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Materials Today: Proceedings 48 (2022) 1905–1909
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Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate /matpr
Formulation of water-based white colour paint from waste titanium
dioxide
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.360
2214-7853/Copyright � 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics & Materials Forum 2021
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: najibrazali@ump.edu.my (M.N.B. Razali).
Mohd.Najib Bin Razali a,⇑, Alawi Abdulqader Alkaf b, Mohd Khairul Nizam Bin Mohd Zuhan c
a Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
bDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
cMNR Multitech Sdn Bhd,K02, Ground Floor, Kompleks UMP Holdings, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Available online 15 October 2021
Keywords:
Pigment
Waste paint
White colour
Virgin pigments
Titanium dioxide
This work explains the production and synthesis of white paint pigment colour from waste titanium
dioxide (TiO2). Pigments are widely employed in paper, plastic, and paint production. A white pigment
called TiO2 is responsible for about seventy percent of pigments used today. Even though minerals that
contain TiO2 within the earth’s crust are relatively abundant, the production of virgin TiO2 for industrial
application consumes enormous energy and can lead to an environmental problem. Hence, a need arises
for the paint industry to seek an alternative to replacing virgin TiO2 pigment that is commonly utilised in
formulating paints. This study was conducted to examine the probability of using secondary TiO2 pig-
ments as an alternative to virgin pigments to formulate white paint from industrial waste. In this study,
the prospect of using waste TiO2 to formulate white paint pigment in different ratios is compared with
the paint industry. The paint industry and TiO2 pigments were characterised by utilising thermo quanti-
tative analysis TGA, XRD, and FTIR analysis. The obtained result showed 20% TiO2 formulated paint pro-
vide the best result for the adhesion test that testify the optimum pH and viscosity for the paint with the
classification of 3B which is comparable to paint industry performance.
Copyright � 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Innovative Manufactur-
ing, Mechatronics & Materials Forum 2021
1. Introduction
Paint is any mastic, liquefiable, and liquid composition that
changes to a solid film after being applied as a thin layer. Mainly,
paint is used for beautification; however, it can also be used for
other purposes such as protection. Typically, it can proffer texture,
colouration, or protection to the surface; pigment may be a sub-
stance that changes in the form of transmitted light or reflective
colour due to wavelength-selective absorption. This physical fea-
ture varies from phosphorescence, fluorescence, and other vari-
eties of luminescence where a fabric emits light. Paint can also
be explained as the distribution of pigments within the occurrence
of polymers. A dried thin coat can be generated from the heteroge-
neous mixture to cover the surface and give various features rela-
tive to the compositions [1].
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most frequently used white pig-
ment due to its propensity to scatter light and is found in a wide
range of items, such as coatings, paper, and plastics [2]. It is
responsible for about 70% of daily consumed pigments. Even
though the mineral elements used in producing TiO2 are in excess;
however, the production of TiO2 greatly affects the environment,
especially the enormous emission of carbon.
In Malaysia, one of the abundance industrial wastes is paint
wastes [3]. The rapid demand for paints is due to the increasing
world population and industrialisation and this can increase the
generation of paint wastes in the environment. In Malaysia, paint
waste has increased at an average of 0.8 kg per capita/day. For
example, in 2001, the paint waste generated was about 16,200 ton-
nes/day, and the value was increased in 2005 to 19,100 tonnes/day
[4]. This category of waste is hazardous and not allowed to be dis-
posed directly to landfills are treated in incinerators in Malaysia.
Minimising waste disposal or direct release into the environment
helps not just health and environment, but it may also lead to
the development of co-products with economic value and exten-
sive uses if the waste is properly treated.
