nglês instrumental

Prévia do material em texto

Para que serve o inglês instrumental?
1. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
A wonderful sting
a poem by David P. Leverett
This feeling is like a wonderful sting.
I want this feeling to hold me captive.
I wouldn't give this up, not even for all four seasons to be spring.
It doesn't need to be masked as attractive,
This unstable beautiful pain is mine, its what I want, what I need!
My happiness continually gains,
This is great. Something this good cannot be greed!
I'm glad to leave them, I found a better lain.
This I intend to keep.
No one else can have it, its mine!
Its mine when I'm awake, its mine when I'm asleep!
What's going on. This feeling is no longer a straight line.
I'm trapped in this bind, I no longer feel fine,
and now, I'm alone without a sign.
A partir desse texto, responda:
A que gênero textual ele pertence?
R. poema
2. A partir deste texto, podemos afirmar que DAVID P. LEVERETT é:
A wonderful sting
a poem by David P. Leverett
This feeling is like a wonderful sting.
I want this feeling to hold me captive.
I wouldn't give this up, not even for all four seasons to be spring.
It doesn't need to be masked as attractive,
This unstable beautiful pain is mine, its what I want, what I need!
My happiness continually gains,
This is great. Something this good cannot be greed!
I'm glad to leave them, I found a better lain.
This I intend to keep.
No one else can have it, its mine!
Its mine when I'm awake, its mine when I'm asleep!
What's going on. This feeling is no longer a straight line.
I'm trapped in this bind, I no longer feel fine,
and now, I'm alone without a sign.
R. AUTOR DO TEXTO
3 Ao lermos todo o texto, podemos inferir que o seu tema está ligado, especialmente, à/ao:
A wonderful sting
a poem by David P. Leverett
This feeling is like a wonderful sting.
I want this feeling to hold me captive.
I wouldn't give this up, not even for all four seasons to be spring.
It doesn't need to be masked as attractive,
This unstable beautiful pain is mine, its what I want, what I need!
My happiness continually gains,
This is great. Something this good cannot be greed!
I'm glad to leave them, I found a better lain.
This I intend to keep.
No one else can have it, its mine!
Its mine when I'm awake, its mine when I'm asleep!
What's going on. This feeling is no longer a straight line.
I'm trapped in this bind, I no longer feel fine,
and now, I'm alone without a sign.
SENTIMENTO
4. Ao utilizar o seu conhecimento gramatical prévio do idioma, pode-se afirmar que o texto a seguir está escrito em sua totalidade em qual tempo verbal?
A wonderful sting
a poem by David P. Leverett
This feeling is like a wonderful sting.
I want this feeling to hold me captive.
I wouldn't give this up, not even for all four seasons to be spring.
It doesn't need to be masked as attractive,
This unstable beautiful pain is mine, its what I want, what I need!
My happiness continually gains,
This is great. Something this good cannot be greed!
I'm glad to leave them, I found a better lain.
This I intend to keep.
No one else can have it, its mine!
Its mine when I'm awake, its mine when I'm asleep!
What's going on. This feeling is no longer a straight line.
I'm trapped in this bind, I no longer feel fine,
and now, I'm alone without a sign.
 
Presente simples
5. 
De acordo com as técnicas aplicadas na compreensão do texto, podemos traduzir e entender a sentença "This feeling is no longer a straight line" como:
A wonderful sting
a poem by David P. Leverett
This feeling is like a wonderful sting.
I want this feeling to hold me captive.
I wouldn't give this up, not even for all four seasons to be spring.
It doesn't need to be masked as attractive,
This unstable beautiful pain is mine, its what I want, what I need!
My happiness continually gains,
This is great. Something this good cannot be greed!
I'm glad to leave them, I found a better lain.
This I intend to keep.
No one else can have it, its mine!
Its mine when I'm awake, its mine when I'm asleep!
What's going on. This feeling is no longer a straight line.
I'm trapped in this bind, I no longer feel fine,
and now, I'm alone without a sign.
. 
Esse sentimento não é mais uma linha reta.
Introdução à leitura interpretativa através de textos.
1º Observe o panfleto publicitário abaixo e responda:
A qual o lugar o panfleto publicitário está se referindo?
R: Um passeio pela Ponte de Londres que é, de acordo com o panfleto, a mais famosa ponte do mundo
2 O  texto abaixo se refere ao passeio ao HSM Belfast, navio operado pela Marinha Real Britânica e que hoje se encontra em exposição em Londres.
​​​​​​​
Qual o assunto do texto?
R; Aconselhar os visitantes a não deixarem de ir à loja de lembranças e à cafeteria que fia às margens do navio
3. Ainda de acordo com o texto “Shop and Café”, indique qual das alternativas abaixo é correta:
R;  Além da loja de lembranças e da cafeteria, os visitantes do HSM-Belfast, também contam com um bar no telhado panorâmico.
4
. 
No texto acima​​​​​​​ sobre a Abadia de Westminster, é correto afirmar que:
R; As pessoas que visitam a Abadia pensam que ela é financiada pela Coroa Inglesa, pela Igreja da Inglaterra ou pelo Governo o que não é verdade, uma vez que ela é independente dessas instituições.
5 Na versão internacional do Jornal Folha de São Paulo, pode-se ler a seguinte manchete:
De acordo com o texto, é correto afirmar que​​​​​​​:
Essa foi a pior semana da pandemia no Brasil.
1Leia o texto a seguir atentamente:
Man is covered with bees
For most of us, this is the stuff nightmares are made of – being covered head to toe with bees, 1.1 million bees!
A Chinese man set a new world record on Monday by covering himself with 109.05 kilograms of bees.
Gao Bingguo, a 55-year-old from the Shandong Province of China has been a beekeeper for over 30 years. He was helped by his fellow beekeepers who poured large balls of bees from hundreds of hives to his body. In order to attract even more bees, they attached a dozen queen bees as well. In an hour, bees weighing 109 kilos had covered him, breaking the 83.5-kilo record set by another Chinese beekeeper, Zhang Wei. According to experts, 10,000 bees weigh approximately one kilo, so it's estimated Gao’s body was covered by about 1.1 million bees. Not to be tried at home!
(News in Levels, 28 maio 2015)
No final do texto, há um conselho para os leitores. Qual seria este conselho? A resposta correta é: Não tente isso em casa.
2 Leia o texto a seguir atentamente:
Man is covered with bees
For most of us, this is the stuff nightmares are made of – being covered head to toe with bees, 1.1 million bees!
A Chinese man set a new world record on Monday by covering himself with 109.05 kilograms of bees.
Gao Bingguo, a 55-year-old from the Shandong Province of China has been a beekeeper for over 30 years. He was helped by his fellow beekeepers who poured large balls of bees from hundreds of hives to his body. In order to attract even more bees, they attached a dozen queen bees as well. In an hour, bees weighing 109 kilos had covered him, breaking the 83.5-kilo record set by another Chinese beekeeper, Zhang Wei. According to experts, 10,000 bees weigh approximately one kilo, so it's estimated Gao’s body was covered by about 1.1 million bees. Not to be tried at home!
(News in Levels, 28 maio 201
Agora, responda: a qual gênero textual se referem as informações presentes no texto? A resposta correta é: Notícia.
3Leia o texto a seguir atentamente:
Man is covered with bees
For most of us, this is the stuff nightmares are made of – being covered head to toe with bees, 1.1 million bees!
A Chinese man set a new world record on Monday by covering himself with 109.05 kilograms of bees.
Gao Bingguo, a 55-year-old from the Shandong Province of China has been a beekeeper for over 30 years. He was helped by his fellow beekeepers who poured large balls of bees from hundreds of hives to his body. In order to attract even more bees, they attached a dozen queen bees as well. In an hour, bees weighing 109 kilos had covered him, breaking the 83.5-kilorecord set by another Chinese beekeeper, Zhang Wei. According to experts, 10,000 bees weigh approximately one kilo, so it's estimated Gao’s body was covered by about 1.1 million bees. Not to be tried at home!
(News in Levels, 28 maio 201
Ao analisar o texto superficialmente, pode-se descobrir a profissão do homem a que o texto se refere. Ele é um: A resposta correta é: Apicultor.
4 Leia o texto a seguir atentamente:
Man is covered with bees
For most of us, this is the stuff nightmares are made of – being covered head to toe with bees, 1.1 million bees!
A Chinese man set a new world record on Monday by covering himself with 109.05 kilograms of bees.
Gao Bingguo, a 55-year-old from the Shandong Province of China has been a beekeeper for over 30 years. He was helped by his fellow beekeepers who poured large balls of bees from hundreds of hives to his body. In order to attract even more bees, they attached a dozen queen bees as well. In an hour, bees weighing 109 kilos had covered him, breaking the 83.5-kilo record set by another Chinese beekeeper, Zhang Wei. According to experts, 10,000 bees weigh approximately one kilo, so it's estimated Gao’s body was covered by about 1.1 million bees. Not to be tried at home!
(News in Levels, 28 maio 201
De acordo com o texto, marque a única opção CORRETA.
A resposta correta é: Gao Bingguo é da Província de Shandong.
5Man is covered with bees
For most of us, this is the stuff nightmares are made of – being covered head to toe with bees, 1.1 million bees!
A Chinese man set a new world record on Monday by covering himself with 109.05 kilograms of bees.
Gao Bingguo, a 55-year-old from the Shandong Province of China has been a beekeeper for over 30 years. He was helped by his fellow beekeepers who poured large balls of bees from hundreds of hives to his body. In order to attract even more bees, they attached a dozen queen bees as well. In an hour, bees weighing 109 kilos had covered him, breaking the 83.5-kilo record set by another Chinese beekeeper, Zhang Wei. According to experts, 10,000 bees weigh approximately one kilo, so it's estimated Gao’s body was covered by about 1.1 million bees. Not to be tried at home!
(News in Levels, 28 maio 201
A partir da leitura do título, marque a opção que melhor traduz o assunto abordado neste texto. A resposta correta é: Homem é coberto por abelhas.
Revisão gramatical I
1. 
Leia o texto a seguir.
Wearable Books
Traditionally, authors use words to create emotions in their readers. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created a new wearable book to enhance this experience. It allows the reader to feel the protagonists emotions physically. Using a combination of sensors, the book triggers vibration patterns through a special vest. The vest also contains a personal heating device to change skin temperature and airbags, which tighten or loosen it. Its the first ever book that can give the reader a virtual hug.
(Tiny texts in english)
A palavra que inicia o texto é um/a: Advérbio.
2. 
Leia atentamente a sentença a seguir.
"It allows the reader to feel the protagonists emotions physically."
Marque a alternativa que indica o substantivo plural nela presente:
Emotions
3. 
