Apostila 200 Questões de Língua Inglesa - Concurso Banco do Brasil 2023

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APOSTILA BB 2023
200 Questões de Concursos Anteriores da Disciplina de 
LÍNGUA INGLESA
LÍNGUA INGLESA
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ROBOTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF SOCCER PLAYERS
If you think a robot will steal your job, you are not
alone. Soccer players should be worried too. The next
Messi probably won’t be of flesh and blood but plastic
and metal.
The concept emerged during the conference
“Workshop on grand challenges in artificial
intelligence,” held in Tokyo in 1992, and independently,
in 1993, when Professor Alan Mackworth from
the University of Bristol in Canada described an
experiment with small soccer players in a scientific
article.
Over 40 teams already participated in the first
RoboCup tournament in 1997, and the competition is
held every year. The RoboCup Federation wants to
play and win a game against a real-world cup humans’
team by 2050.
The idea behind artificially intelligent players
is to investigate how robots perceive motion and
communicate with each other. Physical abilities like
walking, running, and kicking the ball while maintaining
balance are crucial to improving robots for other tasks
like rescue, home, industry, and education.
Designing robots for sports requires much more
than experts in state-of-the-art technology. Humans
and machines do not share the same skills. Engineers
need to impose limitations on soccer robots to imitate
soccer players as much as possible and ensure
following the game’s rules.
RoboCup Soccer Federation, the “FIFA” of robots,
which supports five leagues, imposes restrictions
on players’ design and rules of the game. Each has
its own robot design and game rules to give room
for different scientific goals. The number of players,
their size, the ball type, and the field dimensions are
different for each league.
In the humanoid league the players are humanlike
robots with human-like senses. However, they are
rather slow. Many of the skills needed to fully recreate
actual soccer player movements are still in the early
stages of research.
The game becomes exciting for middle and small
size leagues. The models are much simpler; they
are just boxes with a cyclopean eye. Their design
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focuses on team behavior: recognizing an opponent,
cooperating with team members, receiving and giving
a standard FIFA size ball.
Today, soccer robots are entirely autonomous.
They wireless “talk” to each other, make decisions
regarding strategy in real-time, replace an “injured”
player, and shoot goals. The only person in a
RoboCup game is the referee. The team coaches
are engineers in charge of training the RoboCups’
artificial intelligence for fair play: the robots don’t
smash against each other or pull their shirts.
The next RoboCup competition will soon be
played, virtually, with rules that will allow teams to
participate without establishing physical contact.
Available at:<https://www.ua-magazine.com/2021/05/12/robot-
s-the--next-generation-of-soccer-players>. Retrieved on: July 
4th, 2021.Adapted.
1) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
According to the second paragraph, the concept of robotic
soccer players emerged
(A) in 1997
(B) in the 1990s
(C) before the 1990s
(D) in the beginning of the 20th century
(E) in the beginning of the 21st century
2) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In the sentence fragment of the fifth paragraph
“Designing robots for sports requires much more
than experts in state-of-the-art technology”, the words
in bold can be replaced, without any change in meaning,
by the following words:
(A) drawing / scholars
(B) creating / amateurs
(C) planning / specialists
(D) finishing / professionals
(E) manufacturing / engineers
3) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In the text fragment of the sixth paragraph “RoboCup
Soccer Federation, the “FIFA” of robots, which supports
five leagues, imposes restrictions on players’ design and
rules of the game”, the word which refers to
(A) game
(B) FIFA
(C) players
(D) leagues
(E) RoboCup Soccer Federation
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4) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In paragraph 7, the word However in the fragment
“In the humanoid league, the players are human-like
robots with human-like senses. However, they are
rather slow” can be replaced, without change in
meaning, by
(A) unless
(B) indeed
(C) furthermore
(D) nevertheless
(E) consequently
5) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In paragraph 9, there is the information that in RoboCup
competitions the game referee and the team coaches are
(A) humanoids
(B) computers
(C) real people
(D) robotic engineers
(E) virtual mechanisms
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COVID-19 ECONOMY: EXPERT INSIGHTS ON WHAT
YOU NEED TO KNOW
As we practice social distancing and businesses
struggle to adapt, it’s no secret the unique challenges
of Covid-19 are profoundly shaping our economic
climate. U.S. Bank financial industry and regulatory
affairs expert Robert Schell explains what you need
to know in this uncertain time.
• Don’t panic while things are “on pause”
Imagine clicking the pause button on your favorite
TV show. Whether you stopped to make dinner or put
kids to bed, hitting pause gives you time to tackle what
matters most. Today’s economy is similar. While we
prioritize health and safety, typical activities like driving
to work, eating at restaurants, traveling and attending
sporting events are on hold. This widespread social
distancing takes a toll on our economy, putting strain
on businesses and individuals alike.
Keep your financial habits as normal as possible
during this time. Make online purchases, order
takeout, pay bills and buy groceries. These everyday
purchases put money back into the economy and
prevent it from dipping further into a recession.
• Low interest rates could help make ends meet
In March, the Federal Reserve cut rates drastically
to boost economic activity and make borrowing more
affordable. For you, this means interest rates are low
for credit cards, loans and lines of credit, and even
fixed-rate mortgages. Consider taking advantage of
these low rates if you need extra help paying your
bills, keeping your business running or withstanding a
period of unemployment.
• Spend on small businesses
Looking to make a positive impact? Supporting
small businesses is an easy and powerful way to help.
You can order takeout, tip generously or donate to
your local brick-and-mortar retail store, if they provide
that option. Your support makes a big impact for
struggling business owners.
• Prior economic strength may help us bounce
back
The thriving economy of 2019 isn’t just a distant,
bittersweet memory. When our health is no longer
at risk and social distancing mandates begin to
diminish, we’ll slowly start to rebuild. The stability,
low unemployment rate and upward-trending market
we experienced prior to Covid-19 puts us in a good
position to kick-start economic activity and rebound
more quickly.
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Available at <https://www.usbank.com/fi nancialiq/ manage-your-
--household/personal-finance/covid-economy-expert-insights.html>. 
Retrieved on: Jul. 20, 2021. Adapted.
6) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) share ideas on how people can cope with the
challenges brought by the pandemic.
(B) teach people how to practice social distancing while
shopping at local businesses.
(C) encourage people to take loans in order to make
donations to brick-and-mortar retail stores.
(D) let people know that health concerns are not as
important as taking care of one’s finances.
(E) suggest that people should engage in diversified
activities instead of watching too much TV.
7) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 1st paragraph, in the fragment “it’s no secret the
unique challenges of Covid-19 are profoundly shaping our
economicclimate”, the expression it’s no secret (that)
means
(A) it’s common knowledge.
(B) it’s never been said before.
(C) it’s partially true.
(D) it’s a bad idea.
(E) it’s an important revelation.
8) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 1st paragraph, the word uncertain, in the fragment
“in this uncertain time” is formed with the prefix un-.
A pair of words formed with prefixes that convey the same
meaning is:
(A) doubtful / joblessness
(B) unique / only
(C) impossible / discourage
(D) certainty / envision
(E) inside / intimate
9) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 3rd paragraph, in the fragment “These everyday
purchases put money back into the economy and prevent
it from dipping further into a recession”, the pronoun it
refers to
(A) money
(B) purchases
(C) recession
(D) economy
(E) back
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10) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 4th paragraph, in the fragment “In March, the Federal
Reserve cut rates drastically to boost economic activity”,
the verb cut indicates a
(A) habitual action repeatedly carried out by the Federal
Reserve to address certain economic situations.
(B) future action to be carried out by the Federal Reserve
to address possible problems.
(C) promised action to be carried out by the Federal
Reserve to address the permanen economic challenges.
(D) one-time action carried out by the Federal Reserve to
address the permanen situation.
(E) current action carried out by the Federal Reserve to
address a permanente situation.
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BANK CLERK JOB DESCRIPTION
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF THE WORK
Banks simplify people’s lives, but the business of
banking is anything but simple. Every transaction —
from cashing a check to taking out a loan — requires
careful record keeping. Behind the scenes in every
bank or savings and loan association there are dozens
of bank clerks, each an expert at keeping one area of
the bank’s business running smoothly.
New account clerks open and close accounts
and answer questions for customers. Interest clerks
record interest due to savings account customers,
as well as the interest owed to the bank on loans
and other investments. Exchange clerks, who work
on international accounts, translate foreign currency
values into dollars and vice versa. Loan clerks sort
and record information about loans. Statement clerks
are responsible for preparing the monthly balance
sheets of checking account customers. Securities
clerks record, file, and maintain stocks, bonds, and
other investment certificates. They also keep track of
dividends and interest on these certificates.
Other clerks operate the business machines on
which modern banks rely. Proof operators sort checks
and record the amount of each check. Bookkeeping
clerks keep records of each customer’s account. In
addition to these specialists, banks need general
clerical help — data entry keyers, file clerks, mail
handlers, and messengers — just as any other
business does.
Education and Training Requirements
Bank clerks usually need a high school
education with an emphasis on basic skills in typing,
bookkeeping, and business math. Knowledge of
computers and business machines is also helpful.
Prospective bank workers may be tested on their
clerical skills when they are interviewed. Most banks
provide new employees with on-the-job training.
Getting the Job
Sometimes bank recruiters visit high schools to
look for future employees. High school placement
offices can tell students whether this is the practice
at their school. If not, prospective bank workers can
apply directly to local banks through their personnel
departments. Bank jobs may be listed with state and
private employment agencies. Candidates can also
check Internet job sites and the classified ads in local
newspapers as well.
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Advancement Possibilities and Employment
Outlook
Banks prefer to promote their employees rather
than hire new workers for jobs that require experience.
Clerks frequently become tellers or supervisors. Many
banks encourage their employees to further their
education at night.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
employment of bank clerks was expected to decline
through the year 2014, because many banks are
electronically automating their systems and eliminating
paperwork as well as many clerical tasks. Workers
with knowledge of data processing and computers
will have the best opportunities. In addition to jobs
created through expansion, openings at the clerical
level often occur as workers move up to positions of
greater responsibility.
Working Conditions
Although banks usually provide a pleasant
working atmosphere, clerks often work alone, at times
performing repetitive tasks. Bank clerks generally
work between thirty-five and forty hours per week,
but they may be expected to take on evening and
Saturday shifts depending on bank hours.
Earnings and Benefits
The salaries of bank clerks vary widely depending
on the size and location of the bank and the clerk’s
experience. According to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, median salaries ranged from $23,317 to
$27,310 per year in 2004 depending on experience
and title. Generally, loan clerks are on the high end of
this range, whereas general office clerks are on the
lower end.
Banks typically offer their employees excellent
benefits. Besides paid vacations and more than
the usual number of paid holidays, employees may
receive health and life insurance and participate
in pension and profit-sharing plans. Some banks
provide financial aid so that workers can continue
their education.
Available at: <http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/151/
Bank-Clerk.html>. Retrieved on: Aug. 22, 2017. Adapted.
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11) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) introduce the many categories of bank clerks one can
find in a financial institution.
(B) present an overview of the career of a bank clerk to an
eventual future professional.
(C) denounce the disadvantages associated with the clerk
profession.
(D) discuss all the benefits offered to employees who work
in a bank.
(E) ask for changes in the way bank recruiters select their
future employees.
12) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In “Candidates can also check Internet job sites and the
classified ads in local newspapers as well” (lines 45-47), the modal verb 
can is replaced, without change in
meaning, by
(A) should
(B) must
(C) will
(D) may
(E) need
13) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
The fragment “Banks simplify people’s lives, but the
business of banking is anything but simple” (lines 2-3)
means that banking is a(n)
(A) ordinary occupation
(B) elementary job
(C) complex activity
(D) trivial profession
(E) easy business
14) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In the sentence of the text “Generally, loan clerks are on
the high end of this range,whereas general office clerks
are on the lower end” (lines 78-80), the word whereas
(A) expresses a contrast.
(B) highlights a problem.
(C) imposes a condition.
(D) introduces an example.
(E) points out a solution.
15) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In “In addition to these specialists, banks need general
clerical help” (lines 25-27), the phrase these specialists
refers to
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(A) “messengers” (line 28)
(B) “mail handlers” (lines 27-28)
(C) “proof operators” (line 23) and “bookkeeping clerks”
(lines 24-25)
(D) “data entry keyers” (line 27)
(E) “file clerks” (line 27)
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WHY MILLENNIALS DON’T LIKE CREDIT CARDS
BY HOLLY JOHNSON
Cheap, easy credit might have been tempting to
young people in the past, but not to today’s millennials.
According to a recent survey by Bankrate of over
1,161 consumers, 63% of adults ages 18to 29 live
without a credit card of any kind, and another 23%
only carry one card.
The Impact of the Great Recession
Research shows that the environment millennials
grew up in might have an impact on their finances.
Unlike other generations, millennials lived through
economic hardships during a time when their adult
lives were beginning. According to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, the Great Recession caused
millennials to stray from historic patterns when it
comes to purchasing a home and having children,
and a fear of credit cards could be another symptom
of the economic environment of the times.
And there’s much data when it comes to proving
that millennials grew up on shaky economic ground.
The Pew Research Center reports that 36% of
millennials lived at home with their parents in 2012.
Meanwhile, the unemployment rate for people ages
16 to 24 was 14.2% (more than twice the national
rate) in early 2014, according to the BLS. With those
figures, it’s no wonder that millennials are skittish
when it comes to credit cards. It makes sense that
young people would be afraid to take on any new
forms of debt.
A Generation Plagued with Student Loan Debt
But the Great Recession isn’t the only reason
millennials could be fearful of credit. Many experts
believe that the nation’s student loan debt level might
be related to it. According to the Institute for College
Access & Success, 71% of millennials (or 1.3 million
students) who graduated from college in 2012 left
school with at least some student loan debt, with the
average amount owed around $29,400.
With so much debt already under their belts,
millennials are worried about adding any credit card
debt to the pile. After all, many adults with student
loan debt need to make payments for years, and even
decades.
How Millennials Can Build Credit Without a
Credit Card
The fact that millennials are smart enough to
avoid credit card debt is a good thing, but that doesn’t
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mean the decision has its drawbacks. According to
Experian, most adults need a positive credit history
in order to qualify for an auto loan or mortgage. Even
worse, having no credit history is almost as bad as
having a negative credit history in some cases.
Still, there are plenty of ways millennials can
build a credit history without a credit card. A few tips:
• Make payments on installment loans on time.
Whether it’s a car loan, student loan or personal
loan, make sure to mail in those payments on
time and pay at least the minimum amount
required.
• Put at least one household or utility bill in your
name. Paying your utility or household bills on
time can help you build a positive credit history.
• Get a secured credit card. Unlike traditional
credit cards, the funds secured credit cards
offer are backed by money the user deposits.
Signing up for a secured card is one way to
build a positive credit history without any risk.
The fact that millennials are leery of credit cards
is probably a good thing in the long run. After all, not
having a credit card is the perfect way to stay out of
credit card debt. Even though it might be harder to
build a credit history without credit cards, the vast
majority of millennials have decided that the plastic
just isn’t worth it.
Available at: <http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/
my-money/2014/11/04/why-millennials-dont-like-creditcards>.
Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
16) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) explain the millennials’ credit card affection.
(B) defend the millennials’ fear of credit card use.
(C) describe the millennials’ attitude towards the credit card.
(D) present the millennials’ credit card historical
background.
(E) demonstrate the millennials’ need of credit card use to
build a credit history.
17) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
In the sentence of the text “the Great Recession caused
millennials to stray from historic patterns when it comes to
purchasing a home and having children” (lines 13 – 15), the
word stray can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
(A) stem
(B) start
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(C) range
(D) follow
(E) deviate
18) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
The word skittish, in the sentence of the text “With those
figures, it’s no wonder that millennials are skittish when it
comes to credit cards” (lines 24 – 26), can be replaced, with
no change in meaning, by
(A) uncertain
(B) enthusiastic
(C) depressed
(D) determined
(E) secure
19) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
The sentence of the text “With so much debt already under
their belts, millennials are worried about adding any credit
card debt to the pile” (lines 38 – 40) conveys the idea that
millenials have
(A) piles of bills to pay every month, but they can use their
credit cards moderately.
(B) so many bills to pay that credit card bills wouldn’t make
much difference.
(C) so many bills to pay that they have to sell their
belongings.
(D) so much debt to pay that they can’t afford another one.
(E) no credit cards simply because they don’t like them.
20) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO)
In the sentence of the text “Still, there are plenty of ways
millennials can build a credit history without a credit card”
(lines 52 – 53), the quantifier plenty of can be replaced,
with no change in meaning, by
(A) some
(B) few
(C) a few
(D) a little
(E) lots of
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THE CONTROVERSIAL FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN THE U.S.
LOIS PARSHLEY
President Joe Biden has set ambitious goals for
fighting climate change: To cut U.S. carbon emissions
in half by 2030 and to have a net-zero carbon economy
by 2050. The plan requires electricity generation – the
easiest economic sector to green, analysts say – to
be carbon-free by 2035.
A few figures from the U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA) illustrate the challenge. In
2020 the United States generated about four trillion
kilowatt-hours of electricity. Some 60 percent of that
came from burning fossil fuels, mostly natural gas, in
some 10,000 generators, large and small, around the
country. All of that electricity will need to be replaced -
and more, because demand for electricity is expected
to rise, especially if we power more cars with it.
Renewable energy sources like solar and
wind have grown faster than expected; together
with hydroelectric, they surpassed coal for the first
time ever in 2019 and now produce 20 percent of
U.S. electricity. In February the EIA projected that
renewables were on track to produce more than 40
percent by 2050 - remarkable growth, perhaps, but
still well short of what’s needed to decarbonize the
grid by 2035 and forestall the climate crisis.
This daunting challenge has recently led some
environmentalists to reconsider an alternative they
had long been wary of: nuclear power.
Nuclear power has a lot going for it. Its carbon
footprint is equivalent to wind, less than solar, and
orders of magnitude less than coal. Nuclear power
plants take up far less space on the landscape than
solar or wind farms, and they produce power even
at night or on calm days. In 2020 they generated as
much electricity in the U.S. as renewables did, a fifth
of the total.
But debates rage over whether nuclear should be
a big part of the climate solution in the U.S. The majority
of American nuclear plants today are approaching
the end of their design life, and only one has been
built in the last 20 years. Nuclear proponents are
now banking on next-generation designs, like small,
modular versions of conventional light-water reactors,
or advanced reactors designed to be safer, cheaper,
and more flexible.
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“We’ve innovated so little in the past half-century,
there’s a lot of ground to gain,” says Ashley Finan,
the director of the National Reactor Innovation Center
at the Idaho National Laboratory. Yet an expansionof nuclear power faces some serious hurdles, and
the perennial concerns about safety and long-lived
radioactive waste may not be the biggest: Critics
also say nuclear reactors are simply too expensive
and take too long to build to be of much help with the
climate crisis.
While environmental opposition may have been
the primary force hindering nuclear development in
the 1980s and 90s, now the biggest challenge may
be costs. Few nuclear plants have been built in the
U.S. recently because they are very expensive to
build here, which makes the price of their energy high.
Jacopo Buongiorno, a professor of nuclear
science and engineering at MIT, led a group of
scientists who recently completed a two-year study
examining the future of nuclear energy in the U.S.
and western Europe. They found that “without cost
reductions, nuclear energy will not play a significant
role” in decarbonizing the power sector.
“In the West, the nuclear industry has substantially
lost its ability to build large plants,” Buongiorno says,
pointing to Southern Company’s effort to add two new
reactors to Plant Vogtle in Waynesboro, Georgia.
