Reflexões sobre Governo e Política

Prévia do material em texto

1
Questão 1
On Government and Politicians
1. A government big enough to give you everything you want, is strong enough to take everything
you have.
– Thomas Jefferson
2. A government which robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of Paul.
– George Bernard Shaw
3. Giving money and power to government is like giving whiskey and car keys to teenage boys.
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
4. If you don't read the newspaper you are uninformed, if you do read the newspaper you are
misinformed.
– Mark Twain
5. If you think health care is expensive now, wait until you see what it costs when it's free!
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
6. In general, the art of government consists of taking as much money as possible from one party of
the citizens to give to the other.
– Voltaire (1764)
7. Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesn't mean politics won't take an interest in
you!
– Pericles (430 B.C.)
8. Suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But then I repeat myself.
– Mark Twain
9. Talk is cheap... except when Congress does it.
– Anonymous 
10. The only difference between a tax man and a taxidermist is that the taxidermist leaves the skin.
– Mark Twain
11. What this country needs are more unemployed politicians.
– Edward Langley, Artist (1928-1995)
 
Source: received by email
 
Considerando o texto On Government and Politicians, é correto afirmar:
(001) O autor anônimo do pensamento 9 alega que o Congresso irá criar um imposto para o ato da
fala.
(002) No pensamento 2, George Bernard Shaw sugere que um governo sempre terá o apoio daqueles
a quem ele beneficia.
(004) No pensamento 3, o autor se mostra favorável a que o governo tenha poder e dinheiro.
(008) Edward Langley sugere que o país precisa de menos políticos empregados.
(016) Péricles considera que a política não é justa porque os políticos não se interessam pelo cidadão.
Gabarito:
10
Resolução:
002 + 008 = 010
001) é incorreta porque o pensamento 9 diz que a fala é de graça, exceto quando é feita pelo
Congresso – que gasta muito dinheiro para manter seus discursos. Não trata de nenhuma lei.
002) é correta, porque, por meio de uma pequena parábola, Shaw afirma que aqueles que beneficiam
o governo, mesmo em atos ilícitos, serão protegidos.
004) é incorreto porque a analogia feita entre gastos do o governo e de rapazes adolescentes mostra
desconfiança.
008) é correta, porque o autor em questão diz que o país a que se refere precisa de "mais políticos
desempregados", ou seja, menos políticos no poder.
016) é incorreta porque o que Péricles realmente afirma é que mesmo os cidadãos não interessdos na
política serão alvo do interesse dos políticos.
Questão 2
On Government and Politicians
1. A government big enough to give you everything you want, is strong enough to take everything
you have.
– Thomas Jefferson
2. A government which robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of Paul.
– George Bernard Shaw
3. Giving money and power to government is like giving whiskey and car keys to teenage boys.
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
4. If you don't read the newspaper you are uninformed, if you do read the newspaper you are
misinformed.
– Mark Twain
5. If you think health care is expensive now, wait until you see what it costs when it's free!
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
6. In general, the art of government consists of taking as much money as possible from one party of
the citizens to give to the other.
– Voltaire (1764)
7. Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesn't mean politics won't take an interest in
you!
– Pericles (430 B.C.)
8. Suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But then I repeat myself.
– Mark Twain
9. Talk is cheap... except when Congress does it.
– Anonymous 
10. The only difference between a tax man and a taxidermist is that the taxidermist leaves the skin.
– Mark Twain
11. What this country needs are more unemployed politicians.
– Edward Langley, Artist (1928-1995)
 
Source: received by email
 
Baseado no texto On Government and Politicians, é correto afirmar:
(001) Voltaire, já em 1764, dizia que o governo arrecadava muito dinheiro para promover festas.
(002) Mark Twain sugere que o coletor de impostos “tira o couro”.
(004) O'Rourke denuncia que o governo fornece dinheiro e bebida a adolescentes.
(008) O'Rourke acredita que os planos de saúde serão gratuitos no futuro.
(016) Mark Twain parece acreditar que os jornais transmitem informações incorretas.
Gabarito:
18
Resolução:
002 + 016 = 018
001) é incorreta, porque Voltaire fala da manipulação de dinheiro que o governo faz de um partido
para outro (party) e não para investir em uma festa (party).
 
002) está correta porque Mark Twain faz analogia entre o taxidermista ("taxidermist",aquele que
trabalha reconstituindo corpos de animais, preservando sua pele) e o profissional dedicado à
cobrança de taxas ("tax man"), dizendo que a diferença é que o taxidermista "deixa a pele" ou seja
"não tira o couro".
 
004) é incorreto porque o que este pensador verdadeiramente denuncia são os efeitos custosos do
serviço de saúde público/gratuito.
 
008) é incorreto – o pensador fala sobre os planos gratuitos de saúde atuais, e não sobre os do futuro.
 