Na expressão "a new ‘wearable’ book", "new" e "wearable" são:
Adjetivos.
4. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
Wearable Books
Traditionally, authors use words to create emotions in their readers. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created a new ‘wearable’ book to enhance this experience. It allows the reader to feel the protagonist’s emotions physically. Using a combination of sensors, the book triggers vibration patterns through a special vest. The vest also contains a personal heating device to change skin temperature and airbags, which tighten or loosen it. It’s the first ever book that can give the reader a virtual hug.
(Tiny texts in english)
Qual a classificação das palavras "special", "personal" e "virtual"?
Adjetivos.
5 Observe esta sentença: "The vest also contains a personal heating device to change skin temperature and airbags, which tighten or loosen it".
Na expressão "heating device", o termo "device" tem a função de:
Substantivo.
Revisão Gramatical II
1. Leia o texto e responda às perguntas a seguir:
Why do men have Adam’s Apple*?
Actually, both men and women have Adam’s apple. In medical terms the Adam’s apple is called a thyroid cartilage. The reason a man’s Adam’s apple is larger than a woman’s is because his (1) larynx is larger to accommodate his (2) longer vocal cords. By the way, it (3) is men’s longer vocal cords that give them (4) deeper voices. A second reason, which (5) female readers may not like, is because women have more fat in their (6) necks, which hides their (7) Adam’s apple.
The name Adam’s apple was taken from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve. As the story goes, a piece of the apple that Eve had given Adam to eat became lodged in his (8) throat. From then on, Adam and all his (9) male descendants had an enlarged larynx as a symbol of Adam’s shame.
(BRITO, 1997)
*pomo-de-adão
A palavra "his", indicada pelos números 1, 2, 8 e 9, no texto, é um:
Adjetivo possessivo.
2  
Leia o texto e responda às perguntas a seguir:
Why do men have Adam’s Apple*?
Actually, both men and women have Adam’s apple. In medical terms the Adam’s apple is called a thyroid cartilage. The reason a man’s Adam’s apple is larger than a woman’s is because his (1) larynx is larger to accommodate his (2) longer vocal cords. By the way, it (3) is men’s longer vocal cords that give them (4) deeper voices. A second reason, which (5) female readers may not like, is because women have more fat in their (6) necks, which hides their (7) Adam’s apple.
The name Adam’s apple was taken from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve. As the story goes, a piece of the apple that Eve had given Adam to eat became lodged in his (8) throat. From then on, Adam and all his (9) male descendants had an enlarged larynx as a symbol of Adam’s shame.
(BRITO, 1997)
*pomo-de-adão
A palavra "it", indicada pelo número 3, no texto, é um:
Pronome pessoal do caso reto.
33. 
Leia o texto e responda às perguntas a seguir:
Why do men have Adam’s Apple*?
Actually, both men and women have Adam’s apple. In medical terms the Adam’s apple is called a thyroid cartilage. The reason a man’s Adam’s apple is larger than a woman’s is because his (1) larynx is larger to accommodate his (2) longer vocal cords. By the way, it (3) is men’s longer vocal cords that give them (4) deeper voices. A second reason, which (5) female readers may not like, is because women have more fat in their (6) necks, which hides their (7) Adam’s apple.
The name Adam’s apple was taken from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve. As the story goes, a piece of the apple that Eve had given Adam to eat became lodged in his (8) throat. From then on, Adam and all his (9) male descendants had an enlarged larynx as a symbol of Adam’s shame.
(BRITO, 1997)
*pomo-de-adão
A palavra "them", indicada pelo número 4, é um:
Pronome pessoal (como objeto).
4 Leia o texto e responda às perguntas a seguir:
Why do men have Adam’s Apple*?
Actually, both men and women have Adam’s apple. In medical terms the Adam’s apple is called a thyroid cartilage. The reason a man’s Adam’s apple is larger than a woman’s is because his (1) larynx is larger to accommodate his (2) longer vocal cords. By the way, it (3) is men’s longer vocal cords that give them (4) deeper voices. A second reason, which (5) female readers may not like, is because women have more fat in their (6) necks, which hides their (7) Adam’s apple.
The name Adam’s apple was taken from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve. As the story goes, a piece of the apple that Eve had given Adam to eat became lodged in his (8) throat. From then on, Adam and all his (9) male descendants had an enlarged larynx as a symbol of Adam’s shame.
(BRITO, 1997)
*pomo-de-adão
A palavra "which", indicada pelo número 5, é um:  Pronome relativo.
5. Leia o texto e responda àsperguntas a seguir:
Why do men have Adam’s Apple*?
Actually, both men and women have Adam’s apple. In medical terms the Adam’s apple is called a thyroid cartilage. The reason a man’s Adam’s apple is larger than a woman’s is because his (1) larynx is larger to accommodate his (2) longer vocal cords. By the way, it (3) is men’s longer vocal cords that give them (4) deeper voices. A second reason, which (5) female readers may not like, is because women have more fat in their (6) necks, which hides their (7) Adam’s apple.
The name Adam’s apple was taken from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve. As the story goes, a piece of the apple that Eve had given Adam to eat became lodged in his (8) throat. From then on, Adam and all his (9) male descendants had an enlarged larynx as a symbol of Adam’s shame.
(BRITO, 1997)
*pomo-de-adão
A palavra "their", indicada pelos números 6 e 7, é um: Adjetivo possessivo.
Revisão Gramatical III
1. Leia o texto a seguir:
Kindergartens in Hong Kong
It is very important to get into a good school in Hong Kong. And to get into a good school, a child must get into a good kindergarten first.
There are even courses in Hong Kong which help children prepare for kindergarten interviews. The biggest value of one course is to take away the children’s fear. Instead of getting scared, the children think of the interview as a happy experience. It is like playing games.
A mother said that it is expensive to raise a child in Hong Kong. She said that everybody competes against each other. She feels a lot of pressure.
(NEWS IN LEVELS, 26 maio 2015)
Qual é o tempo verbal mais utilizado no texto?
. 
Presente simples.
2. Leia o texto a seguir:
Kindergartens in Hong Kong
It is very important to get into a good school in Hong Kong. And to get into a good school, a child must get into a good kindergarten first.
There are even courses in Hong Kong which help children prepare for kindergarten interviews. The biggest value of one course is to take away the children’s fear. Instead of getting scared, the children think of the interview as a happy experience. It is like playing games.
A mother said that it is expensive to raise a child in Hong Kong. She said that everybody competes against each other. She feels a lot of pressure.
(NEWS IN LEVELS, 26 maio 2015)
No texto, há um verbo modal. Identifique-o e assinale a alternativa que o indica corretamente: Must.
3.Leia o texto a seguir:
Kindergartens in Hong Kong
It is very important to get into a good school in Hong Kong. And to get into a good school, a child must get into a good kindergarten first.
There are even courses in Hong Kong which help children prepare for kindergarten interviews. The biggest value of one course is to take away the children’s fear. Instead of getting scared, the children think of the interview as a happy experience. It is like playing games.
A mother said that it is expensive to raise a child in Hong Kong. She said that everybody competes against each other. She feels a lot of pressure.
(NEWS IN LEVELS, 26 maio 2015)
Na sentença "A mother said that it is expensive to raise a child in Hong Kong", o termo "said" está em qual tempo verbal?  Passado simples.
4. Leia o texto a seguir:
Kindergartens in Hong Kong
It is very important to get into a good school in Hong Kong. And to get into a good school, a child must get into a good kindergarten first.
There are even courses in Hong Kong which help children prepare for kindergarten interviews. The biggest value of one course is to take away the children’s fear. Instead of getting scared, the children think of the interview as a happy experience. It is like playing games.
A mother said that it is expensive to raise a child in Hong Kong. She said that everybody competes against each other. She feels a lot of pressure.
(NEWS IN LEVELS, 26 maio 2015)
Na frase "The biggest value of one course is to take away the children’s fear", como é classificada a expressão"the biggest"? 
Adjetivo no superlativo.
5. Leia o texto a seguir:
Kindergartens in Hong Kong
It is very important to get into a good school in Hong Kong. And to get into a good school, a child must get into a good kindergarten first.
There are even courses in Hong Kong which help children prepare for kindergarten interviews. The biggest value of one course is to take away the children’s fear. Instead of getting scared, the children think of the interview as a happy experience. It is like playing games.
A mother said that it is expensive to raise a child in Hong Kong. She said that everybody competes against each other. A lot of pressure is felt everywhere.
(NEWS IN LEVELS, 26 maio 2015 - Adaptado)
Identifique no texto um exemplo de frase na voz passiva
A lot of pressure is felt everywhere
Prefixos e Sufixos em inglês
1. Leia o fragmento do artigo de João Alberto Arantes do Amaral e Ricardo Sbragio:
Rethinking the rework cycle
Abstract
How to manage a project effectively in order to achieve the proposed goals? The managers need to understand the dynamic of the projects in order to take the right decisions. One good way to understand this dynamic is by means of understanding a model of a project. This paper reviews the Cooper's rework model, with a different perspective. We will analyze the role of clients and suppliers in the project.
Key Words: Rework, Systems Dynamics, Project Management.
1. Introduction
Cooper´s pioneer article on rework cycle (Cooper, 1993-a) brought a new understanding of the fundamental aspects of project management. The rework model was successfully used as basis of development of complex systems dynamics simulation software. Those software were used to model complex projects (Cooper, 1997) from many different fields, like as shipbuilding, aerospace, software systems, power plants. They were very useful to help the managers to have a better understanding of the problems that projects were facing and to bring to surface their mental models and, hence, to take important decisions. The main goal of this article is to present another view the rework cycle. The core of the modified rework cycle model is detailed and the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework model are discussed.
2. Cooper´s Model: a starting point for the discussion of the rework cycle
Cooper´s article made clear the importance of rework in projects. It shows that part of the work that was considered done has defects, and those defects will remain undiscovered for some time. When the rework is discovered, it joins to the work to de done, creating delays and additional costs to the project. This model is quite good and broad and it is indeed very useful to develop systems dynamics models (Figure 1).
However, this model doesn’t show the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework cycle.
Next topic, it will be presented a new approach for this model in order to cover those aspects.
(AMARAL; SBRAGIO, 2004)
Com base na leitura do texto, assinale a alternativa que apresenta o significado da palavra "rework" na sentença "Cooper´s article made clear the importance of rework in projects".
Refazer um trabalho.
2.Leia o fragmento do artigo de João Alberto Arantes do Amaral e Ricardo Sbragio:
Rethinking the rework cycle
Abstract
How to manage a project effectively in order to achieve the proposed goals? The managers need to understand the dynamic of the projects in order to take the right decisions. One good way to understand this dynamic is by means of understanding a model of a project. This paper reviews the Cooper's rework model, with a different perspective. We will analyze the role of clients and suppliers in the project.