They have been under construction since 2013, are
now billions of dollars over budget - the cost has more
than doubled - and years behind schedule. In France,
ranked second after the U.S. in nuclear generation, a
new reactor in Flamanville is a decade late and more
than three times over budget.
“We have clearly lost the know-how to build
traditional gigawatt-scale nuclear power plants,”
Buongiorno says. Because no new plants were built
in the U.S. for decades, he and his colleagues found,
the teams working on a project like Vogtle haven’t
had the learning experiences needed to do the job
efficiently. That leads to construction delays that drive
up costs.
Elsewhere, reactors are still being built at lower
cost, “largely in places where they build projects on
budget, and on schedule,” Finan explains. China and
South Korea are the leaders. (To be fair, several of
China’s recent large-scale reactors have also had
cost overruns and delays.)
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“The cost of nuclear power in Asia has been a
quarter, or less, of new builds in the West,” Finan says.
Much lower labor costs are one reason, according
to both Finan and the MIT report, but better project
management is another.
Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/
article/nuclear-plants-are-closing-in-the-us-should-we-build-more.
Retrieved on: Feb. 3, 2022. Adapted.
21) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 1 “The plan requires electricity
generation – the easiest economic sector to green, analysts
say – to be carbon-free by 2035”, to green means to
(A) be adapted to the political goals of ambitious rulers.
(B) generate more electricity using non renewable sources.
(C) boost the consumption of fossil fuels such as natural gas.
(D) become less harmful or more sensitive to the environment.
(E) reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting the use of nuclear 
power.
22) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 2 “because demand for
electricity is expected to rise, especially if we power more
cars with it”, is expected to rise is used to
(A) give strong advice.
(B) express lack of necessity.
(C) anticipate a probable event.
(D) warn about a clear obligation.
(E) communicate absolute certainty.
23) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
“This daunting challenge”, in paragraph 4, refers to the
(A) use of solar and wind power to produce 20% of the
U.S. electricity.
(B) exclusive use of renewables to generate electricity in
the U.S. by 2050.
(C) sudden rise of renewable energy sources in the U.S. in
the last decade.
(D) insertion of nuclear power in the U.S. electricity grid in
the next fifty years.
(E) goal of achieving a carbon-free electricity grid in the
U.S. by 2035 to fight the climate crisis.
24) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 5 “Nuclear power has a lot
going for it” means that the use of nuclear power
(A) presents many advantageous qualities.
(B) generates some doubts about its efficiency.
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(C) constitutes a real threat to national security.
(D) raises severe concerns about potential accidents.
(E) provokes negative reactions among environmentalists.
25) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 5 “and they produce power
even at night or on calm days”, they refers to
(A) “environmentalists” (paragraph 4)
(B) “nuclear power plants” (paragraph 5)
(C) “solar or wind farms” (paragraph 5)
(D) “calm days” (paragraph 5)
(E) “renewables” (paragraph 5)
26) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items that
express synonymous ideas are
(A) surpassed (paragraph 3) – fell behind
(B) remarkable (paragraph 3) – extraordinary
(C) wary (paragraph 4) – careless
(D) proponents (paragraph 6) – critics
(E) hurdles (paragraph 7) – advantages
27) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 7 “and the perennial
concerns about safety and long-lived radioactive waste
may not be the biggest”, may not be expresses a(n)
(A) possibility
(B) obligation
(C) necessity
(D) certainty
(E) ability
28) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
According to Jacopo Buongiorno, one of the reasons why
it is more expensive to build large nuclear plants in the
West is that
(A) their cost has more than doubled in European countries.
(B) their construction faces constant delays that increase costs.
(C) most of the teams working on the projects are effectively trained.
(D) a group of MIT scientists has lost the expertise to build these plants.
(E) new nuclear plants are difficult to build because of complex Asian 
technologies.
29) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In paragraph 12, the author affirms “(To be fair, several
of China’s recent large-scale reactors have also had cost
overruns and delays)”, in order to
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(A) clarify that China has also faced problems with the
construction of large-scale nuclear reactors.
(B) praise China’s capacity of building large-scale nuclear
reactors fast and effectively.
(C) explain that China is more efficient that South Korea
when building large-scale nuclear reactors.
(D) support the view that China and South Korea can build
projects on budget and on schedule.
(E) discuss the reasons why China and South Korea can
build nuclear reactors at a lower cost.
30) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the last paragraph, the author states that “Much lower
labor costs are one reason, according to both Finan and
the MIT report, but better project management is another.”
because he believes that
(A) both Finan and the MIT report are absolutely wrong in
their conclusions.
(B) it is difficult to determine the reasons why nuclear
power costs less in Asia.
(C) nuclear power is cheaper in Asia just because of better
project management.
(D) neither project management nor labor costs explain
the low cost of nuclear energy in Asia.
(E) lower labor costs are just part of the reason why
nuclear power is less expensive in Asia.
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U.S. DOMESTIC AIR CONDITIONING USE COULD
EXCEED ELECTRIC CAPACITY IN NEXT DECADE DUE
TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change will provoke an increase in
summer air conditioning use in the United States
that will probably cause prolonged blackouts during
peak summer heat if states do not expand capacity
or improve efficiency, according to a new study of
domestic-level demand.
Human emissions have put the global climate
on a trajectory to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius of
warming by the early 2030s, the IPCC reported in its
2021 evaluation. Without significant alleviation, global
temperatures will probably exceed the 2.0-degree
Celsius limit by the endof the century.
Previous research has examined the impacts
of higher future temperatures on annual electricity
consumption for specific cities or states. The new study
is the first to project residential air conditioning demand
on a domestic basis at a wide scale. It incorporates
observed and predicted air temperature and heat,
humidity and discomfort indices with air conditioning
use by statistically representative domiciles across
the contiguous United States, collected by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) in 2005-
2019.
“It’s a pretty clear warning to all of us that we can’t
keep doing what we are doing or our energy system
will fail completely in the next few decades, simply
because of the summertime air conditioning,” said
Susanne Benz, a geographer and climate scientist at
Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
The heaviest air conditioning use with the
greatest risk for overcharging the transmission lines
comes during heat waves, which also present the
highest risk to health. Electricity generation tends to
be below peak during heat waves as well, reducing
capacity to even lower levels, said Renee Obringer,
an environmental engineer at Penn State University.
Without enough capacity to satisfy demand, energy
companies may have to adopt systematic blackouts
during heat waves to avoid network failure, like
California’s energy organizations did in August 2020
during an extended period of record heat sometimes
topping 117 degrees Fahrenheit. “We’ve seen this in
California already -- state power companies had to
institute blackouts because they couldn’t provide the
needed electricity,” Obringer said. The state attributed
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599 deaths to the heat, but the true number may have
been closer to 3,900.
The new study predicted the largest increases
in kilowatt-hours of electricity demand in the already
hot south and southwest. If all Arizona houses were
to increase air conditioning use by the estimated 6%
needed at 1.5 degrees Celsius of global warming, for
example, amounting to 30 kilowatt-hours per month,
this would place an additional 54.5 million kilowatthours of demand 
on the electrical network monthly.
Available at: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/
220204093124.htm. Retrieved on: Feb. 9, 2022. Adapted.
31) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) describe past events related to summer weather in the
southwest.
(B) mention the positive changes in Americans’ habits
concerning air conditioning.
(C) advocate against the use of air conditioning in domiciles.
(D) discuss possible problems to satisfy the demand for
electric energy in the near future.
(E) encourage people to cut down residential carbon
emissions.
32) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The term domestic, in the expression “domestic air
conditioning use”, in the title of the text, is synonymous
with
(A) residential
(B) commercial
(C) municipal
(D) individual
(E) national
33) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In paragraph 1, the fragment “Climate change will
provoke an increase in summer air conditioning use in the
United States that will probably cause prolonged blackouts”
implies that prolonged blackouts
(A) are happening.
(B) had happened.
(C) have happened.
(D) may happen.
(E) will have happened.
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34) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the 2nd paragraph, it is noticed that, according to the
IPCC report in 2021, the global temperature will probably
rise 1.5 degrees Celsius by the early 2030s due to
(A) air conditioning use
(B) human emissions
(C) electricity consumption
(D) electric capacity overcharge
(E) blackouts
35) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the segment of paragraph 4 “we can’t keep doing what
we are doing or our energy system will fail completely
in the next few decades”, the term fail completely is
synonymous with
(A) expand
(B) divide
(C) improve
(D) work
(E) collapse
36) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The fragment in paragraph 5 “Electricity generation tends
to be below peak” means that
(A) there is usually no electricity left by that time of year.
(B) electricity generation is not at its maximum capacity.
(C) the quality of electricity generation is not acceptable.
(D) excess electricity is being generated.
(E) the electricity companies easily satisfy the increased
demand.
37 (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the sentence of paragraph 5, “The heaviest air
conditioning use with the greatest risk for overcharging
the transmission lines comes during heat waves, which
also present the highest risk to health”, the word which
makes reference to
(A) risk to health
(B) air conditioning use
(C) heat waves
(D) the transmission lines
(E) risk for overcharging
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38) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The fragment in paragraph 5 “an extended period of
record heat sometimes topping 117 degrees Fahrenheit”
describes a climate condition characterized by
(A) low and mild temperatures
(B) quickly oscillating temperatures
(C) exceptionally high temperatures
(D) alternating hot and dry weather
(E) moderate temperatures and bad weather
39) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 6 “If all Arizona houses were
to increase air conditioning use”, if signals a(n)
(A) condition
(B) opposition
(C) negation
(D) conclusion
(E) explanation
40) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 5 “the heaviest air conditioning
use”, the term heaviest could be replaced, with no change
in meaning, by
(A) most intense
(B) most unexpected
(C) most difficult
(D) most adequate
(E) most moderate
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THE KEY ENERGY QUESTIONS FOR 2018
THE RENEWABLES INDUSTRY HAS HAD A GREAT YEAR.
HOW FAST CAN IT GROW NOW?
What are the issues that will shape the global
energy market in 2018? What will be the energy
mix, trade patterns and price trends? Every country
is different and local factors, including politics, are
important. But at the global level there are four key
questions, and each of which answers is highly
uncertain.
The first question is whether Saudi Arabia is
stable. The kingdom’s oil exports now mostly go to
Asia but the volumes involved mean that any volatility
will destabilise a market where speculation is rife.
The risk is that an open conflict, which Iran and
Saudi have traditionally avoided despite all their
differences, would spread and hit oil production and
trade. It is worth remembering that the Gulf states
account for a quarter of global production and over
40 per cent of all the oil traded globally. The threat to
stability is all the greater given that Iran is likely to win
any such clash and to treat the result as a licence to
reassert its influence in the region.
The second question is how rapidly production
of oil from shale rock will grow in the US — 2017 has
seen an increase of 600,000 barrels a day to over 6m.
The increase in global prices over the past six months
has made output from almost all America’s producing
areas commercially viable and drilling activity is rising.
A comparable increase in 2018 would offset most of
the current OPEC production cuts and either force
another quota reduction or push prices down.
The third question concerns China. For the
last three years the country has managed to deliver
economic growth with only minimal increases in
energy consumption. Growth was probably lower than
the claimed numbers — the Chinese do not like to
admit that they, too, are subject to economic cycles
and recessions — but even so the achievement
is considerable. The question is whether the trend
can be continued. If it can, the result will limit global
demand growth for oil, gas and coal.
China, which accounts for a quarter of the world’s
dailyenergy use, is the swing consumer. If energy
efficiency gains continue, CO2 emissions will remain
flat or even fall. The country’s economy is changing
and moving away from heavy industry fuelled largely
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by coal to a more service-based one, with a more
varied fuel mix. But the pace of that shift is uncertain
and some recent data suggests that as economic
growth has picked up, so has consumption of oil and
coal. Beijing has high ambitions for a much cleaner
energy economy, driven not least by the levels of air
pollution in many of the major cities; 2018 will show
how much progress they are making.
The fourth question is, if anything, the most
important. How fast can renewables grow? The last
few years have seen dramatic reductions in costs
and strong increase in supply. The industry has had
a great year, with bids from offshore wind for capacity
auctions in the UK and elsewhere at record low levels.
Wind is approaching grid parity — the moment
when it can compete without subsidies. Solar is also
thriving: according to the International Energy Agency,
costs have fallen by 70 per cent since 2010 not least
because of advances in China, which now accounts
for 60 per cent of total solar cell manufacturing
capacity. The question is how rapidly all those gains
can be translated into electric supply.
Renewables, including hydro, accounted for just
5 per cent of global daily energy supply according
to the IEA’s latest data. That is increasing — solar
photovoltaic capacity grew by 50 per cent in 2016
— but to make a real difference the industry needs
a period of expansion comparable in scale to the
growth of personal computing and mobile phones in
the 1990s and 2000s.
The problem is that the industry remains
fragmented. Most renewable companies are small
and local, and in many cases undercapitalised; some
are built to collect subsidies. A radical change will be
necessary to make the industry global and capable
of competing on the scale necessary to displace
coal and natural gas. The coming year will show us
whether it is ready for that challenge.
In many ways, the energy business is at a
moment of change and transition. Every reader will
have their own view on each of the four questions. To
me, the prospect is of supply continuing to outpace
demand. If that is right, the surge in oil prices over
the past two months is a temporary and unsustainable
phenomenon. It would take another Middle East war
to change the equation. Unfortunately, that is all too
possible.
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Available at: <https://www.ft.com/content/c9bdc750-
ec85-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a>. Retrieved on:
Feb 18, 2018. Adapted.
41) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) explain the reasons for the sudden increase in the
price of oil in 2018.
(B) speculate on matters that may affect the global energy
market in 2018.
(C) provide precise answers to the most relevant
questions on global energy.
(D) forecast changes in trade and energy production in
Asia and the Middle East.
(E) measure the devastating impact of renewable industry
on coal and natural gas.
42) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
Saudi Arabia and Iran are mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3
(lines 8-20) because they
(A) are latent enemies about to engage in violent strife.
(B) produce more than 40 per cent of the world’s crude oil.
(C) should spread their influence over the other Gulf
States.
(D) can be considered the most stable countries in the
Middle East.
(E) might affect oil production and trade if they engage in
an open conflict.
43) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
In the fragment “The threat to stability is all the greater
given that Iran is likely to win any such clash and to
treat the result as a licence to reassert its influence in the
region” (lines 17-20), given that can be replaced, without
change in meaning, by
(A) even so
(B) even though
(C) despite the fact that
(D) because of the fact that
(E) taking into account that
44) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
The production of oil from shale rock in the US is
mentioned in paragraph 4 (lines 21-29) because in 2018 it
(A) can rapidly achieve the record level of 6 million barrels
a day.
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(B) will certainly reach higher levels than those announced
in 2017.
(C) will make output from America’s producing areas
commercially viable in 2018.
(D) might compensate for present OPEC production cuts
and cause a decrease in oil prices.
(E) is going to have devastating effects on the drilling
activity in the country in the near future.
45) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
The phrase that shift (line 46) refers to the change in
China from a
(A) heavy industry fuelled by coal to a service-based
industry using a more varied mix.
(B) large consumption of the world’s fossil fuels to lower
consumption levels.
(C) limited demand for oil, gas and coal to an increasing
demand.
(D) low-fossil-fuel economy to a pollution-based economy.
(E) fast-growing economy to a receding one.
46) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
In the fragments “some recent data suggests that as
economic growth has picked up” (lines 47-48) and
“Beijing has high ambitions for a much cleaner energy
economy, driven not least by the levels of air pollution in
many of the major cities” (lines 49-51), picked up and
driven by mean, respectively,
(A) declined – guided by
(B) increased – delayed by
(C) deteriorated – caused by
(D) improved – motivated by
(E) stabilized – hindered by
47) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
In terms of numerical reference, one concludes that
(A) “over 40 per cent” (lines 16-17) refers to the percentage
of global oil produced by Iran and Saudi.
(B) “70 per cent” (line 62) refers to the percentage
decrease in solar energy costs since 2010.
(C) “60 per cent” (line 64) refers to the total percentage of
solar cells commercialized in China.
(D) “5 per cent” (line 68) refers to the percentage of global
energy generated by hydroelectric plants.
(E) “50 per cent” (line 70) refers to the percentage
decrease in solar photovoltaic capacity in 2016.
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48) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
Based on the meanings of the words in the text, it can be
said that
(A) “rife” (line 11) and scarce express similar ideas.
(B) “claimed” (line 34) can be replaced by hidden.
(C) “flat” (line 43) and high express similar ideas.
(D) “thriving” (line 61) and developing are synonyms.
(E) “surge” (line 87) and increase are antonyms.
49) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
Concerning the renewable energy industry, the author
affirms that it
(A) has become highly competitive without subsidies or
government support.
(B) has been growing dramatically because of the threat
posed by climate change.
(C) needs to go through a profound change to become
global and more competitive.
(D) will provide most of the global electric supply through
solar, wind and hydropower.
(E) has been expanding faster than personal computing
and mobile phones in the 1990s and 2000s.
50) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
According to the last paragraph, the author believes that the
(A) future of the energy business is uncertain and difficult
to anticipate.
(B) recent increase in oil prices is definitely a long-lasting
phenomenon.
(C) four questions presented in the article will be answered
sooner than we imagine.
(D) energy business is definitely facing a moment of
stability, growth and prosperity.
(E) inevitable conflict in the Middle East will solve the
imbalance between energy supply and demand. 
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A WORLD IN TRANSFORMATION:
WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2017
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system and upending traditional
ways of meeting energy demand,according to the
World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver
of this transformation.
Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing
energy needs are met first by renewables and natural
gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the
cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still
half as much as it would have been without efficiency
improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in
the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization
and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows
down but is not reversed before 2040 even as
electric-car sales rise steeply.
WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency
(IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next
two decades the global energy system is being
reshaped by four major forces: the United States
is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas
leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks
to falling costs; the share of electricity in the energy
mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy
takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications
for global energy markets.
Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed
by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of
electricity soon after 2030.
“Solar is forging ahead in global power markets
as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and
India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result
of government support and declining battery costs but
it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth
for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation
keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes
the undisputed leader for oil and gas production for
decades, which represents a major upheaval for
international market dynamics.”
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These themes — as well as the future role of
oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more
investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s
2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the
country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global
trends. A new phase in the country’s development
results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy
industry and coal.
At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner
energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world
leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and
the source of more than a quarter of projected growth
in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in
China slows, other countries continue to push overall
global demand higher – with India accounting for
almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
The shale oil and gas revolution in the United
States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective
way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is projected
to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net
oil exporter by the end of that decade.
This is having a major impact on oil and gas
markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and
provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows,
with consumers in Asia accounting for more than
70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG
from the United States is also accelerating a major
structural shift towards a more flexible and globalized
gas market.
WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the
obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while
fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak in
oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of
the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely
petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive
up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040.
While carbon emissions have flattened in recent
years, the report finds that global energy-related CO2
emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower
pace than in last year’s projections. Still, this is far from
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enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/
november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energyoutlook-2017.
html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
51) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
The main purpose of Text I is to
(A) predict the imminent decrease of global oil demands in
the near future.
(B) present an overview of world energy scenarios for the
coming decades.
(C) report on the increasing role of renewable energy
sources and natural gas.
(D) discuss how China’s economic and energy policy
changes may shape global trends.
(E) anticipate how the US, China and India will transform
the global energy system in the next decade.
52) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
According to Text I, one of the themes discussed at the
IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris was the
(A) insufficient investment in clean-energy technologies.
(B) inadequate use of solar energy in global power
markets.
(C) necessary increase in investment in carbon capture,
utilization and storage.
(D) questionable leadership of the US in the areas of oil
and gas production.
(E) limited use of EVs due to battery prices and lack of
financial help from the government.
53) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
According to Text I, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China because this country has been
(A) suffering from severe problems derived from poor air
quality.
(B) blamed for substituting heavy industry and coal for
cleaner energy.
(C) responsible for the consumption of 20% of the world´s
natural gas.
(D) an undeniable world leader in the areas of wind, solar
and nuclear energy.
(E) facing changes in the economic and energy policy that
will deeply influence its energy mix.
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54) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that
express synonymous ideas are
(A) deployed (line 25) – disturbed
(B) undisputed (line 43) – irrefutable
(C) upheaval (line 44) – stagnation
(D) unlock (line 70) – restrain
(E) incumbent (line 75) – unnecessary
55) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power
markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and India”
(lines 34-37) and “with India accounting for almost
one-third of global growth to 2040” (lines 66-67) forging
ahead and accounting for mean, respectively,
(A) rapidly declining – amounting to
(B) dramatically falling – adding up to
(C) rising steeply – being blamed for
(D) slowing down – being responsible for
(E) progressing steadily – being the reason for
56) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
All the boldfaced verb phrases express a future action,
EXCEPT in
(A) “The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system” (lines 1-4)
(B) “the world’s growing energy needs are met first by
renewables and natural gas as fast-declining costs
turn solar power into the cheapest source of new
electricity generation” (lines 9-12)
(C) “WEO-2017 (…) finds that over the next two decades
the global energy system is being reshaped by four
major forces” (lines 20-23)
(D) “meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes
the leading source of electricity soon after 2030” (lines
31-33)
(E) “the United States is projected to become the world’s
largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end
of that decade.” (lines71-73)
57) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid
severe impacts of climate change” (lines 93-94), Still
can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the
sentence, by
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(A) Therefore
(B) Furthermore
(C) Nevertheless
(D) In other words
(E) Because of that
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BRAZIL JOINS IEA AS AN ASSOCIATION COUNTRY,
RESHAPING INTERNATIONAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE
BRASILIA – The International Energy Agency
and Brazil jointly announced today that the country
joined the IEA as an Association country, opening
new avenues for cooperation towards a more secure
and sustainable energy future with Latin America’s
largest country.
“With today’s announcement of IEA Association,
we are taking another important step to place Brazil
at the centre of global debate on key energy policy
issues including renewable energy, energy efficiency,
rational use of fossil fuels, energy security and
sustainable development,” said Fernando Coelho
Filho, Minister of Mines and Energy
Brazil’s leading expertise in bioenergy, hydro
and other forms of clean and conventional energy
is recognized around the world, and provides an
excellent basis to develop solutions for global energy
challenges. The country’s experience in managing
renewable resources in its energy mix can contribute
greatly to IEA discussions on a broadened concept
of energy security. Brazil has also pioneered the use
of auctions for long-term contracts for renewable
energy, a model that is now successfully applied as
best-practice world-wide.
Brazil and the IEA plan to work jointly across a
wide range of energy-related activities. These include
implemention of The Biofuture Platform, which aims
to promote international coordination on advanced
low carbon fuels. The IEA will also support the
development of Brazil’s ten-year energy efficiency
plan and co-host an energy efficiency training event
in Brazil to share regional and global experiences.
“Brazil’s experience shows that policies do
matter,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s Executive
Director. “Its determined and ambitious long-term
energy policies, developing deep-water oil resources
and expanding biofuels output, set an example to
countries around the world. As a result, our latest data
shows that Brazil will become a net oil exporter this
year, the first major consumer in recent history to ever
achieve such a turnaround.”
Dr Birol also congratulated Brazil for its recent
successful deepwater bid round. After depending on
oil imports since IEA records began in the 1970s, the
IEA now finds that Brazil will become a net exporter
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this year, and exporting nearly one million barrels
of oil per day to world markets by 2022. This is the
result of a 50% increase in oil production in the past
decade thanks to a successful push into deep-water
production, and a biofuels programme that has helped
keep domestic oil-demand growth under control.
With Brazil, the IEA family now accounts for
over 70% of the world’s total energy consumption,
compared with less than 40% just two years ago. The
seven IEA Association countries are Brazil, China,
India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore and Thailand.
The agreement will allow the IEA to benefit from
Brazil’s unique experience, which has enabled it to
develop one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world.
Thanks to its expertise in global energy market and
policy analysis, the IEA can support Brazil’s efforts
and collaborate in its energy transition.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/
october/brazil-joins-iea-as-an-association-country-reshaping-inter-
national-energy-govern.html>. Retrieved on: 31
Oct. 2017. Adapted.
58) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
The main intention of Text II is to discuss the Brazilian
(A) joint effort with the IEA in order to implement The
Biofuture Platform in the near future.
(B) leading expertise in conventional energy and
experience in managing renewable resources.
(C) association with the IEA to replicate the use of
auctions for renewable energies worldwide.
(D) strategic partnership with the IEA in the field of energy
aiming at a safer and sustainable future.
(E) ten-year energy efficiency plan and the sharing of its
regional and global experiences with Latin American
countries.
59) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
Dr. Fatih Birol affirms that “Brazil’s experience shows
that policies do matter” (lines 33-34) because, due to its
long-term energy policies, the country
(A) was about to change its position from a major oil
consumer into that of a net oil exporter.
(B) could dramatically increase oil exports to nearly one
million barrels per day to world markets.
(C) was able to expand its deep-water oil resources and
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restrict biofuels output in the recent years.
(D) implemented a rewarding biofuels programme that
helped reduce national oil-demand growth.
(E) succeeded in doubling its oil production in the last
few years as the result of an outstanding increase in
deep-water production.
60) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
Comparing Texts I and II, one concludes that
(A) only Text I mentions a country that is well-known for its
clean energy mix.
(B) only Text II discusses what the global energy system
will look like in the near future.
(C) neither Text I nor Text II expresses concern with the
future of oil production and demand in the next
decades.
(D) both Text I and Text II list all the IEA association
countries and discuss how they can benefit from this
cooperation.
(E) both Text I and Text II mention the importance of
renewable resources and clean energy technologies
as a means of meeting energy demand.
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TRANSPORTATION IN GEOGRAPHY
The world is obviously not a place where features
such as resources, people and economic activities are
randomly distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to
spatial distribution. Geography seeks to understand
the spatial order of things as well as their interactions,
particularly when the spatial order is less evident.
Transportation is one element of this spatial order as
it is at the same time influenced by geography as well
as having an influence on it. For instance, the path
followed by a road is influenced by regional economic
and physical attributes, but once constructed the
same road will shape future regional developments.
Transportation is of relevance to geography for
two main reasons. First, transport infrastructures,
terminals, modes and networks occupy an important
place in space and constitute the basis of a complex
spatial system. Second, since geography seeks to
explain spatial relationships, transport networks are
of specific interest because they are the main physical
support of these interactions.
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged
as a branch of economic geography in the second
half of the twentieth century. In earlier considerations,
particularly in commercial geography (late 19th and
early 20th century), transportation was an important
factor behind the economic representations of the
geographic space, namely in terms of the location
of economic activities and the monetary costs of
distance. These cost considerations became the
foundation of several geographical theories such as
central places and location analysis. The growing
mobility of passengers and freight justified the
emergence of transport geography as a specialized
field of investigation.
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key
factors in location theories and transport geography
began to rely increasingly on quantitative methods,
particularly over network and spatial interactions
analysis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political
and economic changes challenged the centrality of
transportation in many geographical and regionaldevelopment investigations. The strong spatial
anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded
and decentralization was a dominant paradigm that
was observed within cities (suburbanization), but
also within regions. The spatial theory foundations
of transport geography, particularly the friction of
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distance, became less relevant, or less evident, in
explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result,
transportation became underrepresented in economic
geography in the 1970s and 1980s, even if the
mobility of people and freight and low transport costs
were considered as important factors behind the
globalization of trade and production.
Since the 1990s, transport geography has
received renewed attention with new realms of
investigation. The issues of mobility, production
and distribution became interrelated in a complex
geographical setting where the local, regional and
global became increasingly blurred through the
development of new passengers and freight transport
systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). For instance,
suburbanization resulted in an array of challenges
related to congestion and automobile dependency.
Rapid urbanization in developing economies
underlined the challenges of transport infrastructure
investment for private as well as collective uses.
Globalization supported the development of complex
air and maritime transportation networks, many of
which supporting global supply chains and trade
relations across long distances. The role of information
and communication technologies was also being felt,
often as a support or as an alternative to mobility.
All of the above were linked with new and expanded
mobilities of passengers, freight and information.
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/
conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th, 2015.
61) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) show how transportation is economically relevant.
(B) deny the impact of transportation on the geographical
space.
(C) support the idea that economic features are randomly
distributed.
(D) establish a view of the presence of transportation in
geographical studies.
(E) defend the idea that transportation has not changed
much in the last century.
62) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
The text points out two main reasons why transportation is
of relevance to geography. These two reasons are:
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(A) Economic goods are distributed by transportation;
transportation structures occupy a place in space.
(B) Transportation infrastructures occupy an important
place in space; transportation infrastructures are
considered the main support to spatial interactions.
(C) Roads shape regional developments; roads are
elements of spatial order.
(D) There is a logic to spatial distribution; the spatial
distribution is influenced by transportation structures.
(E) Economic features are randomly distributed in space;
this distribution in space is illogical.
63) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
The expression as well as in the fragment “Geography
seeks to understand the spatial order of things as well as
their interactions” (lines 4-5) conveys an idea of
(A) opposition
(B) conclusion
(C) concession
(D) addition
(E) comparison
64) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
According to the text, the emergence of transport
geography as a specialized field of investigation is justified
by the
(A) growing mobility of passengers and freight.
(B) idea that the world is not a place where such features
are randomly distributed.
(C) fact that geography seeks to understand the spatial
order of things.
(D) fact that cost considerations became the foundation of
several geographical theories.
(E) fact that transportation was an important issue behind
the economic representations of the geographic space.
65) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment “In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized
as key factors in location theories” (lines 35-36), the modal
verb had to implies an idea of
(A) advice
(B) possibility
(C) probability
(D) prediction
(E) necessity
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66) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
From the fragment of the text “However, from the 1970s,
technical, political and economic changes challenged
the centrality of transportation in many geographical and
regional development investigations. The strong spatial
anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded
and decentralization was a dominant paradigm that was
observed within cities (suburbanization), but also within
regions.” (lines 39-46), it can be inferred that
(A) suburbanization emerged because the spatial
anchoring effect of transportation costs increased.
(B) transportation maintained its centrality because of
technical, political and economic changes in the
1970s.
(C) decentralization became the prevailing model in the
urban and regional development in the 1970s.
(D) the technical, political and economic changes in the
1970s resulted in a transportation crisis.
(E) transportation costs had a negative effect in the urban
and regional development in the 1970s.
67) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment “However, from the 1970s, technical,
political and economic changes challenged the centrality
of transportation in many geographical and regional
development investigations” (lines 39-42), the word
However introduces the idea of
(A) consequence
(B) conclusion
(C) sequence
(D) contrast
(E) cause
68) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
From the sentence in the text “Since the 1990s, transport
geography has received renewed attention with new
realms of investigation” (lines 55-57), it can be concluded
that transport geography
(A) received new realms of investigation at the end of the
1990s.
(B) was only studied with new realms of investigation in
the 1990s.
(C) was only studied with new realms of investigation
before the 1990s.
(D) was only studied with new realms of investigation at
the beginning of the 1990s.
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(E) started being studied with new realms of investigation
at the beginning of the 1990s that are still being applied
to its study nowadays.
69) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment from the text “The issues of mobility,
production and distribution became interrelated in a complex
geographical setting where the local, regional and global
became increasingly blurred through the development
of new passengers and freight transport systems”
(lines 57-62), the word blurred can be replaced by
(A) evident
(B) highlighted
(C) obvious
(D) distinct
(E) imprecise
70) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment from the text “Globalization supported the
development of complex air and maritime transportation
networks, many of which supporting global supply chains
and trade relations across long distances”, (lines 68-71),
the word which refers to
(A) chains
(B) relations
(C) networks
(D) globalization
(E) transportation
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LOW OIL PRICES COULD BE GOOD
FOR ELECTRICITY AND RENEWABLES
BY ROBERT FARES
Since I first wrote about the price of oil last
December, the global oil price has fallen to levels
not seen in over five years. For many, the recent
price decline brings back memories of the 1980s oil
price collapse, which followed the 70s oil price spike
and drew attention away from renewable energy
and other alternatives — famously prompting U.S.
President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House
solar panels that had been installed by the previous
administration.
Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for
renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible
low oil prices could actually improve the economics
of renewable energy. It all comes down to the
relationship between oil and gas production and the
price of electricity, which directly affectsthe bottom
line of technologies like wind and solar.
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused
a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced
17 percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the
oil price increased, the price of electricity increased
too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in
domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear, and
renewable energy.
Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s,
today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of
its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of
oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity. Most
electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural
gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from
nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables.
The fuel with the most direct impact on the price
of electricity is natural gas, because natural gas
generation often sets the price of electricity in the
market. To gauge how low oil prices might affect the
price of electricity, it’s really important to think about
how they might affect the price of natural gas.
Although oil and natural gas prices have
decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link
between the price of oil and the price of natural gas,
because both oil and natural gas are often produced
from the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is
produced from wells drilled for the express purpose
of extracting gas, a portion comes from wells that
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are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as
a byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead
gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in North
Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure.
However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and
Permian Basin, this gas is often injected into the
existing pipeline network. Because drillers are really
after the more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is
often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no
cost — depressing the overall price of natural gas.
The Railroad Commission of Texas, which
regulates the oil and gas industry, collects separate
data on natural gas produced from gas wells and
natural gas produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas
production has increased since 2008, the amount
of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has
actually declined. On the other hand, natural gas
associated with oil production has increased markedly
since 2008. 
Available at: <http://blogs.scientifi camerican.com/plugged-in/low-oil-
prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-renewables/>. Retrieved on: 
Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.
71) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
The main objective of the text is to
(A) argue that the prices of oil are currently excessively
low.
(B) introduce the idea that the low prices of oil can be
positive for electricity and renewables.
(C) defend the position of those who see no connection
between the prices of oil and the electric market.
(D) discuss the position of the Reagan government in
relation to oil prices in the 80s.
(E) attack those who believe that the prices of oil should
increase.
72) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
In the fragment of the text “Thankfully, this time around, the
outlook for renewable energy isn’t so bleak” (lines 11-12), the
word bleak can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
(A) encouraging
(B) cheerful
(C) optimistic
(D) desolate
(E) promising
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73) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
In the fragment of the text “It all comes down to the
relationship between oil and gas production and the
price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom line
of technologies like wind and solar” (lines 14-17), the
pronoun which refers to
(A) oil production
(B) gas production
(C) electricity
(D) the price of electricity
(E) the relationship between oil and gas production
74) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
In the fragment of the text “Due in part to the turn away
from oil in the 70s, today the United States produces just
0.7 percent of its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the
price of oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity”
(lines 25-28), the linking word therefore introduces the
idea of
(A) conclusion
(B) addition
(C) cause
(D) condition
(E) opposition
75) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
From the fragment of the text “Although oil and natural
gas prices have decoupled in recent years, there is still an
indirect link between the price of oil and the price of natural
gas, because both oil and natural gas are often produced
from the same well” (lines 38-42), it can be inferred that
(A) oil and natural gas are seldom extracted from the
same wells.
(B) oil and natural gas produced from the same well have
their prices often determined by government decisions.
(C) oil and natural gas extracted from the same wells bring
as an effect an indirect link between their prices.
(D) oil and natural gas prices have been increasingly
independent in recent years because they are often
produced from the same well.
(E) oil and natural gas prices have been increasingly
dependent in recent years because they are often
produced from the same well.
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WORLD OIL MARKET PROSPECTS
FOR THE SECOND HALF OF THE YEAR
[...]
World oil demand in 2H14 is anticipated to
increase by 1.2 mb/d over the same period last
year to average 92.1 mb/d. OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development) demand
is projected to decline by around 60 tb/d, despite
positive growth in OECD Americas, mainly due to
a general improvement in the US economy. OECD
Europe and OECD Asia Pacific are expected to see
a lesser contraction than a year earlier. However, oil
demand growth in OECD Asia Pacific will largely be
impacted by any restart of nuclear power plants in
Japan. Non-OECD countries are projected to lead oil
demand growth this year and forecast to add 1.3 mb/d
in 2H14 compared to the same period a year ago.
Nevertheless, risks to the forecast include the pace
of economic growth in major economies in the OECD,
China, India and Russia, as well as policy reforms in
retail prices and substitution toward natural gas.
On the supply side, non-OPEC oil supply in the
second half of the year is expected to increase by
1.2 mb/d over the same period last year to average
around 55.9 mb/d, with the US being the main
driver for growth, followed by Canada. Production
in Russia and Brazil is also expected to increase in
2H14. However, oil output from the UK and Mexico
is projected to continue to decline. The forecast for
non-OPEC supply growth for 2H14 is seen lower than
in the first half of the year, but could increase given
forecasts for a mild hurricane season in the US Gulf.
Less field maintenance in the North Sea and easing
geopolitical tensions could also add further barrels
in the coming two quarters. OPEC NGLs are also
projected to continue to increase, adding 0.2 mb/d in
2H14 to stand at 5.9 mb/d.
Taking these developments into account, the
supply-demand balance for 2H14 shows that the
demand for OPEC crude in the second half of the
year stands at around 30.3 mb/d, slightly higher than
in the first half of the year. This compares to OPEC
production, according to secondary sources, of close
to 30.0 mb/d in May. Global inventories are at sufficient
levels, with OECD commercial stocks in days of
forward cover at around 58 days in April. Moreover,
inventories in the US – the only OECD country with
positive demand growth – stand at high levels. NonOECD inventories 
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are also on the rise, especially in
China, which has been building Strategic Petroleum
Reserves (SPR) at a time when apparent demand is
weakening due to slowing economic activities. [...]
Available at: <http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_fi les_project/
media/download/publications/MOMR_June_2014.pdf>. Retrievedon: 15 June 2014. Adapted.
76) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
According to Text I, world oil demand in 2H13 was
(A) 1.2 mb/d
(B) 90.9 mb/d
(C) 92.04 mb/d
(D) 92.1 mb/d
(E) 93.3 9 mb/d
77) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
According to Text I, the statement “OECD Europe and
OECD Asia Pacific are expected to see a lesser contraction
than a year earlier” (lines 8-10) implies that the oil demand
in those countries
(A) will decrease less in 2H14 than it did in 2H13.
(B) will contribute to the demand growth of OECD countries
in 2H14.
(C) will contribute to the movement toward natural gas.
(D) will contribute to the restart of nuclear power plants in
Japan.
(E) was affected by a general improvement in the US
economy.
78) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
According to Text I, the statement “On the supply side,
non-OPEC oil supply in the second half of the year is
expected to increase by 1.2 mb/d over the same period
last year to average around 55.9 mb/d, with the US being
the main driver for growth, followed by Canada” (lines
20-24) implies that
(A) Canada will need more oil than the US.
