonds, and other investment certificates. They also keep track of
dividends and interest on these certificates.
 
Other clerks operate the business machines on which modern banks rely. Proof operators sort checks and
record the amount of each check. Bookkeeping clerks keep records of each customer’s account. In
addition to these specialists, banks need general clerical help — data entry keyers, file clerks, mail
handlers, and messengers — just as any other business does.
 
Education and Training Requirements
 
Bank clerks usually need a high school education with an emphasis on basic skills in typing, bookkeeping,
and business math. Knowledge of computers and business machines is also helpful. Prospective bank
workers may be tested on their clerical skills when they are interviewed. Most banks provide new
employees with on-the-job training.
 
Getting the Job
 
Sometimes bank recruiters visit high schools to look for future employees. High school placement offices
can tell students whether this is the practice at their school. If not, prospective bank workers can apply
directly to local banks through their personnel departments. Bank jobs may be listed with state and
private employment agencies. Candidates can also check Internet job sites and the classified ads in local
newspapers as well.
 
Advancement Possibilities and Employment Outlook
 
Banks prefer to promote their employees rather than hire new workers for jobs that require experience.
Clerks frequently become tellers or supervisors. Many banks encourage their employees to further their
education at night.
 
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of bank clerks was expected to decline
through the year 2014, because many banks are electronically automating their systems and eliminating
paperwork as well as many clerical tasks. Workers with knowledge of data processing and computers will
have the best opportunities. In addition to jobs created through expansion, openings at the clerical level
often occur as workers move up to positions of greater responsibility.
 
Working Conditions
 
Although banks usually provide a pleasant working atmosphere, clerks often work alone, at times
performing repetitive tasks. Bank clerks generally work between thirty-five and forty hours per week, but
they may be expected to take on evening and Saturday shifts depending on bank hours.
 
Earnings and Benefits
 
The salaries of bank clerks vary widely depending on the size and location of the bank and the clerk’s
experience. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, median salaries ranged from $23,317 to $27,310
per year in 2004 depending on experience and title. Generally, loan clerks are on the high end of this
range, whereas general office clerks are on the lower end.
 
Banks typically offer their employees excellent benefits. Besides paid vacations and more than the usual
number of paid holidays, employees may receive health and life insurance and participate in pension and
profit-sharing plans. Some banks provide financial aid so that workers can continue their education.
 
Available at: <http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/151/
Bank-Clerk.html>. Retrieved on: Aug. 22, 2017. Adapted.
 
In the sentence of the text “Generally, loan clerks are on the high end of this range, whereas general
office clerks are on the lower end”, the word whereas
a) expresses a contrast.
b) highlights a problem.
c) imposes a condition.
d) introduces an example.
e) points out a solution.
422) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/694023
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Enfermagem do Trabalho/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Clean energy: Experts outline how governments
can successfully invest before it’s too late
Governments need to give technical experts more autonomy and hold their nerve to provide more long-
term stability when investing in clean energy, argue researchers in climate change and innovation policy
in a new paper published today.
Writing in the journal Nature, the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for
investment based on an analysis of the last twenty years of “what works” in clean energy research and
innovation programs.
Their six simple “guiding principles” also include the need to channel innovation into the private sector
through formal tech transfer programs, and to think in terms of lasting knowledge creation rather than
‘quick win’ potential when funding new projects.
The authors offer a stark warning to governments and policymakers: learn from and build on experience
before time runs out, rather than constantly reinventing aims and processes for the sake of political
vanity.“As the window of opportunity to avert dangerous climate change narrows, we urgently need to take
stock of policy initiatives around the world that aim to accelerate new energy technologies and stem
greenhouse gas emissions,” said Laura Diaz Anadon, Professor of Climate Change Policy at the University
of Cambridge.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/694023
“If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what works
and why, we risk wasting time and money in a way that we simply can’t afford,” said Anadon, who
authored the new paper with colleagues from the Harvard Kennedy School as well as the University of
Minnesota’s Prof Gabriel Chan.
Public investments in energy research have risen since the lows of the mid-1990s and early 2000s. OECD
members spent US$16.6 billion on new energy research and development (R&D) in 2016 compared to
$10b in 2010. The EU and other nations pledged to double clean energy investment as part of 2015’s
Paris Climate Change Agreement.
Recently, the UK government set out its own Clean Growth Strategy, committing £2.5 billion between
2015 and 2021, with hundreds of million to be invested in new generations of small nuclear power
stations and offshore wind turbines.
However, Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovation has, in many
cases, been highly volatile in the recent past: with political shifts resulting in huge budget fluctuations
and process reinventions in the UK and US.
For example, the research team found that every single year between 1990 and 2017, one in five
technology areas funded by the US Department of Energy (DoE) saw a budget shift of more than 30%
up or down. The Trump administration’s current plan is to slash 2018’s energy R&D budget by 35%
across the board.
“Experimentation has benefits, but also costs,” said Anadon. “Researchers are having to relearn new
processes, people and programmes with every political transition -- wasting time and effort for scientists,
companies and policymakers.”
“Rather than repeated overhauls, existing programs should be continuously evaluated and updated. New
programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently met.”
More autonomy for project selection should be passed to active scientists, who are “best placed to spot
bold but risky opportunities that managers miss,” say the authors of the new paper.
They point to projects instigated by the US National Labs producing more commercially-viable
technologies than those dictated by DoE headquarters — despite the Labs holding a mere 4% of the
DoE’s overall budget.
The six evidence-based guiding principles for clean energy investment are:
 
Give researchers and technical experts more autonomy and influence over funding decisions.
Build technology transfer into research organisations.
Focus demonstration projects on learning.
Incentivise international collaboration.
Adopt an adaptive learning strategy.
Keep funding stable and predictable.
From US researchers using the pace of Chinese construction markets to test energy reduction
technologies, to the UK government harnessing behavioural psychology to promote energy efficiency, the
authors highlight examples of government investment that helped create or improve clean energy
initiatives across the world.
“Let’s learn from experience on how to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, safer and more affordable
energy system,” they write.
423) 
Available at: <http://www.sciencedaily. com releases/2017/12/171206132223.htm>. Retrieved on: 28 Dec 2017.
Adapted.
 
In the fragment of Text I “we urgently need to take stock of policy initiatives around the world”, take
stock means to
a) reevaluate controversial decisions.
b) plan ahead to overcome potential difficulties.
c) make an overall assessment of a particular situation.
d) discard unnecessary measures or questionable actions.
e) get rid of all inefficient or superficial solutions to a problem.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/694028
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Enfermagem do Trabalho/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
Clean energy: Experts outline how governments
can successfully invest before it’s too late
Governments need to give technical experts more autonomy and hold their nerve to provide more long-
term stability when investing in clean energy, argue researchers in climate change and innovation policy
in a new paper published today.
Writing in the journal Nature, the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/694028
investment based on an analysis of the last twenty years of “what works” in clean energy research and
innovation programs.
Their six simple “guiding principles” also include the need to channel innovation into the private sector
through formal tech transfer programs, and to think in terms of lasting knowledge creation rather than
‘quick win’ potential when funding new projects.
The authors offer a stark warning to governments and policymakers: learn from and build on experience
before time runs out, rather than constantly reinventing aims and processes for the sake of political
vanity.
“As the window of opportunity to avert dangerous climate change narrows, we urgently need to take
stock of policy initiatives around the world that aim to accelerate new energy technologies and stem
greenhouse gas emissions,” said Laura Diaz Anadon, Professor of Climate Change Policy at the University
of Cambridge.
“If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what works
and why, we risk wasting time and money in a way that we simply can’t afford,” said Anadon, who
authored the new paper with colleagues from the Harvard Kennedy School as well as the University of
Minnesota’s Prof Gabriel Chan.
Public investments in energy research have risen since the lows of the mid-1990s and early 2000s. OECD
members spent US$16.6 billion on new energy research and development (R&D) in 2016 compared to
$10b in 2010. The EU and other nations pledged to double clean energy investment as part of 2015’s
Paris Climate Change Agreement.
Recently, the UK government set out its own Clean Growth Strategy, committing £2.5 billion between
2015 and 2021, with hundreds of million to be invested in new generations of small nuclear power
stations and offshore wind turbines.
However, Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovation has, in many
cases, been highly volatile in the recent past: with political shifts resulting in huge budget fluctuations
and process reinventions in the UK and US.
For example, the research team found that every single year between 1990 and 2017, one in five
technology areas funded by the US Department of Energy (DoE) saw a budget shift of more than 30%
up or down. The Trump administration’s current plan is to slash 2018’s energy R&D budget by 35%
across the board.
“Experimentation has benefits, but also costs,” said Anadon. “Researchers are having to relearn new
processes, people and programmes with every political transition -- wasting time and effort for scientists,
companies and policymakers.”
“Rather than repeated overhauls, existing programs should be continuously evaluated and updated. New
programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently met.”
More autonomy for project selection should be passed to active scientists, who are “best placed to spot
bold but risky opportunities that managers miss,” say the authors of the new paper.
They point to projects instigated by the US National Labs producing more commercially-viable
technologies than those dictated by DoE headquarters — despite the Labs holding a mere 4% of the
DoE’s overall budget.
The six evidence-based guiding principles for clean energy investment are:
 
Give researchers and technical experts more autonomy and influence over fundingdecisions.
Build technology transfer into research organisations.
Focus demonstration projects on learning.
Incentivise international collaboration.
Adopt an adaptive learning strategy.
Keep funding stable and predictable.
From US researchers using the pace of Chinese construction markets to test energy reduction
technologies, to the UK government harnessing behavioural psychology to promote energy efficiency, the
authors highlight examples of government investment that helped create or improve clean energy
initiatives across the world.
“Let’s learn from experience on how to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, safer and more affordable
energy system,” they write.
Available at: <http://www.sciencedaily. com releases/2017/12/171206132223.htm>. Retrieved on: 28 Dec 2017.
Adapted.
 
Based on the information presented in Text I, the expression in bold type and the item in parenthesis
are semantically equivalent in
a) “the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for investment” – lines 6-8
(discarded)
b) “learn from and build on experience before time runs out” – lines 17-18 (prevails)
c) “If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what
works and why” – lines 27-29 (reject)
d) “Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovation has, in many
cases, been highly volatile in the recent past” – lines 46-48 (report)
424) 
e) “New programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently met” – lines 65-66 (canceled)
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/694029
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Enfermagem do Trabalho/2018
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Clean energy: Experts outline how governments can successfully invest before it’s too
late
Governments need to give technical experts more autonomy and hold their nerve to provide more long-
term stability when investing in clean energy, argue researchers in climate change and innovation policy
in a new paper published today.
Writing in the journal Nature, the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for
investment based on an analysis of the last twenty years of “what works” in clean energy research and
innovation programs.
Their six simple “guiding principles” also include the need to channel innovation into the private sector
through formal tech transfer programs, and to think in terms of lasting knowledge creation rather than
‘quick win’ potential when funding new projects.
The authors offer a stark warning to governments and policymakers: learn from and build on experience
before time runs out, rather than constantly reinventing aims and processes for the sake of political
vanity.
“As the window of opportunity to avert dangerous climate change narrows, we urgently need to take
stock of policy initiatives around the world that aim to accelerate new energy technologies and stem
greenhouse gas emissions,” said Laura Diaz Anadon, Professor of Climate Change Policy at the University
of Cambridge.
“If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what works
and why, we risk wasting time and money in a way that we simply can’t afford,” said Anadon, who
authored the new paper with colleagues from the Harvard Kennedy School as well as the University of
Minnesota’s Prof Gabriel Chan.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/694029
Public investments in energy research have risen since the lows of the mid-1990s and early 2000s. OECD
members spent US$16.6 billion on new energy research and development (R&A) in 2016 compared to
$10b in 2010. The EU and other nations pledged to double clean energy investment as part of 2015’s
Paris Climate Change Agreement.
Recently, the UK government set out its own Clean Growth Strategy, committing £2.5 billion between
2015 and 2021, with hundreds of million to be invested in new generations of small nuclear power
stations and offshore wind turbines.
However, Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovation has, in many
cases, been highly volatile in the recent past: with political shifts resulting in huge budget fluctuations
and process reinventions in the UK and US.
For example, the research team found that every single year between 1990 and 2017, one in five
technology areas funded by the US Department of Energy (DoE) saw a budget shift of more than 30%
up or down. The Trump administration’s current plan is to slash 2018’s energy R&D budget by 35%
across the board.
“Experimentation has benefits, but also costs,” said Anadon. “Researchers are having to relearn new
processes, people and programmes with every political transition -- wasting time and effort for scientists,
companies and policymakers.”
“Rather than repeated overhauls, existing programs should be continuously evaluated and updated. New
programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently met.”
More autonomy for project selection should be passed to active scientists, who are “best placed to spot
bold but risky opportunities that managers miss,” say the authors of the new paper.
They point to projects instigated by the US National Labs producing more commercially-viable
technologies than those dictated by DoE headquarters — despite the Labs holding a mere 4% of the
DoE’s overall budget.
The six evidence-based guiding principles for clean energy investment are:
 
Give researchers and technical experts more autonomy and influence over funding decisions.
Build technology transfer into research organisations.
Focus demonstration projects on learning.
Incentivise international collaboration.
Adopt an adaptive learning strategy.
Keep funding stable and predictable.
From US researchers using the pace of Chinese construction markets to test energy reduction
technologies, to the UK government harnessing behavioural psychology to promote energy efficiency, the
authors highlight examples of government investment that helped create or improve clean energy
initiatives across the world.
“Let’s learn from experience on how to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, safer and more affordable
energy system,” they write.
Available at: <http://www.sciencedaily. com releases/2017/12/171206132223.htm>. Retrieved on: 28 Dec 2017.
Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that express synonymous ideas are
a) channel (line 12) - hinder
b) stark (line 16) - dubious
c) stem (line 23) - restrain
d) pledged (line 38) - refused
e) bold (line 69) - fearful
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/565192
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/565192
425) 
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Medicina do Trabalho/2017
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
Text
 
Oil
 
Overview
 
The oil industry has a less-than-stellar environmental record in general, but it becomes even worse in
tropical rainforest regions, which often contain rich deposits of petroleum. The most notorious examples
of rainforest havoc caused by oil firms are Shell Oil in Nigeria and Texaco in Ecuador. The operations run
by both companies degraded the environment and affected local and indigenous people by their
activities. The Texaco operation in Ecuador was responsible for spilling some 17 million gallons of oil into
the biologically rich tributaries of the upper Amazon, while in the 1980s and 1990s Shell Oil cooperated
with the oppressive military dictatorship in Nigeria in the suppression and harassment of local people.
 
Action
 
The simplest and most reliable way to mitigate damage from oil operations would be to prohibit oil
extraction in the tropical rainforest. But that is unlikely given the number of tropical countries that
produce oil and the wealth of oil deposits located in forest areas. Thus the focus is on reducing pollution
and avoiding spills through better pipeline management, reinjection techniques, and halting methane
flaring. Limitingroad development and restricting access can help avoid deforestation associated with
settlement.
 
Biofuels
 
The energy and technology sectors are investing heavily in alternatives to conventional fossil fuels, but
early efforts to use crop-based biofuels have had serious environmental consequences.
 
While some believed biofuels—fuels that are derived from biomass, including recently living organisms
like plants or their metabolic byproducts like cow manure— would offer environmental benefits over
conventional fossils fuels, the production and use of biofuels derived from palm oil, soy, corn, rapeseed,
and sugar cane have in recent years driven up food prices, promoted large-scale deforestation, depleted
water supplies, worsened soil erosion, and lead to increased air and water pollution. Still, there is hope
that the next generation of biofuels, derived from farm waste, algae, and native grasses and weeds,
could eliminate many of the worse effects seen during the current rush into biofuels.
 
Efficiency
 
Good old-fashioned oil conservation is effective in reducing demand for oil products. After the first OPEC
embargo in 1973, the United States realized the importance of oil efficiency and initiated policies to do
away with wasteful practices. By 1985, the U.S. was 25 percent more energy efficient and 32 percent
more oil efficient than in 1973. Of course the U.S. was upstaged by the Japanese who in the same period
improved their energy efficiency by 31 percent and their oil efficiency by 51 percent. Today the
importance of oil to the economy is still diminishing. Despite the 51 percent growth in the American
economy between 1990 and 2004, carbon emissions only increased 19% suggesting that those who
insist that economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions move in tandem are wrong.
 
Develop new technology
 
The developed world can seek alternative methods to oil exploration, by developing new technologies
that rely less on processes that are ecologically damaging. For example, compressed natural gas is a
cleaner-burning fuel than gasoline, is already used in some cars, and is available in vast quantities.
Electric cars are potentially even more environmentally sound.
 
To encourage investment in research and development of “greener” technologies, governments can help
by eliminating subsidies for the oil and gas industry and imposing higher taxes on heavy polluters. While
governments will play a role in cleaner-energy development, it is likely that the private sector will provide
most of the funding and innovation for new energy projects. Venture capital firms and corporations have
put billions into new technologies since the mid-2000s, while corporations are getting on board as well.
 
As experiences with biofuels have shown, there are often downsides to alternative energy sources. For
example, hydroelectric projects have destroyed river systems and flooded vast areas of forests. Thus
when undertaking any large-scale energy project — whether it’s wind, solar, tidal, geothermal, or
something else — it is important to conduct a proper assessment of its impact.
 
Conclusion
 
Admittedly, there are many challenges facing sustainable use of tropical rainforests. In arriving at a
solution many issues must be addressed, including the resolution of conflicting claims to land considered
to be in the public domain; barriers to markets; the assurance of sustainable development without
overexploitation in the face of growing demand for forest products; determination of the best way to use
forests; and the consideration of many other factors.
 
Almost none of these economic possibilities can become realities if the rainforests are completely
stripped. Useful products cannot be harvested from species that no longer exist, just as eco-tourists will
not visit the vast stretches of wasteland that were once lush forest. Thus some of the primary rainforests
must be salvaged for sustainable development to be at all successful.
 
Available at: <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/1013.htm>. Retrieved on: Aug, 10th, 2017. Adapted.
426) 
 
In the fragment of Text “In arriving at a solution many issues must be addressed, including the resolution
of conflicting claims to land considered to be in the public domain” the terms issues, addressed,
claims correspond to the following meanings:
a) copies – cleared – petitions
b) problems – treated – surrender
c) queries – dealt with – demands
d) magazines – directed – requests
e) questions – approached – waivers
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/565193
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Medicina do Trabalho/2017
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
Text
 
Oil
 
Overview
 
The oil industry has a less-than-stellar environmental record in general, but it becomes even worse in
tropical rainforest regions, which often contain rich deposits of petroleum. The most notorious examples
of rainforest havoc caused by oil firms are Shell Oil in Nigeria and Texaco in Ecuador. The operations run
by both companies degraded the environment and affected local and indigenous people by their
activities. The Texaco operation in Ecuador was responsible for spilling some 17 million gallons of oil into
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/565193
the biologically rich tributaries of the upper Amazon, while in the 1980s and 1990s Shell Oil cooperated
with the oppressive military dictatorship in Nigeria in the suppression and harassment of local people.
 
Action
 
The simplest and most reliable way to mitigate damage from oil operations would be to prohibit oil
extraction in the tropical rainforest. But that is unlikely given the number of tropical countries that
produce oil and the wealth of oil deposits located in forest areas. Thus the focus is on reducing pollution
and avoiding spills through better pipeline management, reinjection techniques, and halting methane
flaring. Limiting road development and restricting access can help avoid deforestation associated with
settlement.
 
Biofuels
 
The energy and technology sectors are investing heavily in alternatives to conventional fossil fuels, but
early efforts to use crop-based biofuels have had serious environmental consequences.
 
While some believed biofuels—fuels that are derived from biomass, including recently living organisms
like plants or their metabolic byproducts like cow manure— would offer environmental benefits over
conventional fossils fuels, the production and use of biofuels derived from palm oil, soy, corn, rapeseed,
and sugar cane have in recent years driven up food prices, promoted large-scale deforestation, depleted
water supplies, worsened soil erosion, and lead to increased air and water pollution. Still, there is hope
that the next generation of biofuels, derived from farm waste, algae, and native grasses and weeds,
could eliminate many of the worse effects seen during the current rush into biofuels.
 
Efficiency
 
Good old-fashioned oil conservation is effective in reducing demand for oil products. After the first OPEC
embargo in 1973, the United States realized the importance of oil efficiency and initiated policies to do
away with wasteful practices. By 1985, the U.S. was 25 percent more energy efficient and 32 percent
more oil efficient than in 1973. Of course the U.S. was upstaged by the Japanese who in the same period
improved their energy efficiency by 31 percent and their oil efficiency by 51 percent. Today the
importance of oil to the economy is still diminishing. Despite the 51 percent growth in the American
economy between 1990 and 2004, carbon emissions only increased 19% suggesting that those who
insist that economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions move in tandem are wrong.
 
Develop new technology
 
The developed world can seek alternative methods to oil exploration, by developing new technologies
that rely less on processes that are ecologically damaging. For example, compressed natural gas isa
cleaner-burning fuel than gasoline, is already used in some cars, and is available in vast quantities.
Electric cars are potentially even more environmentally sound.
 
To encourage investment in research and development of “greener” technologies, governments can help
by eliminating subsidies for the oil and gas industry and imposing higher taxes on heavy polluters. While
governments will play a role in cleaner-energy development, it is likely that the private sector will provide
most of the funding and innovation for new energy projects. Venture capital firms and corporations have
put billions into new technologies since the mid-2000s, while corporations are getting on board as well.
 
As experiences with biofuels have shown, there are often downsides to alternative energy sources. For
example, hydroelectric projects have destroyed river systems and flooded vast areas of forests. Thus
when undertaking any large-scale energy project — whether it’s wind, solar, tidal, geothermal, or
something else — it is important to conduct a proper assessment of its impact.
 
Conclusion
 
Admittedly, there are many challenges facing sustainable use of tropical rainforests. In arriving at a
solution many issues must be addressed, including the resolution of conflicting claims to land considered
to be in the public domain; barriers to markets; the assurance of sustainable development without
overexploitation in the face of growing demand for forest products; determination of the best way to use
forests; and the consideration of many other factors.
 
Almost none of these economic possibilities can become realities if the rainforests are completely
stripped. Useful products cannot be harvested from species that no longer exist, just as eco-tourists will
not visit the vast stretches of wasteland that were once lush forest. Thus some of the primary rainforests
must be salvaged for sustainable development to be at all successful.
 
Available at: <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/1013.htm>. Retrieved on: Aug, 10th, 2017. Adapted.
 
