Língua Inglesa Fonética e Fonologia

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Língua Inglesa Fonética e Fonologia
Phonetics and Phonology in English 
Phonetics is the study of sound in speech. Phonetics focuses on how speech is physically created and received.
Phonology focus on how patterns in both speech and non-verbal 
communication create meaning, and are interpreted. 
Sound–letter correspondences are the relationships between sounds (or phonemes) and letters (or graphemes). 
Knowledge of sound–letter relationships means knowing, for example, that the /t/ sound is represented by the letter t. 
It also means knowing that the sound /s/ can be represented by more than one letter, for example, s as in soft and c as in city. 
Pronunciation is the physical side of language, involving the body, the breath, the muscles, acoustic vibration and harmonics. 
Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Diagraph
A digraph is a single sound, or phoneme, which is represented by two letters. 
For instance, p and h combine to form ph, which makes the /f/ sound as in phonemic.
When two or more consonants
appear together it is called a
consonant blend. 
For instance, the word blend. 
Vowel combination
A vowel combination is a combination of two or three vowels, or of a vowel and at least one consonant, that is associated with one or more specific single sounds. These vowel combinations are sometimes called digraphs, diphthongs, trigraphs, and triphthongs
Consonant Combination
When two or more letters appear together and you hear each sound that each consonant would normally make, the combination is called a blend. 
Dialect vs Accent
An accent is the way that particular person or group of people sound.  It’s the way somebody pronounces words, the musicality of their speech, etc.
A dialect describes both a person’s accent and the grammatical features of the way that person talks.
Students have to be aware that the sounds of the two languages (First and Second) are not the same and that these differences can be relevant in meaning, affecting the understanding.
Spoken English is very different from Written English. This fact has historical explanations and it is also because the language is a living system, which changes the whole time because people speak it and modify it.
Differences in Structure and Style
One problem is that some English sounds that we think are consonants, such as the sounds as the beginning of the words “hay” and “way” do not obstruct the flow of the air.
 Therefore, if we say that the difference between vowels and consonants is a difference in the way they are produced, there will be some cases of uncertainty or disagreement. 
We can have 2 definitions for the consonants: 
Consonant sounds are made by restricting or blocking the air flow in some physical way, and this is what gives the consonant its characteristic sound. 
Consonants, either singly or in clusters, mark the beginning and ends of syllables. 
Describing the twenty-four consonants
All consonants – with the exceptions of /w/ and /j/ involve a restriction to the outflow of air, and it is the precise place and manner of this restriction that gives each consonant its unique sound. We can describe the uniqueness of each consonant quite well using these three variables:
Voiced or unvoiced
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Types of consonants
Affricates are complex consonants. They begin as plosives and end as fricatives. A familiar example is the affricate heard at the beginning and end of the word “church”. Therefore, we have only two affricate phonemes in English: tʃ and dʒ
The fricatives are divided into:
Labiodental: the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. Examples: f, v – “fan”, “van”, “safer”, “half”, “halve”, etc.
Dental: they are sometimes described as if the tongue were placed between the front teeth. In fact, however, the tongue is normally placed behind the teeth. Examples: θ, ð – “thumb”, “thus”, “ether”, “father”, “breath”, “breathe”, etc.
Título
We still have:
The alveolar fricatives as: s, z – “sip”, “zip”, “facing”, “phasing”, “rice”, “rise”, etc.
The palate-alveolar fricatives as: ʃ, ʒ - “ship”, “Russia”, “measure”, “Irish”, “garage”, etc.
The nasal and other consonants
Let’s listen...
May /m/
No /n/
Sing /ŋ/
Her /h/
Lie /l/
Rare /r/
Why /w/
Yes /j/
Consonant sounds at the ends of English words are difficult for many students, but it is definitely important to pronounce them well. 
If you have difficulty pronouncing word-final consonants in English, here is a special trick that can make it easier: link the end of the word to the beginning of the next word.
Linking a consonant to a vowel
When the second word starts with a vowel, it is easier to hear the linked consonant:
talked about:  “talk-tabout”
hard enough: “har-denough”
stops it: “stop-sit”
turned off: “turn-doff”