016) é correta, pois Mark Twain diz que "se você não lê jornais, fica desinformado; se lê, fica mal
informado". Infere-se daí que o pensador considera que os jornais veiculam informações incorretas.
Questão 3
On Government and Politicians
1. A government big enough to give you everything you want, is strong enough to take everything
you have.
– Thomas Jefferson
2. A government which robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of Paul.
– George Bernard Shaw
3. Giving money and power to government is like giving whiskey and car keys to teenage boys.
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
4. If you don't read the newspaper you are uninformed, if you do read the newspaper you are
misinformed.
– Mark Twain
5. If you think health care is expensive now, wait until you see what it costs when it's free!
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
6. In general, the art of government consists of taking as much money as possible from one party of
the citizens to give to the other.
– Voltaire (1764)
7. Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesn't mean politics won't take an interest in
you!
– Pericles (430 B.C.)
8. Suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But then I repeat myself.
– Mark Twain
9. Talk is cheap... except when Congress does it.
– Anonymous 
10. The only difference between a tax man and a taxidermist is that the taxidermist leaves the skin.
– Mark Twain
11. What this country needs are more unemployed politicians.
– Edward Langley, Artist (1928-1995)
 
Source: received by email
 
Conforme o uso, no texto On Government and Politicians, é correto afirmar:
(001) everything, do pensamento 1, pode ser substituído por all that, sem alterar o sentido da frase.
(002) As palavras like, costs, general e just, que ocorrem nos pensamentos 3, 5, 6 e 7, significam
respectivamente: gostam, costas, general e justo.
(004) which, do pensamento 2, pode ser substituído por that, sem alterar o sentido da frase.
 
(008) Just, do pensamento 7, pode ser substituído por only, sem alterar o sentido da frase.
 
(016) As palavras support, expensive, party e politics, que ocorrem nos pensamentos 2, 5, 6 e 7,
significam respectivamente: suporte, expansivo, parte e políticas.
Gabarito:
13
Resolução:
001 + 004 + 008 = 013
001) está correto, pois o quantificador "everything", no primeiro pensamento, pode ser substituído
por "all that", mantendo-se o sentido de "tudo".
002) é incorreto. As palavras like, costs, general e just, poderiam ser traduzidas respectivamente por
como, custos, geral e só.
004) é correta porque which, no pensamento 2, pode ser substituído por that mantendo-se a função
de pronome relativo "que".
008) também é correta - just, no pensamento7, pode ser substituído por only, mantendo-se o sentido
adverbial de "somente".
016) é incorreta, porque as palavras support, expensive, party e politics, significam, respectivamente:
apoio/ proteção, caro, partido e política.
Questão 4
On Government and Politicians
1. A government big enough to give you everything you want, is strong enough to take everything
you have.
– Thomas Jefferson
2. A government which robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of Paul.
– George Bernard Shaw
3. Giving money and power to government is like giving whiskey and car keys to teenage boys.
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
4. If you don't read the newspaper you are uninformed, if you do read the newspaper you are
misinformed.
– Mark Twain
5. If you think health care is expensive now, wait until you see what it costs when it's free!
– P.J. O'Rourke, Civil Libertarian
6. In general, the art of government consists of taking as much money as possible from one party of
the citizens to give to the other.
– Voltaire (1764)
7. Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesn't mean politics won't take an interest in
you!
– Pericles (430 B.C.)
8. Suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But then I repeat myself.
– Mark Twain
9. Talk is cheap... except when Congress does it.
– Anonymous 
10. The only difference between a tax man and a taxidermist is that the taxidermist leaves the skin.
– Mark Twain
11. What this country needs are more unemployed politicians.
– Edward Langley, Artist (1928-1995)
 
Source: received by email
 
From the text “On Government and Politicians” one might correctly infer that
(001) Mark Twain suggests that members of Congress are idiots.
(002) government, politics and politicians are highly regarded by the authors.
(004) O'Rourke believes that governments should have more access to money and power.
(008) you must read a newspaper to be uninformed.
(016) politics has been debated before Christian times.
Gabarito:
17
Resolução:
001 + 016 = 017
001) é correta, porque a proposição construída por Twain brinca com a possibilidade de ser um
pleonasmo a referência a um congressista idiota. 
 
