CONJUNCTIONS - CONNECTIVES

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CONJUNCTIONS - CONNECTIVES
CONJUNÇÕES, ADVERBIAL, 
TRANSITIONS
São palavras ou frases que ligam duas ideias entre si, ou seja, duas 
orações. O papel da conjunção é frisar a relação entre as duas orações 
dando ideias de adição, conclusão, contraste, causa, propósito e etc.
ADDITION (adição): moreover, furthermore, besides (além disso, 
além do que), in addition (em adição) as well as (assim como), also, 
not only ...but also, and (não somente... mas), both ... and (tão/ tanto 
… quanto/ como).
Exemplos:
Jane is not only beautiful, but also intelligent.
RESULT/CONSEQUENCE/REASON (resultado, consequência, 
razão): thus, therefore, hence, consequently (portanto, consequente-
mente), as a result (como resultado), so, then (portanto, então), for 
this reason (por essa razão), so that (de modo que). 
Exemplos: 
João studied hard, thus he entered to AFA. 
CAUSE (causa): because, for, as (por causa) because of (por causa 
de), since (uma vez que), due to (devido a). 
Exemplos:
As you know Paulo better than I do, could you ask him for me? 
PURPOSE (propósito): in order to (that) (com o propósito de), so 
(that) (de modo que).
Exemplos: 
Get an early night in order that you will be fresh in the morning. 
CHOICE (escolha) either ...or, neither... nor, or (ou isso ...ou 
aquilo, ou).
Exemplos: 
We can either stay or go to the beach. 
I neither smoke nor drink.
CONTRAST/CONCESSION (contraste, concessão): although, 
though (embora), even though (muito embora), but, yet, however, 
nevertheless, nonetheless (mas, porém, entretanto, todavia), in spite 
of, despite (apesar de, não obstante), still (ainda assim, mesmo assim, 
apesar de). 
Exemplos: 
Leo is antisocial, but the has a few friends. 
Casos Especiais:
In Spite of / Despite (apesar de) geralmente introduzem frases 
(phrases):
Exemplos:
He was able to sleep in spite of the noise. 
She entered the EFOMM despite her low grades.
Whereas, While, On The Contrary, On The Other Hand, Otherwise, 
Conversely (enquanto que, ao passo que, por outro lado). Palavras 
que também expressam contraste:
Exemplos:
Whereas /While While i like the south, my wife likes the north. 
Algumas palavras que também ligam orações: 
Time (tempo): after (depois), before (antes), when (quando), as 
(quando, à medida que), as soon as (assim que), until (até quando).
Place (lugar): where (onde), wherever (onde for).
Manner (forma): as if (como se), as though, (como se), as (como).
Condition (condição): if, provided that (contanto que, desde 
que), as long as (enquanto que, visto que), whether or not (se ou 
não), unless (a menos que), if not (se não).
Exemplo:
He can stay here as long as he doesn’t make a noise.
Whether (dúvida): se
Exemplo:
Sara does not know whether she will pick up Math or Chemistry.
EXERCÍCIOS DE
FIXAÇÃO
01. (ESPCEX/AMAN 2013)
APPLE MANUFACTURING PLANT WORKERS COMPLAIN
OF LONG HOURS AND MILITANT CULTURE
Chengdu, China (CNN) — Miss Chen (we changed her name 
for this story), an 18-year-old student from a village outside of the 
southern megacity of Chongqing, is one of more than one million 
factory workers at a Chinese company that helps manufacture 
products for Apple Inc.’s lucrative global empire, which ranked in a 
record $46.3 billion in sales last quarter. They work day or night shifts, 
eating and sleeping at company facilities, as they help build electronics 
products for Apple and many other global brand names,such as 
Amazon’s Kindleand Microsoft’s Xbox.
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As a poor college student with no work experience, looking for 
a job in China’s competitive market is an uphill battle. So when Chen 
was offered a one-month position at Foxconn with promises of great 
bene� ts and little overtime, she jumped at the chance. But when she 
started working, she found out that only senior employees got such 
bene� ts. “During my � rst day of work, an older worker said to me, 
‘Why did you come to Foxconn? Think about it again and leave right 
now’,” said Chen, who plans to return to her studies at a Chongqing 
university soon.
[...]
(Adaptado de http://edition.cnn.com, consulta em 06/02/2012.)
In the sentence “But when she started working, she found out 
that...”, the word “but” indicates
a) addition.
b) consequence.
c) result.
d) reason.
e) contrast.