Thus, in the fragment of Text “Thus some of the primary rainforests must be salvaged for sustainable
development to be at all successful” conveys an idea of
a) conclusion
b) opposition
c) time sequence
d) addition
e) exemplification
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/348298
CESGRANRIO - TA (ANP)/ANP/2016
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/348298
427) Low Oil Prices Could Be Good
for Electricity and Renewables
 
By Robert Fares
 
Since I first wrote about the price of oil last December, the global oil price has fallen to levels not seen in
over five years. For many, the recent price decline brings back memories of the 1980s oil price collapse,
which followed the 70s oil price spike and drew attention away from renewable energy and other
alternatives — famously prompting U.S. President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House solar
panels that had been installed by the previous administration.
 
Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible low oil
prices could actually improve the economics of renewable energy. It all comes down to the relationship
between oil and gas production and the price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom line of
technologies like wind and solar.
 
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced 17
percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the oil price increased, the price of electricity increased
too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear,
and renewable energy.
 
Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s, today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of its
electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity. Most
electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from
nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables. The fuel with the most direct impact on the price of
electricity is natural gas, because natural gas generation often sets the price of electricity in the market.
To gauge how low oil prices might affect the price of electricity, it’s really important to think about how
they might affect the price of natural gas.
 
Although oil and natural gas prices have decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link between
the price of oil and the price of natural gas, because both oil and natural gas are often produced from
the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is produced from wells drilled for the express purpose of
extracting gas, a portion comes from wells that are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as a
byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in North
Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure. However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and Permian
Basin, this gas is often injected into the existing pipeline network. Because drillers are really after the
more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no cost —
depressing the overall price of natural gas. The Railroad Commission of Texas, which regulates the oil
and gas industry, collects separate data on natural gas produced from gas wells and natural gas
produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
 
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas production has increased since 2008, the amount
of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has actually declined. On the other hand, natural gas
associated with oil production has increased markedly since 2008.
 
Available at: <http://blogs.scientifi camerican.com/plugged-in/low-oil-prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-
renewables/>.Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of the text “Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for renewable energy isn’t so
bleak”, the word bleak can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
a) encouraging
b) cheerful
c) optimistic
428) 
d) desolate
e) promising
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/348303
CESGRANRIO - TA (ANP)/ANP/2016
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Advérbios (Adverbs)
Low Oil Prices Could Be Good
for Electricity and Renewables
 
By Robert Fares
 
Since I first wrote about the price of oil last December, the global oil price has fallen to levels not seen in
over five years. For many, the recent price decline brings back memories of the 1980s oil price collapse,
which followed the 70s oil price spike and drew attention away from renewable energy and other
alternatives — famously prompting U.S. President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House solar
panels that had been installed by the previous administration.
 
Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible low oil
prices could actually improve the economics of renewable energy. It all comes down to the relationship
between oil and gas production and the price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom line of
technologies like wind and solar.
 
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced 17
percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the oil price increased, the price of electricity increased
too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear,
and renewable energy.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/348303
 
Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s, today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of its
electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity. Most
electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from
nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables. The fuel with the most directimpact on the price of
electricity is natural gas, because natural gas generation often sets the price of electricity in the market.
To gauge how low oil prices might affect the price of electricity, it’s really important to think about how
they might affect the price of natural gas.
 
Although oil and natural gas prices have decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link between
the price of oil and the price of natural gas, because both oil and natural gas are often produced from
the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is produced from wells drilled for the express purpose of
extracting gas, a portion comes from wells that are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as a
byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in North
Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure. However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and Permian
Basin, this gas is often injected into the existing pipeline network. Because drillers are really after the
more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no cost —
depressing the overall price of natural gas. The Railroad Commission of Texas, which regulates the oil
and gas industry, collects separate data on natural gas produced from gas wells and natural gas
produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
 
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas production has increased since 2008, the amount
of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has actually declined. On the other hand, natural gas
associated with oil production has increased markedly since 2008.
 
Available at: <http://blogs.scientifi camerican.com/plugged-in/low-oil-prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-
renewables/>.Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.
 
429) 
In the fragment of the text “Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s, today the United States
produces just 0.7 percent of its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of oil has no direct
impact on the price of electricity", the linking word therefore introduces the idea of
a) conclusion
b) addition
c) cause
d) condition
e) opposition
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/386546
CESGRANRIO - PTNS (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Auditoria/2016
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Transportation in Geography
 
The world is obviously not a place where features such as resources, people and economic activities are
randomly distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to spatial distribution. Geography seeks to understand
the spatial order of things as well as their interactions, particularly when the spatial order is less evident.
Transportation is one element of this spatial order as it is at the same time influenced by geography as
well as having an influence on it. For instance, the path followed by a road is influenced by regional
economic and physical attributes, but once constructed the same road will shape future regional
developments.
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/386546
Transportation is of relevance to geography for two main reasons. First, transport infrastructures,
terminals, modes and networks occupy an important place in space and constitute the basis of a complex
spatial system. Second, since geography seeks to explain spatial relationships, transport networks are of
specific interest because they are the main physical support of these interactions.
 
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged as a branch of economic geography in the second half of
the twentieth century. In earlier considerations, particularly in commercial geography (late 19th and early
20th century), transportation was an important factor behind the economic representations of the
geographic space, namely in terms of the location of economic activities and the monetary costs of
distance. These cost considerations became the foundation of several geographical theories such as
central places and location analysis. The growing mobility of passengers and freight justified the
emergence of transport geography as a specialized field of investigation.
 
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key factors in location theories and transport geography
began to rely increasingly on quantitative methods, particularly over network and spatial interactions
analysis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes challenged the centrality of
transportation in many geographical and regional development investigations. The strong spatial
anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded and decentralization was a dominant paradigm that
was observed within cities (suburbanization), but also within regions. The spatial theory foundations of
transport geography, particularly the friction of distance, became less relevant, or less evident, in
explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result, transportation became underrepresented in economic
geography in the 1970s and 1980s, even if the mobility of people and freight and low transport
costswere considered as important factors behind the globalization of trade and production.
 
Since the 1990s, transport geography has received renewed attention with new realms of investigation.
The issues of mobility, production and distribution became interrelated in a complex geographical setting
where the local, regional and global became increasingly blurred through the development of new
passengers and freight transport systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). For instance, suburbanization
430) 
resulted in an array of challenges related to congestion and automobile dependency. Rapid urbanization
in developing economies underlined the challenges of transport infrastructure investment for private as
well as collective uses. Globalization supported the development of complex air and maritime
transportation networks, many of which supporting global supply chains and trade relations across long
distances. The role of information and communication technologies was also being felt, often as a
support or as an alternative to mobility. All of the above were linked with new and expanded mobilities of
passengers, freight and information.
 
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/ conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th,
2015.
 
The expression as well as in the fragment “Geography seeks to understand the spatial order of things
as well as their interactions” conveys an idea of
a) opposition
b) conclusion
c) concession
d) addition
e) comparison
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/386553
CESGRANRIO - PTNS (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Auditoria/2016
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Advérbios (Adverbs)
Transportation in Geography
 
The world is obviously not a place where features such as resources, people and economic activities are
randomly distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to spatial distribution. Geography seeks to understand
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/386553
the spatial order of things as well as their interactions, particularly when the spatial order is less evident.
Transportation is one element of this spatial order as it is at the same time influenced by geography as
well as having an influence on it. For instance, the path followed by a road is influenced by regional
economic and physical attributes, but once constructed the same road will shape future regional
developments.
 
Transportation is of relevance to geography for two main reasons. First, transport infrastructures,
terminals, modes and networks occupy an important place in space and constitute the basis of a complex
spatial system. Second, since geography seeks to explain spatial relationships, transport networks are of
specific interest because they are the main physical support of these interactions.
 
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged as a branch of economic geography in the second half of
the twentieth century. In earlier considerations, particularly in commercial geography (late 19th andearly
20th century), transportation was an important factor behind the economic representations of the
geographic space, namely in terms of the location of economic activities and the monetary costs of
distance. These cost considerations became the foundation of several geographical theories such as
central places and location analysis. The growing mobility of passengers and freight justified the
emergence of transport geography as a specialized field of investigation.
 
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key factors in location theories and transport geography
began to rely increasingly on quantitative methods, particularly over network and spatial interactions
analysis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes challenged the centrality of
transportation in many geographical and regional development investigations. The strong spatial
anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded and decentralization was a dominant paradigm that
was observed within cities (suburbanization), but also within regions. The spatial theory foundations of
transport geography, particularly the friction of distance, became less relevant, or less evident, in
explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result, transportation became underrepresented in economic
geography in the 1970s and 1980s, even if the mobility of people and freight and low transport
costswere considered as important factors behind the globalization of trade and production.
 
Since the 1990s, transport geography has received renewed attention with new realms of investigation.
The issues of mobility, production and distribution became interrelated in a complex geographical setting
where the local, regional and global became increasingly blurred through the development of new
passengers and freight transport systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). For instance, suburbanization
resulted in an array of challenges related to congestion and automobile dependency. Rapid urbanization
in developing economies underlined the challenges of transport infrastructure investment for private as
well as collective uses. Globalization supported the development of complex air and maritime
transportation networks, many of which supporting global supply chains and trade relations across long
distances. The role of information and communication technologies was also being felt, often as a
support or as an alternative to mobility. All of the above were linked with new and expanded mobilities of
passengers, freight and information.
 
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/ conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th,
2015.
 
In the fragment “However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes challenged the
centrality of transportation in many geographical and regional development investigations”, the word
However introduces the idea of
a) consequence
b) conclusion
c) sequence
d) contrast
e) cause
431) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/465870
CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Náutica/2016
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking
More so than many other fields of business, the maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn gives
the appearance of being conservative towards technology. Certainly, we have technical ships
magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it
can take decades for a technology to become mainstream. Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO
(International Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule though, with many
fleet owners realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your own
logistical processes, can significantly improve efficiency. If a ship arrives early or late, more often than
not there will be an associated cost. If this can be identified during transit then the early or late arrival
can be negated or at least planned for. Likewise, if by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats
means that you can route the closest vessel to the next job, then significant fuel cost savings can be
made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is used is just as important as knowing where a
vessel is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply the data to the benefit of efficiency for a
single ship or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to position reports is essential.
A new tracking unit
RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit for the professional maritime environment. During its design
phase, the team decided that in order for the position data it provides to be of the most use, as well as
being available via Rock Seven’s own fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in any software
system the user chooses. Using a standards-based API (Application Programming Interface.), the
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/465870
customer can integrate tracking data from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically this means
that RockFLEET tracked assets can be added to existing fleet management software, which invariably is
designed around an owner or operators own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available, the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the
creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses location data to manage payroll
of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea,
in international waters, in port or transiting regions with high piracy incidents.
RockFLEET, a unique device
The above user is a private security company involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets location
data using RockSTAR, the handheld version of RockFLEET, which is a new fixed unit that can be fitted
anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact (13cm
diameter/4cm high) device with multiple mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET was in part
driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
 
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous; as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works from
ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery inside. Which is important should a vessel be hijacked
and the main power cut.
 
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring
safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an operational vessel/fleet tracking system, ship
owners and fleet managers will know where their ships are at all times. This information can be fed to
authorities, private anti-piracy companies and the naval forces patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear,
near real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of this information should a vessel be hijacked is
obvious: knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides responders with a starting point should a
hijacked vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
 
Today’s pirates know that many commercial vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets sailing
in what are known to be hostile waters. So disabling vessel tracking equipment on board is a sensible
action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued and because most tracking units
are powered by the vessel, finding and cutting the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however, is the
only device of its kind with an internal battery backup, so it can continue to transmit position for up to
two weeks if external power is cut.
 
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy hotspots.
Available at: <http://maritime-connector.com/from-
security-toeffi ciency-modern-vessel-tracking/>. Retrieved on: Jan, 7th, 2015. Adapted.
 
The expression in bold andthe item in italics convey equivalent ideas in
a) “Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International Maritime Organization)” - Because
b) “Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule though” – as usual
c) “If a ship arrives early or late, more often than not there will be an associated cost”- Whenever
d) “For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses location data to manage payroll of
personnel” – Moreover
e) “So disabling vessel tracking equipment on board is a sensible action for said pirates after a
hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued” - Thus
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/465872
CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Náutica/2016
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/465872
432) From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking
More so than many other fields of business, the maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn gives
the appearance of being conservative towards technology. Certainly, we have technical ships
magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it
can take decades for a technology to become mainstream. Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO
(International Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule though, with many
fleet owners realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your own
logistical processes, can significantly improve efficiency. If a ship arrives early or late, more often than
not there will be an associated cost. If this can be identified during transit then the early or late arrival
can be negated or at least planned for. Likewise, if by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats
means that you can route the closest vessel to the next job, then significant fuel cost savings can be
made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is used is just as important as knowing where a
vessel is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply the data to the benefit of efficiency for a
single ship or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to position reports is essential.
A new tracking unit
RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit for the professional maritime environment. During its design
phase, the team decided that in order for the position data it provides to be of the most use, as well as
being available via Rock Seven’s own fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in any software
system the user chooses. Using a standards-based API (Application Programming Interface.), the
customer can integrate tracking data from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically this means
that RockFLEET tracked assets can be added to existing fleet management software, which invariably is
designed around an owner or operators own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available, the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the
creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses location data to manage payroll
of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea,
in international waters, in port or transiting regions with high piracy incidents.
RockFLEET, a unique device
The above user is a private security company involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets location
data using RockSTAR, the handheld version of RockFLEET, which is a new fixed unit that can be fitted
anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact (13cm
diameter/4cm high) device with multiple mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET was in part
driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
 
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous; as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works from
ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery inside. Which is important should a vessel be hijacked
and the main power cut.
 
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring
safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an operational vessel/fleet tracking system, ship
owners and fleet managers will know where their ships are at all times. This information can be fed to
authorities, private anti-piracy companies and the naval forces patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear,
near real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of this information should a vessel be hijacked is
obvious: knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides responders with a starting point should a
hijacked vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
 
Today’s pirates know that many commercial vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets sailing
in what are known to be hostile waters. So disabling vessel tracking equipment on board is a sensible
433) 
action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued and because most tracking units
are powered by the vessel, finding and cutting the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however, is the
only device of its kind with an internal battery backup, so it can continue to transmit position for up to
two weeks if external power is cut.
 
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy hotspots.
Available at: <http://maritime-connector.com/from-
security-toeffi ciency-modern-vessel-tracking/>. Retrieved on: Jan, 7th, 2015. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, one notices that the words
a) countless and unlimited are antonyms.
b) reliable and questionable are synonyms.
c) ensuring and securing express similar ideas.
d) disabled and destroyed express opposing ideas.
e) subdued and defeated do not have equivalent meanings.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/465873
CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Náutica/2016
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking
More so than many other fields of business, the maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn gives
the appearance of being conservative towards technology. Certainly, we have technical ships
magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it
can take decades for a technology to become mainstream. Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/465873
(International Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule though, with many
fleet owners realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your own
logistical processes, can significantly improve efficiency. If a ship arrives early or late, more often than
not there will be an associated cost. If this can be identified during transit then the early or late arrival
can be negated or at least planned for. Likewise, if by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats
means that you can route the closest vessel to the next job, then significant fuel cost savings can be
made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is used is just as important as knowing where a
vessel is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply the data to the benefit of efficiency for a
single ship or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to position reports is essential.
A new tracking unit
RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit for the professional maritime environment. During its design
phase, the team decided that in order for the position data it provides to be of the most use, as well as
being available via Rock Seven’s own fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in any software
systemthe user chooses. Using a standards-based API (Application Programming Interface.), the
customer can integrate tracking data from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically this means
that RockFLEET tracked assets can be added to existing fleet management software, which invariably is
designed around an owner or operators own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available, the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the
creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses location data to manage payroll
of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea,
in international waters, in port or transiting regions with high piracy incidents.
RockFLEET, a unique device
The above user is a private security company involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets location
data using RockSTAR, the handheld version of RockFLEET, which is a new fixed unit that can be fitted
anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact (13cm
diameter/4cm high) device with multiple mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET was in part
driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
 
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous; as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works from
ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery inside. Which is important should a vessel be hijacked
and the main power cut.
 
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring
safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an operational vessel/fleet tracking system, ship
owners and fleet managers will know where their ships are at all times. This information can be fed to
authorities, private anti-piracy companies and the naval forces patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear,
near real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of this information should a vessel be hijacked is
obvious: knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides responders with a starting point should a
hijacked vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
 
Today’s pirates know that many commercial vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets sailing
in what are known to be hostile waters. So disabling vessel tracking equipment on board is a sensible
action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued and because most tracking units
are powered by the vessel, finding and cutting the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however, is the
only device of its kind with an internal battery backup, so it can continue to transmit position for up to
two weeks if external power is cut.
 
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy hotspots.
434) 
Available at: <http://maritime-connector.com/from-
security-toeffi ciency-modern-vessel-tracking/>. Retrieved on: Jan, 7th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of the text “The physical design of RockFLEET was in part driven by the security
challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy” driven by can be replaced, without
change in meaning, by
a) controlled by
b) motivated by
c) neglected by
d) dependent on
e) prevented from
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300462
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced
number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of
industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-
six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a lack of the skills and knowledge they
consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300462
to learn and develop those skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on
ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to replace
a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of
the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and gas leaders find strong millennial
talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater
return on investment for millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good
schools and evaluating academic performance will always be important, and every company wants to hire
smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not
necessarily reflect all the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with
a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive, motivation, time
management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as
qualified as a top student. Using objective assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive
evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for
the business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about
organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through social
channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as
friends and family, so continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs,
and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is important, but they
should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this
generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow, demonstrate the talents they
have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested
in these things too, and showing a commitment to developing employees will help retain existing
employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net
to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to learn, drive for achievement and ability
to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in
those areas can develop into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical
knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing the skills that
graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current
vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business needs. Openings will always need to
be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people
who will grow with the organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the
overall company rather than fora specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for learning and
potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present
time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short
time before moving on. However, our research shows that millennials view employment stability as very
435) 
important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and
clarifying the benefit of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire
new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making incorrect assumptions about how
millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will
see the most success in attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and
company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-
gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
The main purpose of Text is to
a) highlight the necessity to recruit for a specific position.
b) show the reader how to understand millennial motivations.
c) present some advice on how to identify young talents for the oil and gas industry.
d) defend the idea that millennials are not prepared for the oil and gas market demands.
e) deconstruct the myth that millennials are looking to stay in a company for a short time.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300500
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300500
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced
number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of
industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-
six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a lack of the skills and knowledge they
consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential
to learn and develop those skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on
ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to replace
a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of
the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and gas leaders find strong millennial
talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater
return on investment for millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good
schools and evaluating academic performance will always be important, and every company wants to hire
smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not
necessarily reflect all the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with
a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive, motivation, time
management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as
qualified as a top student. Using objective assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive
evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for
the business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about
organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through social
channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as
friends and family, so continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs,
and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is important, but they
should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this
generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow, demonstrate the talents they
have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested
in these things too, and showing a commitment to developing employees will help retain existing
employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net
to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to learn, drive for achievement and ability
to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in
those areas can develop into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical
knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing the skills that
graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current
vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business needs. Openings will always need to
be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people
who will grow with the organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the
overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for learning and
potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present
time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short
time before moving on. However, our research shows that millennials view employment stability as very
important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and
clarifying the benefit of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire
new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making incorrect assumptions about how
millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will
see the most success in attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and
company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-
gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
Based on the fragment of Text I “Using objective assessments to measure employability – a
comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the
right hires for the business”, one infers that objective assessments
a) improve the chances of finding the right hires.b) are a strange method of finding the right hires.
c) are the only method of measuring employability.
d) are an ineffective method of finding the right hires if compared to academic performance.
e) do not measure the overall potential of a job candidate.
436) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300502
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced
number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of
industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-
six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a lack of the skills and knowledge they
consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential
to learn and develop those skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on
ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to replace
a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of
the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and gas leaders find strong millennial
talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater
return on investment for millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good
schools and evaluating academic performance will always be important, and every company wants to hire
smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300502
necessarily reflect all the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with
a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive, motivation, time
management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as
qualified as a top student. Using objective assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive
evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for
the business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about
organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through social
channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as
friends and family, so continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs,
and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is important, but they
should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this
generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow, demonstrate the talents they
have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested
in these things too, and showing a commitment to developing employees will help retain existing
employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net
to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to learn, drive for achievement and ability
to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in
those areas can develop into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical
knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing the skills that
graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current
vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business needs. Openings will always need to
be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people
who will grow with the organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the
overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for learning and
potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present
time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short
time before moving on. However, our research shows that millennials view employment stability as very
important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and
clarifying the benefit of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire
new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making incorrect assumptions about how
millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will
see the most success in attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and
company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-
gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
437) 
In the fragment of Text “Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through
social channels”, the word nonetheless conveys an idea of
a) addition
b) conclusion
c) explanation
d) exemplification
e) opposition
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300504
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced
number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of
industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-
six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a lack of the skills and knowledge they
consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential
to learn and develop those skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on
ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to replace
a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300504
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of
the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and gas leaders find strong millennial
talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater
return on investment for millennial recruitment.1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good
schools and evaluating academic performance will always be important, and every company wants to hire
smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not
necessarily reflect all the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with
a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive, motivation, time
management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as
qualified as a top student. Using objective assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive
evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for
the business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about
organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through social
channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as
friends and family, so continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs,
and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is important, but they
should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this
generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow, demonstrate the talents they
have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested
in these things too, and showing a commitment to developing employees will help retain existing
employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net
to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to learn, drive for achievement and ability
to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in
those areas can develop into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical
knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing the skills that
graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current
vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business needs. Openings will always need to
be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people
who will grow with the organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the
overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for learning and
potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present
time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short
time before moving on. However, our research shows that millennials view employment stability as very
important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and
clarifying the benefit of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire
new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making incorrect assumptions about how
438) 
millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will
see the most success in attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and
company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-
gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
Based on the 7th paragraph of Text, it is implicit the author believes that
a) new employees should be ready to work from the moment they are hired.
b) new employees should have their skills developed for their future in the company.
c) technical knowledge is the most important aspect to be taken into consideration when hiring
someone.
d) the ability to work with others should not be considered an important issue when hiring someone.
e) candidates’ capacity to learn is the only issue that should be taken into consideration when hiring
someone.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300510
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced
number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of
industry talent will come from.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300510
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-
six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a lack of the skills and knowledge they
consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential
to learn and develop those skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on
ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to replace
a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of
the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and gas leaders find strong millennial
talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater
return on investment for millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good
schools and evaluating academic performance will always be important, and every company wants to hire
smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not
necessarily reflect all the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with
a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive, motivation, time
management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as
qualified as a top student. Using objective assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive
evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for
the business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about
organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through social
channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as
friends and family, so continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs,
and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is important, but they
should supplementand enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this
generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow, demonstrate the talents they
have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested
in these things too, and showing a commitment to developing employees will help retain existing
employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net
to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to learn, drive for achievement and ability
to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in
those areas can develop into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical
knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing the skills that
graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current
vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business needs. Openings will always need to
be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people
who will grow with the organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the
overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for learning and
potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present
time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short
time before moving on. However, our research shows that millennials view employment stability as very
important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and
clarifying the benefit of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire
new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making incorrect assumptions about how
millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will
see the most success in attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and
company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-
gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the 8th paragraph of Text, the word vacancies is used three times.
 