Key Words: Rework, Systems Dynamics, Project Management.
1. Introduction
Cooper´s pioneer article on rework cycle (Cooper, 1993-a) brought a new understanding of the fundamental aspects of project management. The rework model was successfully used as basis of development of complex systems dynamics simulation software. Those software were used to model complex projects (Cooper, 1997) frommany different fields, like as shipbuilding, aerospace, software systems, power plants. They were very useful to help the managers to have a better understanding of the problems that projects were facing and to bring to surface their mental models and, hence, to take important decisions. The main goal of this article is to present another view the rework cycle. The core of the modified rework cycle model is detailed and the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework model are discussed.
2. Cooper´s Model: a starting point for the discussion of the rework cycle
Cooper´s article made clear the importance of rework in projects. It shows that part of the work that was considered done has defects, and those defects will remain undiscovered for some time. When the rework is discovered, it joins to the work to de done, creating delays and additional costs to the project. This model is quite good and broad and it is indeed very useful to develop systems dynamics models (Figure 1).
However, this model doesn’t show the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework cycle.
Next topic, it will be presented a new approach for this model in order to cover those aspects.
(AMARAL; SBRAGIO, 2004)
Na sentença "They were very useful...", o sufixo "-ful" adicionado à palavra "use" confere ao substantivo o sentido de: ÚTIL
3. Leia o fragmento do artigo de João Alberto Arantes do Amaral e Ricardo Sbragio:
Rethinking the rework cycle
Abstract
How to manage a project effectively in order to achieve the proposed goals? The managers need to understand the dynamic of the projects in order to take the right decisions. One good way to understand this dynamic is by means of understanding a model of a project. This paper reviews the Cooper's rework model, with a different perspective. We will analyze the role of clients and suppliers in the project.
Key Words: Rework, Systems Dynamics, Project Management.
1. Introduction
Cooper´s pioneer article on rework cycle (Cooper, 1993-a) brought a new understanding of the fundamental aspects of project management. The rework model was successfully used as basis of development of complex systems dynamics simulation software. Those software were used to model complex projects (Cooper, 1997) from many different fields, like as shipbuilding, aerospace, software systems, power plants. They were very useful to help the managers to have a better understanding of the problems that projects were facing and to bring to surface their mental models and, hence, to take important decisions. The main goal of this article is to present another view the rework cycle. The core of the modified rework cycle model is detailed and the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework model are discussed.
2. Cooper´s Model: a starting point for the discussion of the rework cycle
Cooper´s article made clear the importance of rework in projects. It shows that part of the work that was considered done has defects, and those defects will remain undiscovered for some time. When the rework is discovered, it joins to the work to de done, creating delays and additional costs to the project. This model is quite good and broad and it is indeed very useful to develop systems dynamics models (Figure 1).
However, this model doesn’t show the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework cycle.
Next topic, it will be presented a new approach for this model in order to cover those aspects.
(AMARAL; SBRAGIO, 2004)
Encontre na sentença "It shows that part of the work that was considered done has defects, and those defects will remain undiscovered for some time" uma palavra cujo prefixo significa "o oposto de" ou "não".
Undiscovered.
4. Leia o fragmento do artigo de João Alberto Arantes do Amaral e Ricardo Sbragio:
Rethinking the rework cycle
Abstract
How to manage a project effectively in order to achieve the proposed goals? The managers need to understand the dynamic of the projects in order to take the right decisions. One good way to understand this dynamic is by means of understanding a model of a project. This paper reviews the Cooper's rework model, with a different perspective. We will analyze the role of clients and suppliers in the project.
Key Words: Rework, Systems Dynamics, Project Management.
1. Introduction
Cooper´s pioneer article on rework cycle (Cooper, 1993-a) brought a new understanding of the fundamental aspects of project management. The rework model was successfully used as basis of development of complex systems dynamics simulation software. Those software were used to model complex projects (Cooper, 1997) from many different fields, like as shipbuilding, aerospace, software systems, power plants. They were very useful to help the managers to have a better understanding of the problems that projects were facing and to bring to surface their mental models and, hence, to take important decisions. The main goal of this article is to present another view the rework cycle. The core of the modified rework cycle model is detailed and the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework model are discussed.
2. Cooper´s Model: a starting point for the discussion of the rework cycle
Cooper´s article made clear the importance of rework in projects. It shows that part of the work that was considered done has defects, and those defects will remain undiscovered for some time. When the rework is discovered, it joins to the work to de done, creating delays and additional costs to the project. This model is quite good and broad and it is indeed very useful to develop systems dynamics models (Figure 1).
However, this model doesn’t show the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework cycle.
Next topic, it will be presented a new approach for this model in order to cover those aspects.
(AMARAL; SBRAGIO, 2004)
De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sentença que melhor traduz a seguinte sentença: "Cooper´s pioneer article on rework cycle".
O artigo pioneiro de Cooper sobre o ciclo de retrabalho.
5. Leia o fragmento do artigo de João Alberto Arantes do Amaral e Ricardo Sbragio:
Rethinking the rework cycle
Abstract
How to manage a project effectively in order to achieve the proposed goals? The managers need to understand the dynamic of the projects in order to take the right decisions. One good way to understand this dynamic is by means of understanding a model of a project. This paper reviews the Cooper's rework model, with a different perspective. We will analyze the role of clients and suppliers in the project.
Key Words: Rework, Systems Dynamics, Project Management.
1. Introduction
Cooper´s pioneer article on rework cycle (Cooper, 1993-a) brought a new understanding of the fundamental aspects of project management. The rework model was successfully used as basis of development of complex systems dynamics simulation software. Those software were used to model complex projects (Cooper, 1997) from many different fields, like as shipbuilding, aerospace, software systems, power plants. They were very useful to help the managers to have a better understanding of the problems that projects were facing and to bring to surface their mental models and, hence, to take important decisions. The main goal of this article is to present another view the rework cycle. The core of the modified rework cycle model is detailed and the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework model are discussed.
2. Cooper´s Model: a starting point for the discussion of the rework cycle
Cooper´s article made clear the importance of rework in projects. It shows that part of the work that was considered done has defects, and those defects will remain undiscovered for some time. When the rework is discovered, it joins to the work to de done, creating delays and additional costs to the project. This model is quite good and broad and it is indeed very useful to develop systems dynamics models (Figure 1).
However, this model doesn’t show the role of the clients and suppliers in the rework cycle.
Next topic,it will be presented a new approach for this model in order to cover those aspects.
(AMARAL; SBRAGIO, 2004)
Observe a sentença a seguir: "...and, hence, to take important decisions...". Para se dar uma conotação negativa à palavra "important", qual prefixo deve ser adicionado a esse termo?
Un-
Deduzindo o significado das palavras
1 (News in levels, 2015)
Leia o texto cuidadosamente:
Electric cars in Germany
The Germans love their motor sport, but while Mercedes dominates Formula One, at this racetrack in Berlin, electric cars were taking centre-stage, preempting the hosting of Formula E race, a new single-seat emerging sport championship for electric cars. Enthusiasts brought their beloved electric cars and bikes together for a motorcade, in attempt to break the record for the largest gathering of electric cars and motorbikes ever.
“We wanted to show that electric cars have already won over the hearts of the people. Many people drive electric cars and we said, ‘hey guys, let’s have some fun!’ We want to have a parade, we aim for the world record! And we want to show all the others that we’re having fun driving these cars. That’s important to us.
It’s called 508 and we had 580 cars. We did break the record.”
Well, you actually had 577 to be exact, as this high-tech sign shows, but still, record broken. Well done!
Observe o título e a figura que ilustra o texto. Qual tema ele aborda?​​​​​​​ Carros elétricos alemães.
2  (News in levels, 2015)
Leia o texto cuidadosamente:
Electric cars in Germany
The Germans love their motor sport, but while Mercedes dominates Formula One, at this racetrack in Berlin, electric cars were taking centre-stage, preempting the hosting of Formula E race, a new single-seat emerging sport championship for electric cars. Enthusiasts brought their beloved electric cars and bikes together for a motorcade, in attempt to break the record for the largest gathering of electric cars and motorbikes ever.
“We wanted to show that electric cars have already won over the hearts of the people. Many people drive electric cars and we said, ‘hey guys, let’s have some fun!’ We want to have a parade, we aim for the world record! And we want to show all the others that we’re having fun driving these cars. That’s important to us.
It’s called 508 and we had 580 cars. We did break the record.”
Well, you actually had 577 to be exact, as this high-tech sign shows, but still, record broken. Well done!
De acordo com o texto, qual é a referência feita à Mercedes? A Mercedes domina a Fórmula 1.
3 
(News in levels, 2015)
Leia o texto cuidadosamente:
Electric cars in Germany
The Germans love their motor sport, but while Mercedes dominates Formula One, at this racetrack in Berlin, electric cars were taking centre-stage, preempting the hosting of Formula E race, a new single-seat emerging sport championship for electric cars. Enthusiasts brought their beloved electric cars and bikes together for a motorcade, in attempt to break the record for the largest gathering of electric cars and motorbikes ever.
“We wanted to show that electric cars have already won over the hearts of the people. Many people drive electric cars and we said, ‘hey guys, let’s have some fun!’ We want to have a parade, we aim for the world record! And we want to show all the others that we’re having fun driving these cars. That’s important to us.
It’s called 508 and we had 580 cars. We did break the record.”
Well, you actually had 577 to be exact, as this high-tech sign shows, but still, record broken. Well done!
Com base no texto, a Fórmula E é um/a: Corrida para carros elétricos.
4. 
(News in levels, 2015)
Leia o texto cuidadosamente:
Electric cars in Germany
The Germans love their motor sport, but while Mercedes dominates Formula One, at this racetrack in Berlin, electric cars were taking centre-stage, preempting the hosting of Formula E race, a new single-seat emerging sport championship for electric cars. Enthusiasts brought their beloved electric cars and bikes together for a motorcade, in attempt to break the record for the largest gathering of electric cars and motorbikes ever.
“We wanted to show that electric cars have already won over the hearts of the people. Many people drive electric cars and we said, ‘hey guys, let’s have some fun!’ We want to have a parade, we aim for the world record! And we want to show all the others that we’re having fun driving these cars. That’s important to us.
It’s called 508 and we had 580 cars. We did break the record.”
Well, you actually had 577 to be exact, as this high-tech sign shows, but still, record broken. Well done!
A palavra "actually" na sentença "Well, you actually had 577 to be exact..." pode ser traduzida na frase como: Bem, você tinha 577, na realidade, para ser exato.
