Slides de Aula - Unidade II língua inglesa - gramática e aplicação

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Profa. Palma Rigolon
UNIDADE II
Língua Inglesa 
Gramática e Aplicação 
I was at home last night.
You were lucky.
He was kind to me.
She was late for school.
It was rainy and cold.
We were hungry.
You were angry.
They were absolutely right. 
Affirmative form – To be (Simple Past)
I was not at home last night. (I wasn’t...)
You were not lucky. (You weren’t...)
He was not kind to me. (He wasn’t...)
She was not late for school. (She wasn’t...) 
It was not rainy and cold. (It wasn’t...)
We were not hungry. (We weren’t...)
You were not angry. (You weren’t...)
They were not absolutely right. (They weren’t...)
Negative form – To be (Simple Past)
Was I wrong? (Wasn’t I...?)
Were you lucky? (Weren’t you...?)
Was he kind to me? (Wasn’t he...?)
Was she late for school? (Wasn’t she...?) 
Was it rainy? (Wasn’t it...?)
Were we hungry? (Weren’t we...?)
Were you angry? (Weren’t you...?)
Were they absolutely right? (Weren’t they...?)
Interrogative form – To be (Simple Past)
Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, a descendant of a 
long line of Puritan ancestors including John Hathorne, a presiding magistrate in the Salem 
witch trials. 
In order to distance himself from his family's shameful involvement in the witch trials, Hawthorne 
added the "w" to his last name during his early 20s. 
To be – Simple Past
Also among his ancestors was William Hathorne, one of the first Puritan settlers who arrived in 
New England in 1630. 
After his father, a ship captain, died of yellow fever at sea when Nathaniel was only four, his 
mother became overly protective and pushed him toward relatively isolated pursuits. 
Hawthorne's childhood left him overly shy and bookish, which molded his life as a writer. 
Hawthorne turned to writing after his graduation from Bowdoin College. 
To be – Simple Past
 His first novel, Fanshawe, was unsuccessful
and Hawthorne himself disavowed it 
as amateurish (…).
To be – Simple Past
Fonte: https://www.ttf.org/product/celestial-rail-road/
Disponível em: http://www.gradesaver.com/author/hawthorne/
 “The progressive aspect refers to activity in progress, and therefore suggests not only that the 
activity is temporary (i.e. of limited duration), but that it need not be complete. This element of 
meaning is most evident in the past tense or in the present perfect.” (Leech & Startvik, 2003)
Past Continuous
Past of “to be” + verb “ing” 
was / were
 It emphasizes the course of an action in the past.
 He was playing football.
 It can refer to two actions happening at the same time (in the past).
 While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.
 It refers to an action going on at a certain time in the past.
 When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.
Past Continuous
 I was talking to him on the phone.
 You were dancing with him.
 He was preparing a special dinner.
 She was watching TV.
 It was drizzling in the city.
 We were swimming in the club.
 You were studying for the latest tests.
 They were traveling together. 
Past Continuous – Affirmative 
 I wasn’t talking to him on the phone.
 You weren’t dancing with him.
 He wasn’t preparing a special dinner.
 She wasn’t watching TV.
 It wasn’t drizzling in the city.
 We weren’t swimming in the club.
 You weren’t studying for the latest tests.
 They weren’t traveling together. 
Past Continuous – Negative 
 Was I talking to him on the phone?
 Were you dancing with him?
 Was he preparing a special dinner?
 Was she watching TV?
 Was it drizzling in the city?
 Were we swimming in the club?
 Were you studying for the latest tests?
 Were they traveling together? 
Past Continuous – Interrogative (Affirmative) 
 Wasn’t I talking to him on the phone?
 Weren’t you dancing with him?
 Wasn’t he preparing a special dinner?
 Wasn’t she watching TV?
 Wasn’t it drizzling in the city?
 Weren’t we swimming in the club?
 Weren’t you studying for the latest tests?
 Weren’t they traveling together? 
