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-Inglês-
Plural of Nouns
Inglês
01
Plural of Nouns
1. Na língua inglesa o plural é normalmente forma-
do a partir da desinência “s” ao final do substantivo:
houses
books
students
chairs
2. Em substantivos terminados em S, SH, CH, X e Z:
Kiss
Flash
Watch
Box
Buzz
Acrescenta-se ES
Kiss
Flash
Watch
Box
Buzz
Matriarchs
Patriarchs
Monarchs
Stomachs
Conchs
Epochs
Esses substantivos são terminados em CH, mas têm 
o som de K. Portanto, sofrem somente o acréscimo
de “S”.
3. Substantivos terminados em “O”:
Mosquitoes Radios
Echoes Igloos
Cargoes Kangaroos
Acrescenta-se “ES” somente aos substantivos termi-
nados em “O”, precedidos de consoante.
Atencão:
Pianos
Kilos
Photos
Dynamos
Solos
São substantivos de 
origem estrangeira e 
sofrem o acréscimo 
apenas de “S”, apesar 
de serem terminados 
em “O” e precedidos 
de consoante.
4. Substantivos terminados em “Y”:
Country – Countries
Fly – Flies
Family - Families
Holiday – Holidays
Toy – Toys
Boy - Boys
Em substantivos terminados em “Y”, precedidos de 
consoante, corta-se o “Y” e acrescenta-se “IES”.
5. Substsantivos terminados em “F” ou “FE”:
Half 
Leaf
Wife
Knife
halves
leaves
wives
knives
Corta-se o “F” ou “FE” e acrescenta-se “VES”.
Atencão:
A regra descrita acima não pode ser aplicada aos subs-
tantivos CHIEF, BELIEF, CLIFF, REEF, CUFF, HANDCKER-
CHIEF, PROOF e SAFE, que sofrerão apenas o acrésci-
mo de “S” para a desinência de plural.
6. Substantivos com a forma de plural irregular:
Inglês
02
Conhecimentos da Língua Estrangeira Moderna
MAN – MEN
WOMAN – WOMEN
FOOT – FEET
TOOTH – TEETH
GOOSE – GEESE
MOUSE – MICE
LOUSE – LICE
OX – OXEN
DIE – DICE
CHILD – CHILDREN
7. Substantivos Pátrios terminados em SE, CH, SH e
SS têm a mesma forma no singular e no plural:
Singular Plural
Japanese Japanese
French French
Danish Danish
Swiss Swiss
Atenção: 
Os substantives pátrios terminados em AN sofrem o 
acréscimo de S no plural:
Singular Plural
American Americans
Brazilian Brazilians
8. Os substantivos de origem latina terminados em
US, IS, UM e ON têm forma própria de plural.
Observe:
US – CAMPUS – CAMPI
IS – HYPOTHESIS – HYPOTHESES
UM – DATUM – DATA
ON – PHENOMENON – PHENOMENA
9. Existem alguns substantivos que geralmente têm for-
ma de plural em outras línguas, mas são incontáveis em 
inglês e, portanto, não são escritos na forma de plural.
NEWS – INFORMATION – WEATHER – SCENERY 
– BREAD – ADVICE – FURNITURE – LUGGAGE –
DAMAGE – PERMISSION – BEHAVIOUR
10. Alguns substantivos são escritos somente na
forma de PLURAL:
People
Police
Cattle
Alms
Pants = Trousers
Glasses
Scissors
Pliers
Exercícios
Questão 1
Find the CORRECT plural forms: 
a) Pianoes, boysfriends, chieves
b) Pianos , boyfriends , chiefs
c) Pianos , boyfriends , chiefs
d) Pianoes , boyfriends , chiefs
e) Pianoes , boysfriends , chieves
Questão 2
Qual dessas sentenças está correta?
a) news have to be sent by telegraph;
b) news has to be sent by telegraph;
c) news are sent through telegraph;
d) news had to be sent with telegraph;
e) news are to be sent with telegraph.
