Língua inglesa relações discursivas

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Disc.: LÍNGUA INGLESA RELAÇÕES DISCURSIVAS   
	Aluno(a): 
	
	Acertos: 7,0 de 10,0
	05/07/2023
		1a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Since verbals relate to non-tensed verb forms, they can be articulated in different ways, depending on specific sentence configurations. Bearing this in mind, read the text below:
IRELAND TO INDIA: PEOPLES AND LANDS
THAT the telling of tales is a constant activity everywhere seems clear enough, but this activity is by no means uniform in the various parts of the world, and as one moves over the continents, he finds extraordinary variability within the uniformity of the general practice. At first view this variety may seem merely kaleidoscopic and lawless. However, only a little careful study is needed to show that, like other elements of human culture, folktales are not mere creatures of chance. They exist in time and space. They are also affected by the nature of the land where they are current, by the linguistic and social contacts of its people, and by the lapse of the years and their accompanying historic changes. An approach to the understanding of the folktales of the world demands, therefore, that use be made of all possible resources furnished by the labors of historians, geographers, ethnographers, and psychologists, whose theories can be used to back up future discoveries.
(Adapted from: THOMPSON, Stith. The Folktale. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977.)
The highlighted element in the text is an example of a:
		
	
	To-infinitive
	
	Gerund
	
	Past participle
	
	Present participle
	 
	Bare infinitive
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: Bare infinitive
Feedback:
Bare infinitive (ANSWER) - it is when an infinitive form is exploited without its TO participle. It is typically used after modal verbs, which is the case in the text above.
Present participle - it refers to a verb + ing structure which can be used to characterize nouns, for example.
Past Participle - Past participles are used to form Perfect Verb Tenses in English and are based either on regular verb forms ("-ed" ending) or irregular verb forms.
To-infinitive - a non-finite verb form composed of TO + verb
Gerund - it is a verb + ing structure which is used to function as a noun.
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerunds can be used to perform different syntactic roles such as: subject, subject complement, direct object, just to name a few. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Most people avoid talking about religion, politics, or gender issues in public events."
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	 
	direct object
	
	subject complement
	
	indirect object
	
	prepositional complement
	
	subject
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: direct object
Feedback:
Direct object (ANSWER) - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is the case of the verb avoid: it requires a direct object so that its meaning is not jeopardized.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb, which is not the case at play.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using a gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Participles are structured into two forms: present and past. These special classes of non-finite forms present multiple uses in the English language. They are part of Perfect and Progressive verb tenses, are included in Passive sentences, and can also be exploited to simplify more complex sentence structures. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Used carefully, the Internet can provide us with up-to-date information on a variety of topics."
The participle form in the sentence is used to:
		
	
	refer to a perfect verb tense
	
	devise a progressive verb tense
	
	form a passive structure
	 
	simplify an adjective clause
	 
	simplify an adverbial clause
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:24:14
	
	Explicação:
Answer key: simplify an adverbial clause
Feedback:
The participle form in this case is used to simplify an adverbial clause of condition: "If it is used carefully, ...". Since the sentence in question refers to a conditional meaning, it cannot be a reduced adjective clause. Also, the sentence is in the active voice, which means that the highlighted participle is not part of a passive structure. Finally, the verb tense is neither perfect nor progressive.
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerund clauses possess the common syntactic functions of nouns. It means they can be used as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, and so on. Bearing this piece of information in mind, consider the following sentence:
 
 
'' Running five kilometers at a good pace requires technique and strength.''
 
 
A gerund form in the sentence above was used as:
		
	
	Subject complement
	
	Direct object
	 
	Subject
	
	Part of an idiomatic expression
	 
	Indirect object
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:21:35
	
	Explicação:
Subject (ANSWER) - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence
Part of an idiomatic expression - The structure GO + GERUND is a typical idiomatic expression used to refer to someone¿s (recreational) activity.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Gerund clauses represent a specific type of subordinate clause whose structure is based on a non-finite form. Moreover, depending on the type of verbal transitivity employed in the main clause, the Gerund Clause will have specific syntactic functions. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
"People in general prefer not talking about politics in social occasions."
 