TEXTO PARA AS QUESTÕES 02 E 03:
PRESCRIPTIONS FOR FIGHTING EPIDEMICS
Epidemics have plagued humanity since the dawn of settled life. 
Yet, success in conquering them remains patchy. Experts predict that 
a global one that could kill more than 300 million people would come 
round in the next 20 to 40 years. What pathogen would cause it is 
anybody’s guess. Chances are that it will be a virus that lurks in birds or 
mammals, or one that that has not yet hatched. The scariest are both 
highly lethal and spread easily among humans.
Thankfully, bugs that excel at the � rst tend to be weak at the 
other. But mutations – ordinary business for germs – can change that 
in a blink. Moreover, when humans get too close to beasts, either wild 
or packed in farms, an animal disease can become a human one.
A front-runner for global pandemics is the seasonal in� uenza 
virus, which mutates so much that a vaccine must be custom-made 
every year. The Spanish � u pandemic of 1918, which killed 50 million 
to 100 million people, was a potent version of the “swine � u” that 
emerged in 2009. The H5N1 “avian � u” strain, deadly in 60% of cases, 
came about in the 1990s when a virus that sickened birds made the 
jump to a human. Ebola, HIV and Zika took a similar route.
(www.economist.com, 08.02.2018. Adaptado.)
02. (UNESP 2019) No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Moreover, when 
humans get too close to beasts”, o termo sublinhado indica:
a) acréscimo.
b) decorrência.
c) comparação.
d) condição.
e) � nalidade.
03. (UNESP 2019) No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “Yet, success in 
conquering them remains patchy”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em 
português, a:
a) assim mesmo.
b) portanto.
c) além disso.
d) ao invés disso.
e) no entanto.
04. (UNIFESP 2015) Leia o texto para responder à questão.
HEALTHY CHOICES
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we traditionally do 
not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View 22 Aug 2014
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem 
makes for ever more depressing reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief 
Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some 
six million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people 
develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s 
research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 
levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer from the condition.
Given that � ghting diabetes already drains the National Health 
Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 percent of its budget 
for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from 
unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. 1Bad health not only impacts 
on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher 
question is what to do about reducing waistlines in a country where 
we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big 
Brother approach of ceaseless legislation and nannying. 2Rather, he is 
keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people 
should be encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions 
is that parents feed their children from smaller plates. That way the 
child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming 
too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
No trecho do segundo parágrafo (ref. 1), “Bad health not only impacts 
on the individual but also on the rest of the community”, a expressão 
“not only… but also” indica uma ideiade
a) negação.
b) comparação.
c) alternativa.
d) inclusão.
e) contraste.
05. (UERJ SIMULADO 2018)
HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY
The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers 
as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or 
at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not 
only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern 
technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease 
their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over 
a few of the best examples out there.
It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size 
of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, 
according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their 
time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the 
other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in 
their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, 
gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially 
when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple 
examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets 
designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. 
TV audio ampli� ers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks 
downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly 
from a browser or a playlist.
The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security 
apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets 
now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for 
carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in 
an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless 
alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease.
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For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or 
dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes 
update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about 
the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 
minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location 
through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details.
A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user 
friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad 
range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After 
all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and 
should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we 
will all arrive into this demographic in the end.
(psychcentral.com)
“In reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of 
complex modern technologies,” (ref. 1)
The underlined expression is used in the sentence to introduce an idea of:
a) doubt
b) contrast
c) addition
d) restriction
06. (UNESP 2015) Leia o texto para responder à questão.
OXFAM STUDY FINDS RICHEST 1% IS LIKELY TO CONTROL
HALF OF GLOBAL WEALTH BY 2016
By Patricia Cohen January 19, 2015
The richest 1 percent is likely to control more than half of the globe’s 
total wealth by next year, the anti-poverty charity Oxfam reported in 
a study released on Monday. The warning about deepening global 
inequality comes just as the world’s business elite prepare to meet this 
week at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.
The 80 wealthiest people in the world altogether own $1.9 trillion 
the report found, nearly the same amount shared by the 3.5 billion 
people who occupy the bottom half of the world’s income scale.(Last 
year, it took 85 billionaires to equal that � gure.) And the richest 1 
percent of the population controls nearly half of the world’s total 
wealth,a share that is also increasing.
The type of inequality that currently characterizes the world’s 
economies is unlike anything seen in recent years, the report explained. 