Questão 3
Choose the alternative with the correct PLURAL 
FORMS:
a) geese – tooths – mice – feet
b) dice – epochs – children – men
c) womans – people – sheep – pants
d) feet – children – lice – news
e) dice – feet – lices – knives
Inglês
03
Questão 4
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a for-ma de 
plural dos seguintes substantivos:
a) DIE – CHILD – MONARCH – ECHO
b) DICE – CHILDREN – MONARCHS – ECHOES
c) DICE – CHILDS – MONARCHS – ECHOS
d) DICE – CHILDREN – MONARCHS – ECHOS
e) DIES – CHILDREN – MONARCHES – ECHOS
f) DICE – CHILDREN – MONARCHES – ECHOES
Questão 5
Select the words which have IRREGULAR PLU-RAL 
FORMS: 
01. child.
02. man. 
04. boy.
08. woman.
16. mouse.
32. life.
64. garden.
Material Complementar 
Você poderá encontrar mais informações nos 
seguintes links:
http://www.slideshare.net/leninhalima/plural-of-
nouns-5315027
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/gram-
mar/irrplu.htm
Anotações
Inglês
04
Conhecimentos da Língua Estrangeira Moderna
Personal Pronouns – Texts
The Amazon Forest
The Amazon forest, in Brazil, covers five million 
square kilometres - an area as big as the 
whole of Europe excluding Russia.  It contains 
one third of the world’s trees. However, the 
trees are disappearing. Scientists say that the 
disappearance of the trees is already causing 
changes in the climate. In Peru, there is less 
snow  than before on the high peaks of the 
Andes mountains. In Bolivia, there is less rain 
than before and more wind.  In some parts of 
Brazil there is now very little rain. 
According to climatologists, two things are 
likely to happen:  there will be serious effects on 
the world’s climate, and the air that we breathe 
will lose some of its oxygen. Trees absorb the 
gas carbon dioxide from the air, and give out 
oxygen into the air. The trees of the Amazon 
rain forest are chemically very active, and some 
scientists believe that they provide 50% of the 
world’s annual production of oxygen. If we lose 
the tropical forests, the air will contain much 
less oxygen and much more carbon dioxide. It 
will become difficult - perhaps even impossible 
- to breathe. 
All scientists agree that if we destroy the 
Amazon forest it will be environmental suicide 
- like losing an ocean. Life on earth will become
difficult, and it may become impossible.
Exercícios
Questão 1
A principal ideia do texto é: 
a) As árvores da floresta amazônica estão desaparecendo. 
b) Se a destruição da floresta continuar, será impos-
sível respirar na Europa. 
c) A destruição da Floresta Amazônica afetará o fu-
turo do mundo.
d) A Floresta Amazônica contém um terço das árvores
do mundo.
e) Um suicídio ambiental está prestes a acontecer.
Questão 2
Dadas as seguintes proposições: 
1. The trees of the Amazon forest are being cut
down.
2. The disappearance of the trees is causing
changes in the world’s climate. 
3. Some scientists believe that the trees of the
Amazon forest provide fifty per cent of the world’s
annual production of oxygen. 
4. There is more rain in Bolivia now because the
European forest is disappearing. 
5. The Amazon forest has an area as big as Europe.
6. Scientists believe that life on earth will become
difficult because of the destruction of the Amazon
forest.
As alternativas verdadeiras são:
a) 1, 2 4 e 5
b) 2, 4 5 e 6
c) 1, 2, 3, e 6
d) 2, 3, 5 e 6
e) 1, 2, 3 e 6
Palavras importantes
1.whole
2. however
3. breathe
4. even
5. earth
Inglês
05
Questão 3
Number the second column according to the first one, 
matching questions and answers: 
Column 1
(1) Why are the trees
disappearing?
(2) What will happen 
if more of the Amazon
forest is cut down? 
(3) What do trees
absorb? 
(4) Do all scientists agree
that life will become 
difficult in the future? 
(5) Will life on earth be
difficult? 
Column 2
( ) Gas carbon dioxide.
(   ) Yes, it will. 
(   ) Yes, they do. 