(B) Canada will be the second largest OPEC country to
need oil in 2H14.
(C) OPEC countries will need a larger amount of oil in
2H14 than they did in 2H13.
(D) Non-OPEC countries will need a larger amount of oil in
2H14 than they did in 2H13.
(E) Non-OPEC countries will produce a larger amount of
oil in 2H14 than they did in 2H13.
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79) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
In the fragments of Text I “World oil demand in 2H14 is
anticipated to increase” (lines 2-3), “OECD (Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development) demand
is projected to decline” (lines 5-6), “oil demand growth in
OECD Asia Pacific will largely be impacted” (lines 11-12),
“Production in Russia and Brazil is also expected to increase”
(lines 24-25) the boldfaced verb forms indicate
(A) past time
(B) present time and future time
(C) the author’s desire for the future
(D) the author’s promise for the future
(E) the author’s commitment to the future
80) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
The words of Text I: output (line 26), mild (line 30), balance
(line 37) and inventories (line 42) may be replaced, without
change in meaning, respectively, by:
(A) product, gentle, average, and lists
(B) product, gentle, equilibrium and stocks
(C) product, sufficient, equilibrium and lists
(D) stocks, gentle, equilibrium and sources
(E) product, gentle, equilibrium and lists
81) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
In the following fragment of Text I: “Less field maintenance
in the North Sea and easing geopolitical tensions could
also add further barrels in the coming two quarters.” (lines
31-33) the word quarters means a(an)
(A) time unit equivalent to the fourth part of a year
(B) time unit equivalent to the fourth part of an hour
(C) time unit equivalent to four months of the year
(D) volume measure unit equivalent to the fourth part of a gallon
(E) American coin worth 25 cents of a dollar
82) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
In the fragment of Text I “Less field maintenance in the
North Sea and easing geopolitical tensions could also
add further barrels in the coming two quarters.” (lines
31-33), the expression easing geopolitical tensions
means geopolitical tensions that are
(A) harmful
(B) enhanced
(C) alleviated
(D) jeopardized
(E) fun to deal with
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MEDIUM-TERM OIL MARKET REPORT 2013 - MARKET TRENDS
AND PROJECTIONS TO 2018
The global oil market will undergo sweeping
changes over the next five years. The 2013 MediumTerm Oil Market 
Report evaluates the impact of these
changes on the global oil system by 2018 based
on all that we know today – current expectations of
economic growth, existing or announced policies and
regulations, commercially proven technologies, field
decline rates, investment programmes (upstream,
midstream and downstream), etc. The five-year
forecast period corresponds to the length of the
typical investment cycle and as such is critical to
policymakers and market participants.
This Report shows, in detailed but concise
terms, why the ongoing North American hydrocarbon
revolution is a ‘game changer’. The region’s expected
contribution to supply growth, however impressive,
is only part of the story: Crude quality, infrastructure
requirements, current regulations, and the potential
for replication elsewhere are bound to spark a chain
reaction that will leave few links in the global oil supply
chain unaffected.
While North America is expected to lead mediumterm supply growth, 
the East-of- Suez region is in the
lead on the demand side. Non-OECD oil demand, led
by Asia and the Middle East, looks set to overtake
the OECD for the first time as early as 2Q13 and will
widen its lead afterwards. Non-OECD economies are
already home to over half global refining capacity.
With that share only expected to grow by 2018, the
non-OECD region will be firmly entrenched as the
world’s largest crude importer.
These and other changes are carefully laid
out in this Report, which also examines recent and
future changes in global oil storage, shifts in OPEC
production capacity and crude and product trade, and
the consequences of the ongoing refinery construction
boom in emerging markets and developing economies.
It is required reading for anyone engaged in
policy or investment decision-making in the energy
sphere, and those more broadly interested in the oil
market and the global economy.
Available at: <http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/
publication/name-104933-en.html>. Retrieved on: 20 June,
2014. Adapted.
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83) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
The expression from Text II upstream, midstream
and downstream (lines 8-9) implies that investment
programmes will be respectively directed to costs that
involve
(A) oil transportation by boat against water flow / oil storing
in the middle of the river journey / oil transportation by
boat following water flow.
(B) oil transportation by boat following water flow / oil storing
in the middle of the river journey / oil transportation by
boat against water flow.
(C) oil exploration and production / oil processing, storing,
transporting and marketing / oil operations after the
production phase through to the point of sale.
(D) oil exploration and production / oil operations after
the production phase through to the point of sale / oil
processing, storing, transporting and marketing.
(E) oil processing, storing, transporting and marketing /
oil exploration and production / oil operations after the
production phase through to the point of sale.
84) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
According to Text II, the statement “ongoing North American
hydrocarbon revolution is a ‘game changer’.” (lines 14-15)
suggests that the hydrocarbon revolution represents a
(A) virtually endless source of energy
(B) cost-benefit uninteresting source of energy
(C) traditional technological stage in energy production
(D) great economical switch associated with this source of
energy
(E) groundbreaking ecological stage in energy production
85) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADMINISTRADOR JR/2014)
Comparing the excerpt from Text I “Non-OECD countries
are projected to lead oil demand growth this year and
forecast to add 1.3 mb/d in 2H14 compared to the same
period a year ago” (lines 13-15) to the excerpt from Text II
“Non-OECD oil demand, led by Asia and the Middle East,
looks set to overtake the OECD for the first time as early
as 2Q13 and will widen its lead afterwards” (lines 24-27),
one states that Text number
(A) 1’s forecast is based on non-OECD countries’ oil
demand in the 1Q13.
(B) 1’s forecast is based on non-OECD countries’ oil
demand in the 2Q12.
(C) 2’s forecast is based on OECD countries’ oil demand
in the 2H12.
(D) 2’s forecast is based on OECD countries’oil demand
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in the 1H12.
(E) 1 and number 2 make similar forecasts for non-OECD
countries’ oil demand.
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COWORKING: SHARING HOW WE WORK
GENEVIEVE DEGUZMAN
COMMUNICATION
In the past, when trying to find places to work,
independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several
scenarios, all with their attendant advantages and
disadvantages: working from home; working from a
coffee shop, library, or other public venue; or leasing
an executive suite or other commercial space.
Is there a better way to work? Yes. Enter
coworking.
Coworking takes freelancers, indie workers, and
entrepreneurs who feel that they have been dormant
or isolated working alone at home or who have been
migrating from a coffee shop to a friend’s garage or
languishing in a sterile business center — to a space
where they can truly roost.
“We can come out of hiding,” a coworker tells
us, “and be in a space that’s comfortable, friendly,
and has an aesthetic appeal that’s a far cry from the
typical cookie-cutter office environment.”
For many, it might be puzzling to pay for a wellequipped space teeming 
with other people, even with the chance of free coffee and inspiration. 
You might ask yourself, “Well, why pay for a place to work
when I’m perfectly comfortable at home and paying
nothing?” Or, “Isn’t the whole point of telecommuting
or starting my own business a chance to avoid ‘going
to the office’?” Coworking may sound like an unnecessary
expense, but let’s consider what you get from being
a part of the space.
At its most basic level, coworking is the
phenomenon of workers coming together in a shared
or collaborative workspace for one or more of these
reasons: to reduce costs by having shared facilities
and equipment, to access a community of fellow
entrepreneurs, and to seek out collaboration within
and across fields. Coworking spaces offer an exciting
alternative for people longing to escape the confines
of their cubicle walls, the isolation of working solo at
home, or the inconveniences of public venues.
The benefits and cost-savings in productivity
and overall happiness and well-being reaped from
coworking are also potentially huge. Enthusiasm
and creativity become contagious and multiply when
you diversify your work environment with people
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from different fields or backgrounds. At coworking
spaces, members pass each other during the day,
conversations get going, and miraculously idea-fusion
happens with everyone benefitting from the shared
thinking and brainstorming.
Differences matter. Coworking hinges on the
belief that innovation and inspiration come from
the cross-pollination of different people in different
fields or specializations. Random opportunities and
discoveries that arise from interactions with others
play a large role in coworking.
To see this in action on a large scale, think about
Google. Google made the culture of sharing and
collaboration in the workplace legend. It deployed
“grouplets” for initiatives that cover broader changes
through the organization.
One remarkable story of a successful Google
grouplet involved getting engineers to write their
own testing code to reduce the incidence of bugs
in software code. Thinking creatively, the grouplet
came up with a campaign based on posting episodes
discussing new and interesting testing techniques
on the bathroom stalls. “Testing on the Toilet” spread
fast and garnered both rants and raves. Soon, people
were hungry for more, and the campaign ultimately
developed enough inertia to become a de facto part of
the coding culture. They moved out of the restrooms
and into the mainstream.
Keith Sawyer, a professor of psychology and
education at Washington University in St. Louis, MO,
has written widely on collaboration and innovation. In
his study of jazz performances, Keith Sawyer made
this observation, “The group has the ideas, not the
individual musicians.” Some of the most famous
products were born out of this mosh pit of interaction
— in contrast to the romantic idea of a lone working
genius driving change. According to Sawyer, more
often than not, true innovation emerges from an
improvised process and draws from trial-by-error and
many inputs.
Unexpected insights emerge from the group
dynamic. If increasing interaction among different
peer groups within a single company could lead
to promising results, imagine the possibilities for
solopreneurs, small businesses, and indie workers —
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if only they could reach similar levels of peer access
as those experienced by their bigger counterparts. It
is this potential that coworking tries to capture for its
members.
Available at: <http://workawesome.com/productivity/coworking/>.
Retrieved on: 21 Oct. 2011. Adapted.
86) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) convince people in different fields or specializations
that they must work in pairs.
(B) suggest that coworking is an economic and socially
stimulating alternative to boost workers’ well-being
and productivity.
(C) question the relevance of teeming with other coworkers
if the professional can work peacefully from home.
(D) criticize organizations that do not offer their employees
the opportunity to experience group dynamics.
(E) campaign for the installation of comfortable coworking
spaces in all companies to encourage employees’
creativity and enthusiasm.
87) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
The expression indie workers, found in lines 10 and 90,
refers to
(A) retired civil servants
(B) lazy businessmen aiming for profit
(C) self-employed independent professionals
(D) expert employees at international organizations
(E) workaholic employers in large companies
88) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
The boldfaced verb form conveys the idea of strong
necessity in
(A) “independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several
scenarios” (lines 2-4)
(B) “to a space where they can truly roost.” (lines 14-15)
(C) “it might be puzzling to pay for a well-equipped space
teeming with other people” (lines 20-21)
(D) “Coworking may sound like an unnecessary expense”
(lines 28-29)
(E) “If increasing interaction among different peer groups
within a single company could lead to promising
results” (lines 87-89)
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89) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
Based on the meanings in the text,
(A) “puzzling” (line 20) and confusing are antonyms.
(B) “longing” (line 38) and desiring express contradictory
ideas.
(C) “reaped” (line 42) and derived express similar ideas.
(D) “hinges on” (line 51) and contradicts are synonyms.
(E) “deployed” (line 59) and spread out do not have
equivalent meanings.
90) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
According to the text, all the reasons below are benefits
that support the choice of a collaborative workplace,
EXCEPT:
(A) stimulate shared thinking and brainstorming.
(B) reduce costs by sharing facilities and equipment.
(C) promote interaction among different peer groups.
(D) pay for workspace and having to commute to work.
(E) escape the isolation and discomfort when working in
public spaces.
91) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
Google is mentioned in paragraphs 10 and 11 of the text
(lines 57-73) in order to
(A) contrast the legends on workplace productivity with
Google’s large scale marketing initiatives.
(B) argument with a counter-example to prove that
coworking does not always bring about a successful result.
(C) suggest that it is essential to campaign for new
techniques that will foster inertia in the work
environment.
(D) illustrate how software engineers can find better
solutions for bathroom installations.
(E) demonstrate through example how workers in different
specializations can collaborate to find innovative
solutions forthe business.
92) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
In the fragments “and to seek out collaboration within
and across fields” (lines 36-37) and “the grouplet came up
with a campaign based on posting episodes” (lines 65-
66), the expressions seek out and came up with mean,
respectively,
(A) get rid of / banned
(B) search for / produced
(C) come upon / discarded
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(D) turn down / devised
(E) track down / excluded
93) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
Professor Keith Sawyer mentions that “The group has the
ideas, not the individual musicians.” (lines 78-79) to mean
that
(A) the dispute among consumers is the key to profitable
product-design changes.
(B) the famous products result from professionals working
individually to achieve the aims of the group.
(C) improvisation and trial-and-error always leads to the
best solutions for the market place.
(D) good jazz performances are made up of individual
musicians who strive to play their instruments far
louder than the others.
(E) it is the whole orchestra that makes the music sound
pleasant just as it is the whole professional team that
will achieve a successful solution.
94) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
In the fragment “as those experienced by their bigger
counterparts” (line 92) the pronoun those refers to
(A) results (line 89)
(B) possibilities (line 89)
(C) solopreneurs (line 90)
(D) levels (line 91)
(E) counterparts (line 92)
95) (CESGRANRIO/BNDES/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2013)
The statements below represent opinions collected from
different workers. The only one which can be considered as an argu-
ment against coworking is:
(A) ‘One of the best things is that I pay lower than I would
for a dedicated office, so I don’t feel pressured to go to
the coworking facility every day.’
(B) ‘Though my home office is great and I love it, I
sometimes need the distance and collaborative
environment that my coworking space provides.’
(C) ‘The vibe of being around others can feel like a wave
carrying you even when you’re not sure where to go –
if you need a little social boost.’
(D) ‘Perhaps you won’t like any of the other people at your
coworking space, or that the proprietors aren’t putting
much effort into socializing or collaboration.’
(E) ‘The shared space provides instant community and
a stimulating atmosphere around other professionals
working towards the same intentions as I am.’
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TEXT I
BETTER LIVING STANDARDS
APRIL 16, 2013
Despite discussion to the contrary, the best
available economic evidence suggests that
immigration expands the economic opportunities and
incomes of Americans and helps reduce the budget
deficit.
Recent research suggests that immigration raises
wages and lowers prices for consumers throughout
the economy. For American business owners,
immigrants are both new sources of customers and
employees, helping to expand production using
American resources and know-how in sectors ranging
from farming to technology. For American workers,
the data suggest that rather than competing for
identical jobs, immigrants tend to work alongside and
in support of American workers, creating more and
better job opportunities.
Results from recent cutting-edge economics
research on the impact of immigration on wages
show small but positive effects of immigration on
American wages as a whole. The evidence becomes
more mixed, though, when looking at specific groups
of workers. While some studies show large negative
impacts of immigration on low-skill workers, other
estimates find that immigration raises the wages of
all US workers, regardless of education. As further
evidence supporting the second set of findings, one
study that examines a period of rapid immigration
finds that immigrants do not cause declines in wages,
even among less-skilled residents.
Most studies also find that over time immigrants
improve the finances of programs like Social Security
and can actually help reduce the budget deficit.
And these are only the direct measured effects
of immigration on individual wages, employment and
the budget. Immigrants, particularly higher-skilled
immigrants, start more businesses and participate
in scientific and other research at higher rates than
native-born Americans. These other findings hint
at additional potential benefits of more immigration,
including increases in innovation that could help
boost overall economic growth. The high fraction
of innovative Silicon Valley start-ups founded by
immigrants are an important example of this point.
These potential additional boosts to economic
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growth are not necessary to make a case for more
immigration. The evidence on the direct effects of
immigration — higher wages, lower prices and net
taxes — shows that immigration raises standards of
living for Americans.
TEXT II
COMMENTS FROM READERS OF TEXT I
1. April 17, 2013 at 7:03 p.m., Florianopolis - SC - Brasil
 Comment sent by U. N.
The experience of field research in LA while living
in the US gave me two insights in support of the thesis
defended by the researchers.
First, even poor campesinos from El Salvador
can prosper in the US. They send their kids to school,
learn English as a second language, start a small
business or do work shunned by Americans.
The question is why a poor El Salvadorean can
become a valuable citizen in the US and not in his
native country? The US economic and social systems
are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to
prosper. Immigration is the engine of growth and
prosperity of the American economy.
The second argument is counter factual.
Countries closed to immigration lag behind those
opened to foreign skill and knowledge. Take the case
of Brazil. In the 19th century, many predicted Brazil
would become a world power along with the US.
The US became a major world superpower and
Brazil continues to be an emerging market with a
sub par educational system and illiterate population.
There are many reasons and factors that could
explain Brazil’s backwardness. One, however, stands
out. The country is closed to immigration, even badly
needed high skilled foreign professionals in dynamic
sectors of the economy.
The Brazilian economy in 2013 is stagnated
with the lowest rate of labor productivity among the
BRICS. Lack of qualified foreign workers + poor
quality of schools are the MAIN factor preventing
Brazil to become a developed country in this century.
2. April 17, 2013 at 9:42 a.m., Dover - NJ - USA
 Comment sent by T. McK.
I really wish these writers would look at real jobs
and real industries. However the data looks overall,
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certain jobs that were once routinely done by lower
middle class workers, such as gardening, waiting at
table, construction labor and so on, are almost all
done by immigrants, especially illegals. And part of
the reason is the poor enforcement of wage laws,
and the existence of a cash economy. It may be that
these jobs are now forever changed, but since we
have such poor opportunities for the working class,
it seems a shame to lose a class of work that had
formerly been available.
For decades now, the elites (economists
and social thinkers of all sorts) have told us that
globalization will bring benefits. And it has, to them.
But we have lost much of what provided a way of life
for working folks, each time promising them that it will
get better. 
3. April 17, 2013 at 9:22 a.m., Dayton - Ohio - USA
 Comment sent by J. I.
I don’t see how the authors’ data support their
case, in large part because they’ve neglected a
critical issue-- precisely what kind of immigration are
we talking about?
If immigration law requires that immigrants be
paid a fair wage, have the right to vote and enjoy legal
protections against abusive workplaces, and these
are truly enforced, then yes, it’s reasonable to expect
that immigrants would indeed boost living standards
for both native-bornand immigrant Americans alike.
But if immigrants are instead brought in as lowwage replacements for 
American workers, not allowed the right to vote or forced to ten or more 
years to gain it, and especially if employers have control over their
visas and work situations, then living standards are
severely damaged for both immigrants and nativeborn Americans, that 
is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans who benefit from 
cheap labor.
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/16/
the-economics-of-immigration/expanded-immigration-improvesliv-
ing-standards>. Access on: Sept. 4th, 2013. Adapted.
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96) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
The author’s main claim in Text I is that
(A) higher standards of living in the US have attracted
more immigrants from neighboring countries.
(B) American salaries have risen because of the lowskilled immigrants 
that have left the US.
(C) the increase of immigrant population in the USA
has benefitted the economy and created more job
opportunities.
(D) the additional influx of immigrant workers and
professionals had a positive impact on the educational
standards of Americans.
(E) more businesses and high-technology enterprises
take advantage of undereducated workers moving into
the US.
97) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
According to Text I, studies have NOT proved that
(A) high immigration rates lead to a decline in economic
growth and affect the citizens’ standards of living by
reducing the prices of goods.
(B) higher rates of immigration help support national
welfare programs because the foreign population
expands the share of contributors to these programs.
(C) wages are not reduced even when the country
experiences high rates of immigrant populations in all
educational levels.
(D) foreign professionals have set up many successful IT
start-ups and integrated research projects contributing
to scientific development.
(E) more innovation efforts are seen in the economy
when a large number of high-skilled professionals are
attracted to the country.
98) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
In the excerpt of Text I: “other estimates find that
immigration raises the wages of all US workers, regardless
of education” (lines 23-25), regardless of, is substituted,
without change in meaning, by
(A) as a result of
(B) because of
(C) except for
(D) despite
(E) due to
99) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
In Texts I and II, in terms of reference, one notices that
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(A) other (Text I, line 23) refers to impacts (Text I, line 23).
(B) these (Text I, line 33) refers to programs (Text I, line 31).
(C) them (Text II, line 46) refers to working folks (Text II,
line 48).
(D) it (Text II, line 48) refers to way of life (Text II, line 47).
(E) these (Text II, line 56) refers to workplaces (Text II,
line 56).
100) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
In Texts I and II, in terms of meaning, one notices that
(A) cutting-edge (Text I, line 17) and vanguard convey
opposite meanings.
(B) further (Text I, line 25) and additional have equivalent
meanings.
(C) actually (Text I, line 32) and nowadays are synonyms.
(D) boost (Text I, line 41) and raise are antonyms.
(E) sub par (Text II, line 21) and extraordinary express
similar ideas.
101) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
In Text II, the sentence that expresses the idea of absolute
certainty in the future is
(A) “even poor campesinos from El Salvador can prosper
in the US” (lines 4-5)
(B) “many predicted Brazil would become a world power”
(lines 17-18)
(C) “There are many reasons and factors that could
explain Brazil’s backwardness” (lines 22-23)
(D) “It may be that these jobs are now forever changed”
(lines 39-40)
(E) “globalization will bring benefits” (line 46)
102) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
In the excerpts of Text II: “The US economic and
social systems are set up to provide opportunity for immigrants to 
prosper” (lines 10-12) and “if immigrants are instead brought in as low-
wage replacements for American workers” (lines 60-61)
set up and brought in mean, respectively,
(A) established – introduced
(B) ignored – incorporated
(C) organized – discarded
(D) forbidden – eliminated
(E) created – returned
103) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
In the excerpt of Text II: “living standards are severely
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damaged for both immigrants and native-born Americans,
that is for everyone but the 0.1% wealthiest Americans
who benefit from cheap labor” (lines 64-67), that is
introduces a(n)
(A) contrast
(B) solution
(C) hypothesis
(D) addition
(E) explanation
104) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
U.N., who wrote Comment 1 in Text II, defends that
(A) a country becomes a superpower when it takes up in
its workforce more qualified immigrant professionals
and rejects unskilled workers.
(B) low-skilled immigrants to the US find more opportunities
to prosper than they would in their countries of origin.
(C) Brazil is still an emerging country because it has
closed its doors to immigration of unskilled workers
from South American countries.
(D) Brazil offers its immigrant population appropriate
educational conditions to become valuable citizens.
(E) Brazil’s illiterate population and El Salvador’s
immigrants to the US have no opportunity to prosper
and help the countries’ economic growth.
105) (CESGRANRIO/IBGE/ADM. ESCOLAR/2013)
When relating the ideas in Text I with those in Text II, one
concludes that the
(A) author of Comment 1, U.N., has a view that is contrary
to that manifested by the author of Text I in terms of a
country’s economic standards.
(B) author of Comment 2, T. McK, supports the argument
on the relation between economic growth and foreign
workforce exposed in Text I.
(C) author of Comment 1, U.N., and the author of Comment
3, J.I., side with the author of Text I about immigration
and economic development.
(D) authors of Comments 2 and 3, T. McK and J.I.,
respectively, oppose the view on the relation between
economic development and rates of immigration
expressed in Text I.
(E) three commentators agree with the perspective on the
importance of immigration defended by the author of
Text I.
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WATER WARS MAY LIE AHEAD
BY NEENA RAI
June 29, 2011, 9:20 AM GMT
There is a famous Chinese proverb that warns
“not only can water float a boat, it can sink it also.”
And with global water shortages on the horizon,
climate change supporters say an extreme response
will be needed from international governments to stem
the potential for conflict it will create around the world.
Professor Patricia Wouters at the IHP-HELP
Centre for water law, policy and science at University
of Dundee, said the world could face a future of “water
wars” as deterioration in climatic patterns and global
population growth leave people struggling to stake
their claim to the natural resource.
The World Bank in a report said that 1.4 million
people could be facing water scarcity by 2025. But
the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) forecast is even more gloomy.
It estimates that 47% of the world’s population could
face water stress in the same period – equivalent to
more than three billion people.
The issue isn’t restricted to countries that typically
see temperatures soar, such as Cyprus, which in
2009 was forced to import water in tankers and ration
its use. Northern hemisphere nations like the U.K. are
also finding themselves in the midst of a drought in
some regions, forcing governments to start to take
action. The U.K. government, for instance, plans
to issue a Water White Paper this December that
will focus on the future challenges facing the water
industry and measures to increase protection of river
flows during summer months.
Parts of the U.K. are currently marked as having
drought status and other areas of the country are
deemed to be at risk of drought. The U.K.’sDepartment
for Environment Food and Rural Affairs held a second
drought summit Monday, at which Secretary of State
Caroline Spelman warned the prospect of a dry
summer and dry winter could have a serious impact
on the country’s water reserves.
“We’re going to keep working with farmers, water
companies and environmental groups to minimize
the impacts of drought, because this year is sign of
things to come,” she said. “The climate is changing
and these extreme weather events will become more
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common. How we deal with that problem will be one
of the key parts of our Water White Paper, which will
be published later this year.”
This may be a far cry from a declaration of war
on other more water-abundant nations, but reaching
this stage in some countries isn’t beyond the realms
of imagination. Egypt and Ethiopia have been battling
the issue for the share of the Nile’s water reserves,
and Israel – already fighting Palestine for territory
that includes precious water reserves – has started
to charge the agricultural sector high rates for using
the resource.
Even in the U.K., the armed forces are being
prepared for potential conflicts over water.
Professor Wouters said that military plans are
being prepared on a 30-year horizon, but that the
water security topic had somewhat fallen off the
table since the financial crisis. Portugal and Spain
are facing serious water scarcity issues but the
agricultural sector there is having to shout loudly for
its voice to be heard above the noise of the countries’
current financial woes.
Maybe Israel’s entrepreneurial approach to
the issue is the way forward. Nevertheless, the fact
remains that water scarcity is now firmly on the
agenda of the world’s governments, and isn’t going to
vanish overnight.
Available at:<www.http://blogs.wsj.com/source/2011/06/29/
water-wars-may-lie-ahead/>. Retrieved on: March 11, 2012.
106) (CESGRANRIO/CHESF/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2012)
The author’s main purpose in Text I is to
(A) expose some secret military plans to save water for
the future.
(B) alert about the harmful impact of water shortages in
the future.
(C) justify the war between Ethiopia and Egypt for a larger
share of the Nile.
(D) defend the high charges for use of water in agricultural
areas in the Middle East.
(E) complain about the inefficiency of international
governments in dealing with water wars.
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107) (CESGRANRIO/CHESF/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2012)
In Text I, the excerpt, “the world could face a future of
“water wars” ” (lines 9-10), the verb form in bold expresses
the idea of
(A) advice
(B) suggestion
(C) necessity
(D) obligation
(E) possibility
108) (CESGRANRIO/CHESF/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2012)
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items are
synonymous in
(A) stem (line 5) – stop
(B) gloomy (line 16) – encouraging
(C) soar (line 21) – drop
(D) prospect (line 36) – impossibility
(E) vanish (line 70) – emerge
109) (CESGRANRIO/CHESF/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2012)
In terms of numerical reference in Text I,
(A) 1.4 million (line 13) refers to the number of people who
have been involved in conflicts over water.
(B) 47% (line 17) refers to the percentage of countries in
the world already facing water scarcity.
(C) more than three billion people (line 19) refers to the
number of people who might suffer from water shortage
by 2025.
(D) 2009 (line 22) refers to the only year when Cyprus
faced an unparalleled rise in temperature.
(E) 30-year horizon (line 59) refers to the period of time
the financial crisis in Europe will last.
110) (CESGRANRIO/CHESF/ADMINISTRAÇÃO/2012)
According to Professor Wouters, in Text I, paragraph 10
(lines 58-65),
(A) Portugal and Spain are more worried about water
shortage than about political and financial problems.
(B) security issues regarding water problems have been
somewhat put aside because of the economic crisis.
(C) the agricultural sector is not really worried about the
problems that may come up if the water resources dry up.
(D) in the UK, the army is fully prepared to fight the countries
interested in the British hydroenergy sources.
(E) the military forces intend to overlook the serious
challenges to control the oceans and rivers in the next decade.
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TRANSPORTATION IN GEOGRAPHY
The world is obviously not a place where features such as 
resources, people and economic activities are randomly 
distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to spatial distribution. 
Geography seeks to understand the spatial order of things as 
well as their interactions, particularly when the spatial order is 
less evident. Transportation is one element of this spatial 
order as it is at the same time influenced by geography as well 
as having an influence on it. For instance, the path followed by 
a road is influenced by regional economic and physical 
attributes, but once constructed the same road will shape future 
regional developments.
Transportation is of relevance to geography for two main 
reasons. First, transport infrastructures, terminals, modes and 
networks occupy an important place in space and constitute 
the basis of a complex spatial system. Second, since geography 
seeks to explain spatial relationships, transport networks 
are of specific interest because they are the main physical 
support of these interactions.
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged as a branch 
of economic geography in the second half of the twentieth 
century. In earlier considerations, particularly in commercial geography 
(late 19th and early 20th century), transportation was 
an important factor behind the economic representations of 
the geographic space, namely in terms of the location of 
economic activities and the monetary costs of distance. These cost 
considerations became the foundation of several geographical 
theories such as central places and location analysis. 
The growing mobility of passengers and freight justified 
the emergence of transport geography as a specialized 
field of investigation.
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key factors in location 
theories and transport geography began to rely increasingly on quanti-
tative methods, particularly over network and spatial interactions analy-
sis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes 
challenged the centrality of transportation in many geographical 
and regional development investigations. The strong spatial 
anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded and 
decentralization was a dominant paradigm that was observed 
within cities (suburbanization), but also within regions. The 
spatial theory foundations of transport geography, particularly 
the friction of distance, became less relevant, or less evident, 
in explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result, transportation be-
came underrepresented in economic geography in 
the 1970s and 1980s, even if the mobility of people and freight 
and low transport costswere considered as important factors 
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behind the globalization of trade and production.
Since the 1990s, transport geography has received renewed 
attention with new realms of investigation. The issues of 
mobility, production and distribution became interrelated in a 
complex geographical setting where the local, regional and 
global became increasingly blurred through the development of 
new passengers and freight transport systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 
1998). For instance, suburbanization resulted in an array of challenges 
related to congestion and automobile dependency. Rapid urbanization 
in developing economies underlined the challenges of transport infra-
structure investment for private as well as collective uses. Globalization 
supported the development of complex air and maritime transportation 
networks, many of which supporting global supply chains and 
trade relations across long distances. The role of information 
andcommunication technologies was also being felt, often as 
a support or as an alternative to mobility. All of the above were 
linked with new and expanded mobilities of passengers, freight 
and information.
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/
ch1en/ conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th, 2015.
111) (CESGRANRIO/2016)
In the fragment “In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key 
factors in location theories”, the modal verb had to implies an idea of
a) advice
b) possibility
c) probability
d) prediction
e) necessity
112) (CESGRANRIO/2016)
In the fragment from the text “Globalization supported the development 
of complex air and maritime transportation networks, many of which 
supporting global supply chains and trade relations across long dis-
tances”, the word which refers to
a) chains
b) relations
c) networks
d) globalization
e) transportation
113) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
The main purpose of the text is to
a) show how transportation is economically relevant.
b) deny the impact of transportation on the geographical 
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space.
c) support the idea that economic features are randomly 
distributed.
d) establish a view of the presence of transportation in geographical 
studies.
e) defend the idea that transportation has not changed much 
in the last century.
114) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
The text points out two main reasons why transportation is of relevance 
to geography. These two reasons are:
a) Economic goods are distributed by transportation; transportation 
structures occupy a place in space.
b) Transportation infrastructures occupy an important place 
in space; transportation infrastructures are considered the 
main support to spatial interactions.
c) Roads shape regional developments; roads are elements of 
spatial order.
d) There is a logic to spatial distribution; the spatial distribution is influ-
enced by transportation structures.
e) Economic features are randomly distributed in space; this 
distribution in space is illogical.
115) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
According to the text, the emergence of transport geography as a spe-
cialized field of investigation is justified by the
a) growing mobility of passengers and freight.
b) idea that the world is not a place where such features are 
randomly distributed.
c) fact that geography seeks to understand the spatial order of 
things.
d) fact that cost considerations became the foundation of 
several geographical theories.
e) fact that transportation was an important issue behind the 
economic representations of the geographic space.
116) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
From the fragment of the text “However, from the 1970s, technical, po-
litical and economic changes challenged the centrality of transportation 
in many geographical and regional development investigations. The 
strong spatial anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded and 
decentralization was a dominant paradigm that was observed 
within cities (suburbanization), but also within regions.”, it can 
be inferred that
a) suburbanization emerged because the spatial anchoring 
effect of transportation costs increased.
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b) transportation maintained its centrality because of technical, political 
and economic changes in the 1970s.
c) decentralization became the prevailing model in the urban 
and regional development in the 1970s.
d) the technical, political and economic changes in the 1970s 
resulted in a transportation crisis.
e) transportation costs had a negative effect in the urban and 
regional development in the 1970s.
117) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
From the sentence in the text “Since the 1990s, transport geography 
has received renewed attention with new realms of investigation”, it can 
be concluded that transport geography
a) received new realms of investigation at the end of the 1990s.
b) was only studied with new realms of investigation in the 1990s.
c) was only studied with new realms of investigation before 
the 1990s.
d) was only studied with new realms of investigation at the 
beginning of the 1990s.
e) started being studied with new realms of investigation at 
the beginning of the 1990s that are still being applied to its 
study nowadays.
118) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
The expression as well as in the fragment “Geography seeks to under-
stand the spatial order of things as well as their interactions” conveys 
an idea of
a) opposition
b) conclusion
c) concession
d) addition
e) comparison
119) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
In the fragment “However, from the 1970s, technical, political and eco-
nomic changes challenged the centrality of transportation in many geo-
graphical and regional development investigations”, the word However 
introduces the idea of
a) consequence
b) conclusion
c) sequence
d) contrast
e) cause
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120) (CESGRANRIO/2016) 
In the fragment from the text “The issues of mobility, production 
and distribution became interrelated in a complex geographical set-
ting where the local, regional and global became increasingly blurred 
through the development of new passengers and freight transport sys-
tems”, the word blurred can be replaced by
a) evident
b) highlighted
c) obvious
d) distinct
e) imprecise
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FINANCIAL SYSTEM
People have virtually unlimited needs, but the economic 
resources to supply those needs are limited. Therefore, the 
greatest benefit of an economy is to provide the most desirable con-
sumer goods and services in the most desirable amounts 
- what is known as the efficient allocation of economic resources. To 
produce these consumer goods and services requires 
capital in the form of labor, land, capital goods used to produce 
a desired product or service, and entrepreneurial ability to use 
these resources together to the greatest efficiency in producing what 
consumers want most. Real capital consists of the 
land, labor, tools and machinery, and entrepreneurial ability 
to produce consumer goods and services, and to acquire real 
capital costs money.
The financial system of an economy provides the means to 
collect money from the people who have it and distribute it to 
those who can use it best. Hence, the efficient allocation of economic 
resources is achieved by a financial system that allocates 
money to those people and for those purposes(c) that will yield 
the greatest return(d).
The financial system is composed of the products and 
services(e) provided by financial institutions(a), which include 
banks, insurance companies, pension funds, organized exchanges, and 
the many other companies(b) that serve to facilitate 
economic transactions. Virtually all economic transactions are 
effected by one or more of these financial institutions. They 
create financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds, pay 
interest on deposits, lend money to creditworthy borrowers, 
and create and maintain the payment systems of modern 
economies.
These financial products and services are basedon the following funda-
mental objectives of any modern financial system: 
to provide a payment system;
to give money time value;
to offer products and services to reduce financial risk or to 
compensate risk-taking for desirableobjectives; to collect and 
disperse information that allows the most efficient allocation 
of economic resources;
to create and maintain financial markets that provide prices, which indi-
cates how well investments are performing, which also determines the 
subsequent allocation of resources, 
and to maintain economic stability.
Available at: <http://thismatter.com/money/banking/ financial-
-system.htm>. Retrieved on: July 27th, 2015. Adapted.
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121) (CESGRANRIO/2015) 
The relative pronoun which in the fragment of the text “which 
include banks, insurance companies, pension funds, organized 
exchanges, and the many other companies” refers to
a) financialinstitutions
b) other companies
c) purposes
d) return
e) products and services
122) (CESGRANRIO/2015) 
From the sentence of the text “The financial system of an economy 
provides the means to collect money from the people who have it and 
distribute it to those who can use it best”, it can be inferred that people 
who
a) can use the money most efficiently are those who have 
much money.
b) operate the financial system of an economy collect and distribute 
money the best way.
c) receive the distributed money don’t know how to use it best.
d) have much money and know how to use it best are the same.
e) operate the financial system of an economy collect the money and 
keep it.
123) (CESGRANRIO/2015) 
In the fragment of the text “Hence, the efficient allocation of economic 
resources”, the connector Hence conveys an idea of
a) emphasis
b) time sequence
c) contrast
d) conclusion
e) addition
124) (CESGRANRIO/2015) 
In the fragment of the text “the efficient allocation of economic resourc-
es is achieved by a financial system that allocates money to those peo-
ple and for those purposes that will yield the greatest return”, the verb 
form yield can be replaced, without change in meaning, by
a) produce
b) slow down
c) cut
d) interrupt
e) diminish
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125) (CESGRANRIO/2015) 
According to the text, a definition for the expression “the efficient allo-
cation of economic resources” is:
a) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in lim-
ited amounts
b) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in un-
limited amounts
c) production of economic resources in unlimited ways
d) production of economic resources in sufficient amounts
e) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in the 
most desirable amounts
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NATURAL GAS WAITS FOR ITS MOMENT
PAUL STENQUIST
Cars and trucks powered by natural gas make up a significant portion of 
the vehicle fleet in many parts of the world. Iran 
has more than two million natural gas vehicles on the road. 
As of 2009, Argentina had more than 1.8 million in operation 
and almost 2,000 natural gas filling stations. Brazil was not far 
behind. Italy and Germany have substantial natural gas vehicle 
fleets. Is America next?
With natural gas in plentiful supply at bargain prices in 
the United States, issues that have limited its use in cars are 
being rethought, and its market share could increase, perhaps 
substantially.
According to Energy Department Price Information from 
July, natural gas offers economic advantages over gasoline and 
diesel fuels. If a gasoline-engine vehicle can take you 40 miles 
on one gallon, the same vehicle running on compressed natural gas can 
do it for about $1.50 less at today’s prices. To that 
savings add lower maintenance costs. A study of New York City 
cabs running on natural gas found that oil changes need not be 
as frequent because of the clean burn of the fuel, and exhaustsystem 
parts last longer because natural gas is less corrosive 
than other fuels.
Today, those economic benefits are nullified by the initial 
cost of a natural gas vehicle — 20 to 30 percent more than a 
comparable gasoline-engine vehicle. But were production to 
increase significantly, economies of scale would bring prices 
down. In an interview by phone, Jon Coleman, fleet sustainability man-
ager at the Ford Motor Company, said that given sufficient volume, the 
selling price of natural gas vehicles could be comparable to that of 
conventional vehicles.