“Between 2002 and 2010 the total wealth of the poorest half of the 
world in current U.S. dollars had been increasing more or less at the 
same rate as that of billionaires,” it said. “However, since 2010, it has 
been decreasing over that time.”
[...]
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “However, since 2010, it has been 
decreasing over that time.”, o termo “however” pode ser substituído, 
sem alteração de sentido, por:
a) meanwhile.
b) like.
c) then.
d) but.
e) so.
07. (EEAR 2019) Read the text and answer the question.
Dear Mary,
My younger sister just told us she’s been accepted to her � rst 
choice university. Lee is very intelligent. She will be the � rst person in 
our family to go to college. I got good grades in high school, too, but 
when I graduated I went into the family business __________ going 
to college. I enjoy my new career, I’m sure that I’ve learned a lot of 
new things.
With love, Lincon
Fill in the blank with the option that best completes the text.
a) as soon as
b) instead of
c) still
d) yet
08. (EPCAR/AFA 2018)
FOOD SHORTAGE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS
[…]
Causes of food shortages
There are a number of social factors causing food shortages. The 
rate of population increase is higher than increase in food production. 
The world is consuming more than it is producing, leading to decline in 
food stock and storage level and increased food prices due to 2soaring 
demand. Increased population has led to clearing of agricultural land 
for human settlement reducing agricultural production (Kamdor, 
2007). 3Overcrowding of population in a given place results in 
urbanization of previously rich agricultural � elds. Destruction of 
forests for human settlement, particularly tropical rain forest has led 
to climatic changes, such as prolonged droughts and deserti� cation. 
Population increase means more pollution as people use more fuel in 
cars, industry, domestic cooking. The resultant effect is increased air 
and water pollution which affect the climate and food production.
Environmental factors have greatly contributed to food shortage. 
Climatic change has reduced agricultural production. 4The change 
in climate is majorly caused by human activities and to some small 
extent natural activities. Increased combustion of fossil fuels due to 
increasing population through power plant, motor transport and 
mining of coal and oil emits green house gases which have continued 
to affect world climate. 5Deforestation of tropical forest due to human 
pressure has changed climatic patterns and rainfall seasons, and led 
to deserti� cation which cannot support a crop production. 6Land 
degradation due to increased human activities has impacted negatively 
on agricultural production (Kamdor, 2007). Natural disasters such as 
� oods, tropical storms and prolonged droughts are on the increase and 
have devastating impacts on food security particularly in developing 
countries. There are several economic factors that contribute to food 
shortage. Economic factors affect the ability of farmers to engage in 
agricultural production. 7Poverty situation in developing nations have 
reduced their capacity to produce food, as most farmers cannot afford 
seed and fertilizers. They use poor farming methods that cannot 8yield 
enough, even substantial use. Investments in agricultural research and 
developing are very low in developing nations. 9Recent global � nancial 
crisis have led to increase in food prices and reduced investments in 
agriculture by individuals and governments in developed nations 
resulting in reduced food production.
[…]
(Adapted from http://www.paypervids.com/food-shortage-causeseffects-solutions/.
Acesso em: 14 fev 2017.)
Glossary:
2. soaring – something that increases rapidly above the usual level
8. yield – to supply or produce something such as pro� t or an amount or food
Mark the option which best shows the meaning of the highlighted 
expression in “Deforestation of tropical forest due to human 
pressure”(ref. 5).
a) Owed by.
b) Arranged for.
c) Caused by.
d) Deserved by.
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09. (ITA) Dadas as sentenças:
I. They had arrived on time for the vestibular. Nevertheless, the 
gates were already closed.
II. She was not sure whether you’d be there or not.
III. Even if you promise me not to complain, I won’t believe you.
Consideramos que está(ão) correta(s):
a) apenas a I.
b) apenas a II.
c) apenas a III.
d) apenas a II e a III.
e) todas as sentenças.
10. (AFA) The item that correctly explains the sentences below is:
I. She was too excited, so she took a sleeping pill.
II. You can’t drive a car since you are not eighteen yet.
III. Although the waiter had a very sore throat, he managed to 
answer in a hoarse whisper.
IV. As soon as I have � nished, I’ll explain him that I don’t feel up to 
tidying the kitchen now.
a) concession / time / reason / comparison
b) result / reason / concession / time
c) reason / result / cause / time
d) cause / time / result / comparison
EXERCÍCIOS DE
TREINAMENTO
01. (AFA) Read the sentences below and mark the alternative 
containing the ideas expressed by each sentence, respectively.