To avoid one more repetition, the author chose as synonym for vacancies the word
a) companies
b) demands
c) needs
d) openings
e) goal
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300515
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300515
439) 
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Interpretação de Textos (Understanding)
Text
 
3 “Must Have” Strategies for the Oil and Gas Sector’s Big Shift Change
 
The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. A manager at an oil and
gas company recently remarked that there are only two kinds of people working in the sector: those who
already feel the impact of the Big Shift Change and those who are going to. He knew what he was
talking about.
 
Is your company ready to lose half of its skilled workforce?
 
Despite the sector’s widely reported recent downturns, industry experts warn that the ongoing departure
of experienced older workers poses increasing risk for companies that aren’t adequately prepared to
source, train and support the younger workers who will replace them. In 2014 the Society of Petroleum
Engineers estimated that over the next 5 to 7 years the sector could lose up to 50% of its skilled
workforce. If that estimate is even somewhat accurate, it means executives and managers will face major
challenges in maintaining safety, compliance and operational efficiency.
 
Preparing for the Big Shift Change: 3 “Must Have” Strategies
 
Here are 3 strategies that can help ensure that your company is ready to cope with the Big Shift Change.
 
• Ensure knowledge capture: How much missioncritical knowledge is walking out the door every
night in employees’ heads? How many vital skills? How will you manage when they don’t come back?
Develop formal processes for knowledge capture and build them into your organization’s culture. From
now on, advantage will go to those who create cultures of sharing knowledge.
 
• Streamline hiring, onboarding and training processes: The younger workers who replace the
retiring Baby Boomers aren’t going to be as skilled or experienced. And they probably won’t stay on the
job as long, either. You need to make sure your organization is ready to attract and select the best
candidates, onboard them quickly and give these new workers the training they’ll need to perform
effectively—and be prepared to do it again for their replacements when they move on.
 
• Optimize performance support: After they’ve been trained, members of the new workforce will
require substantially more support than their predecessors. You’ll need SOPs (Standard Operating
Procedures), work instructions and job aids that are easy to access and easy to understand. It will be
more important than ever for you to ensure that their content is clear, concise and up-to-date, with
regular review cycles.
 
Availabe at: <http://www.informationmapping.com/en/ resources/blog/entry/3-must-have-strategies-for-the-oil-and-
gas-sector-s-big-shift change>. Retrieved on: Apr. 20th, 2015. Adapted.
According to Text, the expression Big Shift Change in its title is primarily related to the idea that the
companies
a) will soon have to replace an entire generation of skilled employees.
b) will soon have to operate on lower costs and reduced number of staff.
c) will soon have to operate on diversified branches of industrial activities.
d) will soon have human resources problems because of technological innovations their current staff
members do not master.
e) lack financial resources to hire the number of employees they will need for their operations.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300518
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300518
440) 
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Interpretação de Textos (Understanding)
Text
 
3 “Must Have” Strategies for the Oil and Gas Sector’s Big Shift Change
 
The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. A manager at an oil and
gas company recently remarked that there are only two kinds of people working in the sector: those who
already feel the impact of the Big Shift Change and those who are going to. He knew what he was
talking about.
 
Is your company ready to lose half of its skilled workforce?
 
Despite the sector’s widely reported recent downturns, industry experts warn that the ongoing departure
of experienced older workers poses increasing risk for companies that aren’t adequately prepared to
source, train and support the younger workers who will replace them. In 2014 the Society of Petroleum
Engineers estimated that over the next 5 to 7 years the sector could lose up to 50% of its skilled
workforce. If that estimate is even somewhat accurate, it means executives and managers will face major
challenges in maintaining safety, compliance and operational efficiency.
 
Preparing for the Big Shift Change: 3 “Must Have” Strategies
 
Here are 3 strategies that can help ensure that your company is ready to cope with the Big Shift Change.
 
• Ensureknowledge capture: How much missioncritical knowledge is walking out the door every
night in employees’ heads? How many vital skills? How will you manage when they don’t come back?
Develop formal processes for knowledge capture and build them into your organization’s culture. From
now on, advantage will go to those who create cultures of sharing knowledge.
 
• Streamline hiring, onboarding and training processes: The younger workers who replace the
retiring Baby Boomers aren’t going to be as skilled or experienced. And they probably won’t stay on the
job as long, either. You need to make sure your organization is ready to attract and select the best
candidates, onboard them quickly and give these new workers the training they’ll need to perform
effectively—and be prepared to do it again for their replacements when they move on.
 
• Optimize performance support: After they’ve been trained, members of the new workforce will
require substantially more support than their predecessors. You’ll need SOPs (Standard Operating
Procedures), work instructions and job aids that are easy to access and easy to understand. It will be
more important than ever for you to ensure that their content is clear, concise and up-to-date, with
regular review cycles.
 
Availabe at: <http://www.informationmapping.com/en/ resources/blog/entry/3-must-have-strategies-for-the-oil-and-
gas-sector-s-big-shift change>. Retrieved on: Apr. 20th, 2015. Adapted.
 
From the fragment in Text “Here are 3 strategies that can help ensure that your company is ready to
cope with the Big Shift Change”, one concludes that the 3 recommended strategies aim at
a) learning to lower the expectations of companies’ financial results.
b) training young employees to carry on their tasks with the least possible support.
c) adapting to the companies’ likely failure in the way they carry on their businesses.
d) building up and integrating structural processes of knowledge transfer to newcomers.
e) concentrating knowledge and know-how in the hands of a limited number of staff members.
441) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300520
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Direito/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
 
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced
number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of
industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-
six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a lack of the skills and knowledge they
consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential to
learn and develop those skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on ineffective
and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to replace a growing
percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of the
oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and gas leaders find strong millennial talent
who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater return
on investment for millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good
schools and evaluating academic performance will always be important, and every company wants to
hire smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300520
necessarily reflect all the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with
a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive, motivation, time
management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as
qualified as a top student. Using objective assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive
evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for the
business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about
organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through social
channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as
friends and family, so continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs,
and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is important, but they
should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this
generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow, demonstrate the talents they have,
and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested in these
things too, and showing a commitment to developing employees will help retain existing employees as
well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net
to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to learn, drive for achievement and ability
to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in
those areas can develop into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of
technical knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing the
skills that graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current
vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business needs. Openings will always need to
be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people
who will grow with the organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the
overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for learning and
potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short
time before moving on. However, our research shows that millennials view employment stability as very
important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and
clarifying the benefit of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire
new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making incorrect assumptions about how
millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will
see the most success in attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and
company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-
gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr.30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
Text II
 
3 “Must Have” Strategies for the Oil and Gas Sector’s Big Shift Change
 
The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. A manager at an oil and
gas company recently remarked that there are only two kinds of people working in the sector: those who
already feel the impact of the Big Shift Change and those who are going to. He knew what he was
talking about.
 
Is your company ready to lose half of its skilled workforce?
 
Despite the sector’s widely reported recent downturns, industry experts warn that the ongoing departure
of experienced older workers poses increasing risk for companies that aren’t adequately prepared to
source, train and support the younger workers who will replace them. In 2014 the Society of Petroleum
Engineers estimated that over the next 5 to 7 years the sector could lose up to 50% of its skilled
workforce. If that estimate is even somewhat accurate, it means executives and managers will face major
challenges in maintaining safety, compliance and operational efficiency.
 
Preparing for the Big Shift Change: 3 “Must Have” Strategies
 
Here are 3 strategies that can help ensure that your company is ready to cope with the Big Shift Change.
 
• Ensure knowledge capture: How much missioncritical knowledge is walking out the door every
night in employees’ heads? How many vital skills? How will you manage when they don’t come back?
Develop formal processes for knowledge capture and build them into your organization’s culture. From
now on, advantage will go to those who create cultures of sharing knowledge.
 
• Streamline hiring, onboarding and training processes: The younger workers who replace the
retiring Baby Boomers aren’t going to be as skilled or experienced. And they probably won’t stay on the
job as long, either. You need to make sure your organization is ready to attract and select the best
candidates, onboard them quickly and give these new workers the training they’ll need to perform
effectively—and be prepared to do it again for their replacements when they move on.
442) 
 
• Optimize performance support: After they’ve been trained, members of the new workforce will
require substantially more support than their predecessors. You’ll need SOPs (Standard Operating
Procedures), work instructions and job aids that are easy to access and easy to understand. It will be
more important than ever for you to ensure that their content is clear, concise and up-to-date, with
regular review cycles.
 
Availabe at: <http://www.informationmapping.com/en/ resources/blog/entry/3-must-have-strategies-for-the-oil-and-
gas-sector-s-big-shift change>. Retrieved on: Apr. 20th, 2015. Adapted.
 
After reading Text I and Text II, one notices both texts imply that
a) the best way to recruit candidates is to use social media.
b) salary is the most important factor when hiring millennials.
c) only candidates with top grades should be eligible for the jobs.
d) poor recruiting processes end up by maintaining job openings for a longer time.
e) it may take the company some time and investment on recently recruited millennials until they
unfold their full potential.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/304205
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Financial System
People have virtually unlimited needs, but the economic resources to supply those needs are limited.
Therefore, the greatest benefit of an economy is to provide the most desirable consumer goods and
services in the most desirable amounts - what is known as the efficient allocation of economic resources.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/304205
To produce these consumer goods and services requires capital in the form of labor, land, capital goods
used to produce a desired product or service, and entrepreneurial ability to use these resources together
to the greatest efficiency in producing what consumers want most. Real capital consists of the land,
labor, tools and machinery, and entrepreneurial ability to produce consumer goods and services, and to
acquire real capital costs money.
 
The financial system of an economy provides the means to collect money from the people who have it
and distribute it to those who can use it best. Hence, the efficient allocation of economic resources is
achieved by a financial system that allocates money to those people and for those purposes that will
yield the greatest return.
The financial system is composed of the products and services provided by financial institutions, which
include banks, insurance companies, pension funds, organized exchanges, and the many other
companies that serve to facilitate economic transactions. Virtually all economic transactions are effected
by one or more of these financial institutions. They create financial instruments, such as stocks and
bonds, pay interest on deposits, lend money to creditworthy borrowers, and create and maintain the
payment systems of modern economies.
These financial products and services are basedon the following fundamental objectives of any modern
financial system:
to provide a payment system;
to give money time value;
to offer products and services to reduce financial risk or to compensate risk-taking for
desirableobjectives;
to collect and disperse information that allows the most efficient allocation of economic resources;
to create and maintain financial markets that provide prices, which indicates how well investments
are performing, which also determines the subsequent allocation of resources, and to maintain
443) 
economic stability.
Available at: <http://thismatter.com/money/banking/ financial-system.htm>. Retrieved on: July 27th, 2015.
Adapted.
 
In the fragment of the text “Hence, the efficient allocation of economic resources”, the connector Hence
conveys an idea of
a) emphasis
b) time sequence
c) contrast
d) conclusion
e) addition
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/304209
CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/Agente Comercial/2015
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Financial System
People have virtually unlimited needs, but the economic resources to supply those needs are limited.
Therefore, the greatest benefit of an economy is to provide the most desirable consumer goods and
services in the most desirable amounts - what is known as the efficient allocation of economic resources.
To produce these consumer goods and services requires capital in the form of labor, land, capital goods
used to produce a desired product or service, and entrepreneurial ability to use these resources together
to the greatest efficiency in producing what consumers want most. Real capital consists of the land,
labor, tools and machinery, and entrepreneurial ability to produce consumer goods and services, and to
acquire real capital costs money.
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/304209
The financial system of an economy provides the means to collect money from the people who have it
and distribute it to those who can use it best. Hence, the efficient allocation of economic resources is
achieved by a financial system that allocates money to those people and for those purposes that will
yield the greatest return.
The financial system is composed of the products and services provided by financial institutions, which
include banks, insurance companies, pension funds, organized exchanges, and the many other
companies that serve to facilitate economic transactions. Virtually all economic transactions are effected
by one or more of these financial institutions. They create financial instruments, such as stocks and
bonds, pay interest on deposits, lend money to creditworthy borrowers, and create and maintain the
payment systems of modern economies.
These financial products and services are basedon the following fundamental objectives of any modern
financial system:
to provide a payment system;
to give money time value;
to offer products and services to reducefinancial risk or to compensate risk-taking for
desirableobjectives;
to collect and disperse information that allows the most efficient allocation of economic resources;
to create and maintain financial markets that provide prices, which indicates how well investments
are performing, which also determines the subsequent allocation of resources, and to maintain
economic stability.
Available at: <http://thismatter.com/money/banking/ financial-system.htm>. Retrieved on: July 27th, 2015.
Adapted.
 
According to the text, a definition for the expression “the efficient allocation of economic resources” is:
444) 
a) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in limited amounts
b) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in unlimited amounts
c) production of economic resources in unlimited ways
d) production of economic resources in sufficient amounts
e) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in the most desirable amounts
 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/213715
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Medicina do Trabalho/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
Text I
An Introduction to the Oil Patch
So you’re thinking about a field job in the oil industry. If you haven’t been involved in the oil patch
before, you probably have no idea how vast it is, or where to start your job search. Many sites will try to
convince you that you can get a job on an offshore rig making $10,000 a month without any experience
or training at all, and while this is possible, it’s not at all likely. Actually, it can be tough to find a job in
any field of the oil industry without some experience or training.
First, you should realize that the oil industry isn’t just drilling rigs, pumpjacks, and gas stations. The oil
industry is a lot like the military in that it employs people in nearly every profession. There are positions
such as roughneck or airgun operator, that are very specific to the oil industry; but there are also
welders, medics, chemists, biologists, environmentalists, cooks, computer programmers, engineers, and a
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/213715
thousand more positions that are absolutely essential to the industry. You don’t have to have experience
specifically in the oil industry in order to have relevant experience.
The oil patch is a little bit different from most other industries. You’ll soon lose the idea of a weekend as
you now know it... The patch runs seven days a week, and in many cases, 24 hours a day. You’ll be
expected to work every day in all weather conditions, for weeks or even months at a time. The oil
industry is also very production oriented; you’ll make more money welding in the oil patch than in
another industry, but you’ll work longer and harder for that bigger paycheck.
There are a few prerequisites if you want a field job in the oil patch:
You must be in reasonably good physical condition, and be able to lift at least 50 lbs. regularly.
For most positions, you must have a valid driver’s license.
You must have suitable clothing for extended outdoor work and in most cases, hard toed safety
boots.
You should not have any medical condition which would make it unsafe for you to operate
machinery.
You don’t need to live in the city where your employer is located, but in most cases you will have to
provide your own transportation to and from your home from the employer’s location (point-of-hire).
If you live a long way from any area with oil and gas activity, you will have a very difficult time
finding an entry level job in this industry.
You must be willing and able to work hard for long hours. This industry is all about production, and if
you don’t produce, you’re not an asset to the company.
You must be drug-free. Most companies conduct pre-employment drug screenings and random
testing of employees. If your test show signs of illegal drugs in your system, you will not be hired.
Most oil work requires you to live away from home, in motels or camps near the jobs. Your travel,
accommodations, and meals will usually be paid by your employer while you’re working. Most
companies also provide all required safety supplies, such as hard hats and reflective safety vests. You
are required to supply your own work clothes, boots, gloves, etc.
Before you leave for your first job, be sure you have appropriate clothing to spend 14 hours outside...
frostbite isn’t fun, neither is heat stroke.
Much of the work in the oil industry is very physically demanding, especially in the entry level positions.
There is no upper age limit, but you should be willing and able to work hard for long hours, lift 50 lbs
regularly, and be in relatively good physical condition. If you have back or other health problems that
prevent strenuous activity, you may want to reconsider this line of work. Most companies require
employees to be at least 18 years old. A recent hearing test and/or medical evaluation may be required.
Many oilfield companies also require a preemployment drug and alcohol screening. You should know that
though you can make a lot of money in a month in the oil patch, you can also make no money in a
month. Most oilfield work isn’t very stable, and you’ll occasionally find yourself laid-off on short notice
due to a shortage of work... and called back on even shorter notice. Many people in Canada work in the
oil industry during the winter while it’s busy, then take the spring and summer off, or work non-oilfield
summer jobs.
Offshore and overseas rigs usually operate yearround, offering a much more stable work environment;
but there are very few positions on these rigs that are available without any experience. If you’re
interested in working on one of these rigs, you may want to start with a catering job. All major offshore
and overseas projects employ catering staff to provide meals for the rig crew. These positions are often
available without experience, and rig managers will often hire catering staff onto the rig crew if they
need an extra hand, or if a member of the rig crew gets injured or leaves. It’s a matter of being in the
right place at the right time, and showing interest in working on the rig.
Available at: <http://www.oilfi eldworkers.com/oilfi eldintro.php> Retrieved on: Aug. 29, 2012
445) 
 
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that express synonymous ideas are
a) vast (line 1) – broad
b) tough (line 3) – uncomplicated
c) suitable (line 17) – inadequate
d) random (line 24) – systematic
e) demanding (line 30) – unchallenging
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286265
CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
Protecting Patagonia
At the southernmost tip of South America, one of the last untouched expanses of land on the planet is
now under threat of irreversible destruction.
Chile’s Patagonia is home to the snow-capped Andes, dense temperate rainforests, lush valleys and
meadows, abundant marine and bird species and traditional communities living a low-impact lifestyle. All
of these could be devastated if a proposed hydroelectric complex called HidroAysén is constructed on two
of the last free-flowing rivers in the world. The massive dams would:
flood 14,000 acres of irreplaceable wildlife habitat and ranching lands;
require constructing a new 1,200 mile-long transmission line that would potentially expose and
disrupt untouched wilderness in 17 national parks and reserves, 26 wetlands and biodiversity
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286265
conservation sites, impact hundreds of private properties; and
swell the populations of local towns without providing adequate infrastructure and services to handle
this growth.
While big energy companies are lobbying for this ill-conceived project, Chile’s vast renewable energy
resources remain untapped and its energy efficiency opportunities unrealized.The Natural Resources
Defense Council is working with a coalition to stop the HidroAysén complex and help Chile instead reach
its renewable energy and energy efficiency potential.
Chile has vast renewable energy resources and energy efficiency opportunities and the potential to
become a world leader in clean energy technologies. The Chilean government has signed numerous
renewable energy development initiatives with the U.S. and other countries. A key part of these
agreements includes information-sharing, which means that a decision to pursue renewable energy in
Chile would help advance alternative energy programs in the U.S. and around the world as we learn from
groundbreaking new programs.
 
Chile has unparalleled potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency. The country has an
abundance of untapped solar, wind and geothermal energy sources, which could easily meet the
country’s future energy needs. All of these alternative solutions are more sustainable, less destructive
and more stable than the large hydro-electric and coal power sources that currently dominate Chile’s
energy industry.
NRDC is working with a broad coalition of citizens, community groups and national and international
NGOs to oppose the hydro dam project and push for sustainable energy solutions.
Available at: <http://www.nrdc.org/international/patagonia/>. Retrieved on: Jan. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
 
In Text I, the meaning of southernmost tip (line 1) is best understood as the
446) 
a) tip of land that is between the south and the east of the country.
b) tip of land that is between the south and the west of the country.
c) piece of land that is in the middle of the extension between the south and the north of the country.
d) piece of land that is at the end of the extension of the country to the south.
e) piece of land that is near the end of the extension of the country to the south.
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CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Substituição de Palavras e Reescrita de Frases (Inglês)
Text I
Protecting Patagonia
At the southernmost tip of South America, one of the last untouched expanses of land on the planet is
now under threat of irreversible destruction.
Chile’s Patagonia is home to the snow-capped Andes, dense temperate rainforests, lush valleys and
meadows, abundant marine and bird species and traditional communities living a low-impact lifestyle. All
of these could be devastated if a proposed hydroelectric complex called HidroAysén is constructed on two
of the last free-flowing rivers in the world. The massive dams would:
flood 14,000 acres of irreplaceable wildlife habitat and ranching lands;
require constructing a new 1,200 mile-long transmission line that would potentially expose and
disrupt untouched wilderness in 17 national parks and reserves, 26 wetlands and biodiversity
conservation sites, impact hundreds of private properties; and
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286266
swell the populations of local towns without providing adequate infrastructure and services to handle
this growth.
While big energy companies are lobbying for this ill-conceived project, Chile’s vast renewable energy
resources remain untapped and its energy efficiency opportunities unrealized. The Natural Resources
Defense Council is working with a coalition to stop the HidroAysén complex and help Chile instead reach
its renewable energy and energy efficiency potential.
Chile has vast renewable energy resources and energy efficiency opportunities and the potential to
become a world leader in clean energy technologies. The Chilean government has signed numerous
renewable energy development initiatives with the U.S. and other countries. A key part of these
agreements includes information-sharing, which means that a decision to pursue renewable energy in
Chile would help advance alternative energy programs in the U.S. and around the world as we learn from
groundbreaking new programs.
 