002) é incorreta porque os políticos não estão em "alta conta" ("highly regarded") para os pensadores
elencados na questão, que os criticam.
004) é incorreto, porque o que o pensador expressa é descrença em dar dinheiro aos políticos.
008) também é incorreta, pois, segudo o pensamento em questão, se você não lê o jornal, fica
desinformado (uninformed), se o lê, fica mal informado (misinformed).
016) está correta. No pensamento de Péricles sobre a política disposto na questão, lê-se a sigla
"B.C.", após a data de sua citação. A sigla significa "before Christ" ("antes de Cristo", "A.C.") e, assim,
sabe-se que o debate sobre política vem de antes mesmo do nascimento de Cristo.
Questão 5
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development 
Migration, both within and beyond borders, has become an increasingly prominent theme in domestic
and international debates, and is the topic of the 2009 Human Development Report (HDR09). The
starting point is that the global distribution of capabilities is extraordinarily unequal, and that this is a
major driver for movement of people. Migration can expand their choices – in terms of incomes,
accessing services and participation, for example – but the opportunities open to people vary from
those who are best endowed to those with limited skills and assets. These underlying inequalities,
which can be compounded by policy distortions, is a theme of the report.
The report investigates migration in the context of demographic changes and trends in both growth
and inequality. It also presents more detailed and nuanced individual, family and village experiences,
and explores less visible movements typically pursued by disadvantaged groups such as short term
and seasonal migration.
There is a range of evidence about the positive impacts of migration on human development, through
such avenues as increased household incomes and improved access to education and health services.
There is further evidence that migration can empower traditionally disadvantaged groups, in
particular women. At the same time, risks to human development are also present where migration is
a reaction to threats and denial of choice, and where regular opportunities for movement are
constrained.
National and local policies play a critical role in enabling better human development outcomes for
both those who choose to move in order to improve their circumstances, and those forced to relocate
due to conflict, environmental degradation, or other reasons. [...] HDR09 shows how a human
development approach can be a means to redress some of the underlying issues that erode the
potential benefits of mobility and/or force migration. 
Texto: Disponível em: . Acesso em: 22 jun. 2010.
Em que se baseiam os debates sobre a migração de que trata o texto?
Gabarito:
(Resolução oficial)
Os debates sobre migração baseiam-se na distribuição global dos recursos, que é
extraordinariamente desigual, e este é um fator importante para a movimentação das pessoas.
Questão 6
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development 
Migration, both within and beyond borders, has become an increasingly prominent theme in domestic
and international debates, and is the topic of the 2009 Human Development Report (HDR09). The
starting point is that the global distribution of capabilities is extraordinarily unequal, and that this is a
major driver for movement of people. Migration can expand their choices – in terms of incomes,
accessing services and participation, for example – but the opportunities open to people vary from
those who are best endowed to those with limited skills and assets. These underlying inequalities,
which can be compounded by policy distortions, is a theme of the report.
The report investigates migration in the context of demographic changes and trends in both growth
and inequality. It also presents more detailed and nuanced individual, family and village experiences,
and explores less visible movements typically pursued by disadvantaged groups such as short term
and seasonal migration.
There is a range of evidence about the positive impacts of migration on human development, through
such avenues as increased household incomes and improved access to education and health services.
There is further evidence that migration can empower traditionally disadvantaged groups, in
particular women. At the same time, risks to human development are also present where migration is
a reaction to threats and denial of choice, and where regular opportunities for movement are
constrained.
National and local policies play a critical role in enabling better human development outcomes for
both those who choose to move in order to improve their circumstances, and those forced to relocate
due to conflict, environmental degradation, or other reasons. [...] HDR09 shows how a human
development approach can be a means to redress some of the underlying issues that erode the
potential benefits of mobility and/or force migration. Texto: Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 22 jun. 2010.
Em relação ao HDR09, responda: 
A) Em que contexto o Relatório investiga a migração?
B) Cite dois outros aspectos apresentados pelo Relatório.
Gabarito:
(Resolução oficial)
A) O HDR09 investiga a migração no contexto das mudanças demográficas e das tendências de
crescimento e desigualdade.
B) O Relatório também apresenta experiências individuais, familiares e grupais e os movimentos
menos visíveis buscados por grupos desfavorecidos.
Questão 7
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
Migration, both within and beyond borders, has become an increasingly prominent theme in domestic
and international debates, and is the topic of the 2009 Human Development Report (HDR09). The
starting point is that the global distributionof capabilities is extraordinarily unequal, and that this is a
