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	Verbals comprise a special set of non-finite forms present in the English language. They can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents, as well as other factors involving punctuation and sentence patters, for example. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"My assignment, to write an essay in 40 minutes, was a great challenge."
The infinitive form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	direct object
	
	subject
	
	prepositional complement
	 
	appositive
	
	subject complement
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:26
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: appositive
Feedback:
Appositive (ANSWER) - Infinitives operate as appositives when they are used to offer extra information on the subject and are placed between commas, which is the case in question.
Subject complement - An infinitive functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not the case in question.
Subject - When an infinitive structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, an infinitive structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is not the case of the main verb of the sentence (= it is a linking verb)
Prepositional complement - it refers to using an infinitive structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
	
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	Gerunds comprise a special class of non-finite forms present in the English language. They can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents. Sometimes, they are required as part of a more complex structures. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
 
''My generation and I used to give reading books most of our free-time.''
 
 
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	Subject complement
	 
	Indirect object
	
	Prepositional complement
	
	Direct object
	
	Subject 
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:25
	
	Explicação:
Indirect object (ANSWER) - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs. In the example above, the verb give is ditransitive, whose indirect and direct objects are, respectively, reading books and most of our free-time.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not the case in question.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized
	
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	To-infinitive clauses may convey an idea of purpose. Bearing this in mind, answer the following question: is there a difference between the two statements below? Choose the best explanation:
I - Elinor looked surprised at his emotion; but tried not to laugh off the subject.
II - Elinor looked surprised at his emotion; but didn't try to laugh off the subject.
		
	 
	Both I and II are correct, but they entail different meanings: in I, she purposedly does not laugh off the subject; whereas in II, she just did not laugh off the subject.
	
	There is no difference between I and II.
	
	Both I and II are correct, but they entail different meanings: in I, she just did not laugh off the subject; whereas in II, she purposedly does not laugh off the subject.
	
	Only I is correct.
	
	Only II is correct.
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:23
	
	Explicação:
Both sentences are grammatically correct. However, in Elinor looked surprised at his emotion; but didn't try to laugh off the subject the action of "trying" is being negated, as the auxiliary verb is in its negative form. In order to negate a to-infinitive clause, the word "not" should precede the clause, which is the case of Elinor looked surprised at his emotion; but tried not to laugh off the subject. The only correct option is then: Both I and II are correct, but they entail different meanings: in I, she purposedly does not laugh off the subject; whereas in II, she just did not laugh off the subject.
	
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	RPCs are shortened versions of full subordinate clauses. They vary according to the type of participle used to replace the verb tense of the unreduced clause. Regarding the different types of RPCs, read the statements below:
I - Reduced present participle clauses have participle forms ending in -ing, that convey an active meaning in the clause.
II - Reduced past participle clauses can have three types of structure: basic, progressive and perfective.
III - Reduced present participle clauses in their perfective form are introduced by the auxiliary have.
What is the option that presents the correct judgement about the statements above?
		
	 
	I - true, II - true, III - true.
	
	I - true, II - true, III - false.
	
	I - false, II - false, III - true.
	
	I - true, II - false, III - true.
	
	I - false, II - true, III - true.
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:22
	
	Explicação:
Answer: I - true, II - true, III - true.
Feedback: It is true that reduced present participle clauses convey an active meaning and are formed using a participle form that ends in -ing as well as it is true that, in their perfective form, they are preceded by an auxiliary verb: have. Finally, it is also true that reduced past participle clauses have three types of form: basic, progressive and perfective.
	
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	Verbals, non-finite forms present in the English language, can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents, as well as other factors. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"The candidates had no option but to respect society's demands."
The infinitive form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	subject complement
	 
	prepositional complement
	
	direct object
	
	noun complement
	
	subject
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:21
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: prepositional complement
Feedback:
Prepositional complement (ANSWER) - it refers to using an infinitive structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized. In the case above, the word but is synonymous with except. Hence, it functions as a preposition and the infinitive structure is used right after it to fulfil its meaning.
Subject complement - An infinitive functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not the case in question.
Subject - When an infinitive structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, an infinitive structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is not the case, since the infinitive form is located after a preposition.
Noun complement - it deals with using an infinitive form right after a noun to provide more details on it.
	
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	Gerund clauses possess the common syntactic functions of nouns. It means they can be used as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, and so on. Bearing this piece of information in mind, consider the following sentence:
 
 
'' Running five kilometers at a good pace requires technique and strength.''
 
