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grmar Grammar Plus Express PublishingContents 1 Present Simple, Adverbs of Frequency, 17 Adjectives - Adverbs, Comparisons .... p.103 Question Words, Pronouns/Possessive 18 Too - Enough p.112 Adjectives p. 5 19 Question Tags p.114 2 Present Continuous, Present Simple vs 20 Reflexive Pronouns p.116 Present Continuous p. 16 Exploring Grammar (Units 17-20) p.118 3 Relative Pronouns and Adverbs p. 26 Revision (Units 1-20) p.119 Exploring Grammar (Units 1-3) p. 31 Revision (Units 1-3) p. 32 21 A/An - One/Ones, The Definite Article 'The' p.120 4 Past Simple (regular and irregular 22 The Passive p.124 verbs), Used to - Would 23 The Causative p.129 Be/Get used to p. 33 Exploring Grammar (Units 21-23) p.132 5 Time Clauses - Time Words p. 38 Revision (Units 1-23) p.133 Exploring Grammar (Units 4-5) p. 41 Revision (Units 1-5) p. 42 24 Nouns (plural/singular) p.134 25 Countable/Uncountable Nouns, Some - 6 Present Perfect p. 43 Any No, A lot of - Much/Many 7 Present Perfect Continuous p. 47 A few/Few A little/Little, Both/ 8 Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Neither - All/None - Either p.136 Continuous p. 49 Exploring Grammar (Units 24-25) p.144 9 Present Perfect vs Past Simple p. 52 Revision (Units 1-25) p.145 Exploring Grammar (Units 6-9) p. 56 Revision (Units 1-9) 57 26 Infinitive/-ing form, Participles p.146 27 Prepositions of Movement, Place 10 Past Continuous vs Past Simple 58 & Time p.155 11 Past Perfect - Past Perfect 28 Some/Any/No/Every + body (one)/ Continuous p. 61 thing/where p.160 Exploring Grammar (Units 10-11) 64 29 Clauses of Result, Exclamations p.162 Revision (Units 1-11) p. 65 Exploring Grammar (Units 26-29) p.164 Revision (Units 1-29) p.165 12 Will Be going to - Present Continuous - Present Simple p. 66 Phrasal Verbs p.166 13 Conditionals - Types 0, I, 2 & 3 72 Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with 14 Wishes, Had better - Would rather p. 77 Prepositions p.171 Exploring Grammar (Units 12-14) p. 81 Revision (Units 1-14) p. 82 Irregular Verbs 15 Modal Verbs p. 83 16 Reported Speech p. 93 Exploring Grammar (Units 15-16) p.101 Revision (Units 1-16) p.102Present Simple Affirmative I run, runs, We/You/They run Negative I don't run, doesn't run, We/You/They don't run Interrogative Do I run?, Does he/she/it run?, Do we/you/they run? Yes, I do. Yes, he/she/it does. Yes, we/you/they do. Short answers No, I don't. No, he/she/it doesn't. No, we/you/they don't. Spelling: 3rd person singular Use Most verbs take -S in the third person We use the present simple for: singular. repeated actions. cut he cuts She goes to work by bus. Verbs ending in -sh, -ch, or take -es. kiss he kisses, fish he fishes, match he matches, mix - he mixes, go he goes habits, routines. Verbs ending in a consonant + y, They usually go shopping drop the and take -ies. on Saturdays. try - he tries Verbs ending in a vowel + y take -S only. permanent states. pay he pays Mary lives in London. She works at a bank. Pronunciation -s/-es in the third person singular is pronounced: /s/ in verbs ending in /f/, /k/, /p/ or general truths or laws of nature. /t/ sounds. The sun rises in the east. he sits in verbs ending in /s/, /d3/ or /z/ sounds. he catches timetables. /z/ in verbs ending in all other The plane from Moscow arrives sounds. at 6:30. he lives Time expressions used with the sports commentaries. present simple: always, usually, "He kicks the ball and passes it to " etc, on Mondays/Tuesdays, etc, in the reviews. every day/week, etc, at night/the Brad Pitt acts superbly in this film. weekend, etc narrations. "The prince asks her to follow him " 5Present Simple 1 Fill in the third person singular 2 Write the third person singular of the verbs in the correct form of the verbs below. box, as in the example. Then read the verbs aloud. 1 finish finishes want miss know go wake see start wish drink sleep speak travel kick help 2 want stand live kiss catch finish chat 3 work 4 miss wants, /s/ 5 play 6 fly misses, 7 dance 8 catch knows, 9 go /z/ 10 try 3 This is the bedroom of twin sisters, Georgia and Katie. Ask and answer questions about the twins' habits and hobbies, as in the example. Georgia Katie 1 Does Georgia like dancing? Yes, she does. 6 Georgia like eating fruit? 2 the twins watch TV in bed? 7 the twins go to school? 3 Katie play football? 8 Georgia play the piano? 4 the twins have a tidy room? 9 Katie like taking photographs? 5 Katie like reading books? 6Present Simple 4 Read the examples. Match the tenses in bold to their uses. Make one more sentence for each use. She works as a bank clerk. a permanent state b review 2 He usually eats out on Sundays. c timetable 3 The Earth goes round the sun. d narrations 4 She calls her friends every day. 5 Hens lay eggs. e sports commentary 6 The plane to London takes off at 6:00 am. f general truth 7 Johnson crosses and passes the ball to Walcott. g law of nature 8 Angelina Jolie acts superbly in Tomb Raider. h repeated action 9 When Little Red Riding Hood sees the wolf, i routine she gets scared. 