( ) Because men are 
destroying them. 
(   ) Life will be difficult.
The CORRECT sequence from top to bottom is: 
a) 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 4
b) 3 - 5 - 4 - 2 - 1 
c) 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 - 5 
d) 3 - 5 - 4 - 1 - 2 
e) 3 - 4 - 1 - 5 - 2 
Questão 4
The underlined words it, its they and it in the text, refer to: 
a) Russia - climate - trees - ocean
b) The Amazon forest - air - trees - life
c) Area - world’s climate - scientists - Amazon forest
d) The Amazon forest - world - forests - earth
e) Europe - air - scientists - life 
Personal Pronouns
Subjective Case Objective Case
I ME
YOU YOU
HE HIM
SHE HER
IT IT
WE US
YOU YOU
THEY THEM
O SUBJECTIVE PRONOUN age sobre o verbo, ou 
seja, funciona como sujeito da oração.
Sally wants to visit her cousin in Paris next week.
Researchers develop new vaccines.
O OBJECTIVE PRONOUN recebe a ação do verbo, ou 
seja, funciona como objeto da oração.
Mr. Myers always takes care of the dogs.
We prefer to help Tina.She
 They
 them
 her
Atenção:
SOMEBODY, SOMEONE, NOBODY e NO ONE 
são substituídos pela terceira pessoa do plu-
ral masculino (he).
EVERYBODY e EVERYONE podem também ser 
substituído pela terceira pessoa do singular 
masculino (he) ou pela terceira pessoa do 
plural (they).
Inglês
06
Conhecimentos da Língua Estrangeira Moderna
Possessive 
Adjective
Possessive
I MY MINE
YOU YOUR YOURS
HE HIS HIS
SHE HER HERS
IT ITS ITS
ONE ONE’S ONE’S
WE OUR OURS
YOU YOUR YOURS
THEY THEIR THEIRS
Veja estes exemplos:
My car is blue; yours is white.
I believe Glenda is here tonight. That’s her coat.
I brought my book and she brought hers. 
2 – Quando a ação retorna ao sujeito:
I cut myself shaving this morning.
Women must take care of themselves to avoid 
breast cancer.
3 – Para indicar sozinho ou sem ajuda (neste caso, 
precedidos pela preposição BY):
We traveled the whole world by ourselves.
I don’t want to go anywhere. I want to be by myself 
tonight.
Exercícios
Questão 1
In some cities people do not pay for ____ tickets.
a) them
b) his
c) our
d) her
e) their
Questão 2
Which option contains the correct use of the 
pronouns?
I - Could you tell ____ what has happened in the pub?
II - His uncle gave ____ the money to set up his new 
business.
III - It was kind of you to let me borrow ____
computer.
IV - She ignored ____ father’s warning and jumped 
into the swimming pool.
V - Just a minute, I’m going to hang ____ jacket in 
the wardrobe.
a) I – me; II – him; III – your; IV – her; V - my
b) I – them; II – her; III – your; IV – her; V – yours
c) I – him; II – them; III – his; IV – its; V – mine
d) I – her; II – us; III – their; IV – our; V – yours
e) I – us; II – his; III – her; IV – his; V – him
Atenção:
One of my friends = A friend of mine.
Reflexive or emphasizing pronouns
Subjective Reflexive
I MYSELF
YOU YOURSELF
HE HIMSELF
SHE HERSELF
IT ITSELF
ONE ONESELF
WE OURSELVES
YOU YOURSELVES
THEY THEMSELVES
O REFEXIVE (or EMPHASIZING) PRONOUN pode ser 
usado nas seguintes situações:
1 – Para dar ênfase ao sujeito:
I myself want to tell him the story.
The house itself is nice, but the garden is very small.
Inglês
07
Questão 3
Choose the correct alternative. 
The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in 
______ side. 
a) its 
b) his
c) her
d) their
Questão 4
Mrs. Harrison will the keys to her house with ____.
a) her
b) herself
c) his
d) him
e) them
Questão 5
This house belongs to Joe and Sally. It is ________.
a) theirs
b) his
c) them
d) her
e) our
Material Complementar 
Planetary habitability is 
the measure of a planet’s 
or a natural satellite’s 
potential to sustain life. 