5. 
(News in levels, 2015)
Leia o texto cuidadosamente:
Electric cars in Germany
The Germans love their motor sport, but while Mercedes dominates Formula One, at this racetrack in Berlin, electric cars were taking centre-stage, preempting the hosting of Formula E race, a new single-seat emerging sport championship for electric cars. Enthusiasts brought their beloved electric cars and bikes together for a motorcade, in attempt to break the record for the largest gathering of electric cars and motorbikes ever.
“We wanted to show that electric cars have already won over the hearts of the people. Many people drive electric cars and we said, ‘hey guys, let’s have some fun!’ We want to have a parade, we aim for the world record! And we want to show all the others that we’re having fun driving these cars. That’s important to us.
It’s called 508 and we had 580 cars. We did break the record.”
Well, you actually had 577 to be exact, as this high-tech sign shows, but still, record broken. Well done!
Com base no texto, qual é o tempo verbal (have already won) utilizado na sentença "We wanted to show that electric cars have already won over the hearts of the people"?
Presente perfeito.
Técnica de Skimming
1 Leia o texto a seguir:
The Personal Qualities of a Teacher,
Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally accepted.
First, the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and over-bearing : I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. I still stick to what I said in my earlier book: that school children probably 'suffer more from bores than from brutes'.
Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy - in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, to the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant - not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.
Thrdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean being a plaster saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act - to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.
A teacher must remain mentally alert. He will not get intothe profession if of low intelligence, but it is all too easy, even for people of above-average intelligence, to stagnate intellectually - and that means to deteriorate intellectually. A teacher must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment's notice. (Here I should stress that I use 'he' and 'his' throughout the book simply as a matter of convention and convenience.)
On the other hand, a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I may say, is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training; we are none of us born like that. He must be pretty resilient; teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.
Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and - by far the most important - the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The two cardinal principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active co-operation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.
(Fone: DENT, H. C. Teaching as a Career. London: Batsford, 1961. Disponível em: http://www.uefap.com/reading/exercise/skim/qualteac.htm).
Utilizando a técnica Skimming, leia a primeira frase de cada parágrafo e marque a alternativa CORRETA: No segundo parágrafo, discute-se que o professor deve ter uma personalidade agradável.
2 2. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
What type of student do you have to teach?
Most lecturers try to help students develop their understanding. But understanding a foreign language is not the same as understanding why someone is upset or understanding electromagnetism or understanding history. It is not to be expected therefore that the same teaching methods will be appropriate to these different kinds of understanding.
Most forms of understanding are expressed by concepts which differ from everyday ones. For example, we all know that suitcases get heavier the longer you carry them, but in science this is described in terms of constant weight plus increasing fatigue. The concept "weight" is introduced and laid alongside the commonsense concept of “heaviness”. Similarly we all know that time passes quickly when we are absorbed and slowly when we are bored, but science tells us that this is an illusion; time really ticks away at a steady rate. Note that conceptual change should not be the aim, as is sometimes suggested, since people still also need their common sense. The aim is to add new sets of concepts and to explain when to use which set.
But "understanding" is not the only kind of learning which students need to master. Instruction, demonstration and error-correction are the key teaching activities - which are quite different from those needed to reach understanding - while practice is the main learning activity.
Students also have to memorize information and be able to recall it when required, as well as acquire several other kinds of learning (such as know-how and attitudes and values) each of which calls for different teaching methods. So learning-centred teaching includes a conscious matching of teaching methods to the intended kind of learning.
While good teaching involves, among other things, helping students to achieve their chosen learning goals, the picture is further complicated by the different learning styles adopted by different groups of students.
Many ways of categorization and modelling students as learners have been suggested, of which the following are as useful as any, particularly in connection with understanding. (Differences between learners' natural learning styles are not so significant when skills are being taught, since the appropriate style is determined more by the activity involved than by students' natural capabilities.)
Some students are "holists": which means they like to take an overview of a subject first and then fill in the details and concepts in their own way.
Others are "serialists" who like to follow a logical progression of a subject, beginning at the beginning. Educational researcher Gordon Pask structured some teaching materials in both a holist and a serialist manner, and then tested previously-sorted cohorts of students using them. He found that the best performance of those who were mismatched (i.e. holist students with serialist material, and vice versa) was worse than the worst performance of those who were matched to the learning materials.
This seems to imply, for example, that educational textbooks - which are naturally serialist in character - should include signposts, summaries, alternative explanations of difficult concepts, explanatory figure captions, a glossary of terms, a good index, etc., to help holist students find their own way through them. Similarly projects, which are naturally holist in character, since they are usually specified in terms of a final goal, can cause problems for serialists, who may therefore need step-by-step guidance.
Another group of students are "visualisers" whose learning is helped by the inclusion of diagrams, pictures, flow-charts, films, etc. Others are "verbalisers" and prefer to listen, read, discuss, argue, attend tutorials and write during their conceptual development. And some are "doers" and find that overt practical activity is best. The saying that "to hear is to forget, to see is to remember, but to do is to understand" is only true for "doers". With a typical mix of students, attempts should be made to cater for each preferred style.
It is well known nowadays that for the development of "understanding" and for the memorization of information it is important that students adopt a "deep approach" to their learning, rather than a "surface approach'. The deep approach refers to an intention to develop their understanding and to challenge ideas, while the "surface approach" is the intention to memorize information and to follow instructions. Although students are naturally inclined towards one approach rather than the other - often with a new subject the inclination is towards the surface approach - this can vary from subject to subject and can usually be changed by the teaching they receive. Overloading, for example, will encourage the surface approach; stimulating interest may encourage the deep approach. Given the deep approach, even good lectures can make a considerable contribution to students' "understanding".
Recently the need to encourage the deep approach in students has been allowed to dominate the choice of teaching method, sometimes at the expense of effective teaching. Constructivism in science teaching, for example, in which students are encouraged to devise their own explanations of phenomena, certainly tends to encourage the deep approach, but it can also leave students with misconceptions. Similarly, though problem-based learning is usually popular with students, it teaches "know-how" rather than "understanding": unless explicit conceptual guidance is also given.
The fact that students have different preferred learning styles also has important implications for course evaluation through feedback. It often seems to be assumed that students are a homogeneous bunch and that therefore a majority opinion condemning a certain aspect of a course justifies changing it for the future. But this can well be a mistake. If a course is well matched, say, to "holist verbalisers" it is unlikely to be found very helpful to "serialist visualisers". In other words, feedback is likely to reveal as much about the students as about the course or lecturer,and can be quite misleading unless it is properly analysed in terms of the preferred learning styles of the particular cohort of students.
Indeed, student feedback about the teaching of "understanding" can, in any case, be quite misleading, since students cannot be expected to judge what has been helpful to them until much of the necessary conceptual development has occurred. Only after "the penny has dropped" is such feedback likely to be reliable. Similarly, favourable feedback about the necessary but tedious practising of important "skills" cannot normally be expected.
These considerations are all aspects of learning-centred teaching, with which all lecturers should, in due course, become familiar. Innovation in education without taking these matters into consideration is at best cavalier, at worst irresponsible, for it is the students who suffer from teachers' ill-founded experiments.
(Fonte: SPARKES, John. Times Higher Education Supplement, February 6th 1998. Disponível em: http://www.uefap.com/reading/exercise/skim/studtyp.htm.)
Utilizando a técnica de Skimming, leia o primeiro e o último parágrafos do texto e escolha a alternativa CORRETA: 
No último parágrafo, argumenta-se que os professores universitários devem estar familiarizados com um ensino centrado na aprendizagem.
3. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
'Primitiveness' in Language
'Primitive' is a word that is often used ill-advisedly in discussions of language. Many people think that 'primitive' is indeed a term to be applied to languages, though only to some languages, and not usually to the language they themselves speak. They might agree in calling 'primitive' those uses of language that concern greetings, grumbles and commands, but they would probably insist that these were especially common in the so-called 'primitive languages'. These are misconceptions that we must quickly clear from our minds.
So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any other to say the things its speakers want to say. It may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. But this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes mis-called 'primitive') is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not bring to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in different environments. The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction important.
Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?
The discussion of 'primitiveness', incidentally, provides us with a good reason for sharply and absolutely distinguishing human language from animal communication, because there is no sign of any intermediate stage between the two. Whether we examine the earliest records of any language, or the present-day language of some small tribe in a far-away place, we come no nearer to finding a stage of human language more resembling animal communication and more 'primitive' than our own. In general, as has been said, any language is as good as any other to express what its speakers want to say. An East African finds Swahili as convenient, natural and complete as an East Londoner finds English. In general the Yorkshire Dalesman's dialect is neither more nor less primitive or ill-fitted to its speaker's wants than Cockney is for the Londoner's. We must always beware the temptation to adopt a naive parochialism which makes us feel that someone else's language is less pleasant or less effective an instrument than our own.
This is not to say that an individual necessarily sounds as pleasant or as effective as he might be, when using his language, but we must not confuse a language with an individual's ability to use it. Nor are we saying that one language has no deficiencies as corn-pared with another. The English words 'home' and 'gentleman' have no exact counterparts in French, for example. These are tiny details in which English may well be thought to have the advantage over French, but a large-scale comparison would not lead to the conclusion that English was the superior language, since it would reveal other details in which the converse was true. Some years ago it came as something of a shock to us that we had no exact word for translating the name that General de Gaulle had given to his party - Rassemblement du Peuple Francais. The B.B.C. for some time used the word 'rally', and although this scarcely answers the purpose it is a rather better translation of 'rassemblement' than either of the alternatives offered by one well-known French - English dictionary, 'muster' and 'mob'.
The more we consider the question, then, the less reasonable does it seem to call any language 'inferior', let alone 'primitive'. The Sanskrit of the Rig-Veda four thousand years ago was as per-fect an instrument for what its users wanted to say as its modern descendant, Hindi, or as English.
(Fonte: RANDOLPH, Quirk. The Use of English. Longman, 1962. Disponível em: http://www.uefap.com/reading/exercise/skim/primit.htm.)
Utilizando a técnica de Skimming, leia a primeira frase de cada parágrafo e escolha a alternativa INCORRETA: No quarto parágrafo, argumenta-se que a linguagem humana não se distingue da linguagem animal.
No quarto parágrafo, argumenta-se que a linguagem humana é absolutamente distinta da linguagem animal por não haver nenhum sinal de um estágio intermediário entre elas.
4. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
GESTURES
A gesture is any action that sends a visual signal to an onlooker. To become a gesture, an act has to be seen by someone else and has to communicate some piece of information to them. It can do this either because the gesturer deliberately sets out to send a signal - as when he waves his hand - or it can do it only incidentally - as when he sneezes. The hand-wave is a Primary Gesture, because it has no other existence or function. It is a piece of communication from start to finish. The sneeze, by contrast, is a secondary, or Incidental Gesture. Its primary function is mechanical and is concerned with the sneezer's personal breathing problem. In its secondary role, however, it cannot help but transmit a message to his companions, warning them that he may have caught a cold.
INCIDENTAL GESTURES
Mechanical actions with secondary messages. Many of our actions are basically non-social, having to do with problems of personal body care, body comfort and body transportation; we clean and groom ourselves with a variety of scratchings, rubbings and wipings; we cough, yawn and stretch our limbs; we eat and drink; we prop ourselves up in restful postures, folding our arms and crossing our legs; we sit, stand, squat and recline, in a whole range of different positions; we crawl, walk and run in varying gaits and styles. Butalthough we do these things for our own benefit, we are not always unaccompanied when we do them. Our companions learn a great deal about us from these 'personal' actions - not merely that we are scratching because we itch or that we are running because we are late, but also, from the way we do them, what kind of personalities we possess and what mood we are in at the time.
EXPRESSIVE GESTURES
Biological gestures of the kind we share with other animals
Primary Gestures fall into six main categories. Five of these are unique to man, and depend on his complex, highly evolved brain. The exception is the category I called Expressive Gestures. These are gestures of the type which all men, everywhere, share with one another, and which other animals also perform. They include the important signals of Facial Expression, so crucial to daily human interaction.
MIMIC GESTURES
Gestures which transmit signals by imitation
Mimic Gestures are those in which the performer attempts to imitate, as accurately as possible, a person, an object or an action. Here we leave our animal heritage behind and enter an exclusively human sphere. The essential quality of a Mimic Gesture is that it attempts to copy the thing it is trying to portray. No stylized conventions are applied. A successful Mimic Gesture is therefore understandable to someone who has never seen it performed before. No prior knowledge should be required and there need be no set tradition concerning the way in which a particular item is represented.
SYMBOLIC GESTURES
Gestures which represent moods and ideas. A Symbolic Gesture indicates an abstract quality that has no simple equivalent in the world of objects and movements. Here we are one stage further away from the obviousness of the enacted Mimic Gesture. So we are faced with two basic problems where Symbolic Gestures are concerned: either one meaning may be signalled by different actions, or several meanings may be signalled by the same action, as we move from culture to culture. The only solution is to approach each culture with an open mind and learn their Symbolic Gestures as one would their vocabulary.
ECHNICAL GESTURES
Gestures used by specialist minorities. Technical Gestures are invented by a specialist minority for use strictly within the limits of their particular activity. They are meaningless to anyone outside the specialization and operate in such a narrow field that they cannot be considered as playing a part in the mainstream of visual communication of any culture. , (Fonte: Adaptado de: MORRIS, Desmond. Man watching. Triad Panther, 1977. Disponível em: http://www.uefap.com/reading/exercise/skim/gesture.htm.)
Leia o título e os subtítulos do texto e escolha a alternativa INCORRETA:
De acordo com o primeiro parágrafo, o gesto é uma ação que envia um sinal auditivo para um espectador.
5. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
Adaptive control of reading rate,
One important factor in reading is the voluntary, adaptive control of reading rate, i.e. the ability to adjust the reading rate to the particular type of material being read.
Adaptive reading means changing reading speed throughout a text in response to both the difficulty of material and one's purpose in reading it. Learning how to monitor and adjust reading style is a skill that requires a great deal of practice.
Many people, even college students are unaware that they can learn to control their reading speed. However, this factor can be greatly improved with a couple of hundred hours of work, as opposed to the thousands of hours needed to significantly alter language comprehension. Many college reading skills programmes include a training procedure aimed at improving students' control of reading speed. However, a number of problems are involved in success-fully implementing such a programme. The first problem is to convince the students that they should adjust their reading rates. Many students regard skimming as a sin and read everything in a slow methodical manner. On the other hand some students believe that everything, including difficult mathematical texts, can be read at the rate appropriate for a light novel. There seems to be evidence that people read more slowly than necessary. A number of studies on college students have found that when the students are forced to read faster than their self-imposed rate, there is no loss in retention of information typically regarded as important.
The second problem involved in teaching adaptive reading lies in convincing the students of the need to be aware of their purposes in reading. The point of adjusting reading rates is to serve particular purposes. Students who are unaware of what they want to get out of a reading assignment will find it difficult to adjust their rates appropriately. They should know in advance what they want.
Once these problems of attitude are overcome, a reading skills course can concentrate on teaching the students the techniques for reading at different rates. Since most students have had little practice at rapid reading, most of the instruction focuses on how to read rapidly. Scanning is a rapid reading technique appropriate for searching out a piece of information embedded in a much larger text - for example a student might scan this passage for an evaluation of adaptive reading. A skilled scanner can process 10,000 or more words per minute. Obviously, at this rate scanners only pick up bits and pieces of information and skip whole paragraphs. It is easy for scanners to miss the target entirely, and they often have to rescan the text. Making quick decisions as to what should be ignored and what should be looked at takes practice. However, the benefits are enormous. I would not be able to function as an academic without this skill because I would not be able to keep up with all the information that is generated in my field.
Skimming is the processing of about 800-1500 words a minute - a rate at which identifying every word is probably impossible. Skimming is used for extracting the gist of the text. The skill is useful when the skimmer is deciding whether to read a text, or is previewing a text he wants to read, or is going over material that is already known.
Both scanning and skimming are aided by a knowledge of where the main points tend to be found in the text. A reader who knows where an author tends to put the main points can read selectively. Authors vary in their construction style, and one has to adjust to author differences, but some general rules usually apply. Section headings, first and last paragraphs in a section, first and last sentences in a paragraph, and highlighted material all tend to convey the main points.
Students in reading skills programmes often complain that rapid reading techniques require hard work and that they tend to regress towards less efficient reading habits after the end of the programme. Therefore, it should be emphasised that the adaptive control of the reading rate is hard work because it is a novel skill. Older reading habits seem easy because they have been practised for longer. As students become more practised in adjusting reading rate, they find it easier. I can report that after practising variable reading rates for more than ten years, I find it easier to read a text using an adjustable rate than to read at a slow methodical word by word rate. This is something of a problem for me because part of my professional duties is to edit papers that I would not normally process word by word. I find it very painful to have to read at this rate.
(Fonte: MONAGHAN, J. Skills for effective study. Longman, 1979, pp. 18-23. Disponível em: http://www.uefap.com/reading/exercise/skim/readrat.htm.)
Utilizando a técnica de Skimming, leia o primeiro e o último parágrafos do texto e escolha a alternativa INCORRETA: O autor conclui que, após praticar a leitura rápida, é preferível ler todas as palavras de um texto.
Técnica de Scanning
1. 
Leia o texto abaixo.
Junk food doesn't only make you fat, it makes you lazy
According to a recentstudy by researchers at the University of California Los Angeles, a diet rich in processed food and fat leads not only to excess weight but also to less motivation.
Researchers found that rats on a junk food diet were significantly fatter than rats on a healthy diet. But the rats with the unhealthy diet also were less active and mentally slower.
"Our data suggest that diet-induced obesity is a cause, rather than an effect, of laziness. Either the highly processed diet causes fatigue or the diet causes obesity, which causes fatigue", says lead researcher Aaron Blaisdell.
Adaptado de: FIRGER, Jessica. Junk food makes you lazy, not just fat, study suggests. CBS NEWS, 9 abr. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/junk-food-makes-you-lazy-not-just-fat-study-suggests/>. Acesso em: 06 jun. 2015.
Após adquirir os conhecimentos sobre scanning e a leitura do texto, é INCORRETO afirmar que:
Os pesquisadores observaram que os ratos que comiam comida saudável eram mais gordos.
2. 
Leia o texto abaixo. Invisible Boyfriend/Girlfriend site offers fake relationships A new website with the domain "invisiblegirlfriend.com" helps people invent their ideal partner and sends text messages, calls and mails handwritten notes for $24.99 a month.
Users who sign up can choose their "faux significant other's" picture, name as well as age. The service includes 100 texts, 10 voicemails, and 1 handwritten note.
"What we're seeing is potential user cases are all over the board. It's not just, I want to convince my parents I'm in a relationship", Matthew Homann, the creator of the site, says.
Adaptado de: HOOPER, Ben. Invisible Boyfriend/Girlfriend site offers fake relationships. UPI, 22 jan. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2015/01/22/Invisible-BoyfriendGirlfriend-site-offers-fake-relationships/5671421938463/?spt=hs>. Acesso em: 06 jun. 2015.
Com base na leitura do texto e das técnicas aprendidas sobre scanning, é CORRETO afirmar que:
O criador do novo website é Matthew Homann.
3. 
Leia o texto. Internet privacy may be completely gone by 2025, experts say Digital privacy may be entirely gone by 2025, a study by the Pew Research Center suggests. 2,500 technology experts were asked whether a "trusted privacy-rights infrastructure" will be in place in 2025 and 55 percent said "no". "Public norms will continue to trend toward the desire for more privacy, while people's actions will tend toward giving up more and more control over their data," says Joe Kochan, the chief operating officer for US Ignite. Adaptado de: BENSON, Thor. Internet privacy will be mostly gone by 2025, according to experts. UPI, 22 dez. 2014. Disponível em: .
Acesso em: 06 jun. 2015. Ao observar as técnicas de scanning (o uso de números em textos, nomes e siglas, por exemplo), é CORRETO afirmar que:
 
A privacidade digital pode ser completamente extinta em 2025.
4. 
Leia o texto abaixo. Google Plans Kid-Friendly Version of Its Services Google is reportedly prepping a child-safe version of its services. The plan is to release YouTube as well as some other tools that will allow kids to use them more easily with permission from their parents. It has also been reported that Google will give parents an application that will allow them to monitor the activity of their children on Google services. Adaptado de: GUYNN, Jessica; MOLINA, Brett Molina. Google plan for kid accounts worries privacy watchdogs. USA TODAY, 20 ago. 2014. Disponível em:
Acesso em: 06 jun. 2015. Depois da leitura do texto, utilize as técnicas adquiridas sobre scanning e marque a alternativa CORRETA.
O Google dará aos pais um aplicativo que monitore a atividade de seus filhos.
5. 
Leia o texto.
Most Americans Don't Want to Live Past 100 A survey by the Pew Research Center found that most U.S. adults don't want to live beyond age 100. 56 percent of those surveyed said they wouldn't undergo medical treatments to slow the aging process and live to be 120 or more.
However, 68 percent indicated that most other people would like to live such an extended life.