major driver for movement of people. Migration can expand their choices – in terms of incomes,
accessing services and participation, for example – but the opportunities open to people vary from
those who are best endowed to those with limited skills and assets. These underlying inequalities,
which can be compounded by policy distortions, is a theme of the report.
The report investigates migration in the context of demographic changes and trends in both growth
and inequality. It also presents more detailed and nuanced individual, family and village experiences,
and explores less visible movements typically pursued by disadvantaged groups such as short term
and seasonal migration.
There is a range of evidence about the positive impacts of migration on human development, through
such avenues as increased household incomes and improved access to education and health services.
There is further evidence that migration can empower traditionally disadvantaged groups, in
particular women. At the same time, risks to human development are also present where migration is
a reaction to threats and denial of choice, and where regular opportunities for movement are
constrained.
National and local policies play a critical role in enabling better human development outcomes for
both those who choose to move in order to improve their circumstances, and those forced to relocate
due to conflict, environmental degradation, or other reasons. [...] HDR09 shows how a human
development approach can be a means to redress some of the underlying issues that erode the
potential benefits of mobility and/or force migration. Texto: Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 22 jun. 2010.
Mencione duas evidências dos impactos positivos trazidos pela migração.
Gabarito:
(Resolução oficial)
• Aumento da renda familiar.
• Melhoria no acesso à educação.
• Melhoria no acesso a serviços de saúde.
• Fortalecimento dos grupos desfavorecidos, tais como as mulheres.
Questão 8
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development 
Migration, both within and beyond borders, has become an increasingly prominent theme in domestic
and international debates, and is the topic of the 2009 Human Development Report (HDR09). The
starting point is that the global distribution of capabilities is extraordinarily unequal, and that this is a
major driver for movement of people. Migration can expand their choices – in terms of incomes,
accessing services and participation, for example – but the opportunities open to people vary from
those who are best endowed to those with limited skills and assets. These underlying inequalities,
which can be compounded by policy distortions, is a theme of the report.
The report investigates migration in the context of demographic changes and trends in both growth
and inequality. It also presents more detailed and nuanced individual, family and village experiences,
and explores less visible movements typically pursued by disadvantaged groups such as short term
and seasonal migration.
There is a range of evidence about the positive impacts of migration on human development, through
such avenues as increased household incomes and improved access to education and health services.
There is further evidence that migration can empower traditionally disadvantaged groups, in
particular women. At the same time, risks to human development are also present where migration is
a reaction to threats and denial of choice, and where regular opportunities for movement are
constrained.
National and local policies play a critical role in enabling better human development outcomes for
both those who choose to move in order to improve their circumstances, and those forced to relocate
due to conflict, environmental degradation, or other reasons. [...] HDR09 shows how a human
development approach can be a means to redress some of the underlying issues that erode the
potential benefits of mobility and/or force migration. Texto: Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 22 jun. 2010.
Existem dois grupos afetados pelas políticas nacionais e locais. Caracterize-os a partir da motivação
que os leva a migrar.
Gabarito:
(Resolução oficial)
Os dois grupos afetados são aqueles que escolhem mudar a fim de melhorar a sua situação e aqueles
que são forçados a se realocar devido a conflitos, à degradação ambiental ou a outras razões.
Questão 9
One of UK’s top jokes
1 A magician was working on a cruise ship in
the
2 Caribbean. The audience was different each
week so he
3 did the same tricks over and over.
4 The problem was that the captain’s parrot
saw all
5 the shows and began to understand how the
magician
6 did every trick.
7 He started shouting in the middle of the show:
8 “Look, it's not the same hat. Look, he's hiding
the
9 flowers under the table. Hey, why are all the
cards the
10 ace of spades? ”. The magician was furious
but, as it
11 was the captain's parrot, he could do nothing.
Then one
12 day the ship sank and the magician found
himself
13 floating on a piece of wood with the parrot.
14 They glared at each other but said nothing.
15 Finally, after a week, the parrot said: ‘OK, I
give up.
16 Where’s the boat?’
Disponível em: . Acesso em: 3 nov.
2015. 
According to text, choose the correct alternative(s).
(01) In English, there are past forms which are irregular. It means they do not follow the usual
pattern. In the text, some examples are “saw” (l. 4), “began” (l. 5) and “sank” (l. 12).
(02) The parrot once belonged to a Caribbean pirate.
(04) The magician did not want to save the parrot because the bird was too talkative.
(08) In the end, the parrot surrendered as he thought it had been the only trick he had not
understood.
(16) In the extract “They glared at each other but said nothing” (l. 14), the underlined part could be
rewritten as “but did not say anything” with no change in meaning.
Gabarito:
01 + 08 + 16 = 25
Resolução:
(01) Correta. Os verbos irregulares do inglês são aqueles verbos que não seguem a regra geral de
formação do passado e do particípio passado, segundo a qual essa formação se dá por meio do sufixo
-ed. No texto, as palavras “saw” ("viu", l. 4), “began” ("começou", l. 5) e “sank” ( "afundou", l. 12) são
exemplos de verbos irregulares. 
(02) Incorreta. No texto, o papagaio pertence ao capitão, e não a um pirata, como indica o emprego
do genitivo ("The problem was that the captain’s parrot..." ).
(04) Incorreta. O mágico não salva o papagaio porque, no final da anedota, estão ambos à deriva,
vítimas do naufrágio do barco.
(08) Correta. No final da história, o papagaio se rende, pois acredita que o naufrágio do navio poderia
ser um truque que ele não havia entendido, feito pelo mágico.
(16) Correta. No trecho “They glared at each other but said nothing” (l. 14), o segmento destacado
poderia se reescrito na forma “but did not say anything”, sem alteração no sentido ("mas não
disseram nada").
Questão 10
PAPER, PLASTIC, OR SOMETHING BETTER?
The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery store asks whether you prefer “paper or plastic” for
your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-friendly response and saying, “neither”.
Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls the landscape, and kill thousands of marine mammals every
year that mistake the floating bags for food. Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to
1,000 years to break down, and in the process they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles
that contaminate soil and water. Furthermore, the production of plastic bags consume millions of
gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating.
Paper bags, which many people consider a better alternative to plastic bags, carry their own set
of environmental problems. For example, according to the American Forest and Paper Association, in
1999 the U.S. alone used 10 billion paper grocery bags, which addsup to a lot of trees.
But if you decline paper and plastic bags, then how do you get your groceries home? The
answer, according to many environmentalists, is high-quality reusable shopping bags made of
materials that don’t harm the environment during production and don’t need to be discarded after
each use.
Experts estimate that 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed and discarded annually
worldwide – more than a million per minute.
Disponível em: . Adaptado.
O primeiro parágrafo ["The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery store asks whether you prefer
'paper or plastic' for your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-friendly response and saying,
'neither'.] contém uma função comunicativa importante. Nele, o autor do texto
a) aconselha os consumidores quanto à escolha de sacolas plásticas ou de papel no momento de
embalar as compras em lojas.
b) ilude o consumidor com falsas ideias sobre as sacolas plásticas usadas em lojas e supermercados.
c) critica os consumidores que ainda usam sacolas plásticas ou de papel para embalar suas compras.
d) dá informações técnicas sobre as sacolas plásticas e de papel usadas em lojas e supermercados.
e) mostra as diversas utilidades das sacolas de supermercado, plásticas ou de papel, após
sua utilização na embalagem de compras.
Gabarito:
A
Resolução:
A alternativa correta é a A. O primeiro parágrafo "The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery
store asks whether you prefer 'paper or plastic' for your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-
friendly response and saying, 'neither'." (em português, "A próxima vez que o funcionário de sua
mercearia preferida perguntar se você prefere 'papel ou plástico' para suas compras, considere dar a
resposta verdadeiramente eco-friendly e dizer 'nem um dos dois'.") contém uma função comunicativa
importante, já que nele o autor do texto aconselha os consumidores quanto à escolha de sacolas
plásticas ou de papel no momento de embalar as compras em lojas. O modo injuntivo, que
caracteriza o aconselhamento, aparece com o uso do imperativo em "consider giving the truly eco-
friendly response and saying, 'neither'" ("considere dar a resposta verdadeiramente eco-friendly e
dizer 'nem um dos dois').
Questão 11
PAPER, PLASTIC, OR SOMETHING BETTER?
The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery store asks whether you prefer “paper or plastic” for
your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-friendly response and saying, “neither”.
Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls the landscape, and kill thousands of marine mammals every
year that mistake the floating bags for food. Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to
1,000 years to break down, and in the process they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles
that contaminate soil and water. Furthermore, the production of plastic bags consume millions of
gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating.
Paper bags, which many people consider a better alternative to plastic bags, carry their own set
of environmental problems. For example, according to the American Forest and Paper Association, in
1999 the U.S. alone used 10 billion paper grocery bags, which adds up to a lot of trees.
But if you decline paper and plastic bags, then how do you get your groceries home? The
answer, according to many environmentalists, is high-quality reusable shopping bags made of
materials that don’t harm the environment during production and don’t need to be discarded after
each use.
Experts estimate that 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed and discarded annually
worldwide – more than a million per minute.
Disponível em: . Adaptado.
Na frase “Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to 1,000 years to break down”,
o verbo em destaque significa
a) acomodar-se.
b) decompor-se.