It may be years before the economic benefits of natural gas 
vehicles can be realized, but the environmental benefits appear 
to be immediate. According to the Energy Department’s website, natural 
gas vehicles have smaller carbon footprints than 
gasoline or diesel automobiles, even when taking into account 
the natural gas production process, which releases carbon-rich 
methane into the atmosphere.
The United States government appears to favor natural 
gas as a motor vehicle fuel. To promote the production of vehicles with 
fewer carbon emissions, it has allowed automakers 
to count certain vehicle types more than once when calculating their 
Corporate Average Fuel Economy, under regulations 
mandating a fleet average of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025. Plug-in hy-
brids and natural gas vehicles can be counted 1.6 times 
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under the CAFE standards, and electric vehicles can be counted 
twice.
Adapting natural gas as a vehicle fuel introduces engineering challeng-
es. While the fuel burns clean, it is less energy dense than gasoline, so 
if it is burned in an engine designed to run on conventional fuel, perfor-
mance and efficiency are degraded.
But since natural gas has an octane rating of 130, compared with 93 for 
the best gasoline, an engine designed for it can run with very high cyl-
inder pressure, which would cause a regular gasoline engine to knock 
from premature ignition. More cylinder pressure yields more power, and 
thus the energy-density advantage of gasoline can be nullified.[...]
Until the pressurized fuel tanks of natural gas vehicles can 
be easily and quickly refueled, the fleet cannot grow substantially. 
The number of commercial refueling stations for compressed natural 
gas has been increasing at a rate of 16 percent yearly, the Energy De-
partment says. And, while the total is still small, advances in refueling 
equipment should increase the rate of expansion. Much of the infra-
structure is already in place: America has millions of miles of natural 
gas pipeline. Connecting that network to refueling equipment is not 
difficult.
Although commercial refueling stations will be necessary to 
support a substantial fleet of natural gas vehicles, home refueling may 
be the magic bullet that makes the vehicles practical. Electric vehicles 
depend largely on home charging and most have less than half the 
range of a fully fueled natural gas vehicle. Somecompressed natural 
gas home refueling products are available, but they can cost as much 
as $5,000.Seeking to change that, the Energy Department has award-
ed grants to a number of companies in an effort to develop affordable 
home-refueling equipment. [...]
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/30/automobiles/ 
natural-gas-waits-for-its-moment.html?page wanted=all&module=-
Search&mabReward=relbias%3A r%2C%7
B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A18%22%7D>. 
Retrieved on: Sept 3rd, 2014. Adapted.
126) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
In the statement “As of 2009, Argentina had more than 1.8 million in 
operation and almost 2,000 natural gas filling stations”, the expression 
as of means:
a) In 2009
b) Since 2009
c) Around 2009
d) Before 2009
e) Comparing to 2009
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127) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
The modal verb may in the fragment of the text “It may be years before 
the economic benefits of natural gas vehicles can be realized” is asso-
ciated with the idea of
a) permission
b) obligation
c) certainty
d) inference
e) probability
128) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
The personal pronoun it in “so if it is burned in an engine designed to 
run on conventional fuel” refers to
a) natural gas
b) degrading fuel
c) unconventional fuel
d) 93-octane rating fuel
e) more energy-dense fuel
129) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
In the sentence of the text “Although commercial refueling stations 
will be necessary to support a substantial fleet of natural gas vehicles, 
home refueling may be the magic bullet that makes the vehicles practi-
cal”, the word although implies facts that are
a) simultaneous
b) sequential
c) alternate
d) opposing
e) proportional
130) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
The main purpose of the text is to 
a) defend the use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel.
b) compare the use of natural gas vehicles in different countries.
c) establish the technical aspects of the use of natural gas vehicles.
d) analyze the immediate economic advantagesof natural gas 
vehicles.
e) highlight environmental protection advantages of natural 
gas vehicles in the long run.
131) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
According to the paragraph limited by lines 13-24 in the text, one can 
infer that
a) gasoline is as expensive as diesel in New York City.
b) a car running on natural gas will pay $1.50 on one gallon of 
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the fuel.
c) every car running on natural gas will afford to save $3.00 on 
a 60-mile drive.
d) the cost of oil changes can improve savings in natural gas-
-fueled vehicles.
e) natural gas cannot be associated with corrosion in car’s 
exhaust-system parts.
132) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
The sentence of the text “But were production to increase significantly, 
economies of scale would bring prices down” has the same meaning 
as:
a) Economies of scale would reduce production and prices 
significantly.
b) Economies of scale would be one of the conditions for the 
decrease of prices.
c) Production would increase unless economies of scale 
brought prices down.
d) Production would increase significantly if economies of 
scale didn’t bring the prices down.
e) Prices would not go down although the production 
increased.
133) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
In the 5th paragraph, limited by lines 35-42 in the text, the author de-
fends the idea that
a) economic and environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are 
both immediate results of smaller footprints than those of gasoline or 
diesel automobiles.
b) economic benefits of natural gas vehicles are not as considerable as 
the environmental benefits because of the cost of the natural gas pro-
duction process.
c) natural gas vehicles produce smaller footprints than those of gas-
oline or diesel automobiles because they bring more environmental 
benefits.
d) environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are remarkable de-
spite the carbon-rich methane released into the atmosphere in the 
production process.
e) environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are not as 
considerable as the economic benefits because of the cost 
of the carbon-rich methane released into the atmosphere 
in the production process.
134) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
According to the 6th paragraph in the text (lines 43-52), one of the Cor-
porate Average Fuel Economy goals for the fleet in the United States is 
average 54.5 miles per gallon
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a) in 2025
b) prior 2025
c) around 2025
d) sometime before 2025
e) not later than 2025
135) (CESGRANRIO/2015)
According to the 9th paragraph in the text (lines 65-75), refueling sta-
tions in the United States
a) should go through an increase at their rate of expansion.
b) require pipeline infrastructure that has been growing 16% 
every year.
c) do not rely on infrastructure available for their expansion.
d) cannot grow substantially because of miles of natural gas 
pipeline.
e) cannot be expanded through the country because of their 
potential damage against nature
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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL PATCH
So you’re thinking about a field job in the oil industry. If 
you haven’t been involved in the oil patch before, you probably 
have no idea how vast it is, or where to start your job search. 
Many sites will try to convince you that you can get a job on an 
offshore rig making $10,000 a month without any experience 
or training at all, and while this is possible, it’s not at all likely. 
Actually, it can be tough to find a job in any field of the oil industry with-
out some experience or training.
First, you should realize that the oil industry isn’t just drilling rigs, 
pumpjacks, and gas stations. The oil industry is a lot 
like the military in that it employs people in nearly every profession. 
There are positions such as roughneck or airgun operator, that are very 
specific to the oil industry; but there are also welders, medics, chemists, 
biologists, environmentalists, cooks, computer programmers, engineers, 
and a thousand more positions that are absolutely essential to the in-
dustry. 
You don’t have to have experience specifically in the oil industry in order 
to have relevant experience.The oil patch is a little bit different from 
most other industries. You’ll soon lose the idea of a weekend as you 
now know it... The patch runs seven days a week, and in many cases, 24 
hours a day. You’ll be expected to work every day in all weather 
conditions, for weeks or even months at a time. The oil industry 
is also very production oriented; you’ll make more money welding in the 
oil patch than in another industry, but you’ll work 
longer and harder for that bigger paycheck.
There are a few prerequisites if you want a field job in the 
oil patch:You must be in reasonably good physical condition, and 
be able to lift at least 50 lbs. regularly. For most positions, you 
must have a valid driver’s license.You must have suitable clothing for 
extended outdoor work and in most cases, hard toed safety boots. You 
should not have any medical condition which would make it unsafe for 
you to operate machinery.
You don’t need to live in the city where your employer is 
located, but in most cases you will have to provide your own 
transportation to and from your home from the employer’s 
location (point-of-hire). If you live a long way from any area 
with oil and gas activity, you will have a very difficult time finding an 
entry level job in this industry.
You must be willing and able to work hard for long hours. 
This industry is all about production, and if you don’t produce, 
you’re not an asset to the company.You must be drug-free. Most com-
panies conduct pre-employment drug screenings and random testing of 
employees. If your test show signs of illegal drugs in your system, you 
will not be hired. Most oil work requires you to live away from home, in 
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motels or camps near the jobs. Your travel, accommodations, 
and meals will usually be paid by your employer while you’re 
working. Most companies also provide all required safety 
supplies, such as hard hats and reflective safety vests. You are 
required to supply your own work clothes, boots, gloves, etc.
Before you leave for your first job, be sure you have appropriate clothing 
to spend 14 hours outside... frostbite isn’t fun, 
neither is heat stroke.
Much of the work in the oil industry is very physically 
demanding, especially in the entry level positions. There is no 
upper age limit, but you should be willing and able to work 
hard for long hours, lift 50 lbs regularly, and be in relatively 
good physical condition. If you have back or other health problems that 
prevent strenuous activity, you may want to reconsider this line of work. 
Most companies require employees to be at least 18 years old. A recent 
hearing test and/or medical 
evaluation may be required.
Many oilfield companies also require a preemployment 
drug and alcohol screening. You should know that though you 
can make a lot of money in a month in the oil patch, you can 
also make no money in a month. Most oilfield work isn’t very 
stable, and you’ll occasionally find yourself laid-off on short 
notice due to a shortage of work... and called back on even 
shorter notice. Many people in Canada work in the oil industry 
during the winter while it’s busy, then take the spring and summer off, or 
work non- oilfield summer jobs.
Offshore and overseas rigs usually operate yearround, 
offering a much more stable work environment; but there are 
very few positions on these rigs that are available without any 
experience. If you’re interested in working on one of these rigs, 
you may want to start with a catering job. All major offshore 
and overseas projects employ catering staff to provide meals 
for the rig crew. These positions are often available without 
experience, and rig managers will often hire catering staff onto 
the rig crew if they need an extra hand, or if a member of therig crew gets injured or leaves. It’s a matter of being in the right 
place at the right time, and showing interest in working on 
the rig.
Available at: <http://www.oilfi eldworkers.com/oilfi eldintro.
php> Retrieved on: Aug. 29, 2012
136) (CESGRANRIO/2014) 
In Text I, the idea stated in italics corresponds to the meaning 
expressed by the boldfaced verb phrase in a) “First, you should realize 
that the oil industry isn’t just drilling rigs, pumpjacks, and gas stations.” 
(line 5) – probability
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b) “For most positions, you must have a valid driver’s license.” 
(line 16) – ability
c) “You should not have any medical condition which would 
make it unsafe for you to operate machinery.” (line 18) – obligation
d) “You don’t need to live in the city where your employer is 
located,” (lines 19-20) – remote possibility
e) “A recent hearing test and/or medical evaluation may be required.” 
(line 33) – concrete possibility
137 (CESGRANRIO/2014) 
The main purpose of Text I is to
a) warn professionals in the oil business about the frequent 
instability in oilfields.
b) criticize the strenuous working conditions oilfield operating teams 
are always submitted to.
c) provide useful advice to prospective workers intending to 
start a career in the oil industry.
d) inform the exact amount of experience a worker must have 
before looking for a job in an oil company.
e) encourage employees to look for a position in catering before apply-
ing for a job in offshore and overseas rigs.
138) (CESGRANRIO/2014) 
According to Text I, workers in the oil industry can be expected to bear 
all of the following working conditions, EXCEPT
a) working hard for long hours in order to keep up oil production.
b) having to perform risky jobs in exchange for guaranteed promotions.
c) spending weekends and holidays on the job, sometimes for long pe-
riods.
d) facing adverse weather conditions for long stretches of time to en-
sure productivity.
e) being on duty away from home and resorting to individual transpor-
tation to the job post.
139) (CESGRANRIO/2014) 
According to Text I, employers in the oil industry usually
a) provide family housing for the factory floor staff.
b) assign addicted employees or candidates to administrative tasks.
c) select only older experienced workers for the entry level positions.
d) require employees to have their own suitable clothing and safety 
footwear.
e) supply medical evaluations for retired staff members who complain 
of back aches.
140) (CESGRANRIO/2014) 
The fragment “frostbite isn’t fun, neither is heat stroke” (line 29) refers 
to the fact that the a) oil industry offers many stressful challenges but 
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also several moments of leisure.
b) different outside temperatures force professionals in the oil 
industry to work long hours.
c) different seasons during the year affect the free hours of 
workers in the oil industry.
d) workers in the oil industry need to be prepared to survive all 
kinds of weather conditions.
e) appropriate clothing for severe working conditions must 
also be comfortable for the warm climate.
141) (CESGRANRIO/2014) 
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that express synony-
mous ideas are
a) vast (line 1) – broad
b) tough (line 3) – uncomplicated
c) suitable (line 17) – inadequate
d) random (line 24) – systematic
e) demanding (line 30) – unchallenging
142) (CESGRANRIO/2014) 
In the fragment “The oil industry is a lot like the military in that it em-
ploys people in nearly every profession.” (lines 5-6) the expression in 
that can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by
a) if
b) but
c) because
d) even though
e) provided that
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PRESIDENT OBAMA TO SLEEPY AIR CONTROLLERS: ‘BETTER DO YOUR 
JOB’
LISA STARK AND ANDREW SPRINGER
President Obama lectured air traffic controllers in an exclusive inter-
view with ABC News, impressing on them the enormous responsibility 
of safeguarding flying passengers and telling them, “You better do your 
job.”
The president spoke after several controllers were caught 
asleep on the job and the man in charge of air traffic control, 
Hank Krakowski, resigned on Thursday.
“The individuals who are falling asleep on the job, that’s 
unacceptable,” the president told ABC News’ George Stephanopoulos in 
an exclusive interview on Thursday. “The fact is, when 
you’re responsible for the lives and safety of people up in the 
air, you better do your job. So, there’s an element of individual 
responsibility that has to be dealt with.”
Five controllers have been suspended for apparently 
napping on the job while planes were trying to land at their 
airports. The president said a full review of air traffic control 
work shifts is under way.
“What we also have to look at is air traffic control systems. 
Do we have enough back up? Do we have enough people? Are 
they getting enough rest time?” Obama said. He added, however, “But it 
starts with individual responsibility.”
In March, two commercial airliners were forced to land 
unassisted at Washington, D.C.’s Reagan National Airport after 
a controller apparently fell asleep.Just days later, two controllers at the 
Preston Smith International Airport in Lubbock, Texas, did not hand off 
control of a departing aircraft to another control center and it took 
repeated attempts for them to be reached.
On Feb. 19, an air traffic controller in Knoxville, Tenn., slept 
during an overnight shift. Sources told ABC News that the worker even 
took pillows and cushions from a break room to build a make-shift bed 
on the control room floor.
And this month, there were two more incidents. A controller fell asleep 
on the job in Seattle, and days later a controller in Reno was snoozing 
when a plane carrying a critically ill passenger was seeking permission 
to land.
The FAA and the controller’s union have been studying the 
fatigue issue for over a year and their report finds that “acute 
fatigue occurs on a daily basis,” and “fatigue can occur at any 
time, on any shift.”
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Sleep experts suggest midshift naps
Some sleep experts said controllers are ripe for fatigue 
because they often bounce between day shifts and night shifts. 
“When we’re constantly having to adjust to different work 
schedules, our body is always playing catch up,” said Philip 
Gehrman, Director of the Behavioral Sleep Program at the University of 
Pennsylvania.
Controllers on the night shift have another hurdle: they 
often work in dim light conditions with little stimulation between radio 
calls. “That’s exactly the kind of type of task that’s 
hardest to maintain, when you’re at the wrong point in your 
biological rhythms,” said Gehrman.
One recommendation from the government study suggests 
allowing controllers to take scheduled naps, with breaks as long 
as two and a half hours to allow for sleeping and waking up.
Sleep experts said a long break in the middle of an eight 
hour overnight shift would help, but it might be a tough sell 
politically. It has taken decades to try to come up with new 
fatigue rules for pilots and it may not be any easier when it 
comes to controllers.
Available at: <http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/obama-
-air-traffic--controllers-individual-responsibility/
story?id=13382280#.UA XpFceSo>. Retrieved on: July 25, 2012.
143) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
In the fragment of Text: “‘So, there’s an element of individual 
responsibility that has to be dealt with.’” (lines 6-7), the expression has 
to expresses an idea of
a) ability
b) capacity
c) obligation
d) permission
e) possibility
144) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
President Obama’s warning to air traffic controllers “‘You better do your 
job.’” (line 2, Text) can be rephrased as
a) You should work in better jobs.
b) You need to be present at your job.
c) You should work better and more often.
d) You had better work as expectedof you.
e) It would be better if you worked more intensely.
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145) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
In Text, according to Philip Gerhman,
a) air traffic controllers are frequently changing shifts and such 
irregular routine disrupts their biological rhythm.
b) air traffic controllers are generally fatigued because they arrive home 
late and want to catch up with family news.
c) regular sleep periods at the same time on all days of the week are 
mandatory.
d) adjusting to varied working hours is like playing a game to catch up 
on leisure time.
e) dark rooms and monotonous working routines can significantly alter 
our internal clocks.
146) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The fragment of Text “but it might be a tough sell politically.” (line 30) 
implies that it would be
a) easy to sell the idea that air traffic controllers need political 
representatives.
b) hard to convince air traffic management that controllers need long 
breaks during their working shifts.
c) fair to blame the working conditions of air traffic controllers on politi-
cians who defend new job legislation.
d) possible to persuade politicians to take longer intervals between 
working shifts.
e) difficult to argument that sleep experts understand the reasons for 
sleep disorders of air traffic controllers.
147) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
In Text, in terms of reference, the boldfaced pronoun
a) them in “and telling them” (line 2) refers to passengers (line 2).
b) it in “But it starts with individual responsibility.” (line 12) refers to 
time (line 11).
c) them in “for them to be reached” (line 16) refers to controllers (line 
15).
d) they in “they often bounce” (line 23) refers to experts (line 23).
e) it in “it may not be any easier” (line 31) refers to shift (line 30).
148) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
Based on the meanings in Text,
a) “safeguarding” (line 2) and protecting are antonyms.
b) “resigned” (line 4) and reassumed express similar ideas.
c) “snoozing” (line 19) and napping are not equivalent in meaning.
d) “ripe” (line 23) and unprepared are synonyms.
e) “hurdle” (line 26) and barrier are synonyms.
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149) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
In the fragments of Text: “did not hand off control of a departing aircraft 
to another control center” (lines 15-16) and “It has taken decades to try 
to come up with new fatigue rules for pilots” (lines 30-31), the expres-
sions hand off and come up with mean, respectively,
a) introduce - exclude
b) impose - produce
c) request - discard
d) transfer - create
e) assign - avoid
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A DAY IN THE LIFE OF THE WOMEN OF O&G
BY JAIME KAMMERZELL FROM RIGZONE CONTRIBUTOR. TUESDAY, 
FEBRUARY 14, 2012
Although far fewer women work in the oil and gas (O&G) 
industry compared to men, many women find rewarding 
careers in the industry. Five women were asked the same 
questions regarding their career choices in the oil and gas 
industry.
Question 1: Why did you choose the oil and gas industry? 
Woman 1: Cool technology, applying science and money.
Woman 2: It seemed interesting and the pay was good.
Woman 3: They offered me a job! I couldn’t turn down the 
great starting salary and a chance to live in New Orleans.
Woman 4: I did not really choose the oil and gas industry as 
much as it chose me.