5 Complete the exchanges with the present 6 a) Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple of the verbs in brackets. simple. What does Emma do? 1 A: Do you want (you/want) to go to the theatre? Emma 1) lives (live) in London. She 2) B: I'm sorry, but I (love) the hustle and bustle of the city centre and the (not/like) the theatre. I think it's boring. exciting nightlife. Emma 3) (work) in one 2 A: Your father of London's most famous hotels near Oxford Street. (not/know) about his surprise birthday party She 4) (start) work at 9:30 am every tonight, right? day. Each morning, she 5) (catch) the B: No, he (think) 8:30 am train from her house to the city centre. Emma we are taking him to a restaurant. 6) (help) guests check in and she 3 A: Sarah (catch) 7) (answer) any questions they have. the bus to school every day. She really 8) (love) her job because B: Why? (she/live) she 9) (meet) new people every day. far from her school? Emma 10) (finish) work at 6 pm. In the 4 A: Peter evenings, she 11) (meet) her friends and (chat) with Kathy on the phone every day! they 12) (go) to the cinema or the B: Yes. They theatre. (not/live) near each other, so it's the only way to stay in touch. 5 A: Where (you/hang out) with your friends? b) In pairs ask and answer, as in the example. B: We usually (go) to the park. A: Where does Emma live? B: She lives in London. Does she like London? etc 6 A: What time (the train/leave)? B: At six o'clock. We need to hurry. 71 Present Simple 7 Complete the sentences in such a way as to 9 Read the fact file about Nathan. Write make the statements true. Use don't/doesn't questions and answers, as in the example. where necessary. 1 Potatoes don't grow (grow) on trees. Name: Nathan Seether 2 Polar bears (live) in Africa. 3 Yogurt (come) from milk. Age: 35 4 Water (boil) at 0°C. Home: London 5 Rain (fall) from clouds. Job: reporter, The Daily News 6 Giraffes (eat) leaves. Free time surfs the Net, meets 7 Dolphins (walk) on land. activities: friends, plays golf 8 Cows (lay) eggs. Favourite clothes: jeans and T-shirts 8 Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple. 1 Nathan/live/Edinburgh? A: Does Nathan live in Edinburgh? B: No, he doesn't. He lives in London. 2 he/be/30 years old? 3 he/work/The Daily News? 4 he/play tennis/in free time? 5 he/like/wearing suits? 10 Use the phrases to ask and answer questions about Ted, as in the example. 1 what time/Ted/get up? (7:30) What time does Ted get up? gets up at 7:30. Tom 1) is (be) at a soccer training camp in 2 he/have breakfast/every morning? (yes) Brazil. This camp 2) (give) him the 3 what time/he catch the train to work? (8:15) chance to play with some of the top Brazilian youth 4 he/ever/stay late/at work? (yes) players. He and his team 3) (have) two 5 he/work/on Saturdays? (no) group training sessions one in the morning and 6 what/he/do/in his free time? (hang out with friends) one in the afternoon. They also 4) (get) instructions from some of Brazil's best coaches! In the evening, they 5) (watch) TV or they 11 Write five sentences, either general truths 6) (play) board games. At the weekend, or laws of nature. Your partner guesses they 7) (compete) with football teams which of your sentences are correct. from around the country. Tom 8) A: Elephants eat meat. (learn) a lot of things at this training camp. He B: Wrong! Elephants don't eat meat. They eat 9) (love) playing football and he grass. 10) (enjoy) being there so much that he 11) (not/want) to leave! 8Adverbs of Frequency Use Adverbs of frequency show us how often something happens. They answer the question How often We often use adverbs of frequency with the present simple. "How often does Sally walk to school?" "Always. She always walks to school." Adverbs of Frequency We use adverbs of frequency: before the main verb. always 100% Alex and Sue often Ken never goes to the cinema on his own. study in the library. usually 75% after the auxiliary verbs be, have and often 50% do, and modal verbs such as can, will, must, etc. Her children are always so polite and well-behaved! sometimes 20% Dr Smith doesn't usually see patients on Sundays. rarely/seldom 10% We must always obey the laws. never 0% Note: The adverbs rarely, seldom and never have a negative meaning and they are never used with the word not. Tania rarely stays up after midnight. (NOT: Tania doesn't rarely stay Peter is a vegetarian, he never eats meat. (NOT: he doesn't never eat ) 1 Make sentences, as in the example. Use the 7 We/visit/our cousins adverbs of frequency from the key. 8 Phillip/doesn't send/emails/his friends KEY always sometimes usually rarely/seldom often never 0 2 Put the adverbs of frequency in the correct place in the sentences. 1 Alice/get good grades/school 1 He takes us out to dinner. (often) Alice always gets good grades at school. often takes us out to dinner. 