Chile has unparalleled potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency. The country has an
abundance of untapped solar, wind and geothermal energy sources, which could easily meet the
country’s future energy needs. All of these alternative solutions are more sustainable, less destructive
and more stable than the large hydro-electric and coal power sources that currently dominate Chile’s
energy industry.
NRDC is working with a broad coalition of citizens, community groups and national and international
NGOs to oppose the hydro dam project and push for sustainable energy solutions.
Available at: <http://www.nrdc.org/international/patagonia/>. Retrieved on: Jan. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
 
In Text I, the meaning of the boldfaced fragment in: “require constructing a new 1.200 mile-long
transmission line that would potentially expose and disrupt untouched wilderness in 17
447) 
national parks and reserves” (line 7) can be best understood as a new transmission line
a) a little longer than one mile that would potentially expose and exhibit untouched wilderness.
b) a little longer than one mile that would potentially expose and display untouched wilderness.
c) with an extension of one thousand and two hundred miles that would potentially expose and
display untouched wilderness.
d) with an extension of one thousand and two hundred miles that would potentially preserve and
disturb untouched wilderness.
e) with an extension of one thousand and two hundred miles that would potentially expose and
disturb untouched wilderness.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286268
CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
Protecting Patagonia
At the southernmost tip of South America, one of the last untouched expanses of land on the planet is
now under threat of irreversible destruction.
Chile’s Patagonia is home to the snow-capped Andes, dense temperate rainforests, lush valleys and
meadows, abundant marine and bird species and traditional communities living a low-impact lifestyle. All
of these could be devastated if a proposed hydroelectric complex called HidroAysén is constructed on two
of the last free-flowing rivers in the world. The massive dams would:
flood 14,000 acres of irreplaceable wildlife habitat and ranching lands;
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286268
require constructing a new 1,200 mile-long transmission line that would potentially expose and
disrupt untouched wilderness in 17 national parks and reserves, 26 wetlands and biodiversity
conservation sites, impact hundreds of private properties; and
swell the populations of local towns without providing adequate infrastructure and services to handle
this growth.
While big energy companies are lobbying for this ill-conceived project, Chile’s vast renewable energy
resources remain untapped and its energy efficiency opportunities unrealized. The Natural Resources
Defense Council is working with a coalition to stop the HidroAysén complex and help Chile instead reach
its renewable energy and energy efficiency potential.
Chile has vast renewable energy resources and energy efficiency opportunities and the potential to
become a world leader in clean energy technologies. The Chilean government has signed numerous
renewable energy development initiatives with the U.S. and other countries. A key part of these
agreements includes information-sharing, which means that a decision to pursue renewable energy in
Chile would help advance alternative energy programs in the U.S. and around the world as we learn from
groundbreaking new programs.
 
Chile has unparalleled potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency. The country has an
abundance of untapped solar, wind and geothermal energy sources, which could easily meet the
country’s future energy needs. All of these alternative solutions are more sustainable, less destructive
and more stable than the large hydro-electric and coal power sources that currently dominateChile’s
energy industry.
NRDC is working with a broad coalition of citizens, community groups and national and international
NGOs to oppose the hydro dam project and push for sustainable energy solutions.
Available at: <http://www.nrdc.org/international/patagonia/>. Retrieved on: Jan. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
448) 
 
The meaning of groundbreaking new programs (line 16) in Text I can be replaced, without change in
meaning, by programs that
a) break the ground.
b) make use of the ground.
c) are innovative.
d) are unintelligent.
e) require many workers.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286272
CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text II
The Environmental Consequences
of Natural Resource Extraction
The environmental impact of society’s dependence on natural resources is undeniable, though with these
resources set up as the lifeblood of modern industry, many continue to downplay the urgency of freeing
ourselves from this dependence. The most compelling and visual consequence of burning carbon based
fuels are the resulting CO2 emissions that act as greenhouse gases, the primary contributor to global
warming. However, as more people study how the resources are developed, it becomes apparent that the
environmental damage from these extraction processes may be as significant as the emissions.
A recent article from Scientific American demonstrates how little is known about the dangers of
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286272
extracting natural gas from the earth. Even though the process had been deemed safe by the EPA, new
research suggests that this may not be the case. Complicating the matter further is the fact that the
chemical mixture that companies use in the extraction is considered a trade secret, and they are resistant
to providing this info on the grounds of secrecy.
The technology for burning coal with fewer emissions is expensive yet feasible, but there is no account
for the environmental damage done during the extraction process. Moreover, around the globe,
corporations are continually exploiting indigenous regions for their resources. A report from the World
Wildlife Fund details the various problems that are occurring in the Amazon region as a result of resource
exploitation. It explains the various effects that oil and gas extraction can have, including deforestation,
regional conflict, biodiversity loss, and soil and aquatic pollution. Selling the rights to these resources to
companies can be a strong move economically for poor regions, but the long-term effects will greatly
outweigh the benefits on a global scale.
The need for alternative energy supplies is urgent, and it will only serve the public to discuss the full
extent of the environmental dangers that carbon based fuels pose. By not entering the dangers of
extraction into the case for developing clean energy, the argument for implementing these technologies
is diminished, and the needs of the environment will continue to be overshadowed by global events like
the current financial crisis.
Available at: <http://common-breath.com/the-environmentalconsequences- of-natural-resource-extraction/>. Retrieved
on: Jan. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
 
In Text II, the expression Even though (lines 6-7) expresses an idea of
a) contrast
b) addition
c) chronology
d) conclusion
449) 
e) exemplification
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CESGRANRIO - APE (EPE)/EPE/Transmissão de Energia/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
Canadian multiculturalism: the more the merrier
When the government of the French-speaking province of Quebec introduced a bill in November to stop
public servants from wearing religious symbols, it gave a community hospital in neighbouring Ontario a
chance to grab some new recruits. Lakeridge Health ran an advertisement in a Quebec medical-school
newspaper showing a woman wearing a hijab and stethoscope over the caption: “We don’t care what’s
on your head, we care what’s in it.” Applications doubled, says Kevin Empey, the hospital’s boss.
The Quebec government’s proposed ban and the Ontario hospital’s welcome illustrate the poles in the
Canadian debate on multiculturalism. Public hearings on the law began on January 14th. Supporters say
that the ban is needed to enshrine state secularism; opponents that it is a cynical appeal to xenophobia
by the minority provincial government of the Parti Québécois (PQ). Either way, the prediction of Jean-
François Lisée, a PQ minister, that the Quebec battle could be the last stand in Canada’s multicultural
experiment does not stand up to close scrutiny(a).
Immigration itself is not in question. Canadians, even in Quebec, overwhelmingly back mass
immigration(b), which adds an average of 250,000 newcomers (roughly 0.8% of the population) each
year. First-generation immigrants make up a bigger share of Toronto’s and Vancouver’s populations than
in many of the world’s great cosmopolitan cities [. . .](c).
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286307
Unlike many Europeans, Canadians believe that immigrants create jobs rather than steal them, says
Jeffrey Reitz, a sociologist who has surveyed attitudes in Europe and Canada. This view is partly based
on history. Modern Canada was built by successive waves of immigrants, first from Europe and more
recently from Asia.
It is also a result of policies that since the 1970s have focused on admitting the most employable people.
The government constantly tweaks its system of awarding points to prospective immigrants for
languages, education and skills, in order to match them with labour-market gaps. Younger applicants
currently have an edge(d). An array of programmes, many of them focused on the ability to speak
languages, help immigrants to settle in.
The Quebec dispute is not over numbers of immigrants, but how to accommodate them. In the 1970s
Canada officially adopted the creed of “multiculturalism”, a murky concept that celebrates cultural
differences at the same time as pushing newcomers to integrate. English speaking Canadians see
multiculturalism as central to their national identity, ranking below universal health care and the Canadian
flag in a recent survey by Environics, a research firm, but above ice hockey, the Mounties and the Queen.
The governing Conservatives are blunter than opposition parties about the obligation on newcomers to
integrate and about cultural practices(e), such as genital mutilation, that are unacceptable. But their
support for multiculturalism is not in question. After the latest federal cabinet reshuffle there was even a
tussle over who was the senior multiculturalism minister.
 
By contrast, French-speaking Quebeckers have long been more tepid about the subject. Many think it
undermines their role as one of modern Canada’s founding cultures. The government in Quebec prefers
the doctrine of “interculturalism”, which emphasises assimilation into the dominant culture. This is
popular in rural areas, where immigrants are few and PQ support is strong, but extremely unpopular in
Montreal, -where most of the province’s newcomers live.
450) 
Available at: <http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21594328>. Retrieved on: Jan. 18th, 2014. Adapted.
 
The statement that accurately reflects the idea in the fragments of Text I is:
a) “the prediction of Jean-François Lisée [...] does not stand up to close scrutiny” - The Canadian
multiculturalism will probably come to an end.
b) “Canadians, even in Quebec, overwhelmingly back mass immigration” - Many Canadians reject it.
c) “First-generation immigrants make up a bigger share of Toronto’s and Vancouver’s populations than
in many of the world’s great cosmopolitan cities” - Toronto’s and Vancouver’s populations are larger
than those of other metropolitan cities.
d) “Younger applicants currently have an edge” - Younger workers are at an advantage.
e) “The governing Conservatives are blunter than oppositionparties about the obligation on
newcomers to integrate and about cultural practices” - Government officials have a flexible position
on the integration of immigrants.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286308
CESGRANRIO - APE (EPE)/EPE/Transmissão de Energia/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Substituição de Palavras e Reescrita de Frases (Inglês)
Text I
Canadian multiculturalism: the more the merrier
When the government of the French-speaking province of Quebec introduced a bill in November to stop
public servants from wearing religious symbols, it gave a community hospital in neighbouring Ontario a
chance to grab some new recruits. Lakeridge Health ran an advertisement in a Quebec medical-school
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286308
newspaper showing a woman wearing a hijab and stethoscope over the caption: “We don’t care what’s
on your head, we care what’s in it.” Applications doubled, says Kevin Empey, the hospital’s boss.
The Quebec government’s proposed ban(a) and the Ontario hospital’s welcome illustrate the poles in the
Canadian debate on multiculturalism. Public hearings on the law began on January 14th. Supporters say
that the ban is needed to enshrine state secularism; opponents that it is a cynical appeal to xenophobia
by the minority provincial government of the Parti Québécois (PQ). Either way, the prediction of Jean-
François Lisée, a PQ minister, that the Quebec battle could be the last stand in Canada’s multicultural
experiment does not stand up to close scrutiny.
Immigration itself is not in question. Canadians, even in Quebec, overwhelmingly back mass immigration,
which adds an average of 250,000 newcomers (roughly 0.8% of the population) each year. First-
generation immigrants make up a bigger share of Toronto’s and Vancouver’s populations than in many of
the world’s great cosmopolitan cities [. . .].
Unlike many Europeans, Canadians believe that immigrants create jobs rather than steal them, says
Jeffrey Reitz, a sociologist who has surveyed attitudes in Europe and Canada. This view is partly based
on history. Modern Canada was built by successive waves of immigrants, first from Europe and more
recently from Asia.
It is also a result of policies that since the 1970s have focused on admitting the most employable
people(b). The government constantly tweaks its system of awarding points to prospective immigrants
for languages, education and skills, in order to match them with labour-market gaps. Younger applicants
currently have an edge. An array of programmes(c), many of them focused on the ability to speak
languages, help immigrants to settle in.
The Quebec dispute is not over numbers of immigrants, but how to accommodate them. In the 1970s
Canada officially adopted the creed of “multiculturalism”, a murky concept that celebrates cultural
differences at the same time as pushing newcomers to integrate. English speaking Canadians see
multiculturalism as central to their national identity, ranking below universal health care and the Canadian
flag in a recent survey by Environics, a research firm, but above ice hockey, the Mounties and the Queen.
The governing Conservatives are blunter than opposition parties about the obligation on newcomers to
integrate(d) and about cultural practices, such as genital mutilation, that are unacceptable. But their
support for multiculturalism is not in question. After the latest federal cabinet reshuffle there was even a
tussle over who was the senior multiculturalism minister.
 
By contrast, French-speaking Quebeckers have long been more tepid about the subject. Many think it
undermines their role(e) as one of modern Canada’s founding cultures. The government in Quebec
prefers the doctrine of “interculturalism”, which emphasises assimilation into the dominant culture. This is
popular in rural areas, where immigrants are few and PQ support is strong, but extremely unpopular in
Montreal, -where most of the province’s newcomers live.
Available at: <http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21594328>. Retrieved on: Jan. 18th, 2014. Adapted.
 
The boldfaced word in the fragments of Text I can be substituted, without change in meaning, by the
word in italics in:
a) “The Quebec government’s proposed ban” - prohibition.
b) “policies that since the 1970s have focused on admitting the most employable people.” -
agreeing.
c) “An array of programmes” - schedule.
d) “about the obligation on newcomers to integrate” - choice.
e) “Many think it undermines their role" - emphasizes.
451) 
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CESGRANRIO - APE (EPE)/EPE/Transmissão de Energia/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text II
Coming to an office near you
The effect of today’s technology on tomorrow’s job will be
immense—and no country is ready for it
Innovation, the elixir of progress, has always cost people their jobs. In the Industrial Revolution artisan
weavers were swept aside by the mechanical loom. Over the past 30 years the digital revolution has
displaced many of the mid-skill jobs that underpinned 20th-century middle-class life. Typists, ticket
agents, bank tellers and many production-line jobs have been dispensed with, just as the weavers were.
For those, including this newspaper, who believe that technological progress has made the world a better
place, such churn is a natural part of rising prosperity. Although innovation kills some jobs, it creates new
and better ones, as a more productive society becomes richer and its wealthier inhabitants demand more
goods and services. A hundred years ago one in three American workers was employed on a farm. Today
less than 2% of them produce far more food. The millions freed from the land were not consigned to
joblessness, but found better-paid work as the economy grew more sophisticated. Today the pool of
secretaries has shrunk, but there are ever more computer programmers and web designers.
Optimism remains the right starting-point, but for workers the dislocating effects of technology may
make themselves evident faster than its benefits. Technology’s impact will feel like a tornado, hitting the
rich world first, but eventually sweeping through poorer countries too. No government is prepared for it.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/286311
Why be worried? It is partly just a matter of history repeating itself. In the early part of the Industrial
Revolution the rewards of increasing productivity went disproportionately to capital; later on, labour
reaped most of the benefits(a). The pattern today is similar. The prosperity unleashed by the Digital
Revolution(b) has gone overwhelmingly to the owners of capital and the highest-skilled workers.
Many of the jobs most at risk are lower down the ladder (logistics, haulage), whereas the skills that are
least vulnerable to automation (creativity, managerial expertise) tend to be higher up, so median wages
are likely to remain stagnant for some time and income gaps are likely to widen.
Anger about rising inequality is bound to grow, but politicians will find it hard to address the problem.
Shunning progress would be as futile now as the Luddites’ protests against mechanised looms were in
the 1810s, because any country that tried to stop would be left behind by competitors eager to embrace
new technology. The freedom to raise taxes on the rich to punitive levels will be similarly constrained by
the mobility of capital and highly skilled labour.
 
The main way in which governments can help their people through this dislocation is through education
systems. One of the reasons for the improvement in workers’ fortunes in the latter part of the Industrial
Revolution was because schools were built to educate them—a dramatic change at the time. Now those
schools themselves need to be changed, to foster the creativity that humans will need(c) to set them
apart from computers. There should be less rote-learning and more critical thinking.
Innovation has brought great benefits to humanity. Nobody intheir right mind would want to return to
the world of handloom weavers. But the benefits of technological progress are unevenly distributed(d),
especially in the early stages of each new wave, and it is up to governments to spread them(e). In the
19th century it took the threat of revolution to bring about progressive reforms. Today’s governments
would do well to start making the changes needed before their people get angry.
452) 
Available at: <http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21594298>. Retrieved on: Jan. 21st, 2014. Adapted.
 
The boldfaced word in the fragments of Text II can be substituted, without change in meaning, by the
word in italics in:
a) “labour reaped most of the benefits”- gained.
b) “prosperity unleashed by the digital revolution”- restricted.
c) “to foster the creativity that humans will need” - control.
d) “unevenly distributed”- homogeneously.
e) “it is up to governments to spread them”- share.
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CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Administração/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
 
World oil market prospects for the second half of the year
 
[...] World oil demand in 2H14 is anticipated to increase by 1.2 mb/d over the same period last year to
average 92.1 mb/d. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) demand is
projected to decline by around 60 tb/d, despite positive growth in OECD Americas, mainly due to a
general improvement in the US economy. OECD Europe and OECD Asia Pacific are expected to see a
lesser contraction than a year earlier. However, oil demand growth in OECD Asia Pacific will largely be
impacted by any restart of nuclear power plants in Japan. Non-OECD countries are projected to lead oil
demand growth this year and forecast to add 1.3 mb/d in 2H14 compared to the same period a year ago.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2381763
Nevertheless, risks to the forecast include the pace of economic growth in major economies in the OECD,
China, India and Russia, as well as policy reforms in retail prices and substitution toward natural gas.
 
On the supply side, non-OPEC oil supply in the second half of the year is expected to increase by 1.2
mb/d over the same period last year to average around 55.9 mb/d, with the US being the main driver for
growth, followed by Canada. Production in Russia and Brazil is also expected to increase in 2H14.
However, oil output from the UK and Mexico is projected to continue to decline. The forecast for non-
OPEC supply growth for 2H14 is seen lower than in the first half of the year, but could increase given
forecasts for a mild hurricane season in the US Gulf. Less field maintenance in the North Sea and easing
geopolitical tensions could also add further barrels in the coming two quarters. OPEC NGLs are also
projected to continue to increase, adding 0.2 mb/d in 2H14 to stand at 5.9 mb/d.
 
Taking these developments into account, the supply-demand balance for 2H14 shows that the demand
for OPEC crude in the second half of the year stands at around 30.3 mb/d, slightly higher than in the first
half of the year. This compares to OPEC production, according to secondary sources, of close to 30.0
mb/d in May. Global inventories are at sufficient levels, with OECD commercial stocks in days of forward
cover at around 58 days in April. Moreover, inventories in the US – the only OECD country with positive
demand growth – stand at high levels. Non- OECD inventories are also on the rise, especially in China,
which has been building Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) at a time when apparent demand is
weakening due to slowing economic activities. [...]
 
Available at: <http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_fi les_project/
media/download/publications/MOMR_June_2014.pdf>. Retrieved on: 15 June 2014. Adapted.
 
In the following fragment of Text I: “Less field maintenance in the North Sea and easing geopolitical
tensions could also add further barrels in the coming two quarters.” the word quarters means a(an)
a) time unit equivalent to the fourth part of a year
b) time unit equivalent to the fourth part of an hour
453) 
c) time unit equivalent to four months of the year
d) volume measure unit equivalent to the fourth part of a gallon
e) American coin worth 25 cents of a dollar
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2381765
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Administração/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
 
World oil market prospects for the second half of the year
 
[...] World oil demand in 2H14 is anticipated to increase by 1.2 mb/d over the same period last year to
average 92.1 mb/d. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) demand is
projected to decline by around 60 tb/d, despite positive growth in OECD Americas, mainly due to a
general improvement in the US economy. OECD Europe and OECD Asia Pacific are expected to see a
lesser contraction than a year earlier. However, oil demand growth in OECD Asia Pacific will largely be
impacted by any restart of nuclear power plants in Japan. Non-OECD countries are projected to lead oil
demand growth this year and forecast to add 1.3 mb/d in 2H14 compared to the same period a year ago.
Nevertheless, risks to the forecast include the pace of economic growth in major economies in the OECD,
China, India and Russia, as well as policy reforms in retail prices and substitution toward natural gas.
 
On the supply side, non-OPEC oil supply in the second half of the year is expected to increase by 1.2
mb/d over the same period last year to average around 55.9 mb/d, with the US being the main driver for
growth, followed by Canada. Production in Russia and Brazil is also expected to increase in 2H14.
However, oil output from the UK and Mexico is projected to continue to decline. The forecast for non-
OPEC supply growth for 2H14 is seen lower than in the first half of the year, but could increase given
forecasts for a mild hurricane season in the US Gulf. Less field maintenance in the North Sea and easing
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2381765
geopolitical tensions could also add further barrels in the coming two quarters. OPEC NGLs are also
projected to continue to increase, adding 0.2 mb/d in 2H14 to stand at 5.9 mb/d.
 
Taking these developments into account, the supply-demand balance for 2H14 shows that the demand
for OPEC crude in the second half of the year stands at around 30.3 mb/d, slightly higher than in the first
half of the year. This compares to OPEC production, according to secondary sources, of close to 30.0
mb/d in May. Global inventories are at sufficient levels, with OECD commercial stocks in days of forward
cover at around 58 days in April. Moreover, inventories in the US – the only OECD country with positive
demand growth – stand at high levels. Non- OECD inventories are also on the rise, especially in China,
which has been building Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) at a time when apparent demand is
weakening due to slowing economic activities. [...]
 
Available at: <http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_fi les_project/
media/download/publications/MOMR_June_2014.pdf>. Retrieved on: 15 June 2014. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of Text I “Less field maintenance in the North Sea and easing geopolitical tensions
could also add further barrels in the coming two quarters.”, the expression easing geopolitical
tensions means geopolitical tensions that are
a) harmful
b) enhanced
c) alleviated
d) jeopardized
e) fun to deal with
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2381794
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Administração/2014
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2381794
454) 
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Medium-Term Oil Market Report 2013 - Market Trends and Projections to 2018
 
The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. The 2013 Medium- Term
Oil Market Report evaluates the impact ofthese changes on the global oil system by 2018 based on all
that we know today – current expectations of economic growth, existing or announced policies and
regulations, commercially proven technologies, field decline rates, investment programmes (upstream,
midstream and downstream), etc. The five-year forecast period corresponds to the length of the typical
investment cycle and as such is critical to policymakers and market participants.
 
This Report shows, in detailed but concise terms, why the ongoing North American hydrocarbon
revolution is a ‘game changer’. The region’s expected contribution to supply growth, however impressive,
is only part of the story: Crude quality, infrastructure requirements, current regulations, and the potential
for replication elsewhere are bound to spark a chain reaction that will leave few links in the global oil
supply chain unaffected.
 
While North America is expected to lead mediumterm supply growth, the East-of- Suez region is in the
lead on the demand side. Non-OECD oil demand, led by Asia and the Middle East, looks set to overtake
the OECD for the first time as early as 2Q13 and will widen its lead afterwards. Non-OECD economies are
already home to over half global refining capacity. With that share only expected to grow by 2018, the
non-OECD region will be firmly entrenched as the world’s largest crude importer.
These and other changes are carefully lai out in this Report, which also examines recent and future
changes in global oil storage, shifts in OPEC production capacity and crude and product trade, and the
consequences of the ongoing refinery construction boom in emerging markets and developing
economies.,
 
It is required reading for anyone engaged in policy or investment decision-making in the energy sphere,
and those more broadly interested in the oil market and the global economy.
455) 
 
Available at: <http://www.iea.org/publications/ freepublications/publication/name-104933-en.html>. Retrieved on: 20
June, 2014. Adapted.
 