I. We camped there since it was too dark to go on.
II. It froze hard that night, so there was ice everywhere next day.
III. Even though you don’t like him you can still be polite. 
IV. As soon as he left university he was hired by a renowned industry.
a) time / concession / reason / comparison
b) reason / result / concession / time
c) result / reason / cause / time
d) time / result / cause / comparison
02. (EFOMM 2018)
CRUISE SHIP CRASH CAUSES MORE THAN $18M IN DAMAGE
TO PRISTINE INDONESIAN REEF, EXPERT SAYS
Published March 14, 2017.
The damage caused by a British-owned cruise ship that accidentally 
run aground on a pristine Indonesian coral reef could cause total more 
than $18M million, according to academics and environmental groups 
working in the region.
Researches for Conservation International Indonesia (CII), Papua 
State University and the Regional Technical Implementing Unit (UPTD) 
found that the grounding of the 295-foot Caledonian Sky cruise ship – 
which weighs 4,200 tons and carried 102 passengers – caused massive 
damage to several endemic reefs that are unique to Raja Ampat, a 
remote and idyllic island chain west of Indonesian’s Papua province.
“The types of reefs that were damaged by the ship are Genus 
Porites, Acropora, Poicilopora, Tubastrea, Montipora, Stylopora, Favia 
and Pavites. It will take decades for restore the reefs,” Ricardo Tapilatu, 
who headed the research, told the Jakarta Post. Tapilatu added that 
damage area stretched for more than 145,000-square-miles.
The Caledonian Sky, owned by British company Noble Caledonia, 
was � nishing a bird-watching trip on Waigeo Island on March 4 when 
it veered slightly off course and slammed into the reef. An investigation 
into the incident found that the cruise ship allegedly entered the area 
without consulting local guides and that ship’s crew only relied on GPS 
navigation without considering the tide.
“The skipper forced the ship to enter the area, which was not 
open to cruise ships,” CII spokesman, Albert Nebore, said.
Noble Caledonia called the accident an “unfortunate” incident 
and added that the company is “� rmly committed to protection of 
the environment” and fully backed an investigation, but made no 
mention of compensation.
The Caledonian Sky has since been re� oated and an inspection 
revealed that “the hull was undamaged and remained intact,” the 
company said.
The ship itself “did not take on water, nor was any pollution 
reported as a result of the grounding,” Noble Caledonia added.
Indonesia’s Environment and Forestry Ministry has deployed its 
staff to identify the damage coral reefs and collect evidence that they 
will use to demand compensation from the British company.
Ministry spokesman Djati Witjaksono said, “We will discuss with experts 
the amount of compensation the company must pay [to Indonesia].”
Locals in Raja Ampat say that besides the damage to the reef, the 
accident has also put a major strain on the local economy, which relies 
heavily on snorkeling and scuba-diving tourism.
“Coral reefs are the main attraction for many tourists in the area. 
It is counterproductive for our tourism prospects,” Laura Resti, from 
Raja Ampat’s homestay association, told to BBC. “We have tried to 
conserve those coral reefs for a long time, and just within few hours 
they were gone”. Resti added: “I am so sad and feel ashamed to take 
tourists there.”
(Adapted from: www.foxnews.com.)
In paragraph 11:
“Locals in Raja Ampat say that besides the damage to the reef, the 
accident has also put a major strain on the local economy (…).”
The word in bold is closest in meaning to:
a) as soon as
b) instead of
c) in spite of
d) as long as
e) as well as
03. (UNIFESP 2015) No trecho “Rather, he is keen to promote 
choices”, o termo em destaque equivale, em português, a
a) por sinal.
b) mesmo assim.
c) pelo contrário.
d) via de regra.
e) além disso.
04. (UNESP 2018) Leia o texto para responder à questão a seguir.
WHEN DOES THE BRAIN WORK BEST?
The peak times and ages for learning
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What’s your ideal time of the day for brain performance? 
Surprisingly, the answer to this isn’t as simple as being a morning or 
a night person. New research has shown that certain times of the day 
are best for completing speci� c tasks, and listening to your body’s 
natural clock may help you to accomplish more in 24 hours.
Science suggests that the best time for our natural peak 
productivity is late morning. Our body temperatures start to rise just 
before we wake up in the morning and continue to increase through 
midday, Steve Kay, a professor of molecular and computational biology 
at the University of Southern California told The Wall Street Journal.