Woman 5: I chose the oil and gas industry because of the 
challenging projects, and I want to be part of our country’s 
energy solution.
Question 2: How did you get your start in the oil and gas 
industry?
Woman 1: I went to a university that all major oil companies 
recruit. I received a summer internship with Texaco before my 
last year of my Master’s degree.
Woman 2: I was recruited at a Texas Tech Engineering Job 
Fair.
Woman 3: At the time, campus recruiters came to the 
geosciences department of my university annually and they 
sponsored scholarships for graduate students to help complete their 
research. Even though my Master’s thesis was more 
geared toward environmental studies, as a recipient of one 
of these scholarships, my graduate advisor strongly encouraged me to 
participate when the time came for O&G Industry 
interviews.
Woman 4: I was working for a company in another state 
where oil and gas was not its primary business. When the company 
sold its division in the state where I was working, they 
offered me a position at the company’s headquarters in Houston man-
aging the aftermarket sales for the company’s largest 
region. Aftermarket sales supported the on-highway, construction, in-
dustrial, agricultural and the oil and gas markets. After 
one year, the company asked me to take the position of managing their 
marine and offshore power products division. I held 
that position for three years. I left that company to join a new 
startup company where I hold the position of president.
Woman 5: My first job in the oil and gas industry was an 
internship with Mobil Oil Corp., in New Orleans.I worked with a 
lot of smart, focused and talented geoscientists and engineers.
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Question 3: Describe your typical day.
Woman 1: Tough one to describe a typical day. I generally 
read email, go to a couple of meetings and work with the field’s 
earth model or look at seismic.
Woman 2: I talk with clients, help prepare bids and work 
on getting projects out the door. My days are never the same, 
which is what I love about the job I have.
Woman 3: I usually work from 7:30 a.m. – 6:30 p.m. 
(although the official day is shorter). We call the field every 
morning for an update on operations, security, construction, 
facilities and production engineering activities. I work with my 
team leads on short-term and long-term projects to enhance 
production (a lot of emails and Powerpoint). I usually have 2-3 
meetings per day to discuss/prioritize/review ongoing or upcoming 
work (production optimization, simulation modeling, drilling plans, geo-
logic interpretation, workovers, etc.). Beyond our 
team, I also participate in a number of broader business initiatives and 
leadership teams.
Woman 4: A typical day is a hectic day for me. My day 
usually starts well before 8 a.m. with phone calls and emails 
with our facility in Norway, as well as other business relationships 
abroad. At the office, I am involved in the daily business operations and 
also stay closely involved in the projects and the sales efforts. On any 
given day I am working on budgets and finance, attending project meet-
ings, attending engineering meetings, reviewing drawings and technical 
specifications, meeting with clients and prospective clients, reviewing 
sales proposals, evaluating new business opportunities 
and making a lot of decisions.
Woman 5: On most days I work on my computer to complete my proj-
ects. I interpret logs, create maps, research local and 
regional geology or write documents. I go to project meetings 
almost every day. I typically work only during business hours, 
but there are times when I get calls at night or on weekends 
from a rig or other geologists for assistance with a technical 
problem.
Adapted from URL: <http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.
asp?a_id=11508>. Retrieved on February 14, 2012. 11
150) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The sentence, in Text, in which the boldfaced expression introduces an 
idea of addition is
a) “Although far fewer women work in the oil and gas (O&G) 
industry compared to men, many women find rewarding 
careers in the industry.”
b) “I chose the oil and gas industry because of the challenging 
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projects,”
c) “Even though my Master’s thesis was more geared toward 
environmental studies,”
d) “as well as other business relationships abroad.”
e) “but there are times when I get calls at night or on weekends 
from a rig or other geologists for assistance with a technical problem.”
151) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The only fragment from Text I that presents a series of actions exclu-sively performed in the past is
a) “I chose the oil and gas industry because of the challenging projects, 
and I want to be part of our country’s energy solution.”
b) “I held that position for three years. I left that company to 
join a new startup company where I hold the position of president.”
c) “My first job in the oil and gas industry was an internship 
with Mobil Oil Corp., in New Orleans. I worked with a lot of 
smart, focused and talented geoscientists and engineers.”
d) “At the office, I am involved in the daily business operations 
and also stay closely involved in the projects and the sales efforts.”
e) “On most days I work on my computer to complete my projects. I 
interpret logs, create maps, research local and regional geology or write 
documents.”
152) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
According to Text, when asked about their choice of the oil and gas 
industry,
a) all the interviewees pointed out the relevance of having a green job.
b) all the women felt really committed to solving the nation’s energy 
problems.
c) all the interviewees mentioned that the challenges of the 
field attracted them.
d) just one of the women commented that she was attracted 
by the location of the job.
e) no interviewee considered the salary an important factor 
for accepting the job.
153) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
In Text, using the interviewees’ experience, it can be said that getting 
a job in the O&G industry can result from all the following situations, 
EXCEPT
a) participating in a job fair.
b) taking part in O&G Industry interviews.
c) applying to specific job ads via internet sites.
d) attending a university where major oil companies look for 
prospective employees.
e) getting previous experience in an internship program with 
an O&G organization.
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154) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
In Text, according to the answers to the third question in the interview,
a) Woman 1 implies that every day is the same for her, since 
she performs exactly the same tasks routinely.
b) Woman 2 complains against her very boring schedule at the 
office, dealing with strictly technical issues.
c) Woman 3 always works off hours and does not get involved 
with the operations in the field.
d) Woman 4 has negotiations with the international branches 
and gets involved in commercial and technical issues.
e) Woman 5 does not need to worry about preparing written 
materials nor deciding on last-minute technical issues at 
nights or on weekends.
155) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
Based on the meanings of the words in Text,
a) major and main express opposite ideas.
b) headquarters could be substituted by main office.
c) smart and intelligent are antonyms.
d) enhance and reduce express similar ideas.
e) prospective and former are synonyms.
156) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
In Text, the expression “turn down” in “I couldn’t turn down the great 
starting salary and a chance to live in New Orleans” could be replaced, 
without change in meaning, by
a) refuse
b) take
c) accept
d) request
e) understand
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SAFETY MEETING PRESENTATION
Today’s meeting is really about you. I can stand in front of 
you and talk about working safely and what procedures to follow until 
I’m blue in the face. But until you understand the need 
for working safely, until you are willing to be responsible for 
your safety, it doesn’t mean a whole lot.
Some of you may be familiar with OSHA - the Occupational 
Safety & Health Administration. The sole purpose of this agency is to 
keep American workers safe. Complying with OSHA 
regulations isn’t always easy, but if we work together, we can 
do it. Yet, complying with regulations is not the real reason for 
working safely. Our real motive is simple. We care about 
each and every one of you and will do what is necessary to 
prevent you from being injured.
However, keeping our workplace safe takes input from 
everyone. Management, supervisor, and all of you have to 
come together on this issue, or we’re in trouble. For example, 
upper management has to approve the purchase of safe equipment. 
Supervisors, including myself, have to ensure that each 
of you knows how to use that equipment safely. Then it’s up to 
you to follow through the task and use the equipment as you 
were trained. If any one part of this chain fails, accidents are 
going to happen and people are going to get hurt.
Responsibility Number One - Recognize Hazards
At the core of your safety responsibilities lies the task of 
recognizing safety and health hazards. In order to do that, 
you must first understand what constitutes a hazard. Extreme 
hazards are often obvious. Our hopes are that you won’t find 
too many of those around here.
There are, however, more subtle hazards that won’t jump 
up and bite you. As a result of your safety training and meetings like 
these, some things may come to mind. For example, a machine may 
not be easy to lock out. Common practice may be to use a tag. This is 
a potential hazard and should be discussed. Maybe something can be 
changed to make it easier to use a lock. Other subtle hazards include 
such things as frayed electrical cords, a loose machine guard, a clut-
tered aisle, or maybe something that just doesn’t look right.
Responsibility Number Two - Report Hazards
A big part of recognizing hazards is using your instincts. 
Nobody knows your job as well as you do, so we’re counting on 
you to let us know about possible problems. Beyond recognizing haz-
ards, you have to correct them or report them to 
someone who can. This too, is a judgement call. For example, 
if something spills in your work area you can probably clean 
it up yourself. However, if there is an unlabeled chemical container and 
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you have no idea what it is, you should report it to 
your supervisor.
Additional Employee Responsibilities
Good housekeeping is a major part of keeping your work 
area safe. For example, you should take a few minutes each 
day to ensure that aisles, hallways, and stairways in your work 
area are not obstructed. If boxes, equipment, or anything else 
is left to pile up, you have a tripping hazard on your hands. 
Those obstructions could keep you from exiting the building 
quickly and safely should you face an emergency situation.
Also watch out for spills. These can lead to slips and falls. 
Flammable materials are another thing to be aware of. Make 
sure they are disposed of properly.
Keep Thinking. Even if you’re doing your job safely and you 
are avoiding hazards, there are often even better ways to work 
safely. If you have ideas for improving the safety of your job or 
that of co-workers, share them.
Concluding Remarks
While nothing we do can completely eliminate the threat 
of an incident, we can work together to improve our odds. As I 
said, this must be a real team effort and I’m counting on input 
from all of you. Let’s keep communicating and continue to 
improve safety.
Available at: <http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/training/ 
meeting/emplores.html>. Retrieved on: April 1st, 2012. 
Adapted.
157) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The modal auxiliary in boldface conveys the idea of obligation 
in the fragment:
a) “Some of you may be familiar with OSHA”
b) “we can do it.”
c) “and will do what is necessary to prevent you from being injured.”
d) “you must first understand what constitutes a hazard.”
e) “Those obstructions could keep you from exiting the building quickly 
and safely”
158) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The main purpose of the text is to
a) blame supervisors and managers who cannot use equipment safely 
in the office.
b) inform employees that the use of instincts is all it takes to 
prevent dangers at work.
c) present OSHA to American workers who had never heard 
about this organization.
d) argue that the acquisition of modern and safer equipment 
can prevent all job accidents.
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e) encourage the cooperation of all employees so asto prevent 
dangers in the workplace.
159) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The fragment ‘all of you have to come together on this issue, or we’re in 
trouble.” is understood as a(n)
a) funny joke
b) call to action
c) violent threat
d) ineffective request
e) welcome imposition
160) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The pronoun “those” in the sentence “Our hopes are that you won’t find 
too many of those around here.” refers to
a) safety responsibilities
b) safety and health hazards
c) extreme hazards
d) our hopes
e) more subtle hazards
161) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
According to the text, employees have several safety responsibilities at 
work, EXCEPT
a) understanding what constitutes a hazard.
b) using their instincts to help prevent risks.
c) avoiding obstructed spaces in the work area.
d) eliminating the use of all flammable materials.
e) correcting dangers or reporting on them to have them solved.
162) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
According to the text, it is clear that the author
a) believes that labor risks cannot be reduced by team efforts 
and commitment.
b) expects to be kept informed of potential situations that may 
be dangerous.
c) considers the cooperation of workers an irrelevant measure to im-
prove safety at work.
d) defends that corporate management is accountable for all 
issues regarding safety at work.
e) feels that co-workers’ suggestions are useless in identifying 
hazards in the work environment.
163) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
Until I’m blue in the face’ in the fragment “I can stand in front of you and 
talk about working safely and what procedures to follow until I’m blue in 
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the face.” is substituted, without change in meaning, by ‘until I
a) dismiss you’.
b) lose your attention’.
c) get breathless but cheerful’.
d) get exhausted and speechless’.
e) become discouraged and melancholic’.
164) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The expressions “Complying with” and “follow through” in the frag-
ments “Complying with OSHA regulations isn’t always easy,” and “Then 
it’s up to you to follow through the task and use the equipment as you 
were trained.” may, respectively, be substituted, without change in 
meaning, by
a) accepting; quit
b) respecting; leave
c) refusing; complete
d) resisting; pursue
e) obeying; conclude
165) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
Based on the meanings in the text, it is clear that
a) “sole” and only express similar ideas.
b) “injured” and hurt are antonyms.
c) “ensure” and guarantee express contradictory ideas.
d) “subtle” and obvious are synonyms.
e) “odds” and probabilities do not have equivalent meanings.
166) (CESGRANRIO/2012) 
The expression in boldface introduces the idea of consequence in the 
fragment:
a) “Yet, complying with regulations is not the real reason for 
working safely.”
b) “In order to do that, you must first understand what constitutes a 
hazard.”
c) “As a result of your safety training and meetings like these, some 
things may come to mind.”
d) “However, if there is an unlabeled chemical container and you have 
no idea what it is,”
e) “While nothing we do can completely eliminate the threat of an inci-
dent,”
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ARE YOU TRAINING YOURSELF TO FAIL?
Did you get done what you wanted to get done today?
By Peter Bregman. September 13, 2011 / Psychology Today
Some people are naturally pre-disposed to being highly 
productive. They start their days with a clear and reasonable 
intention of what they plan to do, and then they work diligently through-
out the day, sticking to their plans, focused on 
accomplishing their most important priorities, until the day 
ends and they’ve achieved precisely what they had expected. Each day 
moves them one day closer to what they intend 
to accomplish over the year.
I am, unfortunately, not one of those people. Left to my own 
devices, I rarely end my day with the satisfaction of a plan well 
executed. My natural inclination is to start my morning with a 
long and overly ambitious list of what I hope to accomplish and 
push myself with sheer will to accomplish it. I’m prone to be 
so busy — answering emails, multitasking, taking phone calls, 
taking care of errands — that, without intervention, I would get 
very little of importance done.
And then, exhausted by my busyness, but unsatisfied by 
how little of importance I’d accomplished, I would distract 
myself further by doing things that made me feel better in 
the moment, if not accomplished — like browsing the internet 
or eating something sweet.
Our instincts most often drive us toward instant gratification. And the 
world around us conspires to lure us off task. 
Given total freedom, most of us would spend far too much 
time browsing websites and eating sweets. And being totally 
responsive to our environments would just have us running 
around like crazy catering to other people’s agendas.
For me, the allure of accomplishing lots of little details 
would often override my focus on the big things I value. Each 
morning I would try to change my natural tendency by exerting 
self-control. I would talk to myself about how, starting this 
morning, I would be more focused, psych myself up to have a 
productive day, and commit to myself that I wouldn’t do any 
errands until the important work was done.It almost never worked. Cer-
tainly not reliably.
And so, without understanding it at the time, I was teaching 
myself to fail. People talk about failure — I talk about failure — 
as critical to learning. But what if we don’t learn? What if we do 
the same things, repeatedly, hoping for different results but 
not changing our behavior?
Then we are training ourselves to fail repeatedly.
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 Because the more we continue to make the same mistakes, the more 
we ingrain the ineffective behaviors into our 
lives. Our failures become our rituals, our rituals become 
our habits, and our habits become our identity. We no longer 
experience an unproductive day; we become unproductive 
people.
You can’t get out of this pattern by telling yourself you’re a productive 
person. You’re smarter than that; you won’t believe 
yourself and the data won’t support the illusion.
You have to climb out the same way you climbed in: with new 
rituals.
For me, the best way to discover the most effective rituals to 
help me achieve my most important priorities was through 
trial and error. Every evening I looked at what worked and 
repeated it the next. I looked at what didn’t and stopped it.
What I found is that rather than trying to develop super-human 
discipline and focus, I needed to rely on a process to make it 
more likely that I would be focused and productive and less 
likely that I would be scattered and ineffective.
Rituals like these: Spending five minutes in the morning to 
place my most important work onto my calendar, stopping 
every hour to ask myself whether I’m sticking to my plan, 
and spending five minutes in the evening to learn from my 
successes and failures. Answering my emails in chunks 
at predetermined times during the day instead of whenever they come 
in. And never letting anything stay on my to 
do list for more than three days (after which I either do it 
immediately, schedule it in my calendar, or delete it).
It doesn’t take long for these rituals to become habits and for 
the habits to become your identity. And then, you become a 
productive person.
The trick then is to stay productive. Once your identity changes, 
you are at risk of letting go of your rituals. You don’t need 
them anymore, you think to yourself, because you are now 
a productive person. You no longer suffer from the problem 
the rituals saved you from.
But that’s a mistake. Rituals don’t change us. They simply modify our 
behavior as long as we practice them. Once we stop, 
we lose their benefit. In other words, being productive — 
forever more — requires that you maintain the rituals that 
keep you productive — forever more.
I would love to say that I am now one of thosepeople who is 
naturally pre-disposed to being highly productive. But I’m 
not. There’s nothing natural about productivity for me.
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Available in: <http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ how-we-
-work/201109/are-you-training-yourself-fail>. Retrieved 
on: Sept. 17, 2011.
167) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
In “You have to climb out the same way you climbed in: with new 
rituals” the modal that substitutes ‘have to’ without a change in 
meaning is
a) may
b) can
c) must
d) would
e) might
168) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
The author’s intention in this text is to a) list all the daily tasks that end 
up in repeated failure at work.
b) suggest a strategy to keep focused on the main items on one’s to-do 
list.
c) illustrate how he has easily overcome his problem of distraction from 
relevant goals.
d) deny that rituals are good habits for developing discipline and focus-
ing on important tasks.
e) defend the idea that those who invest their time and energy 
in modifying their habits are never successful.
169) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
In the first paragraph, Peter Bregman mentions people who are naturally 
pre-disposed to being highly productive because he
a) wishes he could be like them.
b) would like to be as busy as they are.
c) does not understand why they like rituals.
d) never feels pleasure in accomplishing his tasks.
e) considers himself happier and more dynamic than these people.
170) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
The sentence “It almost never worked.” refers to the fact that the author
a) tried to control his impulse of doing irrelevant errands before facing 
his commitments.
b) had to change his goals to concentrate only on the details of his daily 
tasks.
c) could never see the relevance of doing important work very early in 
the morning on weekdays.
d) believes that failure is critical to learning, so it is not essential to con-
trol oneself to do the right things.
e) thinks that the world conspires to make people deny their responsi-
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bilities and spend their time on leisure activities.
171) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
In “Once your identity changes, you are at risk of letting go of your ritu-
als.”, the author implies that a change of identity
a) will certainly lead to behavioral misconduct and inconvenient daily 
habits.
b) will force you to be productive and remain so forever, never needing 
your rituals anymore.
c) will reveal that habits are not part of your identity as an 
under-achiever in the work environment.
d) can eliminate rituals because they are usually ineffective strategies 
to achieve successful results.
e) is essential to force yourself to become and remain productive along 
the days by establishing effective rituals.
172) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
“I’m prone to be so busy […] that, without intervention, I would get very 
little of importance done.” illustrates that the author
a) is constantly distracted from his most relevant goals for the day.
b) leads a very busy professional life with no time for his family 
and friends.
c) can only fulfill his professional tasks by making use of phone calls 
and emails.
d) plans to do things that make him feel better before he 
attempts his daily assignments.
e) has so many household tasks to accomplish that he constantly fails 
in most of his plans.
173) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
The author ends the text in a tone of
a) high hopes
b) intense anger
c) total conformity
d) extreme satisfaction
e) profound melancholy
174) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
The expression busyness is in italics to a) confuse the reader by refer-
ring to all of Peter Bregman’s financial problems.
b) show that the author is not immediately accessible to talk to 
other people at work.
c) point out that all the author’s enterprises are giving him a 
succession of bad results.
d) highlight that the author is referring to himself as being 
extremely full of activities.
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e) convey to the reader that Peter Bregman has dedicated 
himself to the company that he owns.
175) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
Based on the meanings in the text,
a) overly could be substituted by “moderately”.
b) responsive and “insensitive” are antonyms.
c) override and “invalidate” express opposite ideas.
d) ingrain and “reject” express similar ideas.
e) scattered and “concentrated” are synonyms.
176) (CESGRANRIO/2011) 
In “Once we stop, we lose their benefit.” the word “once” can be re-
placed, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by
a) Despite the fact that
b) As soon as
c) As far as
d) Though
e) While
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WHY COMPANIES NEED LESS INNOVATION
BY PAT LENCIONI
Perhaps the most popular—and misunderstood—term of 
the first decade of the new millennium is “innovation.” A new 
stack of books and articles is produced every year asserting the 
critical importance of innovation for organizations that want 
to survive, especially during these challenging times. And to a 
large extent, I agree with that assertion. Unfortunately, most 
organizations in search of innovation seem to be generating as 
much cynicism as they are new thinking.
The problem(a) isn’t so much that we’re overstating the 
importance of innovation; it’s more about what so many leaders are 
doing with it(a). Too many of them(b) are exhorting all 
of their employees(b) to be more innovative, providing classes 
and workshops designed to teach everyone how to think outside the 
box. They’re also doing their best to include innovation on a list of core 
values, emblazoning the word on annual reports and hallway posters, 
hoping that this will inspire people to come up with new ideas that will 
revolutionize the long-term strategic and financial prospects of the 
company.
For all the talk about innovation, most executives don’t 
really like the prospect of their people generating new ways to 
do things, hoping instead that they’ll simply do what they’re 
being asked to do in the most enthusiastic, professional way 
possible. So it is no surprise(c) when leaders get pounded for 
preaching innovation without really valuing it(c).
Only a Few Innovators
What should leaders(d) do? Be more open to new ideas 
from employees? Probably not. Better yet, they(d) should stop 
overhyping innovation to the masses and come to the realization that 
only a limited number of people in any company really 
needs to be innovative.
As heretical as that may seem to those who want to believe that “inno-
vation is everyone’s business,” consider that even 
the most innovative and creative organizations need far more 
people to be dutiful, enthusiastic, and consistent in their work 
than innovative or creative.
Think about a movie set. For every writer or director or 
actor on the payroll, there are hordes of people who have to 
be technically proficient, consistent, patient, and disciplined 
in their responsibilities. If they innovate, the project turns to 
chaos.
And the most creative restaurant requires the work of a 
single chef to design a fabulous menu, and dozens of cooks 
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and waitresses and waiters and dishwashers who will do their 
jobs with commitment, consistency, and dutifulness. If the 
cooks innovate, consistency is gone and customers can’t rely 
on what they’re going to get. Even a high-tech company doesn’t 
want or need its finance department or sales staff to be truly 
innovative.
What should leaders demand of their people, if not innovation? How 
about a combination of interpersonal creativity and 
autonomy? “Creatonomy.” I realize that sounds like a protein 
drink for bodybuilders; however, what it means is that we need 
our employees to take complete responsibility to do their jobs 
and satisfy customers in the most effective and charismatic 
way possible, but within the bounds of sound business principles. For 
those who say “Well, that’s what we mean when we 
use the word ‘innovation’,” one needs to realize that it’snot 
what employees are hearing.
The Creatonomy Factor
Creatonomy is something that thrives in great companies. 
The world’s best airlines, quick-service restaurant companies, 
department stores, and entrepreneurial businesses excel 
in it. Their employees are passionate and committed and take 
complete responsibility for their work, consistently turning customers 
into loyal fans. Sure, they’re encouraged to share their 
ideas about new ways to work, but most of what they are known for is 
being great at what has already been defined as the 
product or service that their company offers. And most leaders 
I know would take that any day, even before innovation.
There is one group of people in an organization that(e) has 
to exercise the capacity for innovation(e), regardless of their 
functional area. That group is the leadership team. Those who are char-
tered with overseeing a company’s various 
departments from the top are the keepers of innovation. They 
are ultimately responsible for determining the boundaries of 
change that are acceptable and, perhaps most important of all, 
identifying the handful of others within their departments who 
have the invitation and freedom to innovate.
Therefore, if you’re a leader, the next time you think about 
giving a speech or sending out an e-mail calling for your people 
to innovate, consider being more specific about what you 
really want from them. And if you really believe that your organization 
isn’t innovative enough, focus your efforts first on the 
people at the top.
http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/aug2010/ 
id20100825_409624.htm, retrieved on December 19, 2010. 
(slightly adapted)
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177) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
In terms of reference,
a) “...it.” refers to “...problem...”
b) “...them...” refers to “...employees...”
c) “...it.” refers to “...surprise...”
d) “they...” refers to “...leaders...”
e) “...that...” refers to “...innovation.”
178) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
The author’s intention in this text is to
a) warn organizations that 21st century employees should 
abandon creatonomy at work.
b) clarify the scope of innovation in business environments 
and restrain its relevance to certain jobs.
c) blame employees for distorting the original meaning of 
innovation for their benefit.
d) encourage employees to become more creative and innovative than 
the leadership team.
e) suggest that top leaders in industrial companies should 
avoid being innovative.
179) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
The fragment “…to teach everyone how to think outside the box.” sug-
gests that company leaders are
a) stimulating employees to adopt classic ways of thinking and 
behaving.
b) defending that all workers must learn to organize their 
materials in classified boxes.
c) showing their employees how to look further and see things 
from unconventional perspectives.
d) finding ways to criticize the business executives’ lateral 
thought processes which contradict standard ideas.
e) planning new courses and training sessions that will teach workers 
to follow all of the norms for out-of-company 
procedures.
180) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
In “…only a limited number of people in any company really needs to be 
innovative.”, the fragment “really needs to be” transmits the idea of
a) minor ability
b) strong necessity
c) weak possibility
d) severe regulation
e) inevitable advice
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181) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
In paragraphs 6 and 7, the contexts of a movie set and a creative 
restaurant are mentioned to illustrate the fact that
a) those are the only areas in which innovation is, definitely, not 
welcome.
b) only actors and cooks are allowed to take innovative actions 
in their jobs.
c) chefs and movie directors must excel in innovation just as 
every business employee.
d) all employees in the entertainment industry are taught to 
be innovative and creative all the time.
e) in all business contexts, innovation and creativity are 
essential aptitudes for only a part of the professionals.
182) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
The question “What should leaders 
demand of their people, if not innovation?” implies that
a) people feel that innovation only matters for demanding 
business leaders.
b) innovation is not in demand for all leaders and customers.
c) innovation is irrelevant for most business leaders nowadays.
d) leaders should require all their people to be innovative.
e) leaders should expect their subordinates to develop skills 
other than innovation.
183) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
The author defends ‘creatonomy’ at work because
a) creativity and autonomy are the only characteristics required of busi-
ness leaders.
b) employees should be extremely innovative and avoid following the 
norms for their jobs.
c) customers request to be attended to by business assistants 
who follow the politeness principles.
d) employees should be able to act responsibly and serve their 
clients appropriately and pleasantly.
e) people working in the same company should share feelings 
of harmony and credibility.
184) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
In the fragments “…this will inspire people to come up with new ideas 
that will revolutionize the long-term strategic and financial prospects 
of the company.” and “… customers can’t rely on what they’re going to 
get.”, “come up with” and “rely on” could be replaced in the text with, 
respectively,
a) suggest – depend on
b) propose – calculate
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c) supply – understand
d) borrow – count on
e) discard – believe in
185) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
The boldfaced item is synonymous with the expression in parentheses 
in
a) “Unfortunately, most organizations in search of innovation 
seem to be generating as much cynicism as they are new 
thinking.” – (Definitely).
b) “So it is no surprise when leaders get pounded for preaching innova-
tion without really valuing it.” – (Nonetheless).
c) “If they innovate, the project turns to chaos.” – (Although).
d) “however, what it means is that we need our employees to 
take complete responsibility to do their jobs…” – (moreover).
e) “Therefore, if you’re a leader, the next time you think about 
giving a speech or sending out an e-mail calling for your 
people to innovate,” – (Thus).
186) (CESGRANRIO/2011)
Based on the meanings in the text,
a) “...asserting...” and denying are synonyms.
b) “...overstating...” and emphasizing express similar ideas.
c) “...exhorting...” and encouraging are antonyms.
d) “...prospect...” and possibility express contradictory ideas.
e) “...thrives...” can not be substituted by flourishes.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF DISCOVERING YOUR PLAN B
BY JOHN W. MULLINS AND RANDY KOMISAR
If the founders of Google, Starbucks, or PayPal had stuck 
to their original business plans, we’d likely never have heard 
of them. Instead, they made radical changes to their initial 
models, became household names, and delivered huge returns 
for their founders and investors. How did they get from their 
Plan A to a business model that worked? Why did they succeed 
when most new ventures crash and burn?
Every aspiring entrepreneur, whether they desire to start 
a new company or create something new within an existing 
company, has a Plan A — and virtually all of these individuals 
believe that their Plan A will work. They can probably even imagine how 
they’ll look on the cover of Fortune or Inc. magazine. 
Unfortunately, they are usually wrong. But what separates the 
ultimate successes from the rest is what they do when their 
first plan fails to catch on. Do they lick their wounds, get back 
on their feet, and morph their newly found insights into great 
businesses or do they doggedly stick to their original plan?
Let’s face an uncomfortable fact: the typical startup process, largely 
driven by poorly conceived business plans based 
on untested assumptions, is seriously flawed. Most new ventures, even 
those with venture capital backing, share onecommon characteristic. 
They fail. But there is a better way to launch 
new ideas — without wasting years of your time and loads of 
investors’ money. This better way is about discovering a business mod-
el that really works: a Plan B, like those of Google and 
Starbucks, which grows out of the original idea, builds on it, 
and once it’s in place, enables the business to grow rapidly and 
prosper.
Most of the time, breaking through to a better business 
model takes time. And it takes error, too — error from which 
you learn. For Max Levchin, who wanted to build a business 
based on his cryptography expertise, Plans A through F didn’t 
work, but Plan G turned out to be the ubiquitous PayPal we 
know today.
Getting to Plan B in Your Business
How can you break through to a business model that will 
work for your business? First, you’ll need an idea to pursue. 
The best ideas resolve somebody’s pain, some customer problem 
you’ve identified for which you have a solution that might 
work. Alternatively, some good ideas take something in customers’ lives 
that’s pretty boring and create something so superior it provides true 
customer delight, as was the case for the 
Walkman and the iPod.
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Next, you’ll need to identify some analogs, portions of which you can 
borrow or adapt to help you understand the economics and various oth-
er facets of your proposed business and 
its business model. And you’ll need antilogs, too. As we have 
seen from the Apple story, analogs and antilogs don’t have to 
only be from your own industry, though. Sometimes the most 
valuable insights come from rather unusual sources.
Having identified both analogs and antilogs, you can quickly 
reach conclusions about some things that are, with at least a 
modicum of certainty, known about your venture. But it is 
not what you know that will likely scupper your Plan A, of course. It’s 
what you don’t know. The questions you cannot answer 
from historical precedent lead to your leaps of faith — beliefs 
you hold about the answers to your questions despite having 
no real evidence that these beliefs are actually true.
To address your leaps of faith, you’ll have to leap! Identify 
your key leaps of faith and then test your hypothesis. That may 
mean opening a smaller shop than you aspire to operate, 
just to see how customers respond. It may mean trying different prices 
for your newly developed gadget to see which price 
makes sales pop. By identifying your leaps of faith early and 
devising ways to test hypotheses that will prove or refute them, 
you are in a position to learn whether or not your Plan A will 
work before you waste too much time and money.
The European Business Review Available at: http://www.
europeanbusinessreview.com/?p=1608 - retrieved on July 4th, 
2010.
187) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
The word “might” in “… you have a solution that might work.” can be 
replaced without change in meaning by
a) must surely.
b) will certainly.
c) may probably.
d) can eventually.
e) should definitely.
188) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
According to the authors,
a) businesses only prosper if they strictly adopt their Plan A.
b) most famous companies fail because their leaders never 
stick to their original plan.
c) it is necessary to be faithful to the first business plan and 
wait for customers to respond.
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d) some currently successful companies had to give up their 
initial plans for alternative business models.
e) companies always fail when they decide to adopt their Plan 
B as a shortcut to their original business strategy.
189) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
Google, Starbucks and PayPal are mentioned in paragraph 1 since they
a) are the only well-known companies in America nowadays.
b) represent companies which have never delivered high returns to the 
investors.
c) are examples of companies which made significant alterations to 
their original business plans.
d) illustrate the kind of businesses that remained loyal to their 
original plans and fought for results.
e) have founders who have been on the cover of Fortune 
magazine and are the world’s richest men.
190) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
Mulins and Komisar, in paragraph 3, state that the typical business 
startup process is usually unsuccessful because it
a) does not invest rich sums or waste years on precise planning to de-
sign an elaborate business model.
b) shares common characteristics with traditional businesses 
that have survived crises.
c) expects the business to grow rapidly and prosper faster 
than all other companies in the market.
d) rejects venture capital funding and does not expect immediate re-
turns.
e) is based on inadequately designed business plans and on 
market hypothesis that are not previously tested.
191) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
Max Levchin, mentioned in paragraph 4, can be considered a(an)
a) persistent businessman who fought for success.
b) careless worker who didn’t take time to build a business 
model.
c) foolish entrepreneur who insisted on opening his own 
company.
d) expert in cryptography who failed as a businessman.
e) impatient investor who did not believe PayPal would 
prosper.
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192) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
The term in parentheses expresses the idea introduced by the term in 
bold in
a) “Instead, they made radical changes to their initial models,” 
– (replacement).
b) “Unfortunately, they are usually wrong.” – (reason).
c) “Alternatively, some good ideas take something in customers’ lives 
that’s pretty boring…” – (cause).
d) “Next, you’ll need to identify some analogs,” 
– (exemplification).
e) “beliefs you hold about the answers to your questions despite 
having no real evidence…” – (consequence).
193) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
In the fragments “…their first plan fails to catch on.” and “How can you 
break through to a business model…”, the expressions “catch on” and 
“break through to” mean, respectively,
a) arrange; find.
b) work; discover.
c) capture; give in.
d) pick up; destroy.
e) triumph; deteriorate.
194) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
The expression “...leaps of faith” refers to
a) a religious conviction that the business project is definitely 
going to prosper.
b) confidence on the various concrete evidences that your business 
model will surely be successful.
c) everything you do not know about the returns of your 
investment and should not worry about.
d) knowledge about historical precedents that are applicable 
to your company’s current situation.
e) assumptions about the aspects of the business you propose 
that are carefully thought of but not tested.
195) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
The pair of expressions that express opposing ideas is
a) “...stuck to...” – abandoned.
b) “...grows out of... “ – develops from.
c) “...pursue.” - follow.
d) “...scupper...” – ruin
e) “...devising...” – elaborating.
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196) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
The sentence “It may mean trying different prices for your newly devel-
oped gadget to see which price makes sales pop.” implies that
a) higher product pricing will certainly lead to more market 
sales.
b) sales are determined solely by the characteristics of the 
gadget.
c) the most appropriate price should be defined by the 
competitors.
d) the cheaper the product is, the more profitable the company will be.
e) previous testing of price ranges will help find the one which 
will boost sales
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THE TRENDS OF GREEN BUSINESS FOR 2010 AND BEYOND
BY GUEST BLOGGER ON JUN 8, 2010
Today’s business is all about being green. From Walmart 
to Apple, everyone is talking about how green their approach, 
packaging, or methods are. But green business is really in its 
infancy, and the future of being green will no doubt distill down 
to some very real and definable goals and practices.
In fact, businesses that today find themselves carrying the 
green banner will be put to the test to define theiractions, and 
it must make sense to the soon to be green savvy public. So, 
what are some of these definable trends that will dictate the 
future of green business? Let’s take a look.
A Measure Impact
First up, businesses will find it harder to do business under 
the “Green” herald unless they hold themselves accountable 
to their own carbon footprint. While today we can find a number of car-
bon footprint calculators, the net results tend to vary 
between sites. As time continues on, these results will merge 
together to a more cohesive reporting structure, and this is the 
measuring stick to which the company will report.
A company’s net carbon footprint may be as important to 
its success as its bottom line, since no doubt one could drive 
the other. This is especially true if it is a public company that is 
directly coupled to selling to the public.
Building Greener Buildings
For a lot of businesses, a major part of their environmental 
impact can be found in the very building that their business 
takes place in. A green building is not only potentially cheaper 
to operate, it can pay big dividends in brand appearance and 
customer loyalty.
In other words, you may find that it is cheaper to be green 
than not. Today utilities are being held accountable for energy 
standards, but incentives may make it the logical choice for 
all businesses.
Green Branding With The Customer
Soon businesses will find that it is simply not enough to 
talk to consumers about being green – instead they will need to 
educate them. Through promotions, handouts, special deals, 
and other means, businesses will find that an educated customer will 
better appreciate the new emphasis on being green.
By relating to the customer on green issues, the door is 
open for further dialog on others. Even such things as giving 
out free branded reusable bags is a simple but effective way of 
using the green relationship to build the business and improve 
the customer relationship.
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Open Green Practices
The consumer of today is better informed than ever before, 
and this is a trend that will no doubt continue. In order for a 
business to be seen as green, it will no doubt need to have 
the chain more open to all parties. This can be seen today by 
the inclusion of local growers in big chain grocery stores, and 
the trend will no doubt continue.
Not only grocery stores and produce markets will be affected by the 
need for open green practices. Restaurants will find 
it beneficial to proudly declare that a particular side item 
is being provided by a given local producer. The act of being 
green is really building a responsible community on a global 
scale, so it should come to no surprise that strengthening the 
local community ties works well with being green.
With these trends, the future of a successful green business 
will be defined. The businesses soon must responsibly measure and 
report their environmental impact to a given standard. 
They must build the places of business to a green standard. 
They will need to reach out and connect to their customers on 
green matters, to the advantage of both. And finally, they 
will need to develop and refine openly green practices that tie 
together the sense of a green community.
While these trends are more evolutionary than revolutionary in their 
arrival, you may be surprised at how fast they can 
become a standard accepted business process in 2010 and 
beyond.
Available at: http://www.futureofbusiness.info/ - retrieved on June 27, 
2010.
197) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
In the fragment “A company’s net carbon footprint may be as 
important to its success as its bottom line, since no doubt one 
could drive the other.”, “since” can be substituted by
a) because.
b) however.
c) while.
d) when.
e) so.
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198) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
In “you may be surprised at how fast 
they can become a standard accepted business process in 2010 
and beyond.” the verb form “may” expresses
a) necessity.
b) certainty.
c) obligation.
d) capability.
e) possibility.
199) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
The main purpose of the article is to
a) criticize private companies that still do not calculate their 
own carbon footprints.
b) report on some recent and future tendencies of environmentally cor-
rect businesses.
c) justify why only large companies like Walmart and Apple 
can be considered truly green businesses.
d) encourage new companies to reduce their environmental 
impact only by limiting their energy consumption.
e) convince consumers to buy food products exclusively from 
green grocery stores, markets and restaurants.
200) (CESGRANRIO/2010)
According to the text, all the examples below are definable trends that 
will dictate the future of green business, EXCEPT
a) building greener working environments.
b) consuming items provided by local growers or producers.
c) educating customers to adopt greener practices while 
shopping.
d) paying financial dividends to loyal consumers of green 
companies.
e) adopting a more standardized measurement of the company’s car-
bon footprint
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197-A 198-E 199-B 200-D