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
		
	
	Prepositional complement
	
	Subject
	
	Indirect object
	
	Subject complement
	 
	Direct object
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:17:28
	
	Explicação:
· Direct object (ANSWER) - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb, which is the case of the verb prefer: it requires a direct object so that its meaning is not jeopardized.
· Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
· Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
· Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
· Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Consider the following passage from The Pit and The Pendulum:
 
''The agony of suspense grew at length intolerable, and I cautiously moved forward, with my arms extended, and my eyes straining from their sockets, in the hope of catching some faint ray of light.''
 
Source: https://poestories.com/read/pit
 
 
What is the function of the Gerund Clause highlighted in the passage above?
		
	
	Subject
	 
	Prepositional complementSubject complement
	
	Indirect object
	
	Direct object
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:15:30
	
	Explicação:
Prepositional complement (ANSWER) - it refers to using a gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized. It is what happens in the example above.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the first object of ditransitive verbs.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as a subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	To-infinitive clauses can be divided into five different types: believe type, advise type, attempt type, want type and let type. Mark the option in which an attempt-type main verb is completed by a to-infinitive clause:
		
	
	Miss Fairfax should be allowed to come to you at such a time.
	
	Emma wanted him very much to be gone.
	 
	Emma made no answer, and tried to look cheerfully unconcerned.
	
	He had heard many people say the same.
	
	But she had believed them to be well-meaning, worthy people (¿).
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:11:57
	
	Explicação:
Attempt type infinitives are semantically controlled by exactly the same subject of the main clause. This category includes verbs such as:
· attempt
· tend
· begin
· continue
· fail
· forget
· manage
· offer
· proceed
· promise
· regret
· remember
· start
· try
· vow.
The only option that presents this type of verb is: Emma made no answer, and tried to look cheerfully unconcerned, since the verb "tried" precedes the non-finite clause.
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Think is a verb that, like understand and realize, describe a mental process. Mark the alternative in which there is a main verb implying a mental process followed by a to-infinitive introduced by a wh-word.
		
	
	He hoped to procure some respectable employment in a merchant's house.
	
	Those men wished to ask him a thousand questions.
	 
	At first, I perceived that he tried to suppress his emotion.
	
	We attempted to carry him into the cabin.
	 
	I had obtained that fire through accident and knew not how to reproduce it.
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:09:35
	
	Explicação:
The only verb above which entails a cognitive process is "knew". Besides, it is followed by a to-infinitive clause introduced by "how". Other possible verbs would be:
· assume
· perceive
· prove
· show
· think
· understand
Therefore, the correct answer is: I had obtained that fire through accident and knew not how to reproduce it.
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	RPCs are shortened versions of full subordinate clauses. They vary according to the type of participle used to replace the verb tense of the unreduced clause. Regarding the different types of RPCs, read the statements below:
I - Reduced present participle clauses have participle forms ending in -ing, that convey an active meaning in the clause.
II - Reduced past participle clauses can have three types of structure: basic, progressive and perfective.
III - Reduced present participle clauses in their perfective form are introduced by the auxiliary have.
What is the option that presents the correct judgement about the statements above?
		
	
	I - true, II - true, III - false.
	
	I - false, II - false, III - true.
	 
	I - true, II - true, III - true.
	
	I - true, II - false, III - true.
	
	I - false, II - true, III - true.
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:07:33
	
	Explicação:
Answer: I - true, II - true, III - true.
Feedback: It is true that reduced present participle clauses convey an active meaning and are formed using a participle form that ends in -ing as well as it is true that, in their perfective form, they are preceded by an auxiliary verb: have. Finally, it is also true that reduced past participle clauses have three types of form: basic, progressive and perfective.
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Reduced present participle clauses may have two forms: basic and perfective. Bearing it in mind, read the sentences below:
I - the girl _______________ a red dress studies with me at the Santa Ana School
II - _______________ the test before everyone, she left the room and waited outside.
Considering that sentence I presents a basic form and sentence II, a perfective form, choose the option that fills in the gaps correctly.
		
	 
	I - wearing; II - having finished.
	
	I - wearing, II - finishing.
	
	I - worn, II - finishing.
	
	I - worn, II - having finished.
	
	I - having worn, II - having finished.
	Respondido em 05/07/2023 15:03:07
	
	Explicação:
Answer: I - wearing; II - having finished.
Feedback: Reduced present participle clauses in their basic structure are formed by -ing participles. In their perfective form, they are introduced by the auxiliary have and a participle ending in - ed. Therefore, only "I - wearing; II - having finished" is correct.