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Documentaries are films that tell stories about real people, places, events or issues. They might be created for the
purpose of informing, persuading, educating or entertaining an audience. Documentary filmmakers have a range of
techniques that they use to shape their topic in order to postition a partiuclar audience response. 
The very first segment of a
documentary that captures
the viewers attention, shapes
their first impression and
introduces important topics
or themes.
Exposition
Commentary by the film
maker added to the
soundtrack during
production to speak directly
to the viewer and explain or
comment on the visuals.
Voice-over Narration
The persona or character
that guides the viewer
through the documentary
either in the form of an on-
screen presence or as a
voice-over narrator.
Focaliser
Raw film footage of real life
events, places and people
that is constructed to create
realism and appear unedited
or unaltered by the
filmmakers.
Actuality Footage
Old film footage or
photographs from a film
library or archive that are
used to provide background
information and aid
credibility.
Archival Footage
Deliberately staged and
scripted footage often using
paid actors to reenact real
events when the film maker
doesn't have direct footage.
Reconstructed Footage
Words used on screen to
reinforce the images. These
tend to be believed
unquestioningly and are a
quick and cheap way of
conveying information.
Written Codes & Captioning
When real people (often
experts or eyewitnesses)
speak directly about events
or issues prompted by
questions asked by the
filmmaker.
Interviews
Sound whose source is visible
on screen or whose source is
implied to be present by the
action of the film. The
purpose is to create realism.
Diegetic Sound
Sound whose source is not
visible on screen nor has it
been implied to be present
in the action. The purpose is
to create emotion,
atmosphere or mood.
Non-diegetic Sound
Documentary Conventions