Past Continuous – Interrogative (Negative)
Choose the correct alternative:
a) Were Mary at home yesterday?
b) Susan was eat lunch when he arrived.
c) Paul and John was playing golf yesterday at 5 p.m.
d) Peter and Paul were having dinner when Mary called.
e) Was the children at home when you arrived?
Interatividade
Choose the correct alternative:
a) Were Mary at home yesterday?
b) Susan was eat lunch when he arrived.
c) Paul and John was playing golf yesterday at 5 p.m.
d) Peter and Paul were having dinner when Mary called.
e) Was the children at home when you arrived?
Resposta
“Countable nouns are the names of separate objects, people, ideas, etc. which can be counted. 
We can use numbers and the article ‘a’/‘an’ with countable nous. They have plurals.” 
(Swan, 2005)
 There is a beautiful beach near here.
 I want a plate of food.
 Mary was singing a song.
 She was buying a new dress.
 There is a new battery in the radio.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
“Uncountable (or ‘mass’) nouns are the names of materials, liquids, abstract qualities, 
collections and other things which we can see as masses without clear boundaries, and not as 
separate objects. We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns, and most are singular with 
no plurals. We do not normally use ‘a’/‘an’ with uncountable nouns.” (Swan, 2005)
 Mary was listening to music.
 Have you got any money?
 It wasn’t your fault. It was bad luck.
 There is no electricity in the house.
 We haven’t got enough water.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
In order to specify quantity we can use some expressions that indicate amount or quantity:
 A glass of: water, juice, coke, soda.
 A cup of: coffee, tea, soft drink.
 A spoon of: rice, beans, sugar.
 A loaf of: bread, cake.
 A piece of: cake, furniture, news, information.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
 How many: with countable nouns.
 How many tickets do we need?
 How many people were there at the party?
 Many: in negatives and questions.
 There aren’t many people coming.
 Are there many opera houses in London?
Quantifiers
 How much: with uncountable nouns.
 How much time have we got?
 I know how much free time he has.
 Much: in negatives and questions. 
 I don’t have much time.
 Have you got much time today?
Quantifiers
 Many: in positive clauses with “so”, “as”, “too”:
 Carla has so many friends!
 She has as many friends as Sue.
 I have too many friends living abroad!
 Much: in positive clauses with “so”, “as”, “too”:
 She has so much to say! 
 She has got as much time as you. 
 They have too much money. 
Quantifiers
 In formal texts, however, “much”/“many” are also common in positive clauses. 
 This you will notice for example when you read English news.
Quantifiers
 a lot of / lots of: in affirmative, negative, interrogative:
 Kevin has a lot of / lots of money. Singular
 Carla has a lot of / lots of friends. Plural
 They don’t have a lot of / lots of money. Singular
 I don’t have a lot of / lots of friends. Plural
 Is there a lot of / lots of money in your wallet? Singular
 Were there a lot of / lots of books being sold? Plural
Quantifiers
little / a little: with uncountable nouns. 
 Cactus need little water.
 She’s got little patience.
 There’s little to do.
 Give the rose a little water every day.
 We’ve got a little time before the train leaves.
 They have a little money in the bank.
Quantifiers
 few / a few: with countable nouns. 
 I have got few dollars.
 This town is not a very interesting place, so few tourists come here.
 I’ve been there a few times.
 His ideas are very difficult, but a few people understand them.
Quantifiers
 Some: in affirmative sentences.
 I’ve got some work to do. (singular)
 She’s got some time for you. (singular) 
 We bought some flowers. (plural)
 We have to talkto some students. (plural)
Quantifiers
 Any: in negatives and questions.
 We went out without any money. (singular)
 We didn’t buy any flowers. (plural)
 Have you got any luggage? (interrogative)
Quantifiers
Choose the alternative that only presents correct statements:
a) She ate a little rice.
b) Mary has a little friends.
c) Few time was left.
d) A little people were coming.
e) There are few water in the fridge.
Interatividade
Choose the alternative that only presents correct statements:
a) She ate a little rice.
b) Mary has a little friends.
c) Few time was left.
d) A little people were coming.
e) There are few water in the fridge.