The expression from Text II upstream, midstream and downstream implies that investment programmes
will be respectively directed to costs that involve
a) oil transportation by boat against water flow / oil storing in the middle of the river journey / oil
transportation by boat following water flow.
b) oil transportation by boat following water flow / oil storing in the middle of the river journey / oil
transportation by boat against water flow.
c) oil exploration and production / oil processing, storing, transporting and marketing / oil operations
after the production phase through to the point of sale.
d) oil exploration and production / oil operations after the production phase through to the point of
sale / oil processing, storing, transporting and marketing.
e) oil processing, storing, transporting and marketing / oil exploration and production / oil operations
after the production phase through to the point of sale.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2381797
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Administração/2014
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Medium-Term Oil Market Report 2013 - Market Trends and Projections to 2018
 
The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. The 2013 Medium- Term
Oil Market Report evaluates the impact of these changes on the global oil system by 2018 based on all
that we know today – current expectations of economic growth, existing or announced policies and
regulations, commercially proven technologies, field decline rates, investment programmes (upstream,
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/2381797
midstream and downstream), etc. The five-year forecast period corresponds to the length of the typical
investment cycle and as such is critical to policymakers and market participants.
 
This Report shows, in detailed but concise terms, why the ongoing North American hydrocarbon
revolution is a ‘game changer’. The region’s expected contribution to supply growth, however impressive,
is only part of the story: Crude quality, infrastructure requirements, current regulations, and the potential
for replication elsewhere are bound to spark a chain reaction that will leave few links in the global oil
supply chain unaffected.
 
While North America is expected to lead mediumterm supply growth, the East-of- Suez region is in the
lead on the demand side. Non-OECD oil demand, led by Asia and the Middle East, looks set to overtake
the OECD for the first time as early as 2Q13 and will widen its lead afterwards. Non-OECD economies are
already home to over half global refining capacity. With that share only expected to grow by 2018, the
non-OECD region will be firmly entrenched as the world’s largest crude importer.
These and other changes are carefully lai out in this Report, which also examines recent and future
changes in global oil storage, shifts in OPEC production capacity and crude and product trade, and the
consequences of the ongoing refinery construction boom in emerging markets and developing
economies.,
 
It is required reading for anyone engaged in policy or investment decision-making in the energy sphere,
and those more broadly interested in the oil market and the global economy.
 
Available at: <http://www.iea.org/publications/ freepublications/publication/name-104933-en.html>. Retrieved on: 20
June, 2014. Adapted.
 
According to Text II, the statement “ongoing North American hydrocarbon revolution is a ‘game
changer’.” suggests that the hydrocarbon revolution represents a
a) virtually endless source of energy
456) 
b) cost-benefit uninteresting source of energy
c) traditional technological stage in energy production
d) great economical switch associated with this source of energy
e) groundbreaking ecological stage in energy production
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/135959
CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Psicologia/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Coworking: Sharing How We Work
 
Genevieve DeGuzman
Communication
 
In the past, when trying to find places to work, independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several scenarios, all with their attendant advantages and
disadvantages: working from home; working from a coffee shop, library, or other public venue; or leasing
an executive suite or other commercial space.
 
Is there a better way to work? Yes. Enter coworking.
 
Coworking takes freelancers, indie workers, and entrepreneurs who feel that they have been dormant or
isolated working alone at home or who have been migrating from a coffee shop to a friend’s garage or
languishing in a sterile business center — to a space where they can truly roost.
 
“We can come out of hiding,” a coworker tells us, “and be in a space that’s comfortable, friendly, and has
an aesthetic appeal that’s a far cry from the typical cookie-cutter office environment.”
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/135959
For many, it might be puzzling to pay for a wellequipped space teeming with other people, even with the
chance of free coffee and inspiration. You might ask yourself, “Well, why pay for a place to work when
I’m perfectly comfortable at home and paying nothing?” Or, “Isn’t the whole point of telecommuting or
starting my own business a chance to avoid ‘going to the office’?”
 
Coworking may sound like an unnecessary expense, but let’s consider what you get from being a part of
the space.
 
At its most basic level, coworking is the phenomenon of workers coming together in a shared or
collaborative workspace for one or more of these reasons: to reduce costs by having shared facilities and
equipment, to access a community of fellow entrepreneurs, and to seek out collaboration within and
across fields. Coworking spaces offer an exciting alternative for people longing to escape the confines of
their cubicle walls, the isolation of working solo at home, or the inconveniences of public venues.
 
The benefits and cost-savingsin productivity and overall happiness and well-being reaped from
coworking are also potentially huge. Enthusiasm and creativity become contagious and multiply when
you diversify your work environment with people from different fields or backgrounds. At coworking
spaces, members pass each other during the day, conversations get going, and miraculously idea-fusion
happens with everyone benefitting from the shared thinking and brainstorming.
 
Differences matter. Coworking hinges on the belief that innovation and inspiration come from the cross-
pollination of different people in different fields or specializations. Random opportunities and discoveries
that arise from interactions with others play a large role in coworking.
 
To see this in action on a large scale, think about Google. Google made the culture of sharing and
collaboration in the workplace legend. It deployed “grouplets” for initiatives that cover broader changes
through the organization.
 
One remarkable story of a successful Google grouplet involved getting engineers to write their own
testing code to reduce the incidence of bugs in software code. Thinking creatively, the grouplet came up
with a campaign based on posting episodes discussing new and interesting testing techniques on the
bathroom stalls. “Testing on the Toilet” spread fast and garnered both rants and raves. Soon, people
were hungry for more, and the campaign ultimately developed enough inertia to become a de facto part
of the coding culture. They moved out of the restrooms and into the mainstream.
 
Keith Sawyer, a professor of psychology and education at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, has
written widely on collaboration and innovation. In his study of jazz performances, Keith Sawyer made this
observation, “The group has the ideas, not the individual musicians.” Some of the most famous products
were born out of this mosh pit of interaction — in contrast to the romantic idea of a lone working genius
driving change. According to Sawyer, more often than not, true innovation emerges from an improvised
process and draws from trial-by-error and many inputs.
 
Unexpected insights emerge from the group dynamic. If increasing interaction among different peer
groups within a single company could lead to promising results, imagine the possibilities for solopreneurs,
small businesses, and indie workers — if only they could reach similar levels of peer access as those
experienced by their bigger counterparts. It is this potential that coworking tries to capture for its
members.
 
Available at: <http://workawesome.com/productivity/coworking/>. Retrieved on: 21 Oct. 2011. Adapted.
 
The expression indie workers, refers to
a) retired civil servants
b) lazy businessmen aiming for profit
c) self-employed independent professionals
d) expert employees at international organizations
457) 
e) workaholic employers in large companies
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/135961
CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Psicologia/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Coworking: Sharing How We Work
 
Genevieve DeGuzman
Communication
 
In the past, when trying to find places to work, independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several scenarios, all with their attendant advantages and
disadvantages: working from home; working from a coffee shop, library, or other public venue; or leasing
an executive suite or other commercial space.
 
Is there a better way to work? Yes. Enter coworking.
 
Coworking takes freelancers, indie workers, and entrepreneurs who feel that they have been dormant or
isolated working alone at home or who have been migrating from a coffee shop to a friend’s garage or
languishing in a sterile business center — to a space where they can truly roost.
 
“We can come out of hiding,” a coworker tells us, “and be in a space that’s comfortable, friendly, and has
an aesthetic appeal that’s a far cry from the typical cookie-cutter office environment.”
 
For many, it might be puzzling(a) to pay for a wellequipped space teeming with other people, even with
the chance of free coffee and inspiration. You might ask yourself, “Well, why pay for a place to work
when I’m perfectly comfortable at home and paying nothing?” Or, “Isn’t the whole point of
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/135961
telecommuting or starting my own business a chance to avoid ‘going to the office’?”
 
Coworking may sound like an unnecessary expense, but let’s consider what you get from being a part of
the space.
 
At its most basic level, coworking is the phenomenon of workers coming together in a shared or
collaborative workspace for one or more of these reasons: to reduce costs by having shared facilities and
equipment, to access a community of fellow entrepreneurs, and to seek out collaboration within and
across fields. Coworking spaces offer an exciting alternative for people longing(b) to escape the confines
of their cubicle walls, the isolation of working solo at home, or the inconveniences of public venues.
 
The benefits and cost-savings in productivity and overall happiness and well-being reaped(c) from
coworking are also potentially huge. Enthusiasm and creativity become contagious and multiply when
you diversify your work environment with people from different fields or backgrounds. At coworking
spaces, members pass each other during the day, conversations get going, and miraculously idea-fusion
happens with everyone benefitting from the shared thinking and brainstorming.
 
Differences matter. Coworking hinges on(d) the belief that innovation and inspiration come from the
cross-pollination of different people in different fields or specializations. Random opportunities and
discoveries that arise from interactions with others play a large role in coworking.
 
To see this in action on a large scale, think about Google. Google made the culture of sharing and
collaboration in the workplace legend. It deployed(e) “grouplets” for initiatives that cover broader
changes through the organization.
 
One remarkable story of a successful Google grouplet involved getting engineers to write their own
testing code to reduce the incidence of bugs in software code. Thinking creatively, the grouplet came up
with a campaign based on posting episodes discussing new and interesting testing techniques on the
bathroom stalls. “Testing on the Toilet” spread fast and garnered both rants and raves. Soon, people
were hungry for more, and the campaign ultimately developed enough inertia to become a de facto part
of the coding culture. They moved out of the restrooms and into the mainstream.
 
Keith Sawyer, a professor of psychology and education at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, has
written widely on collaboration and innovation. In his study of jazz performances, Keith Sawyer made this
observation, “The group has the ideas, not the individual musicians.” Some of the most famous products
were born out of this mosh pit of interaction — in contrast to the romantic idea of a lone working genius
driving change. According to Sawyer, more often than not, true innovation emerges from an improvised
process and draws from trial-by-error and many inputs.
 
Unexpected insights emerge from the group dynamic. If increasing interaction among different peer
groups within a single company could lead to promising results, imagine the possibilities for solopreneurs,
small businesses, and indie workers — if only they could reach similar levels of peer access as those
experienced by their bigger counterparts. It is this potential that coworking tries to capture for its
members.
 
Available at: <http://workawesome.com/productivity/coworking/>. Retrieved on: 21 Oct. 2011. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text,
a) “puzzling” and confusing are antonyms.
b) “longing” and desiring express contradictory ideas.
c) “reaped” and derived express similar ideas.
d) “hinges on” and contradicts are synonyms.
e) “deployed” and spread out do not haveequivalent meanings.
458) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/135964
CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Psicologia/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Coworking: Sharing How We Work
 
Genevieve DeGuzman
Communication
 
In the past, when trying to find places to work, independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several scenarios, all with their attendant advantages and
disadvantages: working from home; working from a coffee shop, library, or other public venue; or leasing
an executive suite or other commercial space.
 
Is there a better way to work? Yes. Enter coworking.
 
Coworking takes freelancers, indie workers, and entrepreneurs who feel that they have been dormant or
isolated working alone at home or who have been migrating from a coffee shop to a friend’s garage or
languishing in a sterile business center — to a space where they can truly roost.
 
“We can come out of hiding,” a coworker tells us, “and be in a space that’s comfortable, friendly, and has
an aesthetic appeal that’s a far cry from the typical cookie-cutter office environment.”
 
For many, it might be puzzling to pay for a wellequipped space teeming with other people, even with the
chance of free coffee and inspiration. You might ask yourself, “Well, why pay for a place to work when
I’m perfectly comfortable at home and paying nothing?” Or, “Isn’t the whole point of telecommuting or
starting my own business a chance to avoid ‘going to the office’?”
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/135964
Coworking may sound like an unnecessary expense, but let’s consider what you get from being a part of
the space.
 
At its most basic level, coworking is the phenomenon of workers coming together in a shared or
collaborative workspace for one or more of these reasons: to reduce costs by having shared facilities and
equipment, to access a community of fellow entrepreneurs, and to seek out collaboration within and
across fields. Coworking spaces offer an exciting alternative for people longing to escape the confines of
their cubicle walls, the isolation of working solo at home, or the inconveniences of public venues.
 
The benefits and cost-savings in productivity and overall happiness and well-being reaped from
coworking are also potentially huge. Enthusiasm and creativity become contagious and multiply when
you diversify your work environment with people from different fields or backgrounds. At coworking
spaces, members pass each other during the day, conversations get going, and miraculously idea-fusion
happens with everyone benefitting from the shared thinking and brainstorming.
 
Differences matter. Coworking hinges on the belief that innovation and inspiration come from the cross-
pollination of different people in different fields or specializations. Random opportunities and discoveries
that arise from interactions with others play a large role in coworking.
 
To see this in action on a large scale, think about Google. Google made the culture of sharing and
collaboration in the workplace legend. It deployed “grouplets” for initiatives that cover broader changes
through the organization.
 
One remarkable story of a successful Google grouplet involved getting engineers to write their own
testing code to reduce the incidence of bugs in software code. Thinking creatively, the grouplet came up
with a campaign based on posting episodes discussing new and interesting testing techniques on the
bathroom stalls. “Testing on the Toilet” spread fast and garnered both rants and raves. Soon, people
were hungry for more, and the campaign ultimately developed enough inertia to become a de facto part
of the coding culture. They moved out of the restrooms and into the mainstream.
 
Keith Sawyer, a professor of psychology and education at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, has
written widely on collaboration and innovation. In his study of jazz performances, Keith Sawyer made this
observation, “The group has the ideas, not the individual musicians.” Some of the most famous products
were born out of this mosh pit of interaction — in contrast to the romantic idea of a lone working genius
driving change. According to Sawyer, more often than not, true innovation emerges from an improvised
process and draws from trial-by-error and many inputs.
 
Unexpected insights emerge from the group dynamic. If increasing interaction among different peer
groups within a single company could lead to promising results, imagine the possibilities for solopreneurs,
small businesses, and indie workers — if only they could reach similar levels of peer access as those
experienced by their bigger counterparts. It is this potential that coworking tries to capture for its
members.
 
Available at: <http://workawesome.com/productivity/coworking/>. Retrieved on: 21 Oct. 2011. Adapted.
 
In the fragments “and to seek out collaboration within and across fields” and “the grouplet came up
with a campaign based on posting episodes”, the expressions seek out and came up with mean,
respectively,
a) get rid of / banned
b) search for / produced
c) come upon / discarded
d) turn down / devised
e) track down / excluded
459) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/136235
CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Better Education Quality Needed
Formal education and skills aren’t connecting in Latin America.
 
By Gabriel Sanchez Zinny
 
Education advocates in Latin America have long pushed for expanded access for all students. Indeed,
access has improved, with secondary school completion rates climbing from 30 to 50 percent over the
past two decades. However, there is a growing realization that greater access alone will do little good
without higher quality.
Business leaders, in particular, have argued(a) that there is a profound disconnect between what schools
are teaching and what is actually(b) required for a worker to succeed in a globalized, innovation-driven,
and knowledge-based modern economy. “There are very talented(c) people in the region. All they need is
a chance to develop,” says Felipe Vergara, co-founder of Lumni, a company that invests in students’
education in exchange for a fixed portion of the income(d) they will go on to receive with their improved
career path(e).
 
At the same time that the private sector is beginning to take matters into its own hands, a new report
from a team of Inter-American Development Bank education researchers, led by Marina Bassi and Jaime
Vargas, has shed new light on the failures of Latin American education systems to prepare students for
the job market. Entitled “Disconnected: Skills, Education and Employment in Latin America”, the report
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/136235
uses surveys of both students and employers across the region to understand why and how this gap in
skills is occurring.
The results are surprising. While access has increased, in two other critical areas - quality and relevance -
there has been little to no progress, leaving students unprepared for the demands of the modern
workplace. The employers surveyed all pointed to the importance of what are known as “socio-emotional
skills”, in contrast to traditional cognitive skills such as literacy and basic mathematics. Socio-emotional
skills relate to personality, and include punctuality, politeness, work ethics, responsibility, empathy, and
adaptability, and are especially critical for workers and managers in a globalized economy defined by its
unpredictability and dynamism.
 
While high costs are certainly playing a role, it is clear that addressing the skills gap in Latin America will
require a multifaceted approach. As the authors of “Disconnected” argue, schools must find ways to
become more engaged with the productive economy that surrounds them, and improve their ability to
instill and evaluate the type of skills that the private sector is looking for. This effort should go beyond
increasingthe access and completion of secondary school. It should involve more research, better
teacher recruitment and evaluation, and incentives for developing socioemotional skills.
Companies have a strong role to play, and some of them are just not giving up. As Juan Iramain, Vice
President of Public Affairs and Communications in Coca Cola’s South Latin region, puts it, “at the Coca-
Cola Company we understand that in order to catch up with the necessary level of sustainability of the
globalized world, our business should rely on the sustainability of the communities in which we operate.
For some time now, therefore, we have been dealing with specialized NGOs to strengthen the work of
parents and school. The aim is not only for students to complete the school year, but also that they
incorporate the curiosity and lifelong learning capabilities needed to work in the labor market of the 21st
century. We just can’t put up with a school program that cannot prepare youngsters for a better society”.
 
460) 
But above all, as the authors Marina Bassi and Jaime Vargas have argued, we must continue this
dialogue between governments and the private sector so that education reform can lead to increased
opportunity and economic development across the region.
 
Available at: <http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=5623>. Retrieved on: 20 May 2012.
Adapted.
 
In the text, the word in italics describes the idea expressed by the boldfaced word in
a) argued - asked
b) actually - really
c) talented - unskilled
d) income - input
e) path - origin
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/136243
CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Better Education Quality Needed
Formal education and skills aren’t connecting in Latin America.
 
By Gabriel Sanchez Zinny
 
Education advocates in Latin America have long pushed for expanded access for all students. Indeed,
access has improved, with secondary school completion rates climbing from 30 to 50 percent over the
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/136243
past two decades. However, there is a growing realization that greater access alone will do little good
without higher quality.
Business leaders, in particular, have argued that there is a profound disconnect between what schools are
teaching and what is actually required for a worker to succeed in a globalized, innovation-driven, and
knowledge-based modern economy. “There are very talented people in the region. All they need is a
chance to develop,” says Felipe Vergara, co-founder of Lumni, a company that invests in students’
education in exchange for a fixed portion of the income they will go on to receive with their improved
career path.
 
At the same time that the private sector is beginning to take matters into its own hands, a new report
from a team of Inter-American Development Bank education researchers, led by Marina Bassi and Jaime
Vargas, has shed new light on the failures of Latin American education systems to prepare students for
the job market. Entitled “Disconnected: Skills, Education and Employment in Latin America”, the report
uses surveys of both students and employers across the region to understand why and how this gap in
skills is occurring.
The results are surprising. While access has increased, in two other critical areas - quality and relevance -
there has been little to no progress, leaving students unprepared for the demands of the modern
workplace. The employers surveyed all pointed to the importance of what are known as “socio-emotional
skills”, in contrast to traditional cognitive skills such as literacy and basic mathematics. Socio-emotional
skills relate to personality, and include punctuality, politeness, work ethics, responsibility, empathy, and
adaptability, and are especially critical for workers and managers in a globalized economy defined by its
unpredictability and dynamism.
 
While high costs are certainly playing a role, it is clear that addressing the skills gap in Latin America will
require a multifaceted approach. As the authors of “Disconnected” argue, schools must find ways to
become more engaged with the productive economy that surrounds them, and improve their ability to
instill and evaluate the type of skills that the private sector is looking for. This effort should go beyond
increasing the access and completion of secondary school. It should involve more research, better
teacher recruitment and evaluation, and incentives for developing socioemotional skills.
Companies have a strong role to play, and some of them are just not giving up(a). As Juan Iramain, Vice
President of Public Affairs and Communications in Coca Cola’s South Latin region, puts it(b), “at the Coca-
Cola Company we understand that in order to catch up with(c) the necessary level of sustainability of the
globalized world, our business should rely on(d) the sustainability of the communities in which we
operate. For some time now, therefore, we have been dealing with specialized NGOs to strengthen the
work of parents and school. The aim is not only for students to complete the school year, but also that
they incorporate the curiosity and lifelong learning capabilities needed to work in the labor market of the
21st century. We just can’t put up with(e) a school program that cannot prepare youngsters for a better
society”.
 
But above all, as the authors Marina Bassi and Jaime Vargas have argued, we must continue this
dialogue between governments and the private sector so that education reform can lead to increased
opportunity and economic development across the region.
 
Available at: <http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=5623>. Retrieved on: 20 May 2012.
Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, the boldfaced verbal expression describes the same as the verb in:
a) giving up - resisting
b) puts it - says
c) to catch up with - to leave
d) rely on - divide
e) put up with - test
461) 
 
 
 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/224153
CESGRANRIO - Tec Jr (BR)/BR/Suprimento e Logística/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Migration
Why and how do animals migrate?
 
From Kids Discover Magazine
 
Most birds and other animals migrate for three basic reasons. First, animals must look for food, and
maybe they may have depleted the resources in a particular area where they are. Or they may be trying
to keep up with the changing patterns of available vegetation. This is what the zebras in Serengeti Forest
in Africa do each year. They follow rainfall patterns in order to find ample and fresh vegetation.
 
Second, animals may migrate to escape(a) extreme seasonal temperatures(b). For example, many birds
fly south(c) to warmer climates, for the winter, while others travel to get special seasonal shelters(d).
Little brown bats fly 200 to 800 km from their outdoor home to(e) their winter caves that provide a safe
place for them to hibernate during the cold months.
 
Third, animals migrate to get to their breeding ground. Salmon, for instance, swim from the ocean to the
exact area of the river where they were born. Then, they reproduce in this area before they die.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/224153
462) 
 
Now, in terms of how they migrate, if we are talking about day animals, they keep visual landmarks in
their minds to help them move from one place to another. With the elephants, for instance, the oldest
female memorizes the position of rivers, mountain ranges and other fixed spots, in order to take the
members of the herd to food and fresh water. Flying animals such as birds and insects may use the
position of the sun to guide them as a compass. If they are night animals, their specialized nocturnal
vision allows them to see the shades of the trees in the dark. But to migrate at night in the forest, night
animals’ preferred method is by guiding themselves by observing the position of the stars, just like
exploring navigators usedto do in the XV century.
 
Available at: <http://www.kidsdiscover.com/blog/spotlight/animalmigrations- for-kids/> Retrieved on: nov. 20, 2012.
Adapted.
 