Minerals needed in the manufacture of TiO2, such as ilmenite
and raw rutile, are reasonably plentiful in the earth’s crust and
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.360
mailto:najibrazali@ump.edu.my
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.360
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/22147853
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Mohd.Najib Bin Razali, Alawi Abdulqader Alkaf and Mohd Khairul Nizam Bin Mohd Zuhan Materials Today: Proceedings 48 (2022) 1905–1909
do not currently constitute a constraint. TiO2 is sometimes referred
to as the main white pigment; although, it is also not pure TiO2 in
commercial grade. The active ingredient is crystalline TiO2 core,
which gives observable functionality for the pigment. One of the
key reasons TiO2 is used as a pigment is its ability to diffuse light,
which allows white paints to be created with a very good hiding
capacity. Although the hiding power of the paint based on waste
TiO2 pigment decreased slightly, it was the reduction of gloss
and the larger problem was the presence of aggregated pigments
in the paint films.
However, the manufacture of pigment grade TiO2 requires a lot
of energy and has a lot of environmental consequences, such as
CO2 emissions and a quantity of pollution [5,6]. Rutile is charac-
terised by the highest thermodynamic stability, a higher packing
density of atoms in its structure and a higher refractive index [7],
and is manufactured in the chemical industry as white pigments.
Recovery of used TiO2 is believed to provide a viable alternative
and the environmentally beneficial compared to processing virgin
TiO2. The European Union also acknowledged the environmental
effects of TiO2 processing and set limits on the quantity of TiO2 uti-
lised in producing paints to manufacture paints that qualify for the
voluntary EUEcolabel [8].
High costs in generating TiO2 have prompted seeking alterna-
tive means of obtaining TiO2 by the paint companies. Seeking alter-
natives from paint waste may be a promising method [5]. The high
cost of natural sources of paint pigment, as well as the existing reg-
ulation to reduce pollution, the repurpose and reuse of the wastes
are inevitable. The cost of TiO2 and its higher demand has risen
sharply since 2010; thus, producing TiO2 in an alternative way is
inevitable. A possible way of re-covering TiO2 is from industrial
wastes. The recovery or recycling processes of paint residues can-
not only provide new mains of pigments, but a solution in the
treatment of leftovers from paints and production wastes [9].
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chemicals
The raw materials used for the formulation are wastes of pig-
ment (TiO2), binder, and ex-tenders such as vinyl acrylic and talc.
The waste of pigment was obtained from Bina Integrated Indus-
tries Sdn Bhd in Selangor (Malaysia). The industry line of business
involves the production of inorganic pigments, such as white,
black, and colours. The formulation consists of TiO2 with a density
of 4.21 g/cm3, calcium carbonate, talc, vinyl acrylic, potassium
hydroxide, and carboxymethyl-cellulose.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Formulation of water-based paint from waste titanium dioxide
Samples of water-based white paint pigment were prepared by
mixing four main materials, whichwere solvent (water), binder
(vinyl acrylic), pigment (TiO2), and additives such as pH modifier
and antifoaming All chemicals used in the formulation apart from
the recycled TiO2, were of analytical grade and obtained locally.
An overhead stirrer was used to mix all the materials. To begin,
a certain amount of solvent, antifoaming, pigment, and fillers were
added to the mixer. The paste is then ground for two hours at a
high speed, typically at a mixer speed of no less than 300 rpm.
The remaining components, such as the binder, antifoam agent,
thickener, and modifiers, are then gradually mixed. Three different
formulations (formulation 1 with 30% TiO2, formulation 2 with 20%
TiO2 and formulation 3 with 10% TiO2) were studied in research
work as shown in Table 1 below. In the formulations, TiO2 and
water percentage were varied (25, 35 and 45% for water).
1906
2.3. Analysis
2.3.1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
To determine the decomposition temperature and the composi-
tion of a sample, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out
using Hitachi STA7200 thermo-gravimetric. This test measures the
weight loss percentage of a sample when it is heated at 10 �C/min
heating rate under the temperature from 25 �C to 600 �C with the
10 ml/min flow rate of N2. This analysis used a 2.5 mg sample in an
aluminium pan. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed
to determine the stability of heat in the main components of the
paint. Comprehensive assessment of thermal reaction kinetics
must take into account various parameters, such as heating rate
under a nitrogen gas environment and temperature range of
30 �C to 600 �C, particle size, compaction rate, and sample size.