The poll was conducted from March 21 to April 8, 2013, among a nationally representative sample of 2,012 adults.
Adaptado em: UPI. Most U.S. adults say no to living to 100 or more, 12 ago. 12 2013. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 06 jun. 2015.
A partir da leitura do texto, podemos observar o uso de diferentes tipos de números. Assinale a alternativa CORRETA.  
O título do texto afirma que a maioria dos americanos não querem viver mais de cem anos.
Técnica de inferência
1. 
Leia o texto.
Saudi Arabia Plans World's Largest Hotel With 10,000 Rooms
The world's largest hotel is being planned for Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a remarkable structure that will contain 10,000 rooms. The Abraj Kudai complex will have twelve towers, 70 restaurants, 4 helicopter landing pads and a shopping center. The $3.5-billion hotel is modeled after a "traditional desert fortress" and is scheduled to open in 2017.
Currently, Las Vegas is home to the world's largest hotels - the Venetian (7,117 rooms) and the MGM Grand (6,852).
(Fonte: WARE, Doug G. With 10K rooms, world's largest hotel coming to Saudi Arabia. UPI, 23 maio 2015. Disponível em: http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2015/05/23/With-10K-rooms-worlds-largest-hotel-coming-to-Saudi-Arabia/2411432411599/?spt=hs. Acesso em: 07 jun. 2015.)
A partir da leitura do texto, pode-se INFERIR que o hotel será extremamente luxuoso.
2. 
Leia o texto abaixo.
Passenger assaults flight attendants
Two male American Airlines flight attendants were assaulted while their plane was on the ground at Charlotte Douglas International Airport this week. The plane just pushed away from the gate but was not in the air when the two men, 34 and 58, were assaulted. "The older attendant was carried out of the plane on a stretcher for serious injuries. After the fight started, the aircraft immediately returned to the gate and officers say the suspect surrendered peacefully"., A witness said the suspect "had been screaming about assassins on the plane". He reportedly surrendered peacefully. , (Fonte: MUTZABAUGH, Ben. Flight attendant assaulted, leaves plane on stretcher. USA TODAY, 1º fev. 2015 . Disponível em: http://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2015/01/30/flight-attendant-assaulted-leaves-plane-on-stretcher/22582061/. Acesso em: 07 jun. 2015. Texto adaptado.)
Após a leitura do texto e com seus conhecimentos sobre inferência, é CORRETO afirmar que: as autoridades do aeroporto prenderam o suspeito.
3. 
Leia o texto a seguir.
A palavra "actually" na sentença "Well, you actually had 577 to be exact..." pode ser traduzida na frase como:
A Washington man surprised the staff of a restaurant by leaving a $2,000 tip for a meal of beer and gumbo he shared with a friend.
The "gumbo-loving regular" left the tip on a $93 bill on Monday night, the restaurant owner Chris Nardelli said. He also wrote Thank you for the gumbo!" on the bill.
The customer, whose name was not disclosed, asked on the bill that $1,000 go to chef James Turner and $500 each for Nardelli and waitress Laura Dally.
(Fonte: CLARKE, John. Washington gumbo lover leaves $2,000 tip on $93 restaurant bill. 27 maio 2015. Disponível em: . Acesso em: http://news.yahoo.com/washington-gumbo-lover-leaves-2-000-tip-93-225717498.html . Acesso em: 07 jun. 2015. Texto adaptado.)
Utilizando os seus conhecimentos sobre inferência, podemos afirmar que existe inferência em todas as afirmativas abaixo,
EXCETO: O cliente não ficou muito satisfeito com a refeição.
4. Leia o texto.
Mother leaves disabled son in woods
A 41-year-old Philadelphia mother is facing charges after she abandoned her severely disabled son in the woods for five days so she could go visit her lover. Nyia Parler's 21-year-old son is quadriplegic and suffers from cerebral palsy. Police found him covered with a blanket next to a wheelchair and a Bible near Cobbs Creak Park. "The young man was completely defenseless in an area with wild animals, with no water and in cold, damp weather," Lt. John Walker says. Parler is facingcharges, including aggravated assault, reckless endangering and neglect of a care-dependent person. Her son was hospitalized with dehydration, malnutrition and several exposure-related injuries.
(Fonte: CBS/AP. Police seek arrest of mother who left disabled son in woods. 13 abr. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/police-seek-arrest-of-mother-who-left-disabled-son-in-woods/. Acesso em: 07 jun. 2015. Texto adaptado.)
Ao ler o texto acima, NÃO é possível inferir que: a mãe era bonita.
5. Leia o texto a seguir.
Justin Bieber arrested for second time in a week
Police in Toronto, Canada say Justin Bieber was arrested and will face an assault charge in connection with an encounter with a limo driver. The 19-year-old turned himself in to a Toronto police station.
The incident happened after the limo driver picked up a group of six people, including Bieber, outside a Toronto nightclub just before 3 a.m. on December 29.
While en route to a hotel, one of the passengers assaulted the driver. Bieber´s rep says the pop star is innocent. A few days before, Bieber was briefly jailed for DUI and drag racing.
(Fonte: UPI. Justin Bieber arrested again, this time in Toronto. 29 jan. 2014. Disponível em: http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Music/2014/01/29/Justin-Bieber-arrested-again-this-time-in-Toronto/UPI-22331391053530/?spt=hts. Acesso em: 07 jun. 2015. Texto adaptado.)
Após a leitura do texto, pode-se inferir que o motorista foi atacado enquanto dirigia a limosine.
Atividades Pré-textuais
1 1. 
O trecho apresentado a seguir é de uma mensagem de e-mail. Ao ler o título e a saudação da mensagem, ative seu conhecimento prévio sobre o assunto.
To: Kim Gun
Cc: All Staff
From: Jack Long
Subject: Welcome to our Team!
Dear Kim
Welcome to our Team!
(English Club, 2015)
Podemos dizer, então, que este e-mail é uma mensagem enviada:
por um funcionário da empresa em que Kim trabalha.
2. 
Agora, antes de ler o e-mail na íntegra, observe o vocabulário desconhecido e tente entendê-lo no contexto da frase em que está inserido.
To: Kim Gun
Cc: All Staff
From: Jack Long
Subject: Welcome to our Team!
Dear Kim,
Welcome to our Team!
It is a pleasure to welcome you to the staff of KC Electronics. We are excited to have you join our team, and we hope that you will enjoy working with our company.
On the first Monday of each month we hold a special staff lunch to welcome any new employees. Please be sure to come next week to meet all of our senior staff and any other new staff members who have joined us this month. Alice Peters will email you with further details.
If you have any questions during your training period, please do not hesitate to contact me. You can reach me at my email address or on my office line at 340-2222.
Warm regards
Jack
Jack Long, Sales Manager
KC Electronics
jlong@kc-e.com
Tel: 340-2222
(English Club, 2015)
Na frase, "Alice Peters will email you with further details", identifique a palavra "further" neste contexto. Baseando-se no seu conhecimento prévio, é correto afirmar que "further details" significa: mais detalhes.
3. Antes de ler a carta-convite, abaixo, observe as palavras e expressões-chave do texto.
PJ Party
22 Yew Street, Cambridge, Ontario
Tel: 416-223-8900,
4 November 24
Dear Valued Customer:
Our records show that you have been a customer of PJ Party Inc. since our grand opening last year. We would like to thank you for your business by inviting you to our preferred customer Spring Extravaganza next Saturday.
Saturday's sales event is by invitation only. All of our stock, including pajamas and bedding will be marked down from 50-80% off.* Doors open at 9:00 AM sharp. Complimentary coffee and donuts will be served. Public admission will commence at noon.
In addition, please accept the enclosed $10 gift certificate to use with your purchase of $75 or more.
We look forward to seeing you at PJ's on Saturday. Please bring this invitation with you and present it at the door.
Sincerely,
Linda Lane
Linda Lane
Store Manager
linda@pjpartyonline.com
*All sales are final. No exchanges.
Enclosure: Gift Certificate #345 (not redeemable for cash)
(English Club, 2015)
As palavras abaixo são expressões-chave no texto acima, EXCETO: 
sincerely
4. Antes de ler a receita culinária, a seguir, ative seus conhecimentos prévios sobre esse gênero textual e procure as palavras-chave.
Quinoa Chicken, Ingredients
2 cups chicken broth
1 cup quinoa
2 teaspoons vegetable oil, or as needed
1/2 onion, chopped
2 cloves garlic, or to taste, minced
1 1/2 pounds ground chicken
1 1/2 (10 ounce) cans diced tomatoes with green chile peppers
Directions
1. Bring chicken broth and quinoa to a boil in a saucepan. Reduce heat to medium-low, cover, and simmer until quinoa is tender and water has been absorbed, 15 to 20 minutes.
2. ________ vegetable oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Saute onion and garlic in hot oil until onion is translucent, 5 to 7 minutes. Add ground chicken and break into small pieces while cooking until completely browned, 7 to 10 minutes.
3. Stir cooked quinoa and diced tomatoes into the chicken mixture; bring to a simmer and cook long enough for the flavors to meld, about 10 minutes more.
(Allrecipes, 2015)
Ao olhar as palavras-chave do texto, percebe-se que falta o verbo no item 2 do "modo de fazer". Assinale a alternativa que contém o verbo adequado para esse contexto. heat
5. 
Antes de ler o e-mail, abaixo, marque as palavras-chave do texto.
Dear Ms. Abike,,
Thank you for inquiring about the email software advertised on my blog. Each of the listed software functions uniquely on different platforms. Before I recommend a particular one, I would like to know a bit more about you and your needs:
1. What kind of business do you handle? Are you self-employed , manager or a business owner?
2. Will you be using the software on a mobile device or computer? Is your computer a Mac or PC?
3. What kind of emails do you send most often? Are they replies to customer questions, business-to-business information or just emails for team members?
Once again, thank you for your interest in purchasing some of the email software advertised on my site. I hope you will find them suitable for your business needs.
Cordially,
Ayo
(Woculus,2015)
As palavras, abaixo, são todas consideradas palavras-chave para o texto em questão, EXCETO: dear
Estratégias de Leitura
1 Leia o texto a seguir, que servirá de base para as próximas questões:
Yoga for menopause De Susan M. Lark M.D. (Excerpted from The Estrogen Decision Self Help Book)
Yoga stretches can benefit both the body and the mind, bringing energy and balance. This is particularly helpful to women who are currently in menopause or in menopause transition because their hormonal levels and body chemistry may be fluctuating rapidly. This can leave women feeling out of balance and truly victims of their changing bodies. Yoga exercises level out this physiological instability by relaxing and gently stretching every muscle in the body, promoting better blood circulation and oxygenation to all cells and tissues. This helps optimize the function of the endocrine glands and the organs of the female reproductive tract. Yoga exercises also improve the health and well-being of the digestive tract, nervous system, and all other organ systems.