The word in italics that describes the idea expressed in the text by the word in boldface type is
a) “animals may migrate to escape” – walk
b) “extreme seasonal temperatures.” – mild
c) “For example, many birds fly south” – instance
d) “to get special seasonal shelters” – minutes
e) “from their outdoor home to.” – secret
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297088
CESGRANRIO - Tecno (IBGE)/IBGE/Estatística/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
Better Living Standards
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297088
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customers and employees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show small
but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more mixed,
though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative impacts of
immigration on low-skill workers, other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US
workers, regardless of education. As further evidence supporting the second set of findings, one study
that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages, even
among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and the
budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school, learn
English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub par
educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed, but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it seems
a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits. And it has, to them. But we have lost much of what provided a way of life for working
folks, each time promising them that it will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
463) 
protections against abusive workplaces, and these are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
The author’s main claim in Text I is that
a) higher standards of living in the US have attracted more immigrants from neighboring countries.
b) American salaries have risen because of the lowskilled immigrants that have left the US.
c) the increase of immigrant population in the USA has benefitted the economy and created more job
opportunities.
d) the additional influx of immigrant workers and professionals had a positive impact on the
educational standards of Americans.
e) more businesses and high-technology enterprises take advantage of undereducated workers
moving into the US.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297089
CESGRANRIO - Tecno (IBGE)/IBGE/Estatística/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297089
Better Living Standards
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customers andemployees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show small
but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more mixed,
though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative impacts of
immigration on low-skill workers, other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US
workers, regardless of education. As further evidence supporting the second set of findings, one study
that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages, even
among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and the
budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school, learn
English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub par
educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed, but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it seems
a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits. And it has, to them. But we have lost much of what provided a way of life for working
folks, each time promising them that it will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces, and these are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
 
According to Text I, studies have NOT proved that
a) high immigration rates lead to a decline in economic growth and affect the citizens’ standards of
living by reducing the prices of goods.
b) higher rates of immigration help support national welfare programs because the foreign population
expands the share of contributors to these programs.
c) wages are not reduced even when the country experiences high rates of immigrant populations in
all educational levels.
d) foreign professionals have set up many successful IT start-ups and integrated research projects
contributing to scientific development.
e) more innovation efforts are seen in the economy when a large number of high-skilled
professionals are attracted to the country.
464) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297090
CESGRANRIO - Ana (IBGE)/IBGE/Administração Escolar/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Advérbios (Adverbs)
Text I
Better Living Standards
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customers and employees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show small
but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more mixed,
though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative impacts of
immigration on low-skill workers, other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US
workers, regardless of education. As further evidence supporting the second set of findings, one study
that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages, even
among less-skilled residents.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297090
Most studies also find that over timeimmigrants improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and the
budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school, learn
English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub par
educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed, but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it seems
a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits. And it has, to them. But we have lost much of what provided a way of life for working
folks, each time promising them that it will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces, and these are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
In the excerpt of Text I: “other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US workers,
regardless of education”, regardless of, is substituted, without change in meaning, by
a) as a result of
b) because of
c) except for
d) despite
e) due to
465) 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297092
CESGRANRIO - Tecno (IBGE)/IBGE/Estatística/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
Better Living Standards
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customers and employees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show small
but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more mixed,
though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative impacts(a)
of immigration on low-skill workers, other(a) estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US
workers, regardless of education. As further evidence supporting the second set of findings, one study
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297092
that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages, even
among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants improve the finances of programs(b) like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these(b) are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and
the budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school, learn
English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean canbecome a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub par
educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed, but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it seems
a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits. And it has, to them(c). But we have lost much of what provided a way of life(d) for
working folks(c), each time promising them that it(d) will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces(e), and these(e) are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to
expect that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant
Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
In Texts I and II, in terms of reference, one notices that
a) other refers to impacts.
b) these refers to programs.
c) them refers to working folks.
d) it refers to way of life.
466) 
e) these refers to workplaces.
 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297094
CESGRANRIO - Tecno (IBGE)/IBGE/Estatística/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Interpretação de Textos (Understanding)
Text I
Better Living Standards
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customers and employees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge(a) economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show
small but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more
mixed, though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative
impacts of immigration on low-skill workers, other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297094
US workers, regardless of education. As further(b) evidence supporting the second set of findings, one
study that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages,
even among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually(c) help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and the
budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts(d) to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school, learn
English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub
par(e) educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals.And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed, but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it seems
a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits. And it has, to them. But we have lost much of what provided a way of life for working
folks, each time promising them that it will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces, and these are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
In Texts I and II, in terms of meaning, one notices that
a) cutting-edge and vanguard convey opposite meanings.
b) further and additional have equivalent meanings.
c) actually and nowadays are synonyms.
d) boost and raise are antonyms.
467) 
e) sub par and extraordinary express similar ideas.
 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297097
CESGRANRIO - Tecno (IBGE)/IBGE/Estatística/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text I
Better Living Standards
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customers and employees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show small
but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more mixed,
though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative impacts of
immigration on low-skill workers, other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297097
workers, regardless of education. As further evidence supporting the second set of findings, one study
that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages, even
among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and the
budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US(a). They send their kids to school,
learn English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power(b) along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub par
educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness(c). One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed(d), but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it
seems a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits(e). And it has, to them. But we have lost much of what provided a way of life for
working folks, each time promising them that it will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces, and these are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for bothimmigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
In Text II, the sentence that expresses the idea of absolute certainty in the future is
a) “even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US”
b) “many predicted Brazil would become a world power”
c) “There are many reasons and factors that could explain Brazil’s backwardness”
d) “It may be that these jobs are now forever changed”
468) 
e) “globalization will bring benefits”
 
 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297099
CESGRANRIO - Ana (IBGE)/IBGE/Administração Escolar/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
Text I
Better Living Standards
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customers and employees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show small
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297099
but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more mixed,
though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative impacts of
immigration on low-skill workers, other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US
workers, regardless of education. As further evidence supporting the second set of findings, one study
that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages, even
among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and the
budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school, learn
English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub par
educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed, but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it seems
a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits. And it has, to them. But we have lost much of what provided a way of life for working
folks, each time promising them that it will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces, and these are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
In the excerpts of Text II: “The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for
immigrants to prosper” and “if immigrants are instead brought in as low-wage replacements for American
workers” set up and brought in mean, respectively,
469) 
a) established – introduced
b) ignored – incorporated
c) organized – discarded
d) forbidden – eliminated
e) created – returned
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297100
CESGRANRIO - Ana (IBGE)/IBGE/Administração Escolar/2013
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Advérbios (Adverbs)
Text I
Better Living Standards
April 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best available economic evidence suggests thatimmigration
expands the economic opportunities andincomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout the
economy. For American business owners, immigrants are both new sources of customersand employees,
helping to expand production using American resources and know-how in sectors ranging from farming
to technology. For American workers,the data suggest that rather than competing for identical jobs,
immigrants tend to work alongside and in support of American workers, creating more and better job
opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics research on the impact of immigration on wages show small
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/297100
but positive effects of immigration on American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes more mixed,
though, when looking at specific groups of workers. While some studies show large negative impacts of
immigration on low-skill workers, other estimates find that immigration raises the wages of all US
workers, regardless of education. As further evidence supporting the second set of findings, one study
that examines a period of rapid immigration finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages, even
among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
 
And these are only the direct measured effects of immigration on individual wages, employment and the
budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled immigrants, start more businesses and participate in
scientific and other research at higher rates than native-born Americans. These other findings hint at
additional potential benefits of more immigration, including increases in innovation that could help boost
overall economic growth. The high fraction of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by immigrants
are an important example of this point.
 
These potential additional boosts to economic growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of living for Americans.
 
Text II
Comments from readers of Text I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school, learn
English as a second language, start a small business or do work shunned by Americans.
 
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his native
country? The US economic and social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and prosperity of the American economy.
 
The second argument is counter factual. Countries closed to immigration lag behind those opened to
foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil would
become a world power along with the US.
 
The US became a major world superpower and Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a sub par
educational system and illiterate population. There are many reasons and factors that could explain
Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the BRICS.
Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing Brazil to
become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs and real industries. However the data looks overall,
certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of the
reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws, and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that these
jobs are now forever changed, but since we have such poor opportunities for the working class, it seems
a shame to lose a class of work that had formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that globalization
will bring benefits. And it has, to them. But we have lost much of what provided a way of life for working
folks, each time promising them that it will get better.
 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their case, in large part because they’ve neglected a critical
issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces, and these are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards for both native-born and immigrant Americans alike.
 
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for American workers, not allowed the
right to vote or forced to ten or more years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and
nativeborn Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap
labor.
 
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-
immigration-improvesliving-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
 
In the excerpt of Text II: “living standards are severely damaged for both immigrants and native-born
Americans, that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from cheap labor”, that
is introduces a(n)
470) 
a) contrast
b) solution
c) hypothesis
d) addition
e) explanation
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/199186
CESGRANRIO - CTA (DECEA)/DECEA/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text
Air traffic controllers asleep on the job…still
 
Michael J. Breus, Ph.D., in Sleepnewzzz
 
Here’s some news of workers sleeping on the job that’s downright scary. A news investigation produced a
story and footage of air traffic controllers at Westchester County Airport sleeping during their shifts. The
video, provided to the news outlet by an employee in the air traffic control tower at Westchester Airport,
also shows controllers reading and using laptops and cell phones while on duty. The Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) bans its controllers from use of cell phones, personal reading material and electric
devices while on duty. Sleeping is prohibited anywhere in air traffic control towers.
All of these violations are alarming and dangerous, and pose a serious public safety problem. It is
important, I believe, to separate the issue of air traffic controllers sleeping on the job from their choice to
play with laptops and cell phones when they are supposed to be working. The video images showing air
traffic controllers slumped over and sleeping at their stations is truly frightening. But the issue of sleep
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/199186
deprivation among air traffic controllers is a very real one, and means that some instances of falling
asleep—however dangerous and wrong—is not entirely the controllers’ fault, or even within their control.
Unfortunately this is not a new problem. We’ve seen several instances of air traffic controllers falling
asleep on duty in recent months.
In response to these cases, the FAA in 2011 revised its regulations for air traffic controllers to include
additional time for rest between shifts. The FAA:
Raised the minimum amount of time off between work shifts to 9 hours from 8 hours
Prohibited air traffic controllers from swapping shifts without having a minimum of 9 hours off inbetween shifts
Increased supervisor coverage in air traffic control towers during late night and early morning shifts
Prohibited air traffic controllers from picking up an overnight shift after a day off
These adjustments are a step in the right direction, but they don’t go far enough. Managing schedules
for shift workers in these high-pressure jobs where public safety is at stake is too important to settle for
improvements that don’t actually solve the problem.
Shift workers of all types face challenges to getting enough sleep while managing long hours, overnight
shifts, and changing schedules that fluctuate between day and night. Research shows that:
People who engage in shift work get less sleep overall than those of us who work more regular hours
Shift workers are at higher risk for illness and chronic disease
The sleep deprivation associated with shift work increase the risk of accidents, injuries and mistakes
in high-profile, public safety related industries like medicine and law enforcement, as well as air
traffic control
In addition to making people more prone to accidents and injury, sleep deprivation causes a number of
negative effects—both physical and psychological—that can impair the on-the-job performance of air
traffic controllers and other shift workers. Sleep deprivation:
Slows reaction time
Interferes with memory
Causes fatigue
Compromises judgment
Impairs the ability to retain new information
I think we can all agree that we don’t want the people responsible for guiding our planes to be sluggish,
slow-reacting, forgetful, fatigued and of questionable judgment. But that’s exactly what being sleep
deprived can make them!
It’s the FAAs responsibility to create workplace regulations that enable air traffic controllers to get the
rest they need. This can include not just mandating reasonable time off between shifts, but also giving
controllers breaks during shifts and allowing them to nap on their breaks. There are also some basic
things that the controllers themselves—or any shift workers—can do to help avoid sleep deprivation:
Make sure to get adequate rest before a shift begins. Take a nap before work, if need be.
Limit your reliance on caffeine. While it’s okay as an occasional pick-me-up, coffee and caffeinated
beverages are not substitutes for adequate sleep. And caffeine can interfere with your sleep when
you actually want and need to be sleepy.
Keep a strong and consistent sleep routine both during your workdays and your days off. It’s not
always easy, but shift workers in particular need to build their off-duty schedules around making sure
they get the sleep they need.
Similarly to the recent changes in health care, the FAA is moving in the right direction to help its
employees get the sleep they need to do their jobs safely. As this latest incident at Westchester Airport
confirms, there is a great deal of work still to be done. And it’s in everyone’s best—and safest—interest
that progress continues to be made.
Sweet Dreams,
Michael J. Breus, PhD
The Sleep Doctor™
www.thesleepdoctor.com
Available at: <http://www.theinsomniablog.com/the_insomnia_ blog/2012/03/
air-traffic-controllers-asleep-on- -the-jobstill.html> Adapted. Retrieved on: July 25, 2012.
 
In Text, the boldfaced item is synonymous with the expression in italics in
a) “In addition to making people more prone to accidents and injury, sleep deprivation causes a
number of negative effects.” (line 26) – Although
b) “Take a nap before work, if need be.” (line 38) – in case
c) “While it’s okay as an occasional pick-me-up, coffee and caffeinated beverages are not substitutes
for adequate sleep.” (lines 39-40) – Since
d) “Similarly to the recent changes in health care, the FAA is moving in the right direction to help its
employees get the sleep they need to do their jobs safely.” (lines 43-44) – In spite of
e) “As this latest incident at Westchester Airport confirms, there is a great deal of work still to be
done.” (lines 44) – Provided that
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/199188
CESGRANRIO - CTA (DECEA)/DECEA/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/199188
471) Text
President Obama to Sleepy Air Controllers:
‘Better Do Your Job’
Lisa Stark and Andrew Springer
President Obama lectured air traffic controllers in an exclusive interview with ABC News, impressing on
them the enormous responsibility of safeguarding flying passengers and telling them, “You better do your
job.”
The president spoke after several controllers were caught asleep on the job and the man in charge of air
traffic control, Hank Krakowski, resigned on Thursday.
“The individuals who are falling asleep on the job, that’s unacceptable,” the president told ABC News’
George Stephanopoulos in an exclusive interview on Thursday. “The fact is, when you’re responsible for
the lives and safety of people up in the air, you better do your job. So, there’s an element of individual
responsibility that has to be dealt with.”
Five controllers have been suspended for apparently napping on the job while planes were trying to land
at their airports.
The president said a full review of air traffic control work shifts is under way.
“What we also have to look at is air traffic control systems. Do we have enough back up? Do we have
enough people? Are they getting enough rest time?” Obama said.
He added, however, “But it starts with individual responsibility.”
In March, two commercial airliners were forced to land unassisted at Washington, D.C.’s Reagan National
Airport after a controller apparently fell asleep.
Just days later, two controllers at the Preston Smith International Airport in Lubbock, Texas, did not hand
off control of a departing aircraft to another control center and it took repeated attempts for them to be
reached.
On Feb. 19, an air traffic controller in Knoxville, Tenn., slept during an overnight shift. Sources told ABC
News that the worker even took pillows and cushions from a break room to build a make-shift bed on the
control room floor.
And this month, there were two more incidents. A controller fell asleep on the job in Seattle, and days
later a controller in Reno was snoozing when a plane carrying a critically ill passenger was seeking
permission to land.
The FAA and the controller’s union have been studying the fatigue issue for over a year and their report
finds that “acute fatigue occurs on a daily basis,” and “fatigue can occur at any time, on any shift.”
 
Sleep experts suggest midshift naps
Some sleep experts said controllers are ripe for fatigue because they often bounce between day shifts
and night shifts. “When we’re constantly having to adjust to different work schedules, our body is always
playing catch up,” said Philip Gehrman, Director of the Behavioral Sleep Program at the University of
Pennsylvania.
Controllers on the night shift have another hurdle: they often work in dim light conditions with little
472) 
stimulation between radio calls. “That’s exactly the kind of type of task that’s hardest to maintain, when
you’re at the wrong point in your biological rhythms,” said Gehrman.
One recommendation from the government study suggests allowing controllers to take scheduled naps,
with breaks as long as two and a half hours to allow for sleeping and waking up.
Sleep experts said a long break in the middle of an eight hour overnight shift would help, but it might be
a tough sell politically. It has taken decades to try to come up with new fatigue rules for pilots and it may
not be any easier when it comes to controllers.
Available at: <http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/obama-air-traffic-
-controllers-individual-responsibility/story?id=13382280#.UA__ XpFceSo>. Retrieved on: July 25, 2012.
 
Based on the meanings in Text,
a) “safeguarding” (line 2) and protecting are antonyms.
b) “resigned” (line 4) and reassumed express similar ideas.
c) “snoozing” (line 19) and napping are not equivalent in meaning.
d) “ripe” (line23) and unprepared are synonyms.
e) “hurdle” (line 26) and barrier are synonyms.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/199193
CESGRANRIO - CTA (DECEA)/DECEA/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Text
President Obama to Sleepy Air Controllers:
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/199193
‘Better Do Your Job’
Lisa Stark and Andrew Springer
President Obama lectured air traffic controllers in an exclusive interview with ABC News, impressing on
them the enormous responsibility of safeguarding flying passengers and telling them, “You better do your
job.”
The president spoke after several controllers were caught asleep on the job and the man in charge of air
traffic control, Hank Krakowski, resigned on Thursday.
“The individuals who are falling asleep on the job, that’s unacceptable,” the president told ABC News’
George Stephanopoulos in an exclusive interview on Thursday. “The fact is, when you’re responsible for
the lives and safety of people up in the air, you better do your job. So, there’s an element of individual
responsibility that has to be dealt with.”
Five controllers have been suspended for apparently napping on the job while planes were trying to land
at their airports.
The president said a full review of air traffic control work shifts is under way.
“What we also have to look at is air traffic control systems. Do we have enough back up? Do we have
enough people? Are they getting enough rest time?” Obama said.
He added, however, “But it starts with individual responsibility.”
In March, two commercial airliners were forced to land unassisted at Washington, D.C.’s Reagan National
Airport after a controller apparently fell asleep.
Just days later, two controllers at the Preston Smith International Airport in Lubbock, Texas, did not hand
off control of a departing aircraft to another control center and it took repeated attempts for them to be
reached.
On Feb. 19, an air traffic controller in Knoxville, Tenn., slept during an overnight shift. Sources told ABC
News that the worker even took pillows and cushions from a break room to build a make-shift bed on the
control room floor.
And this month, there were two more incidents. A controller fell asleep on the job in Seattle, and days
later a controller in Reno was snoozing when a plane carrying a critically ill passenger was seeking
permission to land.
The FAA and the controller’s union have been studying the fatigue issue for over a year and their report
finds that “acute fatigue occurs on a daily basis,” and “fatigue can occur at any time, on any shift.”
 
Sleep experts suggest midshift naps
Some sleep experts said controllers are ripe for fatigue because they often bounce between day shifts
and night shifts. “When we’re constantly having to adjust to different work schedules, our body is always
playing catch up,” said Philip Gehrman, Director of the Behavioral Sleep Program at the University of
Pennsylvania.
Controllers on the night shift have another hurdle: they often work in dim light conditions with little
stimulation between radio calls. “That’s exactly the kind of type of task that’s hardest to maintain, when
you’re at the wrong point in your biological rhythms,” said Gehrman.
One recommendation from the government study suggests allowing controllers to take scheduled naps,
473) 
with breaks as long as two and a half hours to allow for sleeping and waking up.
Sleep experts said a long break in the middle of an eight hour overnight shift would help, but it might be
a tough sell politically. It has taken decades to try to come up with new fatigue rules for pilots and it may
not be any easier when it comes to controllers.
Available at: <http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/obama-air-traffic-
-controllers-individual-responsibility/story?id=13382280#.UA__ XpFceSo>. Retrieved on: July 25, 2012.
 
In the fragments of Text: “did not hand off control of a departing aircraft to another control center”
(lines 15-16) and “It has taken decades to try to come up with new fatigue rules for pilots” (lines 30-
31), the expressions hand off and come up with mean, respectively,
a) introduce - exclude
b) impose - produce
c) request - discard
d) transfer - create
e) assign - avoid
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/220686
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Psicologia/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
A Day in the Life of the Women of O&G
by Jaime Kammerzell From Rigzone Contributor. Tuesday, February 14, 2012
 
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/220686
Although far fewer women work in the oil and gas (O&G) industry compared to men, many women find
rewarding careers in the industry. Five women were asked the same questions regarding their career
choices in the oil and gas industry.
Question 1: Why did you choose the oil and gas industry?
Woman 1: Cool technology, applying science and money.
Woman 2: It seemed interesting and the pay was good.
Woman 3: They offered me a job! I couldn’t turn down the great starting salary and a chance to live in
New Orleans.
Woman 4: I did not really choose the oil and gas industry as much as it chose me.
Woman 5: I chose the oil and gas industry because of the challenging projects, and I want to be part of
our country’s energy solution.
Question 2: How did you get your start in the oil and gas industry?
Woman 1: I went to a university that all major oil companies recruit. I received a summer internship
with Texaco before my last year of my Master’s degree.
Woman 2: I was recruited at a Texas Tech Engineering Job Fair.
Woman 3: At the time, campus recruiters came to the geosciences department of my university
annually and they sponsored scholarships for graduate students to help complete their research. Even
though my Master’s thesis was more geared toward environmental studies, as a recipient of one of these
scholarships, my graduate advisor strongly encouraged me to participate when the time came for O&G
Industry interviews.
Woman 4: I was working for a company in another state where oil and gas was not its primary
business. When the company sold its division in the state where I was working, they offered me a
position at the company’s headquarters in Houston managing the aftermarket sales for the company’s
largest region. Aftermarket sales supported the on-highway, construction, industrial, agricultural and the
oil and gas markets. After one year, the company asked me to take the position of managing their marine
and offshore power products division. I held that position for three years. I left that company to join a
new startup company where I hold the position of president.
Woman 5: My first job in the oil and gas industry was an internship with Mobil Oil Corp., in New
Orleans.I worked with a lot of smart, focused and talented geoscientists and engineers.
Question 3: Describe your typical day.
 
Woman 1: Tough one to describe a typical day. I generally read email, go to a couple of meetings and
work with the field’s earth model or look at seismic.
 
Woman 2: I talk with clients, help prepare bids and work on getting projects out the door. My days are
never the same, which is what I love about the job I have.
 