Resposta
 “We can use ‘a’/‘an’ to talk about one particular person or thing, when the listener/reader does
not know which one is meant, or when it does not matter which one.” (Swan, 2005)
We use “a” before:
 a consonant sound.
We use “an” before:
 a vowel sound. 
Indefinite Articles
 a dog 
 a hat 
 a European (sound as “y”)
 a union (sound as “y”)
 an apple
 an egg
 an idiot
 an orange
 an ugly boy
 an hour (“h” is mute)
Indefinite Articles
a user /ˈjuː.zər/
a university /ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜːr.sɪ.ti/
a unicycle /ˈjuː.nɪˌsaɪ.kl ̩/
a unicorn /ˈjuː.nɪ.kɔːrn/
an hour /aʊr/
Indefinite Articles
Before nouns related to:
Occupations:
 He is an engineer.
Religion:
 He is a Buddhist.
Nationality:
It was an American who won the game.
Indefinite Articles
After the prepositions “with”/“without”:
 Some kids prefer to draw with a pencil. 
 My brother usually goes out in the cold without a coat.
 Observation: when followed by a concrete noun.
Indefinite Articles
After the following expressions:
 Once upon a time 
 As a matter of fact
 One at a time 
 All of a sudden
 In a hurry
 As a rule
Indefinite Articles
After the words “what”, “such”, “half”: 
 What a beautiful day! (exclamation)
 I have never seen such a difficult test!
 They ate half a pear.
Indefinite Articles
Used when a specific object that both (person speaking and the listener) know:
 The car over there is fast.
 The teacher is very good, isn't he?
 The dinner at my friend’s house was delicious. 
 Did you go to the party yesterday?
 The women over there work with my sister.
Definite Article
Used before musical instruments:
 He is learning how to play the guitar.
 She plays the piano beautifully. 
 I am learning how to play the drums.
Used with superlatives:
 It’s the best restaurant in town.
 He is the most intelligent student in class.
 This is the worst wine I’ve ever tasted!
Definite Article
Not used before the words “church”, “school”, “bed”, “prison”, “heaven”, “hell”, “work”:
 Mary goes to church every Sunday.
 We are going to school.
 They are in bed.
 He was in prison.
 Everybody will go to Heaven.
 Go to hell.
 They went to work. 
Definite Article
Not used with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains: 
 Spain is a very interesting country.
 Japan is the richest country in the East.
Exception:
 When the country is a collection of states:
 The United States is the richest country of the world.
 (The Netherlands; The United Kingdom etc.).
Definite Article
Not used when you are speaking about things in general:
 I like Russian tea.
 They are buying Japanese food.
Not used before proper names: 
 John is a nice student.
 They were talking with Peter.
Definite Article
Not used when talking about “meals”, “transportation”, “sports”, “seasons of the year”, 
“abstract concepts”:
 What did you have for dinner?
 I went downtown by subway.
 She plays volleyball.
 Summer is a very joyful season.
 Love is a pure feeling.
Definite Article
 Australia Australian
 Brazil Brazilian
 Canada Canadian
 Italy Italian
 Norway Norwegian
 Russia Russian
---------------------------------------------------------------
 China Chinese
 Japan Japanese
 Portugal Portuguese
Nationalities 
 Denmark Danish
 Ireland Irish
 Poland Polish
 Scotland Scottish
 Spain Spanish
 Sweden Swedish
 Turkey Turkish
---------------------------------------------------------------
 Switzerland Swiss
Nationalities
Attention!
Nationalities
As 
nacionalidades 
em inglês são 
escritas com 
letras 
maiúsculas.
Choose the correct statement about Articles:
a) The articles ‘a’/‘an’ are used with a specific object.
b) The article ‘the’ is used with countries, states, counties or provinces.
c) The article ‘the’ is used with proper names.
d) The articles ‘a’/‘an’ are used with musical instruments.
e) The articles ‘a’/‘an’ are used before occupations.