Life may develop directly 
on a planet or satellite or 
be transferred to it from another body, a theoretical process 
known as panspermia. As the existence of life beyond Earth 
is currently uncertain, planetary habitability is largely an 
extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics 
of the Sun and solar system which appear favorable to life’s 
flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained 
complex, multicellular organisms and not just simpler, 
unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard 
is a component of planetary science and the emerging 
discipline of astrobiology.
An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and 
the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other 
geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must 
be met before an astronomical body can support life. In 
its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal 
habitability criteria as “extended regions of liquid water, 
conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic 
molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism.”
(extracted from: http://www.bbc.co.uk on February, 16, 2012 
at 4:05pm)
Anotações
Inglês
08
Conhecimentos da Língua Estrangeira Moderna
Tempos Vebais (present an future) – 
Text
(disponível em: http/www.comics.com/peanuts)
Questions on the text
1. De acordo com o texto, o autor do poema acima:
a) Prefere não olhar para o espelho.
b) Vê sua própria alma através das estrelas.
c) Acredita que pode ver também sua própria
alma quando se vê no espelho.
d) Enxerga o céu através do espelho de seu quarto.
e) Acredita que sua própria alma reflete o espelho.
2. O trecho “when I look at myself - I see my
soul” do poema acima pode ser traduzido, em
português, por:
a) Quando me canso, canso minha alma.
b) Sempre que me olho, esqueço-me de minha
alma.
c) Ao olhar minha alma, vejo meu filho.
d) Quando olho para mim mesmo, vejo minha
alma.
e) Minha alma é vista por mim mesmo.
Simple Future
1. De acordo com a charge acima:
a) Snoopy tenta ensinar Lucy a saltar.
b) Linus dá a entender que sua irmã Lucy é mandona.
c) Linus ensina Snoopy como lidar com Lucy.
d) Snoopy passa a ser eternamente o cachorro de Lucy.
d) Lucy quer comprar um cachorro para seu irmão Linus.
"When I look in the mirror1 - I see myself. 
when I look at myself - I see my soul2. 
when I look at my soul - I see the sky. 
When I look at the sky - I see myself."
Extracted from: www.queendom.com/mindgames
Myself (My*self”) (?), pron.; pl. Ourselves (¿). I or 
me in person; -- used for emphasis, my own self or 
person; as I myself will do it; I have done it myself; 
-- used also instead of me, as the object of the first 
person of a reflexive verb, without emphasis; as, I 
will defend myself. (-- reflexive pron. --)
Vocabulary
1. Mirror -
2. soul -
Sally will bring her kids tomorrow.
Nobody will notice that she has lost 10 
pounds.
Inglês
09
Formação
WILL (para todas 
as pessoas)
Ou 
SHALL (para I e 
WE)
+ VP no infinitivo sem to
Obs.: WILL e SHALL têm a contração ’LL
Uso:
O simple future é usado para descrever que o que 
vai ocorrer no futuro.
We will (shall) travel to Rome next year.
The Brightons will come to visit us in July.
Going to
Formação:
O Simple Present é formado a partir do verbo no in-
finitivo, sem o “to”.
Ex: to dance
Sally and Peter usually dance the whole party.
Nota: Os verbos na terceira pessoa do singular 
(HE, SHE e IT) sofrem o acréscimo de “S”.
Tom never brings his book to school.
Atenção:
 • Os verbos terminados em S, SH, CH, X, O e Z so-
frem o acréscimo de “ES”.
to do – she does
to wash – she washes
 • Em verbos terminados em y precedidos de con-
soante, corta-se o y e acrescenta-se ies:
to cry – Paul cries
to hurry – she hurries
Usos:
1. O Simple Present é usado em ações que ocorrem
habitualmente ou com certa frequência:
The Smiths often play cards together.
My uncle Nelson travels to New York every 
year.