Woman 3: I usually work from 7:30 a.m. – 6:30 p.m. (although the official day is shorter). We call the
field every morning for an update on operations, security, construction, facilities and production
engineering activities. I work with my team leads on short-term and long-term projects to enhance
production (a lot of emails and Powerpoint). I usually have 2-3 meetings per day to
discuss/prioritize/review ongoing or upcoming work (production optimization, simulation modeling,
drilling plans, geologic interpretation, workovers, etc.). Beyond our team, I also participate in a number
of broader business initiatives and leadership teams.
Woman 4: A typical day is a hectic day for me. My day usually starts well before 8 a.m. with phone calls
and emails with our facility in Norway,as well as other business relationships abroad. At the office, I am
involved in the daily business operations and also stay closely involved in the projects and the sales
efforts. On any given day I am working on budgets and finance, attending project meetings, attending
engineering meetings, reviewing drawings and technical specifications, meeting with clients and
prospective clients, reviewing sales proposals, evaluating new business opportunities and making a lot of
decisions.
Woman 5: On most days I work on my computer to complete my projects. I interpret logs, create maps,
research local and regional geology or write documents. I go to project meetings almost every day. I
typically work only during business hours, but there are times when I get calls at night or on weekends
from a rig or other geologists for assistance with a technical problem.
Adapted from URL: <http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=11508>. Retrieved on February 14, 2012. 11
 
Based on the meanings of the words in Text,
a) major and main express opposite ideas.
b) headquarters could be substituted by main office.
c) smart and intelligent are antonyms.
d) enhance and reduce express similar ideas.
e) prospective and former are synonyms.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291623
CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2012
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291623
474) 
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Arctic E&P activity heats up
By Jessica Tippee
Assistant Editor
Not Mexico, not Brazil. The next offshore frontier is the Arctic, according to Andrew Reid, CEO of energy
analysts Douglas-Westwood Company. “More than 400 fields have been discovered to date in the Arctic,
providing reserves in excess of 240 Bboe (billions of barrels of oil equivalent)” Reid said. He was a guest
speaker at a recent conference of the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC), an agency
that has exclusively represented the worldwide oil and gas drilling industry since 1940. Reid also affirmed
that “There is no doubt that further drilling activity in this region could have a major impact on offshore
production in the foreseeable future.”
Meanwhile, Infield Systems Ltd. has identified more than 130 Bboe in discovered oil, gas, and
condensate reserves throughout the offshore arctic and sub-arctic regions. Around 114 Bboe are gas
reserves, and 16 Bbbl (billions of barrels) are oil. Infield’s additional report on offshore arctic oil and gas
prospects through 2017 includes current and future offshore oil and gas developments within the Arctic
Circle, and in the “sub-arctic” regions of Sakhalin Island, the Jeanne d’Arc basin offshore eastern Canada,
and the Cook Inlet off Alaska.
 
Arctic capital expenditure should increase more than $7 billion annually through 2017. Russia, with its
reserves, should largely drive this expenditure, especially during 2013-2015, assuming the Shtokman
project goes ahead. This project includes a comprehensive development of satellites in the Barents Sea,
and joint development of the Prirazlomnoye and Dolginskoye oil fields in the Pechora Sea.
Prirazlomnaya is the first offshore ice-resistant stationary platform designed and built in Russia measuring
126 m (413 ft) wide by 126 m long. With a weight of 117,000 tons, the platform can accommodate a
crew of up to 200, and provide year-round operation.
 
The platform is designed to withstand temperatures that can drop to −50º C (−58º F) during winter, and
ice formation – the location is typically free from ice for 110 days each year. The platform will provide
drilling, production, and oil storage services, along with preparation and shipment of final products from
the Prirazlomnoye field. Gazprom expects to drill up to 40 directional wells. Dutch contractor Tideway has
been dumping 100,000 metric tons of stone (110,231 tons) as an erosion protection system around the
platform to secure it to the seabed. The development is targeting annual production of more than 6
million tons (43.8 MMbbl). Associated produced gas will be used for the platform’s needs. Production
operations are scheduled to start this year.
 
Offshore Magazine. May 2, 2012 . Volume 72, Issue 5 Available at: <http://www.offshore-
mag.com/articles/print/volume-72/issue-5/international-report/arctic-e-p-activity-heats-up.html>. Retrieved on: 9
May 2012. Adapted.
 
According to Text, the platform will NOT provide
a) gas storage
b) oil drilling
c) transportation of final products
d) preparation of final products
e) up to 40 directional wells
 
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291624
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291624
475) 
CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Interpretação de Textos (Understanding)
Arctic E&P activity heats up
By Jessica Tippee
Assistant Editor
Not Mexico, not Brazil. The next offshore frontier(a) is the Arctic, according to Andrew Reid, CEO of
energy analysts Douglas-Westwood Company. “More than 400 fields have been discovered to date in the
Arctic, providing reserves in excess of 240 Bboe (billions of barrels of oil equivalent)” Reid said. He was a
guest(b) speaker at a recent conference of the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC), an
agency that has exclusively represented the worldwide oil and gas drilling industry since 1940. Reid also
affirmed that “There is no doubt(c) that further(d) drilling activity in this region could have a major(e)
impact on offshore production in the foreseeable future.”
Meanwhile, Infield Systems Ltd. has identified more than 130 Bboe in discovered oil, gas, and
condensate reserves throughout the offshore arctic and sub-arctic regions. Around 114 Bboe are gas
reserves, and 16 Bbbl (billions of barrels) are oil. Infield’s additional report on offshore arctic oil and gas
prospects through 2017 includes current and future offshore oil and gas developments within the Arctic
Circle, and in the “sub-arctic” regions of Sakhalin Island, the Jeanne d’Arc basin offshore eastern Canada,
and the Cook Inlet off Alaska.
 
Arctic capital expenditure should increase more than $7 billion annually through 2017. Russia, with its
reserves, should largely drive this expenditure, especially during 2013-2015, assuming the Shtokman
project goes ahead. This project includes a comprehensive development of satellites in the Barents Sea,
and joint development of the Prirazlomnoye and Dolginskoye oil fields in the Pechora Sea.
Prirazlomnaya is the first offshore ice-resistant stationary platform designed and built in Russia measuring
126 m (413 ft) wide by 126 m long. With a weight of 117,000 tons, the platform can accommodate a
crew of up to 200, and provide year-round operation.
 
The platform is designed to withstand temperatures that can drop to −50º C (−58º F) during winter, and
ice formation – the location is typically free from ice for 110 days each year. The platform will provide
drilling, production, and oil storage services, along with preparation and shipment of final products from
the Prirazlomnoye field. Gazprom expects to drill up to 40 directional wells. Dutch contractor Tideway has
been dumping 100,000 metric tons of stone (110,231 tons) as an erosion protection system around the
platform to secure it to the seabed. The development is targeting annual production of more than 6
million tons (43.8 MMbbl). Associated produced gas will be used for the platform’s needs. Production
operations are scheduled to start this year.
 
Offshore Magazine. May 2, 2012 . Volume 72, Issue 5 Available at: <http://www.offshore-
mag.com/articles/print/volume-72/issue-5/international-report/arctic-e-p-activity-heats-up.html>. Retrieved on: 9
May 2012. Adapted.
 
In Text, the idea expressed by the word in boldface type is described in
a) frontier – country
b) guest – invited
c) doubt – certainty
d) further – within
e) major – destructive
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291628
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291628476) 
CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Soda consumption increases risk of stroke and vascular disease
By John Phillip
Americans drink more than 216 liters of carbonated soft drinks each year, a number that continues to
increase at an alarming(a) rate. Many people use lowcalorie diet soda in a futile(b) effort to lose weight.
Yet(c) they find that these drinks have the opposite effect leading them to be overweight or obese.
The high acid content(d) in most carbonated beverages removes calcium and other critical nutrients from
the bone and tissues, significantly increasing disease risk over years of consumption.
 
Researchers from Cleveland Clinic’s Wellness Institute and Harvard University have reported the result of
a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the first to examine soda’s effect on stroke(e) risk
and vascular diseases.
Past studies have linked sugar-sweetened beverage consumption with weight gain, diabetes, high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, gout and coronary artery disease, but current research has implicated diet soft
drink consumption with increased disease risk and weight gain due to depletion of essential minerals.
Lead study author Dr Adam Bernstein noted “Soda remains the largest source of added sugar in the diet.
What we’re beginning to understand is that regular intake of these beverages sets off a chain reaction in
the body that can potentially lead to many diseases, including stroke. Researchers analyzed soda
consumption among 43,371 men and 84,085 women over a time span of nearly thirty years. During that
time, 2,938 strokes were documented in women while 1,416 strokes were documented in men.”
 
Despite the millions of dollars spent by soda marketers to instill the virtues of drinking soda, there is
nothing healthy about consuming any type of carbonated beverage. Moreover, the study did note that
drinking coffee was associated with a 10% lower risk of stroke, compared to drinking sweetened
beverages.
Regarding low calorie drinks, researchers concluded “older adults who drank diet soda daily had a 43%
increased risk of heart attacks or strokes compared to those that never drank diet soda”.
 
The suggestion is to substitute carbonated beverage consumption with an antioxidant packed cup of
green tea or coffee to significantly reduce risk of strokes and vascular diseases.
Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections Magazine. May 12, 2012 Available at:
<http://www.gasandoil.com/oilaround/other/3425a2d6 a41705a0f36cf3796041db1e>. Retrieved on: 9 May 2012.
Adapted.
 
 
In Text, the idea expressed by the word in boldface type is described in
a) alarming– soothing
b) futile – important
c) Yet – But
d) content – happy
e) stroke – death
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291629
CESGRANRIO - Ass Adm (EPE)/EPE/Apoio Administrativo/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291629
477) Soda consumption increases risk of stroke and vascular disease
By John Phillip
Americans drink more than 216 liters of carbonated soft drinks each year, a number that continues to
increase at an alarming rate. Many people use lowcalorie diet soda in a futile effort to lose weight. Yet
they find that these drinks have the opposite effect leading them to be overweight or obese.
The high acid content in most carbonated beverages removes calcium and other critical nutrients from
the bone and tissues, significantly increasing disease risk over years of consumption.
 
Researchers from Cleveland Clinic’s Wellness Institute and Harvard University have reported the result of
a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the first to examine soda’s effect on stroke risk and
vascular diseases.
Past studies have linked sugar-sweetened beverage consumption with weight gain, diabetes, high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, gout and coronary artery disease, but current research has implicated diet soft
drink consumption with increased disease risk and weight gain due to depletion of essential minerals.
Lead study author Dr Adam Bernstein noted “Soda remains the largest source of added sugar in the diet.
What we’re beginning to understand is that regular intake of these beverages sets off a chain reaction in
the body that can potentially lead to many diseases, including stroke. Researchers analyzed soda
consumption among 43,371 men and 84,085 women over a time span of nearly thirty years. During that
time, 2,938 strokes were documented in women while 1,416 strokes were documented in men.”
 
Despite the millions of dollars spent by soda marketers to instill the virtues of drinking soda, there is
nothing healthy about consuming any type of carbonated beverage. Moreover, the study did note that
478) 
drinking coffee was associated with a 10% lower risk of stroke, compared to drinking sweetened
beverages.
Regarding low calorie drinks, researchers concluded “older adults who drank diet soda daily had a 43%
increased risk of heart attacks or strokes compared to those that never drank diet soda”.
 
The suggestion is to substitute carbonated beverage consumption with an antioxidant packed cup of
green tea or coffee to significantly reduce risk of strokes and vascular diseases.
Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections Magazine. May 12, 2012 Available at:
<http://www.gasandoil.com/oilaround/other/3425a2d6 a41705a0f36cf3796041db1e>. Retrieved on: 9 May 2012.
Adapted.
 
 
In Text, the word those refers to
a) stroke
b) drinks
c) adults
d) researchers
e) heart attacks
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291919
CESGRANRIO - APE (EPE)/EPE/Transmissão de Energia/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
The Microbial Puppet-Master
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291919
by Valerie Ross
from Discover Magazine:
Mind & Brain / Memory, Emotions & Decisions
When Timothy Lu was in medical school, he treated a veteran whose multiple sclerosis was so severe
that she had to use a urinary catheter. As often happens with invasive medical devices, the catheters
became infected with biofilms: gooey, antibioticresistant layers of bacteria. Now the 30-year-old MIT
professor, who first trained as an engineer, designs viruses that destroy biofilms, which cause everything
from staph infections to cholera outbreaks and that account for 65 percent of human infections overall.
 
Discover: You started as an electrical engineer. Was it a difficult transition becoming a
biologist?
 
Lu: I came into the lab not really understanding how to do biology experiments and deal with chemicals.
I’m not a great experimentalist with my hands, and one night I set the lab on fire.
 
Discover: How does a biofilm work, from an engineering perspective?
 
Lu: A biofilm is essentially a three-dimensional community of bacteria that live together, kind of like a
bacterial apartment building or city. Biofilms are made up of the bacterial cells as well as all sorts of other
material — carbohydrates, proteins, and so on — that the bacteria build to protect themselves.
 
Discover: And those communities make bacteria especially dangerous?
 
Lu: Before I started medical school, I didn’t think bacterial infections were a big deal, because I assumed
antibiotics had taken care of them, but then I started seeing patients with significant biofilm infections
that couldn’t be cured.
479) 
Discover: What is your strategy to destroy biofilms?
Lu: We use viruses called phages that infect bacteria but not human cells. We cut the phages’ DNA and
insert a synthetic gene into the phage genome. That gene produces enzymes that can go out into the
biofilm and chew it up.
Discover: If you had just $10 for entertainment, how would you spend your day?
 
Lu: What can you even buy with $10? Maybe I would buy a magnifying glass and just peer around in the
soil to see what other life was going on down there. That would actually befun.
Available at: <http://discovermagazine.com/2011/sep/05-questions-for-microbial-puppet-master>.Retrieved on: 11
Sep. 2011. Adapted.
 
In Text, Lu describes himself in a biology lab as
a) methodic
b) relaxed
c) clumsy
d) paranoid
e) unconscious
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291920
CESGRANRIO - APE (EPE)/EPE/Transmissão de Energia/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
The Microbial Puppet-Master
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291920
by Valerie Ross
from Discover Magazine:
Mind & Brain / Memory, Emotions & Decisions
When Timothy Lu was in medical school, he treated a veteran whose multiple sclerosis was so severe
that she had to use a urinary catheter. As often happens with invasive medical devices, the catheters
became infected with biofilms: gooey, antibioticresistant layers of bacteria. Now the 30-year-old MIT
professor, who first trained as an engineer, designs viruses that destroy biofilms, which cause everything
from staph infections to cholera outbreaks and that account for 65 percent of human infections overall.
 
Discover: You started as an electrical engineer. Was it a difficult transition becoming a
biologist?
 
Lu: I came into the lab not really understanding how to do biology experiments and deal with chemicals.
I’m not a great experimentalist with my hands, and one night I set the lab on fire.
 
Discover: How does a biofilm work, from an engineering perspective?
 
Lu: A biofilm is essentially a three-dimensional community of bacteria that live together, kind of like a
bacterial apartment building or city. Biofilms are made up of the bacterial cells as well as all sorts of other
material — carbohydrates, proteins, and so on — that the bacteria build to protect themselves.
 
Discover: And those communities make bacteria especially dangerous?
 
Lu: Before I started medical school, I didn’t think bacterial infections were a big deal, because I assumed
antibiotics had taken care of them, but then I started seeing patients with significant biofilm infections
that couldn’t be cured.
480) 
Discover: What is your strategy to destroy biofilms?
Lu: We use viruses called phages that infect bacteria but not human cells. We cut the phages’ DNA and
insert a synthetic gene into the phage genome. That gene produces enzymes that can go out into the
biofilm and chew it up.
Discover: If you had just $10 for entertainment, how would you spend your day?
 
Lu: What can you even buy with $10? Maybe I would buy a magnifying glass and just peer around in the
soil to see what other life was going on down there. That would actually be fun.
Available at: <http://discovermagazine.com/2011/sep/05-questions-for-microbial-puppet-master>.Retrieved on: 11
Sep. 2011. Adapted.
 
In Text, Lu explains that a biofilm is a
a) mixture of different sorts of carbohydrates and proteins.
b) three-dimensional cell community that is recorded in film.
c) kind of environment that wraps up viruses so that they proliferate.
d) highly dense kind of viral community or village.
e) highly structured conglomerate of various types of cells that shelter bacteria.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291929
CESGRANRIO - APE (EPE)/EPE/Transmissão de Energia/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
The Microbial Puppet-Master
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/291929
by Valerie Ross
from Discover Magazine:
Mind & Brain / Memory, Emotions & Decisions
When Timothy Lu was in medical school, he treated a veteran whose multiple sclerosis was so severe
that she had to use a urinary catheter. As often happens with invasive medical devices, the catheters
became infected with biofilms: gooey, antibioticresistant layers of bacteria. Now the 30-year-old MIT
professor, who first trained as an engineer, designs viruses that destroy biofilms, which cause everything
from staph infections to cholera outbreaks and that account for 65 percent of human infections overall.
 
Discover: You started as an electrical engineer. Was it a difficult transition becoming a
biologist?
 
Lu: I came into the lab not really understanding how to do biology experiments and deal with chemicals.
I’m not a great experimentalist with my hands, and one night I set the lab on fire.
 
Discover: How does a biofilm work, from an engineering perspective?
 
Lu: A biofilm is essentially a three-dimensional community of bacteria that live together, kind of like a
bacterial apartment building or city. Biofilms are made up of the bacterial cells as well as all sorts of other
material — carbohydrates, proteins, and so on — that the bacteria build to protect themselves.
 
Discover: And those communities make bacteria especially dangerous?
 
Lu: Before I started medical school, I didn’t think bacterial infections were a big deal, because I assumed
antibiotics had taken care of them, but then I started seeing patients with significant biofilm infections
that couldn’t be cured.
Discover: What is your strategy to destroy biofilms?
Lu: We use viruses called phages that infect bacteria but not human cells. We cut the phages’ DNA and
insert a synthetic gene into the phage genome. That gene produces enzymes that can go out into the
biofilm and chew it up.
Discover: If you had just $10 for entertainment, how would you spend your day?
 
Lu: What can you even buy with $10? Maybe I would buy a magnifying glass and just peer around in the
soil to see what other life was going on down there. That would actually be fun.
Available at: <http://discovermagazine.com/2011/sep/05-questions-for-microbial-puppet-master>.Retrieved on: 11
Sep. 2011. Adapted.
 
In Text, the word in parentheses describes the idea expressed by the expression in boldface type in
a) gooey – line 2 (sticky)
b) layers – line 2 (fragments)
c) designs – line 3 (controls)
d) outbreaks – line 4 (clinics)
e) overall – line 4 (on people)
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/349140
CESGRANRIO - Tec Jr (BR)/BR/Suprimento e Logística/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Significado de Palavras e Expressões (Sinônimos, Antônimos,
Parônimos, Denotação, Conotação etc.)
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/349140
481) Unhappy at Work? These Simple Tricks
Can Turn Your Negative Thoughts into Positive Ones
 
Kathy Murdock
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
Unhappy at work? Then you aren’t alone. The annual Conference Board job satisfaction survey shows
that more than half of all Americans (a whopping 52 percent!) are dissatisfied with their jobs. It’s not
necessarily the work that is making us unhappy, though; sometimes, it is how we decide to look at and
deal with our tasks that cause us stress on the job.
As we know, pessimism is never a good trait, and boredom makes us do things we would never think of
doing. And anxiety? If you spend most of your time worrying about what has to be done or how you did
something that has already been completed, you’ll never be able to completely move forward to the next
task.
Mental frustrations aren’t the only things that give us pause at the office. Sitting too long in an office
chair, never seeing sunlight from 9-5, becoming sedentary day after day, and eating poorly on the job
can all take their negative toll.
Brant Secunda and Mark Allen, authors of the book Fit Soul, Fit Body, offer today’s working mothers (and
fathers) tips for feeling better while at the workplace.
Get Up!
If you sit in your office chair from 9-5 you’ll reduce the amount of lipoprotein lipase, a fat-burning
enzyme, by 94 percent. Standing for 30 minutes each day will get this enzyme going. The authors
suggest rising from that ergonomic chair to answer the phone, consult with a coworker, or read the latest
article.
Embrace the Power of Repetition
Ever wonder how a top athlete can practice the same skill day after day, or how someone can force her
body (and mind) to run 26.2 miles? Much of this willpower and stamina comes from the mind. To
continually do the same thing over and over, the person doingthe task needs to think positive and, the
authors say, embrace the power of repetition.
Look toward what it is you are accomplishing, the ultimate goal, and not at the small steps it takes to get
you there.
 
Stop Procrastinating for A Small 5 Minutes
Oftentimes if I am dreading a big project, I will find other things to do to occupy my time while I get up
my strength to work on it. The authors say that committing to working on the project for five minutes is
all you need, because once you start you will probably find it is not that bad after all. Even if it is that
bad, you are doing it, and it will be easier to complete if you have been chipping away at it for five
minutes a day. Besides, once we do get started we usually stick to it because we want to see it through.
So, suck it up and jump in there, even if it is only for a short period of time.
Weightlifting for the Soul
Oftentimes you might find yourself thinking negative thoughts about the workplace. You don’t want to do
a certain project because it is too hard or time-consuming; you don’t want to have to partner up with a
certain person because they don’t share the weight on projects; you are unhappy with the way the boss
handles issues around the workplace.
482) 
Instead of practicing negative thoughts, learn to weight lift for the soul, which the authors say is “giving
up negative thoughts that weigh you down.” How do you do this? “The next time a negative thought
comes into your mind,” write the authors, “force yourself to restate it to yourself in a positive way.” For
instance, if you are thinking something is too hard, look at it as though you have what it takes to get the
job done. If you find yourself considering a particular task a waste of your time, instead think about what
it is you can learn from doing that task.
Available at: <http://www.allbusiness.com/population
-demographics/ demographic-groups-working-mothers/15479561-1.html>. Retrieved on: 7 Apr. 2011.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items are synonymous in
a) “dissatisfied” – unhappy
b) “deal with” - reject
c) “poorly” – healthily
d) “reduce” - increase
e) “ultimate”- unnecessary
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/349261
CESGRANRIO - Prof Jun (BR)/BR/Vendas a Rede Automotiva/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Skillset vs. Mindset: Which Will Get You the Job?
 