Interatividade
Choose the correct statement about Articles:
a) The articles ‘a’/‘an’ are used with a specific object.
b) The article ‘the’ is used with countries, states, counties or provinces.
c) The article ‘the’ is used with proper names.
d) The articles ‘a’/‘an’ are used with musical instruments.
e) The articles ‘a’/‘an’ are used before occupations.
Resposta
 Ability:
 I can play the guitar.
 I can’t play the guitar.
 Possibility:
 You can ski on that hill. (there is enough snow)
 You can’t ski on that hill. (there isn’t enough snow)
 Permission:
 Can they come in to talk to you?
 Can’t they come in to talk to you?
Modal Verbs – Can / Cannot
 Ability in the past:
 I could play the piano very well when I was 10.
 She could run very fast 10 years ago.
 Polite requests:
 Could you lend me your pen?
 Could you come back tomorrow?
 Hypothetical situation:
 I could have bought that house.
 He could have gone. 
Modal Verbs – Could / Couldn’t
“May” and “might” are used to talk about possible actions or happenings in the future.
 I haven’t decided yet where to spend my holidays. I may go to France. 
 He might come too.
Both are used to talk about the present or the future. 
Differences: 
 “Might” is mostly used as a less definite or more hesitant form of “may”, suggesting a smaller 
chance.
 “Might” is used when people think something is possible, but not very likely. 
Modal Verbs – May / Mayn’t / Might / Mightn’t
 Obligation:
 I must my bills every month.
 Prohibition:
 Drivers mustn’t drive too fast here. There’s a speed limit!
 Confirming an obligation:
 Must I take my passport?
Modal Verbs – Must / Mustn’t 
 Supposition:
 It must be John who is calling now. 
Modal Verbs – Must / Mustn’t
To give advice:
 If you want to get a good grade, you should study more.
 If you have kidney problems, you ought to drink more water.
Modal Verbs – Should / Shouldn’t / Ought to / Oughtn’t to
Outros verbos modais estudados no livro-texto:
 Need Indica ausência de obrigatoriedade
You needn’t bring your umbrella. 
 Dare
Don’t dare do this!
 Had better
She’d better go away now.
Modal Verbs
There are four types of If-Clauses:
 0
 I
 II
 III 
 Conditional clauses are related to reason clauses, but they discuss the consequence of
something which may or may not be a real event.
If-Clauses
 Type 0: 
If-Clauses
If we heat water at 100 °C, it boils.
Present Present
Water boils if we heat it at 100 °C.
Present Present
 Type I: to talk about possible things.
If-Clauses
If Paul needs some money, I will lend him some.
Present Simple Future 
I will lend Paul some money if he needs some.
Simple Future Present
 Type II: to talk about an unreal or hypothetical condition.
If-Clauses
If somebody pointed a gun at me, I would be very scared.
Simple Past Conditional
I would be very scared if somebody pointed a gun at me.
Conditional Simple Past
 Type III: to talk about a hypothetical situation. 
If-Clauses
If I had taken a camera, I would havetaken some
photos.
Past Perfect Perfect Conditional
I would have taken some photos if I had taken a
camera.
Perfect Conditional Past Perfect
Complete the sentences with the right If-Clauses:
a) I. would play; II. hadn’t been.
b) I. will play; II. weren’t.
c) I. had played; II. had.
d) I. would play; II. am.
e) I. won’t sing; II. would be.
Interatividade
I. I ________ a song if I had my guitar! 
II. If I _______ so hungry, I would have shared my beans 
with you.
Complete the sentences with the right If-Clauses:
a) I. would play; II. hadn’t been.
b) I. will play; II. weren’t.
c) I. had played; II. had.
d) I. would play; II. am.
e) I. won’t sing; II. would be.
Resposta
I. I ________ a song if I had my guitar! 
II. If I _______ so hungry, I would have shared my beans 
with you.
 LEECH, G.; SVARTVIK, J. A communicative grammar of English. New York: Pearson 
Longman, 2003.
 SWAN, M. Practical English usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Referências bibliográficas
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