c) submergir.
d) explodir.
e) emergir.
Gabarito:
B
Resolução:
A alternativa correta é a B. Na frase “Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to 1,000
years to break down”, a expressão verbal em destaque é um phrasal verb que significa "decompor-
se". Traduzindo o trecho, teríamos "Sacos de plástico que ficam enterrados em aterros podem levar
até 1.000 anos para decompor-se".
Questão 12
PAPER, PLASTIC, OR SOMETHING BETTER?
The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery store asks whether you prefer “paper or plastic” for
your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-friendly response and saying, “neither”.
Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls the landscape, and kill thousands of marine mammals every
year that mistake the floating bags for food. Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to
1,000 years to break down, and in the process they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles
that contaminate soil and water. Furthermore, the production of plastic bags consume millions of
gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating.
é advPaper bags, which many people consider a better alternative to plastic bags, carry their own set
of environmental problems. For example, according to the American Forest and Paper Association, in
1999 the U.S. alone used 10 billion paper grocery bags, which adds up to a lot of trees.
But if you decline paper and plastic bags, then how do you get your groceries home? The
answer, according to many environmentalists, is high-quality reusable shopping bags made of
materials that don’t harm the environment during production and don’t need to be discarded after
each use.
Experts estimate that 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed and discarded annually
worldwide – more than a million per minute.
Disponível em: . Adaptado.
Considerando a gramática e o contexto, analise as alternativas a seguir e assinale a CORRETA.
a) "whether", no primeiro parágrafo, apresenta uma ideia de proximidade.
b) "end up", "fouls" e "mistake", no segundo parágrafo, são verbos.
c) "furthermore", no segundo parágrafo, é um conector de tempo.
d) Na frase "they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles", há uma comparação
indicando igualdade.
e) A frase "then how do you get your groceries home?" contém uma indagação sobre o tempo gasto
para embalar e levar as compras para casa.
Gabarito:
B
Resolução:
A alternativa correta é a B, pois "end up" ("acabar"), "fouls" ("entupir"/"assolar") e
"mistake"("confundir"), no segundo parágrafo, são verbos que indicam a ação, respectivamente, dos
sujeitos "Plastic bags" e "marine mammals".
Com base no contexto, o trecho que contém esses verbos,"Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls
the landscape, and kill thousands of marine mammals every year that mistake the floating bags for
food", poderia ser traduzido como "Sacos de plástico acabam sendo o lixo que assola a paisagem e
mata, a cada ano, milhares de mamíferos marinhos que confundem os sacos flutuantes com comida".
a) "whether" ("se"), no primeiro parágrafo, não apresenta uma ideia de proximidade, mas de
condição.
c) "furthermore", no segundo parágrafo, é um advérbio de adição.
d) Na frase "they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles", há uma comparação indicando
superioridade, pois "smaller" é a forma comparativa de superioridade para o adjetivo "small".
e) A frase "then how do you get your groceries home?" contém uma indagação sobre a forma
("how"/"como"), e não o tempo gasto para embalar e levar as compras para casa.
Questão 13
Old Light
1. I heard a tale that the sun god was said
2. to live in a whale and that's why light seems
3. to come out of its eyes and why rainbows
4. form in the mist of the gray whale's breath.
5. It's true, light comes, but it is an old light,
6. seeing. They look. The way they lift
7. themselves from the sea: they are shining,
8. water falling from them as they rise, exhale,
9. inhale and return below the surface of the
10. water.
11. The gray whalesthemselves are an
12. intelligence we haven't yet grasped, Life-
13. covered with several hundred pounds of
14. barnacles and small-eyed. If we could see
15. them ........ the brief timescale of the planet,
16. they would look like shape-shifters. If we
17. thought of time by something other than our
18. own notions, million-fold years ago, before
19. our own knowledge of evolution, we'd see
20. these whales ........ they walked on land.
21. Even now, existing within their immense
22. bones, there is body evidence, a hand,
23. human; vestigial hipbones; and remnants of
24. legs they no longer need. They lived ........
25. land when we lived in water. When we look
26. at them we see our own future.
27. And when they come up again for air
28. and the water falis from them back into the
29. seawater, it is a shine of beauty in a world of
30. desert, dunes in the background. As their
31. hind legs have disappeared into them, out of
32. our sight, and their hands have become
33. hidden, the compass set into their brains,
34. you'd think you might be able to be one with
35. them, as with a cousin, but it's a cousin lost
36. in time. It makes us so small in the
37. firmament. It makes us remember something
38. we can't quite name, only feel.
39. Looking at these whales in the shallow
40. water, thinking of the great turn of evolution
41. and change on earth, we wonder if one day
42. we will return to the seawater, along with
43. these long-enduring, longest-living mammals
44. on Earth.
HOGAN, Linda. Sightings: The Gray Whales' Mysterious Journey. Washington, D.C.: National
Geographic, 2002. p. 29-30. Adaptado.
Considere as afirmações sobre o significado da expressão "shape-shifters" (l. 16), no contexto em que
se encontra.
I – A capacidade das baleias de serem animais que vivem no mar, mas que necessitam emergir para