This gradual increase in body temperature means that our working 
memory, alertness, and concentration also gradually improve, peaking 
at about mid morning. Our alertness tends to dip after this point, 
but one study suggested that midday fatigue may actually boost our 
creative abilities. For a 2011 study, 428 students were asked to solve 
a series of two types of problems, requiring either analytical or novel 
thinking. Results showed that their performance on the second type 
was best at non-peak times of day when they were tired.
As for the age where our brains are at peak condition, science has 
long held that � uid intelligence, or the ability to think quickly and recall 
information, peaks at around age 20. However, a 2015 study revealed 
that peak brain age is far more complicated than previously believed 
and concluded that there are about 30 subsets of intelligence, all of 
which peak at different ages for different people. For example, the 
study found that raw speed in processing information appears to peak 
around age 18 or 19, then immediately starts to decline, but short-
term memory continues to improve until around age 25, and then 
begins to drop around age 35, Medical Xpress reported. The ability to 
evaluate other people’s emotional states peaked much later, in the 40s 
or 50s. In addition, the study suggested that out our vocabulary may 
peak as late as our 60s’s or 70’s.
Still, while working according to your body’s natural clock may 
sound helpful, it’s important to remember that these times may differ 
from person to person. On average, people can be divided into two 
distinct groups: morning people tend to wake up and go to sleep 
earlier and to be most productive early in the day. Evening people tend 
to wake up later, start more slowly and peak in the evening. If being a 
morning or evening person has been working for you the majority of 
your life, it may be best to not � x what’s not broken.
(Dana Dovey. www.medicaldaily.com, 08.08.2016. Adaptado.)
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo“However, a 2015 study revealed”, o 
termo em destaque pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por:
a) although.
b) nevertheless.
c) inasmuch.
d) meanwhile.
e) whatever.
05. (UPE 2013) Leia o texto.
WHALES ARE PEOPLE, TOO
One of the most important features of science is that scienti� c 
progress regularly leads to important ethical questions. This is 
particularly true with research about cetaceans — whales, dolphins 
and the like — because it has become increasingly apparent that the 
inner life of these nonhumans is more complex than most humans 
realize. We have learned that their capacity for suffering is signi� cantly 
greater than has been imagined — which makes much human 
behavior towards these nonhumans ethically problematic.
There is now ample scienti� c evidence that capacities once thought 
to be unique to humans are shared by these beings. 1Like humans, 
whales and dolphins are 'persons'. That is, they are self-aware beings 
with individual personalities and a rich inner life. They have the ability 
to think abstractly, feel deeply and choose their actions. Their lives 
are characterized by close, long-term relationships with conspeci� cs in 
communities characterized by culture. In short, whales and dolphins 
are a “who”, not a “what”.
2However, as the saying goes, there is good news and there is 
bad news.
The good news is that the scienti� c community is gradually 
recognizing the importance of these ethical issues. For example, more 
marine mammal scientists are steering away from doing research on 
captive dolphins. More signi� cantly, a small group of experts who met 
at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies in the spring of 2010 to 
evaluate the ethical implications of the scienti� c research on cetaceans 
concluded that the evidence merited issuing a Declaration of Rights for 
Cetaceans: Whales and Dolphins. This group included such prominent 
scientists as Lori Marino and Hal Whitehead. Particularly important 
in this declaration was the recognition that whales and dolphins 
are persons who are "beyond use". Treating them as 'property' is 
indefensible. Unfortunately, while there has been consistent progress 
in scientists' sensitivity to the ethical issues, the same cannot be said 
for those who use cetaceans to generate revenue.
(Disponível em: www.abc.net.au/environment/articles. (Adaptado))
As palavras “Like” (ref. 1) e “However” (ref. 2) estabelecem, 
respectivamente, relações de
a) contraste e dúvida.
b) condição e contraste.
c) temporalidade e dúvida.
d) comparação e causalidade.
e) comparação e contraste.
06. (ESPCEX/AMAN 2018)
HOW DIVERSITY MAKES US SMARTER
Decades of research by organizational scientists, psychologists, 
sociologists, economists and demographers show that socially diverse 
groups (that is, those with a diversity of race, ethnicity, gender and 
sexual orientation) are more innovative than homogeneous groups. It 
means being around people who are different from us makes us more 
creative, more diligent and more hardworking.
It seems obvious that a group of people with diverse individual 
expertise would be better than a homogeneous group at solving 
complex, non-routine problems. It is less obvious that social diversity 
should work in the same way - yet the science shows that it does. 
This is not only because people with different backgrounds bring new 
information. Simply interacting with individuals who are different 
forces group members to prepare better, to anticipate alternative 
viewpoints and to expect that reaching consensus will take effort.