The findings provided in this work may provide guidance on the
thermal stability of the components.
2.3.2. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
Qualitative X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) has identified
the major crystal-line compounds in pigment samples by employ-
ing a Siemens D5000 X-ray powder diffractometer coupled with an
X-ray tube that gives a scintillation detector and characteristic Cu
radiation. The 2-theta ranges employed are 10� to 70� with 0.050�
step size and 1-s step time. The obtained diffractogram compounds
detection was carried out in the Joint Committee on Powder
Diffraction Standards by contrast with standards.
2.3.3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
FTIR analysis was performed to determine the material’s molec-
ular composition and structure. FTIR measures the range of wave-
lengths in the infrared region that are absorbed or transmitted by a
material. Prior to analysis, the background spectrum was collected
to subtract from the test spectra. An interferometer was used to
identify the samples by producing an optical signal with all the
IR frequencies encoded into it. Then, the signal is decoded to gen-
erate the absorbance spectra showing the unique chemical bonds
and molecular structure of the sample materials.
2.3.4. Viscosity test and pH values
Viscosity is one of the tests used to assess the internal flow
resistance of paint, or the measurement of its resistance to defor-
mation by shear or tensile stress of the paint. This method involves
the use of a viscometer equipment at 25 �C with spindle number 01
at 150 rpm in five minutes, which provides a direct value of viscos-
ity based on the rotation of the spindle in the sample. For pH mea-
surement, a LE 409 pH electrode was used in conjunction with a
FE20 pH meter (Mettler Toledo). The equipment used was cali-
brated prior to measurement.
2.3.5. Adhesion test (ASTM D3359-09)
A paint must adhere to a substrate during the expected service
life if it is to fulfil its job of protecting or adorning it. The purpose of
the standard test methods for measuring adherence by tape test
(ASTM D3359-09) is to evaluate the adhesion of water-based paint
on a drywall substrate by placing and peeling off pressure-
sensitive tape across cuts in the film. The degree of adhesion will
be determined using the scale depicted in the testing procedure.
The procedure utilised a clean and dry substrate to ensure the con-
sistency of the test. The samples are heated in an oven at 60 �C for
180 min to ensure that the coated TiO2 paint samples on the sub-
strate are fully dried.
Table 1
The component of formulation water-based paint of 500 g.
Components Function Formulation(1) Wt% 25:30:35 Formulation (2) Wt% 35:20:35 Formulation(3)Wt% 45:10:35
Water Solvent 25 35 45
Carboxymethyl cellulose Thickener 0.5 0.5 0.5
Silicon Antifoam Agent 0.7 0.7 0.7
Titanium dioxide Pigment 30 20 10
Calcium carbonate Extender 7.00 7.00 7.00
Talc Extender 1.5 1.5 1.5
Vinyl acrylic Binder 35 35 35
Potassium hydroxide pH modifier 0.3 0.3 0.3
Mohd.Najib Bin Razali, Alawi Abdulqader Alkaf and Mohd Khairul Nizam Bin Mohd Zuhan Materials Today: Proceedings 48 (2022) 1905–1909
3. Results and discussion
3.1. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
The TiO2 waste crystal structure were analysed using XRD. The
XRD diffractogram pattern as illustrated in Fig. 1 indicates that
TiO2 is in rutile phases which exhibit strong diffraction peaks at
27.6�, 36.3�, and 54.5�. All peaks are in good agreement with the
standard spectrum (JCPDS no: 88-1175). The diffraction analysis
also identified TiO2 has a crystalline structure. The diffractogram
indicated that the TiO2 powder is made up of uneven polycrys-
talline particles. The influence of amorphous materials on the
widening of the XRD patterns of TiO2 is small.