By Heather Huhman
There’s a debate going on among career experts about which is more important: skillset or mindset.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/349261
While skills are certainly desirable for many positions, does having the right ones guarantee you’ll get the
job?
What if you have the mindset to get the work accomplished, but currently lack certain skills requested by
the employer? Jennifer Fremont-Smith, CEO of Smarterer, and Paul G. Stoltz, PhD, coauthor of Put Your
Mindset to Work: The One Asset You Really Need to Win and Keep the Job You Love, recently sat down
with U.S. News to sound off on this issue.
Heather: What is more important to today’s employers: skillset or mindset? Why?
Jennifer: For many jobs, skillset needs to come first. The employer absolutely must find people who
have the hard skills to do whatever it is they are being hired to do. Programmers have to know how to
program. Data analysts need to know how to crunch numbers in Excel. Marketers must know their
marketing tools and software. Social media managers must know the tools of their trade like Twitter,
Facebook, WordPress, and have writing and communication skills.
After the employers have identified candidates with these hard skills, they can shift their focus to their
candidates’ mindsets - attitude, integrity, work ethic, personality, etc.
Paul: Mindset utterly trumps skillset.
Heather: Do you have any data or statistics to back up your argument?
Jennifer: Despite record high unemployment, many jobs sit empty because employers can’t find
candidates with the right skills. In a recent survey cited in the Wall Street Journal, over 50 percent of
companies reported difficulty finding applicants with the right skills. Companies are running lean and
mean in this economy – they don’t have the time to train for those key skills.
Paul: [Co-author James Reed and I] asked tens of thousands of top employers worldwide this question:
If you were hiring someone today, which would you pick, B) the person with the perfect skills and
qualifications, but lacking the desired mindset, or A) the person with the desired mindset, but lacking the
rest? Ninety-eight percent pick A. Add to this that 97 percent said it is more likely that a person with the
right mindset will develop the right skillset, rather than the other way around.
Heather: How do you define skillset?
Jennifer: At Smarterer, we define skillset as the set of digital, social, and technical tools professionals
use to be effective in the workforce. Professionals are rapidly accumulating these skills, and the tools
themselves are proliferating and evolving – we’re giving people a simple, smart way for people to validate
their skillset and articulate it to the world.
Heather: How do you define mindset?
Paul: We define mindset as “the lens through which you see and navigate life.” It undergirds and affects
all that you think, see, believe, say, and do.
Heather: How can job seekers show they have the skillset employers are seeking throughout
the entire hiring process?
Jennifer: At the beginning of the process, seekers can showcase the skills they have by incorporating
them, such as their Smarterer scores, throughout their professional and personal brand materials. They
should be articulating their skills in their resume, cover letter, LinkedIn profile, blog, website -
everywhere they express their professional identity.
Heather: How can job seekers show they have the mindset employers are seeking
throughout the entire hiring process?
Paul: One of the most head-spinning studies we did, which was conducted by an independent
statistician showed that, out of 30,000 CVs/resumes, when you look at who gets the job and who does
not:
A. The conventional wisdom fails (at best). None of the classic, accepted advice, like using action verbs
or including hobbies/interests actually made any difference.
B. The only factor that made the difference was that those who had one of the 72 mindset qualities from
our master model, articulated in their CV/resume, in a specific way, were three times as likely to get the
job. Furthermore, those who had two or more of these statements, were seven times more likely to get
the job, often over other more qualified candidates.
Available at: <http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices- -
careers/2011/08/26/skillset-vs-mindset-which-will-get-you-the-job>. Retrieved on: 17 Sept. 2011. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items are synonymous in
a) “accomplished”– started
b) “currently”– actually
c) “hired” – rejected
d) “key” – main
e) “proliferating” – decreasing
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/349267
CESGRANRIO - Prof Jun (BR)/BR/Vendas a Rede Automotiva/2012
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/349267
483) 
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Skillset vs. Mindset: Which Will Get You the Job?
 
By Heather Huhman
There’s a debate going on among career experts about which is more important: skillset or mindset.
While skills are certainly desirable for many positions, does having the right ones guarantee you’ll get the
job?
What if you have the mindset to get the work accomplished, but currently lack certain skills requested by
the employer? Jennifer Fremont-Smith, CEO of Smarterer, and Paul G. Stoltz, PhD, coauthor of Put Your
Mindset to Work: The One Asset You Really Need to Win and Keep the Job You Love, recently sat down
with U.S. News to sound off on this issue.
Heather: What is more important to today’s employers: skillset or mindset? Why?
Jennifer: For many jobs, skillset needsto come first. The employer absolutely must find people who
have the hard skills to do whatever it is they are being hired to do. Programmers have to know how to
program. Data analysts need to know how to crunch numbers in Excel. Marketers must know their
marketing tools and software. Social media managers must know the tools of their trade like Twitter,
Facebook, WordPress, and have writing and communication skills.
After the employers have identified candidates with these hard skills, they can shift their focus to their
candidates’ mindsets - attitude, integrity, work ethic, personality, etc.
Paul: Mindset utterly trumps skillset.
Heather: Do you have any data or statistics to back up your argument?
Jennifer: Despite record high unemployment, many jobs sit empty because employers can’t find
candidates with the right skills. In a recent survey cited in the Wall Street Journal, over 50 percent of
companies reported difficulty finding applicants with the right skills. Companies are running lean and
mean in this economy – they don’t have the time to train for those key skills.
Paul: [Co-author James Reed and I] asked tens of thousands of top employers worldwide this question:
If you were hiring someone today, which would you pick, B) the person with the perfect skills and
qualifications, but lacking the desired mindset, or A) the person with the desired mindset, but lacking the
rest? Ninety-eight percent pick A. Add to this that 97 percent said it is more likely that a person with the
right mindset will develop the right skillset, rather than the other way around.
Heather: How do you define skillset?
Jennifer: At Smarterer, we define skillset as the set of digital, social, and technical tools professionals
use to be effective in the workforce. Professionals are rapidly accumulating these skills, and the tools
themselves are proliferating and evolving – we’re giving people a simple, smart way for people to validate
their skillset and articulate it to the world.
Heather: How do you define mindset?
Paul: We define mindset as “the lens through which you see and navigate life.” It undergirds and affects
all that you think, see, believe, say, and do.
Heather: How can job seekers show they have the skillset employers are seeking throughout
the entire hiring process?
Jennifer: At the beginning of the process, seekers can showcase the skills they have by incorporating
them, such as their Smarterer scores, throughout their professional and personal brand materials. They
should be articulating their skills in their resume, cover letter, LinkedIn profile, blog, website -
everywhere they express their professional identity.
Heather: How can job seekers show they have the mindset employers are seeking
throughout the entire hiring process?
Paul: One of the most head-spinning studies we did, which was conducted by an independent
statistician showed that, out of 30,000 CVs/resumes, when you look at who gets the job and who does
not:
A. The conventional wisdom fails (at best). None of the classic, accepted advice, like using action verbs
or including hobbies/interests actually made any difference.
B. The only factor that made the difference was that those who had one of the 72 mindset qualities from
our master model, articulated in their CV/resume, in a specific way, were three times as likely to get the
job. Furthermore, those who had two or more of these statements, were seven times more likely to get
the job, often over other more qualified candidates.
Available at: <http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices- -
careers/2011/08/26/skillset-vs-mindset-which-will-get-you-the-job>. Retrieved on: 17 Sept. 2011. Adapted.
 
In “Furthermore, those who had two or more of these statements were seven times more likely to get
the job”, Furthermore can be substituted, without change in meaning, by
a) Instead
b) However
c) Besides
d) Therefore
484) 
e) On the other hand
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352341
CESGRANRIO - PTNS (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Químico de Petróleo/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Substituição de Palavras e Reescrita de Frases (Inglês)
Safety Meeting Presentation
Today’s meeting is really about you. I can stand in front of you and talk about working safely and what
procedures to follow until I’m blue in the face. But until you understand the need for working safely, until
you are willing to be responsible for your safety, it doesn’t mean a whole lot.
Some of you may be familiar with OSHA - the Occupational Safety & Health Administration. The sole
purpose of this agency is to keep American workers safe. Complying with OSHA regulations isn’t always
easy, but if we work together, we can do it. Yet, complying with regulations is not the real reason for
working safely. Our real motive is simple. We care about each and every one of you and will do what is
necessary to prevent you from being injured.
However, keeping our workplace safe takes input from everyone. Management, supervisor, and all of you
have to come together on this issue, or we’re in trouble. For example, upper management has to
approve the purchase of safe equipment. Supervisors, including myself, have to ensure that each of you
knows how to use that equipment safely. Then it’s up to you to follow through the task and use the
equipment as you were trained. If any one part of this chain fails, accidents are going to happen and
people are going to get hurt.
Responsibility Number One - Recognize Hazards
At the core of your safety responsibilities lies the task of recognizing safety and health hazards. In order
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352341
to do that, you must first understand what constitutes a hazard. Extreme hazards are often obvious. Our
hopes are that you won’t find too many of those around here.
There are, however, more subtle hazards that won’t jump up and bite you. As a result of your safety
training and meetings like these, some things may come to mind. For example, a machine may not be
easy to lock out. Common practice may be to use a tag. This is a potential hazard and should be
discussed. Maybe something can be changed to make it easier to use a lock. Other subtle hazards
include such things as frayed electrical cords, a loose machine guard, a cluttered aisle, or maybe
something that just doesn’t look right.
Responsibility Number Two - Report Hazards
A big part of recognizing hazards is using your instincts. Nobody knows your job as well as you do, so
we’re counting on you to let us know about possible problems. Beyond recognizing hazards, you have to
correct them or report them to someone who can. This too, is a judgement call. For example, if
something spills in your work area you can probably clean it up yourself. However, if there is an
unlabeled chemical container and you have no idea what it is, you should report it to your supervisor.
 
Additional Employee Responsibilities
Good housekeeping is a major part of keeping your work area safe. For example, you should take a few
minutes each day to ensure that aisles, hallways, and stairways in your work area are not obstructed. If
boxes, equipment, or anything else is left to pile up, you have a tripping hazard on your hands. Those
obstructions could keep you from exiting the building quickly and safely should you face an emergency
situation.
Also watch out for spills. These can lead to slips and falls. Flammable materials are another thing to be
aware of. Make sure they are disposed of properly.
Keep Thinking. Even if you’re doing your job safely and you are avoiding hazards, there are often even
better ways to work safely. If you have ideas for improving the safety of your job or that of co-workers,
share them.
Concluding Remarks
While nothing we do can completely eliminate the threat of an incident, we can work together to improve
our odds. As I said, this must be a real team effort and I’m counting on input from all of you. Let’s keep
communicating and continue to improve safety.
Available at: <http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/training/meeting/emplores.html>. Retrieved on: April 1st, 2012.
Adapted.
 
‘Until I’m blue in the face’ in the fragment “I can stand in front of you and talk about working safely and
what procedures to follow until I’m blue in the face.” is substituted, without change in meaning, by ‘until
I
a) dismiss you’.
b) lose your attention’.
c) get breathless but cheerful’.
d) get exhausted and speechless’.
e) become discouraged and melancholic’.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352343
CESGRANRIO - PTNS (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Químico de Petróleo/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352343
485) Safety Meeting Presentation
Today’s meeting is really about you. I can stand in front of you and talk about working safely and what
procedures to follow until I’m blue in the face. But until you understand the need for working safely, until
you are willing to be responsible for your safety, it doesn’t mean a whole lot.
Some of you may be familiar with OSHA - the Occupational Safety & Health Administration. The sole
purpose of this agency is to keep American workers safe. Complying with OSHA regulations isn’t always
easy, but if we work together, we can do it. Yet, complying with regulations is not the real reason for
working safely. Our real motive is simple. We care about each and every one of you and will do what is
necessary to prevent you from being injured.
However, keeping our workplace safe takes input from everyone. Management, supervisor, and all of you
have to come together on this issue, or we’re in trouble. For example, upper management has to
approve the purchase of safe equipment. Supervisors, including myself, have to ensure that each of you
knows how to use that equipment safely. Then it’s up to you to follow through the task and use the
equipment as you were trained. If any one part of this chain fails, accidents are going to happen and
people are going to get hurt.
Responsibility Number One - Recognize Hazards
At the core of your safety responsibilities lies the task of recognizing safety and health hazards. In order
to do that, you must first understand what constitutes a hazard. Extreme hazards are often obvious. Our
hopes are that you won’t find too many of those around here.
There are, however, more subtle hazards that won’t jump up and bite you. As a result of your safety
training and meetings like these, some things may come to mind. For example, a machine may not be
easy to lock out. Common practice may be to use a tag. This is a potential hazard and should be
discussed. Maybe something can be changed to make it easier to use a lock. Other subtle hazards
include such things as frayed electrical cords, a loose machine guard, a cluttered aisle, or maybe
something that just doesn’t look right.
Responsibility Number Two - Report Hazards
A big part of recognizing hazards is using your instincts. Nobody knows your job as well as you do, so
we’re counting on you to let us know about possible problems. Beyond recognizing hazards, you have to
correct them or report them to someone who can. This too, is a judgement call. For example, if
something spills in your work area you can probably clean it up yourself. However, if there is an
unlabeled chemical container and you have no idea what it is, you should report it to your supervisor.
 
Additional Employee Responsibilities
Good housekeeping is a major part of keeping your work area safe. For example, you should take a few
minutes each day to ensure that aisles, hallways, and stairways in your work area are not obstructed. If
boxes, equipment, or anything else is left to pile up, you have a tripping hazard on your hands. Those
obstructions could keep you from exiting the building quickly and safely should you face an emergency
situation.
Also watch out for spills. These can lead to slips and falls. Flammable materials are another thing to be
aware of. Make sure they are disposed of properly.
Keep Thinking. Even if you’re doing your job safely and you are avoiding hazards, there are often even
better ways to work safely. If you have ideas for improving the safety of your job or that of co-workers,
share them.
Concluding Remarks
486) 
While nothing we do can completely eliminate the threat of an incident, we can work together to improve
our odds. As I said, this must be a real team effort and I’m counting on input from all of you. Let’s keep
communicating and continue to improve safety.
Available at: <http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/training/ meeting/emplores.html>. Retrieved on: April 1st, 2012.
Adapted.
 
The expressions “Complying with” and “follow through” in the fragments “Complying with OSHA
regulations isn’t always easy,” and “Then it’s up to you to follow through the task and use the equipment
as you were trained.” may, respectively, be substituted, without change in meaning, by
a) accepting; quit
b) respecting; leave
c) refusing; complete
d) resisting; pursue
e) obeying; conclude
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352347
CESGRANRIO - PTNS (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Químico de Petróleo/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
Safety Meeting Presentation
Today’s meeting is really about you. I can stand in front of you and talk about working safely and what
procedures to follow until I’m blue in the face. But until you understand the need for working safely, until
you are willing to be responsible for your safety, it doesn’t mean a whole lot.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352347
Some of you may be familiar with OSHA - the Occupational Safety & Health Administration. The sole
purpose of this agency is to keep American workers safe. Complying with OSHA regulations isn’t always
easy, but if we work together, we can do it. Yet, complying with regulations is not the real reason for
working safely. Our real motive is simple. We care about each and every one of you and will do what is
necessary to prevent you from being injured.
However, keeping our workplace safe takes input from everyone. Management, supervisor, and all of you
have to come together on this issue, or we’re in trouble. For example, upper management has to
approve the purchase of safe equipment. Supervisors, including myself, have to ensure that each of you
knows how to use that equipment safely. Then it’s up to you to follow through the task and use the
equipment as you were trained. If any one part of this chain fails, accidents are going to happen and
people are going to get hurt.
Responsibility Number One - Recognize Hazards
At the core of your safety responsibilities lies the task of recognizing safety and health hazards. In order
to do that, you must first understand what constitutes a hazard. Extreme hazards are often obvious. Our
hopes are that you won’t find too many of those around here.
There are, however, more subtle hazards that won’t jump up and bite you. As a result of your safety
training and meetings like these, some things may come to mind. For example, a machine may not be
easy to lock out. Common practice may be to use a tag. This is a potential hazard and should be
discussed. Maybe something can be changed to make it easier to use a lock. Other subtle hazards
include such things as frayed electrical cords, a loose machine guard, a cluttered aisle, or maybe
something that just doesn’t look right.
Responsibility Number Two - Report Hazards
A big part of recognizing hazards is using your instincts. Nobody knows your job as well as you do, so
we’re counting on you to let us know about possible problems. Beyond recognizing hazards, you have to
correct them or report them to someone who can. This too, is a judgement call. For example, if
something spills in your work area you can probably clean it up yourself. However, if there is an
unlabeled chemical container and you have no idea what it is, you should report it to your supervisor.
 
Additional Employee Responsibilities
Good housekeeping is a majorpart of keeping your work area safe. For example, you should take a few
minutes each day to ensure that aisles, hallways, and stairways in your work area are not obstructed. If
boxes, equipment, or anything else is left to pile up, you have a tripping hazard on your hands. Those
obstructions could keep you from exiting the building quickly and safely should you face an emergency
situation.
Also watch out for spills. These can lead to slips and falls. Flammable materials are another thing to be
aware of. Make sure they are disposed of properly.
Keep Thinking. Even if you’re doing your job safely and you are avoiding hazards, there are often even
better ways to work safely. If you have ideas for improving the safety of your job or that of co-workers,
share them.
Concluding Remarks
While nothing we do can completely eliminate the threat of an incident, we can work together to improve
our odds. As I said, this must be a real team effort and I’m counting on input from all of you. Let’s keep
communicating and continue to improve safety.
487) 
Available at: <http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/training/ meeting/emplores.html>. Retrieved on: April 1st, 2012.
Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, it is clear that
a) “sole” and only express similar ideas.
b) “injured” and hurt are antonyms.
c) “ensure” and guarantee express contradictory ideas.
d) “subtle” and obvious are synonyms.
e) “odds” and probabilities do not have equivalent meanings.
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352348
CESGRANRIO - PTNS (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Químico de Petróleo/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Interpretação de Textos (Understanding)
Safety Meeting Presentation
Today’s meeting is really about you. I can stand in front of you and talk about working safely and what
procedures to follow until I’m blue in the face. But until you understand the need for working safely, until
you are willing to be responsible for your safety, it doesn’t mean a whole lot.
Some of you may be familiar with OSHA - the Occupational Safety & Health Administration. The sole
purpose of this agency is to keep American workers safe. Complying with OSHA regulations isn’t always
easy, but if we work together, we can do it. Yet, complying with regulations is not the real reason for
working safely. Our real motive is simple. We care about each and every one of you and will do what is
necessary to prevent you from being injured.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/352348
However, keeping our workplace safe takes input from everyone. Management, supervisor, and all of you
have to come together on this issue, or we’re in trouble. For example, upper management has to
approve the purchase of safe equipment. Supervisors, including myself, have to ensure that each of you
knows how to use that equipment safely. Then it’s up to you to follow through the task and use the
equipment as you were trained. If any one part of this chain fails, accidents are going to happen and
people are going to get hurt.
Responsibility Number One - Recognize Hazards
At the core of your safety responsibilities lies the task of recognizing safety and health hazards. In order
to do that, you must first understand what constitutes a hazard. Extreme hazards are often obvious. Our
hopes are that you won’t find too many of those around here.
There are, however, more subtle hazards that won’t jump up and bite you. As a result of your safety
training and meetings like these, some things may come to mind. For example, a machine may not be
easy to lock out. Common practice may be to use a tag. This is a potential hazard and should be
discussed. Maybe something can be changed to make it easier to use a lock. Other subtle hazards
include such things as frayed electrical cords, a loose machine guard, a cluttered aisle, or maybe
something that just doesn’t look right.
Responsibility Number Two - Report Hazards
A big part of recognizing hazards is using your instincts. Nobody knows your job as well as you do, so
we’re counting on you to let us know about possible problems. Beyond recognizing hazards, you have to
correct them or report them to someone who can. This too, is a judgement call. For example, if
something spills in your work area you can probably clean it up yourself. However, if there is an
unlabeled chemical container and you have no idea what it is, you should report it to your supervisor.
 
Additional Employee Responsibilities
Good housekeeping is a major part of keeping your work area safe. For example, you should take a few
minutes each day to ensure that aisles, hallways, and stairways in your work area are not obstructed. If
boxes, equipment, or anything else is left to pile up, you have a tripping hazard on your hands. Those
obstructions could keep you from exiting the building quickly and safely should you face an emergency
situation.
Also watch out for spills. These can lead to slips and falls. Flammable materials are another thing to be
aware of. Make sure they are disposed of properly.
Keep Thinking. Even if you’re doing your job safely and you are avoiding hazards, there are often even
better ways to work safely. If you have ideas for improving the safety of your job or that of co-workers,
share them.
Concluding Remarks
While nothing we do can completely eliminate the threat of an incident, we can work together to improve
our odds. As I said, this must be a real team effort and I’m counting on input from all of you. Let’s keep
communicating and continue to improve safety.
Available at: <http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/training/ meeting/emplores.html>. Retrieved on: April 1st, 2012.
Adapted.
 
The expression in boldface introduces the idea of consequence in the fragment:
a) “Yet, complying with regulations is not the real reason for working safely.”
b) “In order to do that, you must first understand what constitutes a hazard.”
488) 
c) “As a result of your safety training and meetings like these, some things may come to mind.”
d) “However, if there is an unlabeled chemical container and you have no idea what it is,”
e) “While nothing we do can completely eliminate the threat of an incident,”
www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1345536
CESGRANRIO - PPNS (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Geofísica/Geologia/2012
Língua Inglesa (Inglês) - Semântica e Significado de Vocábulos (Semantics)
 
Text I
 
Pushing technological boundaries in ultradeep waters
 
Published on Apr 7, 2011 - by Pre-salt.com - Source: Schlumberger
 
 
The discovery of a giant oil accumulation in ultradeep waters off Brazil’s southeast coast is opening a new
frontier for exploration and production. This pre-salt play, in the Santos basin, contains potentially
recoverable reserves ranging from 795 million m3 to 1.3 billion m3 of oil equivalent. Just one of several
structures found beneath a thick layer of salt, the Tupi structure, is pushing technological boundaries as
E&P teams seek to define its geographic limits.
 
Types of reserves
 
Pre-salt, postsalt and subsalt formations are all capable of forming traps and seals for migrating
hydrocarbons. Pre-salt wells target reservoirs beneath the layer of autochthonous salt. Subsalt wells
target reservoirs beneath the mobile allochthonous salt canopy. Postsalt wells target formations above
the salt.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1345536
 
Geology
 
From a geologic perspective, this play is a product of interminably slow tectonic and depositional
processes involving continental rifting, seafloor spreading, and sedimentation. These processes were
associated with the split between South America and Africa during the Cretaceous breakup of Gondwana.
The depositional processes created source, reservoir, and sealed layers necessary to successfully produce
an active petroleum system.
 
Technology
 
From a technological perspective, the feasibility of the pre-salt play is a result of operator experience
gained through overcoming the challenges of constructing wells in deep and ultradeep waters off the
coast of Brazil.