Diversity of expertise confers bene� ts that are obvious - you 
would not think of building a new car without engineers, designers 
and quality-control experts - but what about social diversity? The 
same logic applies to social diversity. People who are different from 
one another in race, gender and other dimensions bring unique 
information and experiences to bear on the task at hand. A male 
and a female engineer might have perspectives as different from one 
another as an engineer and a physicist - and that is a good thing.
The fact is that if you want to build teams or organizations 
capable of innovating, you need diversity. Diversity enhances creativity. 
It encourages the search for novel information and perspectives, 
leading to better decision making and problem solving. Diversity can 
improve the bottom line of companies and lead to discoveries and 
breakthrough innovations. Even simply being exposed to diversity can 
change the way you think.
(Adapted from http://www.scienti� camerican.com/article/how-diversity-makes-us-
smarter/)
Choose the alternative that correctly substitutes the word yet in the 
sentence "It is less obvious that social diversity should work in the 
same way - yet the science shows that it does." (paragraph 2).
a) however
b) for
c) such as
d) thus
e) because
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07. (ESPM 2013)
THE EURO - THE FLIGHT FROM SPAIN
Spain can be shored up for a while; but its woes contain an alarming 
lesson for the entire euro zone
The worst nightmares are the ones you cannot wake up from. 
Just ask Spain. A year ago the cost of Spanish government borrowing 
soared as euro contagion spread from Greece, Ireland and Portugal. 
Panic seemed to subside with central-bank intervention and the 
promise of a new reforming government in Madrid. Since then Spain 
has, broadly, been as good as its word and Mariano Rajoy’s government 
has, played its part in countless “make-or-break” summits in Brussels 
and secured up to €100 billion ($121 billion) to prop up its banks. Yet 
despite all its efforts and pain, Spain cannot shake off that sense of 
doom. On July 25th the yield on ten-year bonds touched a euro-era 
record of 7.75%. Two-year bonds have climbed above 7%: investors 
fear that Spain must soon ask for a bail-out—or default. Spain’s 
nightmare is a symptom of what is wrong with the entire euro zone. 
As the months drag on, the crisis is deepening. Europe’s leaders have 
asked the world to trust that they will do what it takes to save the 
euro. They have also pleaded for more time to sort out the mess. Their 
task is indeed immense, but as they disappear to their chateaux and 
beach villas, trust is draining away and time is not their friend.
The bull and the horns
Spain’s situation today is all the more shocking because only this 
month it had announced €65 billion of tax rises and spen- ding cuts 
and won the funds for its bank rescue. This was meant to persuade 
investors that the whole euro zone is serious about keeping Spain. 
Yet the message was obliterated by news that the government now 
expects the recession to last into 2013 and, worse, that it will have to 
� nd the money to bail out regions which have suddenly confessed to 
being broke.
The prognosis for Spain is bleak. The economy is in recession, the 
public sector is cuttings pending and the private sector is reluctant to 
invest. This lack of domestic demand almost guarantees that Mr Rajoy 
will fail to meet the target to reduce the de� cit. If that happens, Spain 
will be asked to impose yet more austerity. That will undermine his 
popularity, which has already fallen steeply since he was elected. Spain’s 
resolve will be further damaged by rows over budget cuts between 
Madrid and regional politicians, who control 40% of public spending—
and who, even if they are from Mr Rajoy’s party, jealously guard their 
autonomy. Political uncertainty will feed back into the economy, which 
will only deteriorate more. And the vicious circle continues.
(Jul 28th 2012 / www.economist.com)
In the underlined sentence “Yet despite all its efforts and pain, Spain 
cannot shake off that sense of doom.”, the word “yet” conveys an 
idea of
a) opposition
b) addition
c) replacement
d) cause
e) result
08. (CEFET-MG 2013) The following text was published on the 
Markkula Center for Applied Ethics website at Santa Clara University. 
It’s ablog post written by an Ethics teacher. Read it and answer 
question.
THE BIG Q - BACK TO BLOG
Can You Keep a Secret?
Monday, Mar. 25, 2013
The best student comment on “Can You Keep a Secret?” wins a 
$100 Amazon gift certi� cate.
Entries must be received by midnight, Sunday, April 7, 2013. 
Subscribe to the blog (by RSS or by e-mail in the right hand column) 
for updates.