3.2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
The thermal stability of paints was studied through TGA. Fig. 2
presents the TGA curves for water-based paint with different ratios
of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of TiO2 and industrial paint. The onset tem-
perature of loading of water-based paint with 20 % was found to be
slightly higher than the others loading of 10 % and 30 % of TiO2.
Moreover, the temperatures at which 5, 10, 25, and 50 % of sam-
ples’ weight losses occurred (T5 %, T10 %, T25 %, and T50 %) and
their blends are presented in Table 2 for water-based paint and
industrial paint. The data from the TGA testing in Table 2 and the
graphs below were used as guidelines for the maximum tempera-
ture for the heat stability of paint. From the table, the weight loss
of the paint industry and water-based paint (20 %) are almost the
same in heat stability. Results from the thermo-gravimetric analy-
sis (TGA) of the industry paint sample showed that this paint is
stable at temperatures below 600 �C. The first reaction gives
weight loss of 46.76 % and the second calcination reaction should
bring the total weight loss to 47.7 %.
Fig. 1. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).
1907
3.3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Fig. 3 shows the FTIR spectra in the wavelength range
500 ± 4000 cm�1 for all samples and for the paint industry. There
are fewer peaks observed in the fingerprint region for the industry
paint as compared to the study’s formulated paints. The FTIR peaks
show strong presence of hydroxyl stretching vibration bands (O–H
stretching peak) at around 3400 cm�1 and at 1635 cm�1 (O–H–O
scissorsbending) respectively which correspond to the presence
of water [10,11]. A visible band is seen at 1422, and 1624 cm�1
appear due to the carboxylate groups stretching vibrations (sym-
metric and asymmetric) [12]. In the finger-print region (600–
1400 cm�1), the bands peak at 646 cm�1 for formulated paint
and 699 cm�1 could be attributed to the vibration of Ti–O and
O–Ti–O from TiO2 component[13].
3.4. Viscosity test and pH values
Table 3 shows the viscosity and the pH values of the paint
industry. The samples of formulated water-based paint consists
of 10%, 20%, and 30% of TiO2. The pH value of industrial paint is
about 8.39, which is close to the pH of formulated water-based
paint with 20% TiO2 composition. Meanwhile, water-based paint
with 10% TiO2 shows a pH value of 7.25, which is lower than the
industry paint and water-based paint with 30% TiO2 has a pH value
of 9.43, which is higher than the industry paint. Themeasured pH
values of the formulated paints mostly is in the alkaline range. The
presence of alkaline components such as potassium hydroxide
(KOH) affects the pH value of the formulated paint.
The viscosity on the other hand shows a non-linear correlation
between viscosities and the percentage of TiO2 content. The viscos-
Fig. 2. Graph of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for paint industry and water-
based paint in different ratios.
Table 2
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results.
Samples T5% T10% T25% T50%
Paint Industry 46.36 57.37 81.85 121.88
Water-based paint 10% TiO2 40.89 51.09 68.08 291.59
Water-based paint 20% TiO2 46.87 57.44 78.61 168.03
Water-based paint 30% TiO2 34.92 44.26 63.08 322.41
Fig. 3. Graph of FTIR testing for paint industry and water-based paint in different
ratios.
Table 3
Viscosity Test and pH values.
Samples Viscosity (cP) pH value
Industry paint 529 8.39
water-based paint 10% TiO2 667 7.25
water-based paint 20% TiO2 590 8.62
water-based paint 30% TiO2 719 9.43
Table 4
The summary of the adhesion test results for all samples.
Samples Classification Percentage of Area Removed
(%)
Industrial Paint 4B 7
water-based paint 10%
TiO2
2B 30
water-based paint 20%
TiO2
3B 15
water-based paint 30%
TiO2
0B 70
Mohd.Najib Bin Razali, Alawi Abdulqader Alkaf and Mohd Khairul Nizam Bin Mohd Zuhan Materials Today: Proceedings 48 (2022) 1905–1909
ity with 10%, 20%, and 30% shows viscosity of 667 cP, 590 cP, and
719 cP respectively. As a comparison, industry paint has a viscosity
of 529 cP, which is lower as compared to all formulated paint.