 
A gerund form in the sentence above was used as:
		
	
	Part of an idiomatic expressionDirect object
	 
	Subject
	
	Indirect object
	
	Subject complement
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:20
	
	Explicação:
Subject (ANSWER) - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence
Part of an idiomatic expression - The structure GO + GERUND is a typical idiomatic expression used to refer to someone¿s (recreational) activity.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
	
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	To-infinitive clauses can be divided into five different types: believe type, advise type, attempt type, want type and let type. Mark the option in which an attempt-type main verb is completed by a to-infinitive clause:
		
	 
	Emma made no answer, and tried to look cheerfully unconcerned.
	 
	Miss Fairfax should be allowed to come to you at such a time.
	
	But she had believed them to be well-meaning, worthy people (¿).
	
	Emma wanted him very much to be gone.
	
	He had heard many people say the same.
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:18
	
	Explicação:
Attempt type infinitives are semantically controlled by exactly the same subject of the main clause. This category includes verbs such as:
• attempt
• tend
• begin
• continue
• fail
• forget
• manage
• offer
• proceed
• promise
• regret
• remember
• start
• try
• vow.
The only option that presents this type of verb is: Emma made no answer, and tried to look cheerfully unconcerned, since the verb "tried" precedes the non-finite clause.
	
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	RPCs are commonly employed in academic discourse due to their power to make the texts more persuasive through nominalization. In which of the clauses in bold, the verb of the clause appears in its participle (nominalized) form?
		
	
	Although she lied to me several times, I still choose to stay with her.
	
	Because she has been unable to work since January, her family is going through difficult times.
	 
	The results achieved were overall good considered the economic context of our country.
	
	If you make your investment more constant, you will tend to have better earnings with your money.
	
	Whenever Jessica understands the power she has, she becomes a good manager.
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:17
	
	Explicação:
Answer: The results achieved were overall good considered the economic context of our country.
Feedback: Nominalizing sentences through turning subordinate clauses into reduced ones is done through the deletion of the subject of the subordinate clause and the be verb and the transformation of the tense verb in a participle form. Thus the only option which presents such a case is "The results achieved were overall good considered the economic context of our country".
	
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	Verbals are extremely resourceful in the English language. They can be manifested in specific forms, such as gerunds, infinitives, or participles. Bearing this in mind, read the text below:
Adaptations of children's texts occur because of assumptions that children lack the knowledge and experience of adults and have only a limited capacity to assimilate the unfamiliar and the foreign. Translators should be aware of the stylistic features and modes of address appropriate for different age groups. In recent decades translators have generally demonstrated a greater faith in children's ability to accommodate difference.
Source: https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199239306.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199239306-e-015
The highlighted elements in the text are examples of:
		
	 
	To-infinitives
	
	Past participles
	
	Bare infinitives
	
	Present participles
	
	Gerunds
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:15
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: To-infinitives
Feedback:
To-infinitives (ANSWER) - a non-finite verb form composed of TO + verb, which is the case of the elements highlighted in the text: to assimilate and to accommodate.
Gerund - it is a verb + ing structure which is used to function as a noun.
Bare infinitive - it is when an infinitive form is exploited without TO. It is typically used after modal verbs.
Present participle - it refers to a verb + ing structure which can be used to characterize nouns, for example.
Past Participle - Past participles are used to form Perfect Verb Tenses in English and are based either on regular verb forms ("-ed" ending) or irregular verb forms.
	
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	The verbal structure in English can be composed of either finite or non-finite structures, depending on the type of relation devised inside a sentence. Bearing this piece of information in mind, consider the following passage:
Researchers (1)have (2)used a COVID vaccine (3) to treat a patient (4) suffering from the virus, rather than for just (5) preventing infection, for the first time
(Source: https://www.newsweek.com/man-prisoner-7-month-covid-infection-treated-pfizer-vaccine-first-ian-lester-immunocompromised-1690401)
The TOTAL of non-finite structures highlighted in the text is:
		
	
	Two
	
	Five
	 
	Four
	 
	Three
	
	One
	Respondido em 20/09/2023 21:00:12
	
	Explicação:
• Four (ANSWER) ¿ Items [2] = past participle, [3] = infinite, [4] = present participle, and [5] = gerund are examples of non-finite structures, since there is no subject-verb agreement. Item [1] = auxiliary verb must agree with the subject. Consequently, it is the only finite structure.
• One ¿ inferior to the total of non-finite structures
• Two ¿ inferior to the total of non-finite structures
• Three ¿ inferior to the total of non-finite structures
• Five ¿ superior to the total of non-finite structures.