**DISCLAIMER: All characters and scenarios in this post are 
� ctional.**
Scott couldn’t believe his eyes when he checked Facebook this 
morning. A new page, “SCU Confessions,” had just been created, 
and one of the � rst “confessions” was about him! Someone shared 
a story where he had gotten really drunk last week and did a few 
things he wasn’t proud of. Granted, he wasn’t mentioned by name, 
but it was a unique enough situation that everyone he knew would 
recognize it as being about him.
Scott had heard about other schools starting pages like this, 
where people message the page administrator their secrets, hook-up 
stories, dirty deeds, and anything else that they would want to share 
anonymously. Scott initially thought these pages were hilarious, and 
even “liked” the ones from other schools just 1so that he could be 
entertained. However, now that he was reading something about him, 
he felt embarrassed and upset. Already it had 50 “likes” and counting, 
and several of his friends tagged him in the comments 2so that he 
would see it. To make matters worse, the post was anonymous, so he 
had no way of knowing who was spreading the story around.
[...]
(Posted by Chloe Wilson Available at: http://www.scu.edu/r/ethics-center/ethicsblog/
thebigq/15790/ Can-You-Keep-a- Secret?. Accessed on: April 2013.)
The linking word “so that” (ref. 1 e 2) expresses:
a) reason.
b) purpose.
c) addition.
d) emphasis.
e) comparison.
09. (ITA 2019) Leia o fragmento abaixo.
[…]
The shift has not happened by accident. 1As Jacques Peretti argued 
in his � lm The Men Who Made Us Fat, food companies have invested 
heavily in designing products that use sugar to bypass our natural 
appetite control mechanisms, and in packaging and promoting these 
products to break down what remains of our defenses, including 
through the use of subliminal scents. They employ an army of food 
scientists and psychologists to trick us into eating more than we 
need, while their advertisers use the latest � ndings in neuroscience to 
overcome our resistance.
[…]
(Adaptado de: <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/15/age-of-
obesity-shaming-overweight-people/>. Acesso em: ago. 2018.)
Assinale a alternativa que pode substituir ‘as’ na sentença “As Jacques 
Peretti argued in his � lm The Men Who Made Us Fat, food companies 
have invested heavily in designing products [...]” (ref. 1) mantendo o 
mesmo sentido do texto e a correção gramatical.
a) In line with what
b) In contempt of
c) During the time
d) Considering that
e) Despite the fact that
10. (ITA 2019) A questão a seguir refere-se ao texto abaixo:
Arti� cial Intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role in 
our lives and in the global economy. It is the key to self-driving cars, 
the Amazon Alexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall 
Street, innovation in medicine, and cyberwar defenses.
Technology is rarely good nor evil — it’s all in how humans use 
it. AI could do an enormous amount of good and solve some of the 
world’s hardest problems, but that same power could be turned 
against us. AI could be set up to in� ict bias based on race or beliefs, 
invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses 
— and do a lot of nefarious things we can’t yet foresee.
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Which means that our policymakers must understand 1and help 
guide AI so it bene� ts society. […] We don’t want overreaching 
regulation that goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up sti� ing 
innovation. 2Regulators helped make it so dif� cult to develop atomic 
energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear 
power. 3So, while we need a Federal Arti� cial Intelligence Agency, or 
FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership. 
Washington should bring in AI experts from the tech industry to a 
federal agency designed to understand and direct AI and to inform 
lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington 
on a kind of public service tour of duty.
Importantly, we’re at the beginning of a new era in government 
— one where governance is software-de� ned. The nature of AI 
and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency 
— one that includes both humans and software. The software will 
help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on 
manual enforcement are too cumbersome to keep up with technology 
and too “dumb” to monitor algorithms in a timely way.
Software-de� ned regulation can monitor software-driven 
industries better than regulations enforced by squads of regulators. 
Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as 
Facebook, looking for details and patterns that humans might never 
catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure 
Facebook doesn’t exploit political biases, it could direct the FAIA to 
write an algorithm to look for the behavior.
It’s just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the 
role of humans inside these companies. We want technology that can 
tell if Airbnb hosts are illegally turning down minorities or if Facebook’s 
human editors are squashing conservative news headlines.
The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software — 
open to examination by anyone, while the companies keep private 
proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone 
can run various datasets against them and analyze for “off the rails” 
behaviors and unexpected results.
Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we 
can’t rely on companies to monitor and regulate themselves. Public 
companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest pro� ts 
possible, and their algorithms will optimize for � nancial goals, not 
societal goals. But as a tech investor, I don’t want to see an ill-informed 
Congress set up regulatory schemes for social networks, search and 
other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as dull 
and bureaucratic as electric companies. […] Technology companies 
and policymakers need to come together soon and share ideas about 
AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency.