The yoga exercises included in this chapter address many specific menopause related symptoms and issues, such as bone strength, cardiovascular and breast health, of concern to all women past midlife. You may want to begin by trying all the stretches, then practicing on a regular basis those exercises that bring you the most symptom relief and general health benefits. If you prefer, begin with the exercises that offer relief for the specific symptoms of greatest concern.
General Techniques for Yoga
When doing yoga exercises, it is important that you focus and concentrate on the positions. First, let your mind visualize how the exercise is to look, and then follow with the correct body placement in the pose. The exercises are donethrough slow, controlled stretching movements. This slowness allows you to have greater control over your body movements. You minimize the possibility of injury and maximize the benefit to the particular area of the body where your attention is being focused. Pay close attention to the initial instructions. Look at the placement of the body in the photographs. This is very important, for if the pose is practiced properly, you are much more likely to have relief from your symptoms. In summary, as you begin these exercises:
Visualize the pose in your mind, then follow with proper placement of the body.
• Move slowly through the pose. This will help promote flexibility of the muscles and prevent injury.
• Follow the breathing instructions provided in the exercise. Most important, do not hold your breath. Allow your breath to flow in and out easily and effortlessly.
Practicing yoga stretches regularly in a slow, unhurried fashion will gradually loosen your muscles, ligaments and joints. You may be surprised at how supple you can become over time. If you experience any pain or discomfort, you have probably overreached your current ability and should immediately reduce the amount of the stretching until you can proceed without discomfort. Be careful, as muscular injuries take time to heal. If you do strain a muscle, immediately apply ice to the injured area for ten minutes. Use the ice pack two to three times a day for several days. If the pain persists, see your doctor.
(Portal Healthy.net)
Exercícios de Yoga para a menopausa.
2. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
Yoga for menopause De Susan M. Lark M.D. (Excerpted from The Estrogen Decision Self Help Book)
Yoga stretches can benefit both the body and the mind, bringing energy and balance. This is particularly helpful to women who are currently in menopause or in menopause transition because their hormonal levels and body chemistry may be fluctuating rapidly. This can leave women feeling out of balance and truly victims of their changing bodies. Yoga exercises level out this physiological instability by relaxing and gently stretching every muscle in the body, promoting better blood circulation and oxygenation to all cells and tissues. This helps optimize the function of the endocrine glands and the organs of the female reproductive tract. Yoga exercises also improve the health and well-being of the digestive tract, nervous system, and all other organ systems.
The yoga exercises included in this chapter address many specific menopause related symptoms and issues, such as bone strength, cardiovascular and breast health, of concern to all women past midlife. You may want to begin by trying all the stretches, then practicing on a regular basis those exercises that bring you the most symptom relief and general health benefits. If you prefer, begin with the exercises that offer relief for the specific symptoms of greatest concern.
General Techniques for Yoga
When doing yoga exercises, it is important that you focus and concentrate on the positions. First, let your mind visualize how the exercise is to look, and then follow with the correct body placement in the pose. The exercises are done through slow, controlled stretching movements. This slowness allows you to have greater control over your body movements. You minimize the possibility of injury and maximize the benefit to the particular area of the body where your attention is being focused. Pay close attention to the initial instructions. Look at the placement of the body in the photographs. This is very important, for if the pose is practiced properly, you are much more likely to have relief from your symptoms. In summary, as you begin these exercises:
• Visualize the pose in your mind, then follow with proper placement of the body.
• Move slowly through the pose. This will help promote flexibility of the muscles and prevent injury.
• Follow the breathing instructions provided in the exercise. Most important, do not hold your breath. Allow your breath to flow in and out easily and effortlessly.
Practicing yoga stretches regularly in a slow, unhurried fashion will gradually loosen your muscles, ligaments and joints. You may be surprised at how supple you can become over time. If you experience any pain or discomfort, you have probably overreached your current ability and should immediately reduce the amount of the stretching until you can proceed without discomfort. Be careful, as muscular injuries take time to heal. If you do strain a muscle, immediately apply ice to the injured area for ten minutes. Use the ice pack two to three times a day for several days. If the pain persists, see your doctor.
(Portal Healthy.net)
De acordo com o texto, a Yoga é um exercício que beneficia o corpo e a mente, trazendo energia e equilíbrio. Essa atividade também promove vários benefícios à saúde da mulher na menopausa, EXCETO: 
Potencializa os sintomas da menopausa
3. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
Yoga for menopause De Susan M. Lark M.D. (Excerpted from The Estrogen Decision Self Help Book)
Yoga stretches can benefit both the body and the mind, bringing energy and balance. This is particularly helpful to women who are currently in menopause or in menopause transition because their hormonal levels and body chemistry may be fluctuating rapidly. This can leave women feeling out of balance and truly victims of their changing bodies. Yoga exercises level out this physiological instability by relaxing and gently stretching every muscle in the body, promoting better blood circulation and oxygenation to all cells and tissues. This helps optimize the function of the endocrine glands and the organs of the female reproductive tract. Yoga exercises also improve the health and well-being of the digestive tract, nervous system, and all other organ systems.
The yoga exercises included in this chapter address many specific menopause related symptoms and issues, such as bone strength, cardiovascular and breast health, of concern to all women past midlife. You may want to begin by trying all the stretches, then practicing on a regular basis those exercises that bring you the most symptom relief and general health benefits. If you prefer, begin with the exercises that offer relief for the specific symptoms of greatest concern.
General Techniques for Yoga
When doing yoga exercises, it is important that you focus and concentrate on the positions. First, let your mind visualize how the exercise is to look, and then follow with the correct body placement in the pose. The exercises are done through slow, controlled stretching movements. This slowness allows you to have greater control over your body movements. You minimize the possibility of injury and maximize the benefit to the particular area of the body where your attention is being focused. Pay close attention to the initial instructions. Look at the placement of the body in the photographs. This is very important, for if the pose is practiced properly, you are much more likely to have relief from your symptoms. In summary, as you begin these exercises:
• Visualize the pose in your mind, then follow with proper placement of the body.
• Move slowly through the pose. This will help promote flexibility of the muscles and prevent injury.
• Follow the breathing instructions provided in the exercise. Most important, do not hold your breath. Allow your breath to flow in and out easily and effortlessly.
Practicing yoga stretches regularly in a slow, unhurried fashion will gradually loosen your muscles, ligaments and joints. You may be surprised at how supple you can become over time. If you experience any pain or discomfort, you have probably overreached your current ability and should immediately reduce the amount of the stretching until you can proceed without discomfort. Be careful, as muscular injuries take time to heal. If you do strain a muscle, immediately apply ice to the injured area for ten minutes. Use the ice pack two to three times a day for several days. If the pain persists, see your doctor.(Portal Healthy.net)
Qual é o tempo verbal predominante no texto? Presente simples.
4. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
Yoga for menopause De Susan M. Lark M.D. (Excerpted from The Estrogen Decision Self Help Book)
Yoga stretches can benefit both the body and the mind, bringing energy and balance. This is particularly helpful to women who are currently in menopause or in menopause transition because their hormonal levels and body chemistry may be fluctuating rapidly. This can leave women feeling out of balance and truly victims of their changing bodies. Yoga exercises level out this physiological instability by relaxing and gently stretching every muscle in the body, promoting better blood circulation and oxygenation to all cells and tissues. This helps optimize the function of the endocrine glands and the organs of the female reproductive tract. Yoga exercises also improve the health and well-being of the digestive tract, nervous system, and all other organ systems.
The yoga exercises included in this chapter address many specific menopause related symptoms and issues, such as bone strength, cardiovascular and breast health, of concern to all women past midlife. You may want to begin by trying all the stretches, then practicing on a regular basis those exercises that bring you the most symptom relief and general health benefits. If you prefer, begin with the exercises that offer relief for the specific symptoms of greatest concern.
General Techniques for Yoga
When doing yoga exercises, it is important that you focus and concentrate on the positions. First, let your mind visualize how the exercise is to look, and then follow with the correct body placement in the pose. The exercises are done through slow, controlled stretching movements. This slowness allows you to have greater control over your body movements. You minimize the possibility of injury and maximize the benefit to the particular area of the body where your attention is being focused. Pay close attention to the initial instructions. Look at the placement of the body in the photographs. This is very important, for if the pose is practiced properly, you are much more likely to have relief from your symptoms. In summary, as you begin these exercises:
• Visualize the pose in your mind, then follow with proper placement of the body.
• Move slowly through the pose. This will help promote flexibility of the muscles and prevent injury.
• Follow the breathing instructions provided in the exercise. Most important, do not hold your breath. Allow your breath to flow in and out easily and effortlessly.
Practicing yoga stretches regularly in a slow, unhurried fashion will gradually loosen your muscles, ligaments and joints. You may be surprised at how supple you can become over time. If you experience any pain or discomfort, you have probably overreached your current ability and should immediately reduce the amount of the stretching until you can proceed without discomfort. Be careful, as muscular injuries take time to heal. If you do strain a muscle, immediately apply ice to the injured area for ten minutes. Use the ice pack two to three times a day for several days. If the pain persists, see your doctor.
(Portal Healthy.net)
De acordo com o texto, o que acontecerá se a mulher praticar Yoga com movimentos de alongamento controlados e vagarosos? 
A mulher minimizará a possibilidade de se machucar.
 5. 
Leia o texto a seguir:
Yoga for menopause De Susan M. Lark M.D. (Excerpted from The Estrogen Decision Self Help Book)
Yoga stretches can benefit both the body and the mind, bringing energy and balance. This is particularly helpful to women who are currently in menopause or in menopause transition because their hormonal levels and body chemistry may be fluctuating rapidly. This can leave women feeling out of balance and truly victims of their changing bodies. Yoga exercises level out this physiological instability by relaxing and gently stretching every muscle in the body, promoting better blood circulation and oxygenation to all cells and tissues. This helps optimize the function of the endocrine glands and the organs of the female reproductive tract. Yoga exercises also improve the health and well-being of the digestive tract, nervous system, and all other organ systems.
The yoga exercises included in this chapter address many specific menopause related symptoms and issues, such as bone strength, cardiovascular and breast health, of concern to all women past midlife. You may want to begin by trying all the stretches, then practicing on a regular basis those exercises that bring you the most symptom relief and general health benefits. If you prefer, begin with the exercises that offer relief for the specific symptoms of greatest concern.