respirar.
II – A transformação das baleias ao longo do processo evolutivo.
III – O conhecimento do homem sobre a evolução das baleias cinzentas permite percebê-las sob nova
perspectiva.
Quais estão corretas?
(A) Apenas I.
(B) Apenas II.
(C) Apenas III.
(D) Apenas I e II.
(E) I, II e III.
Gabarito:
B
Resolução:
A alternativa a ser assinalada é a (B), pois apenas II é correta. O termo "shape-shifters" atribuído às
baleias, refere-se a sua condição de animal que passou por mudanças ("shift") de formato ("shape")
ao longo do processo evolutivo ("If we could see them over the brief timescale of the planet, they
would look like shape-shifters").
Questão 14
Old Light
1. I heard a tale that the sun god was said
2. to live in a whale and that's why light seems
3. to come out of its eyes and why rainbows
4. form in the mist of the gray whale's breath.
5. It's true, light comes, but it is an old light,
6. seeing. They look. The way they lift
7. themselves from the sea: they are shining,
8. water falling from them as they rise, exhale,
9. inhale and return below the surface of the
10. water.
11. The gray whales themselves are an
12. intelligence we haven't yet grasped, Life-
13. covered with several hundred pounds of
14. barnacles and small-eyed. If we could see
15. them ........ the brief timescale of the planet,
16. they would look like shape-shifters. If we
17. thought of time by something other than our
18. own notions, million-fold years ago, before
19. our own knowledge of evolution, we'd see
20. these whales ........ they walked on land.
21. Even now, existing within their immense
22. bones, there is body evidence, a hand,
23. human; vestigial hipbones; and remnants of
24. legs they no longer need. They lived ........
25. land when we lived in water. When we look
26. at them we see our own future.
27. And when they come up again for air
28. and the water falis from them back into the
29. seawater, it is a shine of beauty in a world of
30. desert, dunes in the background. As their
31. hind legs have disappeared into them, out of
32. our sight, and their hands have become
33. hidden, the compass set into their brains,
34. you'd think you might be able to be one with
35. them, as with a cousin, but it's a cousin lost
36. in time. It makes us so small in the
37. firmament. It makes us remember something
38. we can't quite name, only feel.
39. Looking at these whales in the shallow
40. water, thinking of the great turn of evolution
41. and change on earth, we wonder if one day
42. we will return to the seawater, along with
43. these long-enduring, longest-living mammals
44. on Earth.
HOGAN, Linda. Sightings: The Gray Whales' Mysterious Journey. Washington, D.C.: National
Geographic, 2002. p. 29-30. Adaptado.
Considere as propostas de reescrita do segmento "As their hind legs have disappeared into them [ ...
], the compass set into theír brains" (l. 30-33).
I – While their hind legs were disappearing into them [ ... ), the compass set into their brains.
II – Because their hind legs have disappeared into them [ ... ], a compass set into their brains.
III – ln the sarne way that their hind legs have disappeared into them [ ... ], the compass set into their
brains.
Quais poderiam substituir o segmento citado, sem prejuízo do sentido literal e da
correção gramatical?
(A) Apenas I.
(B) Apenas II.
(C) Apenas III.
(D) Apenas II e III.
(E) I, II e III.
Gabarito:
A
Resolução:
A alternativa a ser assinalada é a (A), pois apenas I fornece uma boa opção de reescrita para o trecho
em foco. No trecho, a conjunção “As” é empregada com valor semântico de tempo, traduzível por
"enquanto", substituível, então por “while”, que expressa o mesmo sentido.
Questão 15
Out of school and out of work
World Bank Group Report 2016
Throughout Latin America, youth who are neither working nor in school are often labeled ninis, from
the Spanish phrase “ni estudia ni trabaja.”
One in five youth in the region – totaling more than 20 million people aged 15-24 – is living as a nini.
Moreover, the problem has proven very persistent. Despite the strong economic performance of Latin
America during the 2000s – with vibrant economic growth and a significant reduction in poverty and
inequality – the proportion of ninis fell only marginally, and the number of ninis actually increased.
HOYOS, Rafael de; ROGERS, Halsey; SZÉKELY, Miguel. Out of School and Out of Work: Risk and
Opportunities for Latin America’s Ninis, 2016. World Bank, Washington, DC. Retrieved from:
. Accessed on October 31st, 2016.
According to text, it is correct to affirm that:
01) ninis represent 20% of the world youth population.
02) the number of ninis in Latin America has risen, nevertheless poverty and inequality have
decreased.
04) ninis are only those people whose age ranges from 15 to 24 years old and who are unemployed
and out of school.
08) with the strong economic performance of Latin America during the 2000s, the number of ninis has
been finally reduced.
16) living as a nini is considered to be an economical benefit for Latin America.
Gabarito:
02 + 04 = 06
Resolução:
02) Correta. De acordo com o texto, o número de ninis ("nem-nens") na América Latina aumentou,
mas a pobreza e a desigualdade diminuíram ("Despite the strong economic performance of Latin
America during the 2000s – with vibrant economic growth and a significant reduction in poverty and
inequality – the proportion of ninis fell only marginally, and the number of ninis actually increased").
04) Correta. Como lemos no excerto, os ninis são aquelas pessoas cuja idade varia de 15 a 24 anos e
que estão desempregadas e fora da escla, ou seja, nem trabalham, nem estudam, de onde advém a
alcunha ("Throughout Latin America, youth who are neither working nor in school are often labeled
ninis, from the Spanish phrase 'ni estudia ni trabaja'”).
Questão 16
OUR WORD OF THE YEAR FOR 2019 IS THEY
 