Fig. 4. Standard test method for adhesion ASTM (ASTM D3359-
1908
However, the correlation of TiO2 content and viscosity might be
influenced by the other components added and the interaction of
the materials. The viscosity of the paint is correlated to the pH of
the paint [14] and the pH is believed to plays an important role
in paints performance.
3.5. Adhesion test
The adhesion test is a useful method for evaluating the adhesion
of paints to the substrate to which they are applied. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5
depicts the adhesion test results of three water-based and indus-
trial paint formulas and the adhesion testing classification respec-
tively. Table 4 provides a summary of the adhesion test findings for
all samples. The total number of samples is four including the
industrial paint. From Table 4, we can see that the classification
of industrial paint is 4B with a total percentage of removal at 7%.
However, the removal percentages of the rest of the samples fluc-
tuated. The highest was recorded for water-based paint with 30%
TiO2 with classification of 0B at 70%, while the lowest was recorded
for water-based paint with 20% TiO2 with classification of 3B at
15%. Moreover, the adhesion test result of water-based paint with
10% TiO2 with 2B classification is 30%. To sum up, the best result of
adhesion test on industrial paint was recorded at 15% for water-
based paint with 20% TiO2 with classification of 3B. The result
obtained from these tests testifies that the 20% properties having
the optimum pH and viscosity for the paint to pH and viscosity
play an important role for performance and the adhesion of formu-
09) for formulated water-based paint and industrial paint.
Fig. 5. Classification of Adhesion Test.
Mohd.Najib Bin Razali, Alawi Abdulqader Alkaf and Mohd Khairul Nizam Bin Mohd Zuhan Materials Today: Proceedings 48 (2022) 1905–1909
lated paint as the optimum pH value affect the adhesion of the
paint to the substrate.
4. Conclusion
The paint formulations were made using TiO2 pigment waste
and the properties of the paint were compared to industrial paint.
The TiO2 waste pigment shows rutile crystalline structure. Three
water-based paints were formulated in different ratios of 10%,
20%, and 30%, the results show that 20% formulation is the best
ratio and almost the same properties of pH, viscosity, and the
adhesive test with the industrial paint with water-based paint.
The study could utilise different anti-foaming agents needed to
be investigated to enhance the performance of the waste paint.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Mohd.Najib Bin Razali: Funding acquisition, Conceptualization,
Methodology, Supervision. Alawi Abdulqader Alkaf: Data cura-
tion, Writing – original draft. Mohd Khairul Nizam Bin Mohd
Zuhan: Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude and appreciation for
the financial support from the Ministry of Higher Education
1909
(MOHE), Malaysia for the Fundamental Research Grant
Scheme (FRGS KPT – RDU160129, Reference Number:
FRGS/1/2016/TK02/ UMP/03/2 entitled Rheological and Structural
Characterisation of Emulsified Modification Bitumen Synthesized
from Industrial Wastes) and the Universiti Malaysia Pahang for
the Internal Grant (RDU160324). The support from the Faculty of
Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia
Pahang, Malaysia, and MNR Multitech Sdn Bhd are also
acknowledged.
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Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 57 (2019) 461–465.
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(2020) 20097.
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	Formulation of water-based white colour paint from waste titanium dioxide
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and methods
	2.1 Chemicals
	2.2 Methods
	2.2.1 Formulation of water-based paint from waste titanium dioxide
	2.3 Analysis
	2.3.1 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
	2.3.2 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
	2.3.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
	2.3.4 Viscosity test and pH values
	2.3.5 Adhesion test (ASTM D3359-09)
	3 Results and discussion
	3.1 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
	3.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
	3.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
	3.4 Viscosity test and pH values
	3.5 Adhesion test
	4 Conclusion
	CRediT authorship contribution statement
	Declaration of Competing Interest
	Acknowledgement
	References
	bibl24
	Further reading