General Techniques for Yoga
When doing yoga exercises, it is important that you focus and concentrate on the positions. First, let your mind visualize how the exercise is to look, and then follow with the correct body placement in the pose. The exercises are done through slow, controlled stretching movements. This slowness allows you to have greater control over your body movements. You minimize the possibility of injury and maximize the benefit to the particular area of the body where your attention is being focused. Pay close attention to the initial instructions. Look at the placement of the body in the photographs. This is very important, for if the pose is practiced properly, you are much more likely to have relief from your symptoms. In summary, as you begin these exercises:
• Visualize the pose in your mind, then follow with proper placement of the body.
• Move slowly through the pose. This will help promote flexibility of the muscles and prevent injury.
• Follow the breathing instructions provided in the exercise. Most important, do not hold your breath. Allow your breath to flow in and out easily and effortlessly.
Practicing yoga stretches regularly in a slow, unhurried fashion will gradually loosen your muscles, ligaments and joints. You may be surprised at how supple you can become over time. If you experience any pain or discomfort, you have probably overreached your current ability and should immediately reduce the amount of the stretching until you can proceed without discomfort. Be careful, as muscular injuries take time to heal. If you do strain a muscle, immediately apply ice to the injured area for ten minutes. Use the ice pack two to three times a day for several days. If the pain persists, see your doctor.
(Portal Healthy.net)
De acordo com o texto, o que a mulher deve fazer caso sinta dor ou qualquer desconforto durante a prática de Yoga?
A mulher deve reduzir o número de alongamentos.
Transparências (palavras cognatas)
1. Complete a afirmativa a partir dos seus conhecimentos sobre as palavras cognatas.
Quando você encontra uma porta com a placa "push", você tem que:
empurrar.
2. Complete a afirmativa a partir dos seus conhecimentos sobre as palavras cognatas.
Quem procura um livro sobre "desserts" está querendo informações a respeito de:
sobremesas.
3. Complete a afirmativa a partir dos seus conhecimentos sobre as palavras cognatas.
A palavra "exit“ é o mesmo que: saída.
4. Complete a afirmativa a partir dos seus conhecimentos sobre as palavras cognatas.
Muitas pessoas gostam de ganhar um "puppy", que significa um:  
filhote de cachorro.
 5. Observe a palavra cognata em destaque e, em seguida, complete a afirmativa.
Se alguém procura um "avocado", está atrás de um: . 
abacate.
Aquisição de vocabulário
1. Após estudar a técnica de aquisição de vocabulário, leia a frase a seguir.
A king lives in __________.
A palavra que completa, corretamente, a sentença acima é: a palace.
2. Utilizando a técnica de aquisição de vocabulário, analise a frase.
Where are your parents? __________ out.
Qual palavra completa a sentença? 
They're
3. Leia o texto.
A trip to London
Last week I drove to London by car. As there was an accident on the M25 I had to take a detour. I stopped in front of a theaterto ask for directions. A young man told me to turn right at the intersection and ask again at the gas station. There a friendly sales clerk told me to take the second exit of the traffic circle. After I had passed a pedestrian crossing I saw a bookstore and a large ___________. I parked my car there and walked to the center of London.
(Fonte: A trip to London. Disponível em: http://subscribe.ru/archive/job.lang.englishwords/201104/15000529.html. Acesso em: 25 set. 2015.)
Após estudar as técnicas de leitura (aquisição de vocabulário) e observar o contexto do parágrafo acima, responda: qual a palavra que melhor completa a lacun
parking lot.
4.A língua inglesa possui muitas palavras que confundem as pessoas quanto à sua grafia. Veja a sequência de palavras, a seguir, e escolha a palavra apropriada para completar a sentença.
Do you believe in ________ after death? . 
life
5. 
Leias as expressões.
1. to make a journey
2. to make the shopping
3. to make the beds
4. to do fun of someone
5. to do an exercise
Analise as expressões com "do" e "make"e observe se elas estão corretas ou incorretas. Agora, assinale a alternativa que melhor expressa a análise sobre elas
As expressões 2 e 4 estão incorretas.
O uso correto do dicionário na leitura de textos
1Leia a notícia a seguir:
According to data collected by John Hopkins University, between 30 to 40 percent of the American food supply goes to waste. Most of it is tossed by households, restaurants and stores.
(Fonte: http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2015/06/10/Study-Americans-waste-1616-billion-worth-of-food-annually/9641433966798/?spt=hts. Texto adaptado).
Ao utilizar um dicionário, é possível encontrar vários significados para uma mesma palavra. Qual é, no contexto da frase, o sentido da palavra "waste"? A resposta correta é: Lixo.
2 Leia a notícia a seguir:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say that about one in 10 American men suffer from depression or anxiety, but fewer than half get treatment. The study also found that blacks and Hispanics are less likely than whites to report mental health problems.
(Fonte: http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2015/06/12/CDC-Many-men-with-depression-anxiety-untreated/7341434139241/?spt=mps. Texto adaptado).
Com base em seus conhecimentos sobre as técnicas de uso correto do dicionário na leitura de textos e de acordo com o contexto da notícia, marque a alternativa qu
e melhor traduz a palavra "fewer":
A resposta correta é: Menos.
3 Leia o texto a seguir:
In the italian capital Rome, police are trying new methods to catch those who park their cars and scooters inappropriately. In Italy, crazy parking is very popular: Vehicles are left on pavements, traffic islands or even in the middle of the street. So Roman police now have created the Twitter account @PLRomaCapitale, where citizens can report illegally parked cars.
(Fonte: http://news.yahoo.com/rome-police-pit-twitter-against-crazy-parking-125244408--sector.html. Texto adaptado).
No contexto da frase, a alternativa que apresenta o significado correto da palavra "even" é: A resposta correta é: Até.
4 leia a notícia a seguir:
Adam Hirtle of Colorado Springs, Colorado, reportedly shot himself in the leg Wednesday night to experience what it felt like to be shot. The 30-year-old told officers said that he took his .22 caliber, semi-automatic handgun, pointed it at his foot and pulled the trigger. His injuries were not life-threatening. Hirtle is facing charges of reckless endangerment, prohibited use of weapons as well as child abuse because at least one child was in the vicinity when he fired the gun.
(Fonte: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/11/adam-hirtle-shoots-self-in-foot_n_7564242.html?utm_hp_ref=weird-news. Texto adaptado).
Ao consultar um dicionário, pode-se observar que uma palavra possui vários significados. A palavra "injuries", neste texto, não é diferente. Qual palavra NÃO representa um dos possíveis significados de "injuries"? A resposta correta é: Reclamações.
5 Leia o texto a seguir:
A Hawaii woman in a wheelchair has filed a lawsuit against American Airlines after she says she was forced to crawl onto a plane. Theresa Purcell says she informed the airline prior to her flight that she would need a wheelchair ramp to get on the plane. When she arrived at the gate, agents told her that they couldn’t set up a ramp shortly before the plane’s departure.
(Fonte: http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2015/06/09/Lawsuit-Woman-denied-wheelchair-ramp-by-airline-forced-to-crawl-onto-plane/3541433868639/?spt=hrs. Texto adaptado).
Com base na leitura do texto, pode-se dizer que a palavra "crawl" significa: A resposta correta é: Rastejar.
Dicas para a leitura de textos em inglês
1. Leia o texto a seguir.
People who walk to work are 40 percent less likely to develop diabetes and 17 percent less likely to develop high blood pressure than those who drive, a new study by UK researchers suggests. Of the adults who used private transport such as cars, motorbikes and taxis to get to work, 19 per cent were obese, compared to only 13 percent of those who cycled to work and 15 percent of those who walked.
(Fonte: http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57597236/walking-cycling-to-work-may-curb-diabetes-risk/. Acesso em 13/06/2015. Adaptado).
Utilizando a técnica de Scanning, ao ler o texto, pode-se dizer que: 
17% a menos de chance de desenvolver pressão alta se comparadas àquelas que vão dirigindo para o trabalho.
2. Leia esta notícia:
Almost everyone knows the feeling of waking up after drinking a more than healthy amount of alcohol. And almost everyone has got his own remedy to cure a hangover. Now scientists from Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China, seem to have found a more reliable method, than i.e. herbal teas. Apparently, a zip of Sprite can help to feel better in such a situation. The researchers found out that Sprite or soda water, in opposition to teas, promotes the decomposition of acetaldehyde, ethanol’s first metabolite, which causes hangovers. Sprite could even minimize the harmful effects of drinking alcohol.
(Fonte: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/seeking-a-cure-for-the-hangover--scienists-say---sprite--181644088.html. Acesso em 13/06/2015. Adaptado).
Após a leitura do texto, utilize a técnica Skimming e responda: qual é o tema da notícia?
 
O uso de Sprite ajuda a curar a ressaca.
33. 
Leia o texto a seguir.
A study by Boston Children's Hospital found that states with more gun restrictions have fewer gun-related deaths. In states that have the most gun laws, there is a 42 percent reduction in fatalities, compared to those states with the least number of laws. The researchers studied data from all 50 states, including the total number of gun-related deaths from 2007 to 2010. "Our research gives clear evidence that laws have a role in preventing firearms deaths. Legislators should take that into consideration," explains Eric Fleegler, the study's lead investigator.
(Fonte: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/07/gun-violence-study-chicago/1969227/. Acesso em 13/06/2015. Adaptado).
Ao ativar as técnicas de leitura e o uso correto do dicionário, indique a alternativa que apresenta o significado correto das palavras THE MOST no texto:
mais
4.Leia o texto a seguir.
Surgeons in San Diego, California, reportedly treated a man who tore a tendon in his thumb after playing "Candy Crush Saga" on his smartphone "all day for 6 to 8 weeks". The man, whose name was not made public, had to undergo surgery to fix the problem. The addiction to the game actually helped the man perceive less pain. (Fonte: http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2015/04/15/San-Diego-surgeons-treat-mans-Candy-Crush-thumb/4471429110943/?spt=sec. Acesso em 13/06/2015. Adaptado).
Após ler o texto, é possível inferir que o homem: 
 
adorava jogar no celular.
5 ) Leia o texto a seguir.
Popular art museums in major cities across the country are home to dining destinations designed by nationally and internationally-acclaimed chefs and restaurateurs, with menus crafted to perfectlyaccompany the surroundings. The decor and dishes are skillfully presented in a way that will make you wonder whether or not you're still wandering an exhibition. Next time you take a day to stroll through these museums, make sure to check the dining options for a meal as inspiring as the galleries.
(Fonte: http://experience.usatoday.com/food-and-wine/story/best-of-food-and-wine/2015/06/09/best-museum-restaurants/28732409/. Acesso em 13/06/2015).
Ao ler o texto, observe as palavras cognatas. Depois assinale a alternativa que NÃO apresenta uma palavra cognata: major