[...]
Let’s do this before bad regulations get enacted — and before 
AI gets away from us and does more damage. We have a chance 
right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in 
a positive direction, we need to get the checks and balances in place 
right now.
(Adaptado de <https://www.marketwatch.com/story/arti� cial-intelligence-is-too-
powerful-to-be-left-to-facebook-amazon-and-other-tech-giants-2018-04-23>. 
Acesso em: jun. 2018.)
Observe o uso da palavra ‘so’ nas frases abaixo.
I. […] and help guide AI so it bene� ts society […] (ref. 1)
II. Regulators helped make it so dif� cult to develop […] (ref. 2)
III. So, while we need a Federal Arti� cial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA 
[…] (ref. 3)
Assinale a alternativa que explica respectivamente, o uso de ‘so’.
a) I. para expressar propósito; II. como intensi� cador; III. para 
sintetizar ideias anteriores.
b) I. para expressar resultado; II. para indicar tamanho ou extensão; 
III. para substituir uma oração.
c) I. para introduzir uma decisão; II. como advérbio de modo; III. com 
sentido de “até o momento”.
d) I. para indicar con� rmação; II. para expressar efeito; III. como 
conjunção adversativa.
e) I. para indicar inclusão; II. como preposição; III. para indicar a 
relevância do que será expresso.
EXERCÍCIOS DE
COMBATE
01. (UFRS) Gases and liquids are two forms of the � uid states: gases are 
generally compressible __________ liquidsare often incompressible.
a) as a result
b) while
c) because
d) in other words
e) whether
02. (EN) Which of the options completes the sentence correctly?
“People who are middle-aged and older tend to know more than 
young adults ________ they have been around longer, and score 
higher on vocabulary tests, crossword puzzles and other measures of 
so-called crystallized intelligence.”
a) so
b) when
c) while
d) because
e) in case
03. (AFA) Which alternative completes meaningfully the sentence 
below? 
“_______ the possibility of an awful storm they decided not to _______ 
the match that _______ scheduled.”
a) Because / win / is
b) Although / play / was
c) However / cancel / isn’t
d) In spite of / call off / had been
04. (ITA) The test was ___________ no one passed.
a) very hard that
b) too hard for that
c) too hard, so
d) so hard so that
e) too hard
05. (FATEC-SP) The buses are crowded and dirty; ________, they are 
never on time.
a) then
b) instead
c) in addition
d) for example
e) nevertheless
06. (FUVEST) Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a frase:
“Yuri and Vanessa are very good friends. _________, they sometimes 
stop talking to each other _______ both of them are very stubborn.”
a) So that / otherwise
b) However / because
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CONJUNCTIONS - CONNECTIVES
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c) But / whether
d) Even if / for
e) “a” and “c” are correct
07. (AFA) Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there 
are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the 
same, but in the and they are clearly more different.
Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives.
The option that contains a synonym for the underlined expression is:
a) nevertheless.
b) due to.
c) therefore.
d) although.
08. (COMD. AERONÁUTICA) Mark the option that can replace the 
word in bold.
“Despite being rich and famous, Kim is a lonely man.”
a) Although
b) However
c) In spite of
d) Whereas
09. (EEAR) A pilot from Northwest Airlines � ight was less than pleased 
with the food which was to be served on the � ight.
He decided to � nd some better food, so he left his aeroplane, and 
then left the airport to � nd food even though he had a plane to � y.
The conjunction “so”, in the text, can be replaced by:
a) because.
b) however.
c) even though.
d) and therefore.
10. (EN) Which of the options completes the sentence correctly?
“Surveys have found that even though 80% of smokers would like 
to quit smoking, less than � ve percent are able to quit on their own 
______ the highly addictive properties of nicotine.”
a) nonetheless
b) due to
c) moreover
d) however
e) instead of
GABARITO
EXERCÍCIOS DE FIXAÇÃO
01. E
02. A
03. E
04. D
05. C
06. D
07. B
08. C
09. E
10. B
EXERCÍCIOS DE TREINAMENTO
01. B
02. E
03. C
04. B
05. E
06. A
07. A
08. B
09. A
10. A
EXERCÍCIOS DE COMBATE
01. B
02. D
03. D
04. C
05. C
06. B
07. A
08. C
09. D
10. B
ANOTAÇÕES