2. O Simple Present também expressa ações de ver-
dade universal:
Nurses look after their patients.
The earth goes around the sun.
Present Continuous
I bought the tickets yesterday, 
so I’m going to see the show tomorrow night.
Formação: 
to be + going to + infinitivo do verbo principal.
Michael is going to take his car to the garage ...
Uso:
Usamos o going to (immediate future) para de-
screver uma ação em um futuro próximo, que 
planejamos fazer ou que está prestes a acontecer.
We are going to meet Joe next Friday.
We are going to play soccer tonight.
The clouds are so gray; I believe it is going to rain.
Simple Present
Michael always comes home after seven.
The World Cup takes place every four year.
Herbs from the Amazon cure many types of disease
Where’s Donna? She is talking on the phone.
Watch out! The enemies are coming.
Formação:
O Present Continuous é formado com o verbo auxil-
iar “TO BE” no presente e o verbo principal na forma 
de gerúndio (ing).
Inglês
10
Conhecimentos da Língua Estrangeira Moderna
Atenção:
Regras para o uso do ING:
1. Em verbos terminados em E:
arrive – arriving
2. Verbos oxítonos terminados em Consoante-
Vogal-Comsoante:
control - controlling
admit - admitting
3. Verbos terminados em IE:
lie – lying
die - dying
Usos:
Usamos o PRESENT CONTINUOUS para indicar umaação que ocorre no EXATO MOMENTO da fala.
Michael is driving his car now.
The teachers are reading their books this 
morning.
Nota: O PRESENT CONTINUOUS é usado tam-
bém após a VOZ IMPERATIVA:
Look out the window! It is raning.
Atenção:
Os seguintes verbos não são normalmente usados 
em tempos contínuos:
b) The children will not be hungry anymore.
c) David is going to study in a good school.
d) Gregorie is working in Africa now.
e) David will be eleven years old next year.
f ) David and his family need help.
Question 2
Assinale a alternativa que preenche correta-mente 
cada lacuna da frase apresentada.
I __________ to the radio every day, but I __________ 
listening to it now.
a) listen ... am not
b) listened ... had
c) listening ... was not
d) was listening ... not
e) not listen ... was
Question 3
My uncle Nelson _______ to New York every year.
Choose the alternative that best completes the sentence 
above:
a) traveled
b) travelling
c) is travelling
d) to travel
e) travels
Question 4
Birds ____ to the South.
a) flies
b) fly 
c) is flying
d) flying
e) flyed
like hate love want need prefer 
know realize suppose mean seem 
understand believe contain remember 
belong consist
I remember the story now.
Exercises
Question 1
Select the propositions which indicate future. 
a) Paul and Mary are going to travel to Africa in July.
Inglês
11
Question 5
Be careful! The old man ____________ every 
word that you are saying.
a) has understanding
b) understanding
c) understands
d) is understanding
Material Complementar 
A portrait of myself.
Responda o questionário abaixo revelando as 
preferências, gostos, etc, para que possa conhecer 
“yourself” melhor: 
Answers: If most (or all) of your answers are “YES”, 
then you are probably an extrovert person and like 
to be with friends, but if you answered “NO” for most 
questions, then perhaps(1) you are a little shy(2) or 
prefer to spend some time(3) with yourself. 
No matter what(4) you answered to the questions 
above, you should(5) always say “YES” for the topic 
“I read, at least, five books a year.”, ok?
(1) perhaps - talvez
(2) shy – tímido
(3) to spend some time – passer algum tempo
(4) No matter what – Não importa o que
(5) should - deveria
Anotações
- I like sport practicing.
YES ( ) NO ( )
- I have a boy-friend/girlfriend.
YES ( ) NO ( )
- I study more than two hours day.
YES ( ) NO ( )
- I read, at least*, five books a year.
YES ( ) NO ( )
- I hate to do activities by myself.
YES ( ) NO ( )
- I like to talk to people.
YES ( ) NO ( )
- I like outdoor activities.
YES ( ) NO ( )
- I am an altruist person.
YES ( ) NO ( )
* at least – no mínimo