English lacks a gender-neutral singular pronoun to correspond with singular pronouns like everyone or
someone, and as a consequence they has been used for this purpose for over 600 years. Recently
though, they has also been usedto refer to a person whose gender identity is nonbinary, a sense that
is increasingly common in published text, social media, and in daily personal
interactions between English speakers. There's no doubt that its use is established in the English
language, which is why it was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in September of 2019.
Nonbinary they was also prominent in the news in 2019. Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal (WA)
revealed in April that her child is gender-nonconforming and uses they. And the American
Psychological Association’s blog officially recommended that singular they be preferred in
professional writing over “he or she” when the reference is to a person whose gender is unknown or
to a person who prefers they.
(Adaptado de www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year/they. Acessado em 29/04/2020.)
 
De acordo com o texto, o fato de uma palavra simples, como o pronome “they”, ter sido escolhida
como a palavra do ano de 2019 se justifica pela necessidade de
 
a) fazer justiça a uma palavra que já é usada há mais de 600 anos.
b) legitimar os sentidos recentes dessa palavra que permeiam diversas instâncias da vida social.
c) esclarecer dúvidas quanto ao emprego gramatical adequado dessa palavra em textos escritos.
d) atender às recomendações de órgãos oficiais quanto ao uso dessa palavra em textos escritos.
Gabarito:
B
Resolução:
De acordo com o texto, o fato de uma palavra simples, como o pronome “they”, ter sido escolhida
como a palavra do ano de 2019 se justifica pela necessidade de legitimar os sentidos recentes dessa
palavra que permeiam diversas instâncias da vida social, conforme comprova-se no trecho “Recently
though, they has also been used to refer to a person whose gender identity is nonbinary, a sense that
is increasingly common in published text, social media, and in daily personal interactions between
English speakers”.
Questão 17
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva
5
 Some two million farmers in the Peruvian Andes
eke out a living by working the land, barely making ends
meet. And those in the rural highlands are the poorest
of the poor. To help them get the most out of their small
plots, Sierra Productiva is educating them about the latest
10
sustainable agricultural methods — and it's using an
age-old medium to deliver its message: the Yachachiq,
the Incan name for those who pass on knowledge.
 To increase the farmer's yield and income, Sierra
Productiva and its Yachachiq are training farmers in the
15
use of 18 earth-friendly technologies and techniques,
from the use of natural pesticides and hydroponics to
crop rotation and reforestation, as well as various
methods that add value. The organization started out
with just 20 Yachachiq; today, there are over 2,700 —
 and more than 225,000 people have benefited from their
expertise.
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva. Newsweek, Nova York, encarte, p. 15.
Fill in the parentheses with T (True) or F (False). About the Sierra Productiva project, it's correct to
say:
( ) It is environmentally friendly.
( ) It's against the use of any kind of pesticide.
( ) It teaches farmers to plant genetically modified crops.
( ) It helps farmers to make more money.
According to the text, the correct sequence, from top to bottom, is
01) F T T F
02) F T F T
03) T F F T
04) T F T F
05) T T T T
Gabarito:
03
Resolução:
De acordo com o texto, o projeto Sierra Productiva apresenta preocupação ambiental, dedicando-se a
ensinar técnicas sustentáveis aos agricultores da região peruana em questão. Por outro lado, é falso
afirmar que seja contra todo tipo de pesticida, já que introduz os agricultores ao uso de pesticidas
naturais. Tampouco é verdade afirmar que o projeto ensina os agricultores a plantar culturas
geneticamente modificadas, já que eles são incentivados a utilizar técnicas de plantações de
hidropônicos, além de outros métodos que agregam valor aos produtos, fato que confirma a
veracidade da última afirmação.
Questão 18
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva
5
 Some two million farmers in the Peruvian Andes 
eke out a living by working the land, barely making
ends 
meet. And those in the rural highlands are the poorest 
of the poor. To help them get the most out of their small
plots, Sierra Productiva is educating them about the
latest
10
sustainable agricultural methods — and it's using an 
age-old medium to deliver its message: the Yachachiq, 
the Incan name for those who pass on knowledge.
 To increase the farmer's yield and income, Sierra
Productiva and its Yachachiq are training farmers in the
15
use of 18 earth-friendly technologies and techniques, 
from the use of natural pesticides and hydroponics to 
crop rotation and reforestation, as well as various 
methods that add value. The organization started out
with just 20 Yachachiq; today, there are over 2,700 —
 and more than 225,000 people have benefited from their
expertise.
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva. Newsweek, Nova York, encarte, p. 15.
"Some two million farmers in the Peruvian Andes eke out a living by working the land, barely making
ends meet." (l. 1-3)
This sentence means that the farmers
01) have a carefree life.
02) have no food at all.
03) don't make any money.
04) have to fight for survival.
05) need to pay rent to work the land.
Gabarito:
04
Resolução:
A sentença "Some two million farmers in the Peruvian Andes eke out a living by working the land,
barely making ends meet." ("Cerca de dois milhões de agricultores nos Andes peruanos ganham a
vida trabalhando na terra, mal conseguindo dar conta das próprias despesas") significa que tais
trabalhadores têm de lutar para sobreviver.
Questão 19
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva
5
 Some two million farmers in the Peruvian Andes 
eke out a living by working the land, barely making
ends 
meet. And those in the rural highlands are the poorest 
of the poor. To help them get the most out of their small
plots, Sierra Productiva is educating them about the
latest
10
sustainable agricultural methods — and it's using an 
age-old medium to deliver its message: the Yachachiq, 
the Incan name for those who pass on knowledge.
 To increase the farmer's yield and income, Sierra
Productiva and its Yachachiq are training farmers in the
15
use of 18 earth-friendly technologies and techniques, 
from the use of natural pesticides and hydroponics to 
crop rotation and reforestation, as well as various 
methods that add value. The organization started out
with just 20 Yachachiq; today, there are over 2,700 —
 and more than 225,000 people have benefited from their
expertise.
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva. Newsweek, Nova York, encarte, p. 15.
The word from the text, on the left, is not suitably defined in alternative
01) "barely" (l. 2) — hardly.
02) "poor" (l. 4) — wealthy.
03) "the latest" (l. 5) — the most recent.
04) "increase" (l. 9) — raise.
05) "started out" (l. 14) — began.
Gabarito:
02
Resolução:
A única alternativa em que não há correspondência entre as palavras mencionadas é a segunda, pois
"poor" ("pobre") não é adequadamente definida pela palavra "wealthy" ("abastado").
Questão 20
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva
5
 Some two million farmers in the Peruvian Andes 
eke out a living by working the land, barely making
ends 
meet. And those in the rural highlands are the poorest 
of the poor. To help them get the most out of their small
plots, Sierra Productiva is educating them about the
latest
10
sustainable agricultural methods — and it's using an 
age-old medium to deliver its message: the Yachachiq, 
the Incan name for those who pass on knowledge.
 To increase the farmer's yield and income, Sierra
Productiva and its Yachachiq are training farmers in the
15
use of 18 earth-friendly technologies and techniques, 
from the use of natural pesticides and hydroponics to 
crop rotation and reforestation, as well as various 
methods that add value. The organization started out
with just 20 Yachachiq; today, there are over 2,700 —
 and more than 225,000people have benefited from their
expertise.
Pass it on, Sierra Productiva. Newsweek, Nova York, encarte, p. 15.
The expression "as well as" (l. 13) expresses
01) manner.
02) addition.
03) contrast.
04) result.
05) choice.
Gabarito:
02
Resolução:
A expressão "as well as" ("assim como", l. 13) indica adição ao coordenar elementos de uma oração
ou orações, de forma equivalente a conectores como "and" ("e"), "and also" ("e também"), entre
outros.