2 Mrs Peters/can/find/place to park her car/outside 2 Does Sam ride his bike to school? (usually) her house (0) 3 We don't enjoy the peace and quiet of the countryside. (always) 3 Jenny/play basketball/Sundays 4 My parents work at the weekend. (never) 5 I meet my friends at an Internet café. 4 Alex/is/late/school (sometimes) 6 Jim goes to the theatre. (seldom) 5 They/go/shopping/Saturdays (....) 7 Our teacher doesn't give us homework. (always) 8 is late for work. (sometimes) 6 you/get up/8:00 am in the morning? (.....) 9Adverbs of Frequency 3 Tick () the appropriate gap in the sentences 6 Ask your partner about his/her habits. Use below to show the correct position of the adverbs of frequency. Tell the class. adverb of frequency, as in the example. How often do you ? 1 Alan can score a goal when we play wash the dishes listen to music football. (never) cook dinner watch TV 2 Do they go jogging in the morning? play sports go to the cinema see your friends eat chocolate (always) 3 Chris goes to the supermarket on buy magazines go shopping Saturday. (rarely) use a computer eat out 4 Does Liana finish work at 3 o' clock? (usually) Mary sometimes washes the dishes. 5 The postman doesn't come in the She rarely cooks dinner. morning. (always) 6 My mother has a snack at noon. (often) 7 Our cat likes 7 Complete the second sentence so that it to sleep on our bed. means the same as the first. Use no more than (sometimes) three words. 8 Aunt Mary can understand how to use a computer! (never) 1 The Smiths always get up late at the weekend. The Smiths never get up early at the weekend. 2 What's your father's job? 4 Put the words into the correct order to form What do? sentences. 3 Brian doesn't ever forget to feed his cat. 1 practice/Jack/football/misses/never Brian always Jack never misses football practice. his cat. 2 you/often/films/watch/do? 4 Rose and Jack don't travel abroad very often. Rose and Jack rarely 3 to/does/father/drive/my/always/work/not abroad. 4 out/George/late/sometimes/stays 8 Correct the mistakes. 5 breakfast/she/coffee/has/at/seldom 1 Tina wash her hair every day. Tina washes her hair every day. 6 2 Do you watch TV always in the evenings? 7 rarely/six/the/John/up/morning/at/gets/in 3 lan don't know anything about the party. 8 Sundays/not/wake/early/on/they/up/usually/do 4 Betty doesn't likes fish. 5 Does she work late? Yes, she do. 5 Write true sentences about yourself or your family, using adverbs of frequency. 6 Do they lives in Madrid? 1 always have breakfast in the morning. 7 Tom doesn't sleep early usually. 2 at the weekend. 3 in the evening. 8 Jim rarely is late for work. 4 on Sundays. 5 in the summer. 10Question Words 1 We use the following question words to ask about people, places, things, etc. People: who/whose Who delivers the post to the office? The postman does. Whose car is that? Jim's. Things: what/which What is used alone or before a noun to ask about Where is Susan? She's in the kitchen. things. What books do you like? Science fiction. What is she doing? She's making a salad. (What? - There are many books to choose from.) Which is used alone, or before nouns, one/ones or of, to ask about people, animals or things. Quantity: how much Which is normally used when there is only a How much sugar do you put in your coffee? limited choice of answers. Which T-shirt is yours, Not much. the blue one or the red one? The blue one. (Which Number: how many of the limited choice) How many people are at this party? Place: where About a hundred! Where is he taking us for dinner? Manner: how To a new restaurant by the sea. How is Alex getting to Italy? Time: when/how long (ago)/how often/ By plane. what time Reason: why When does the play start? Why is Helen sad? At 8:00 pm, think. Because she misses her friends. How long are you staying? Age: how old One more hour. How old is your brother? How often do you go surfing? Thirty-seven. Every weekend in the summer months. Distance: how far What time do your English lessons start? How far is your house from the beach? At 4:00 pm. About half a mile. 1 Choose the correct item. 1 do we need to make a cake? 6 does Ken hang out with his friends? A Where B What How A Whose B What Where 2 stars in The Pirates of the Caribbean? 7 do they eat out? A Who B When c Why A How often B How many How long 3 is your school from your house? 8 do the summer holidays begin? A How much B How long c How far A Whose B Who When 4 does Sue always carry an umbrella with her? 9 How times do I need to tell you? A Which B Why c Who A much B many long 5 is that pen? 10 does Sylvia travel abroad? A Whose B Who c What A How long B How often How far 11Question Words 2 Write questions to which the words in bold are 6 is it to the station? About five minutes' walk. the answers. 7 lemons do we need to make lemonade? Ten are enough. 8 can I find information about lions? On the Internet. 9 is our new geography teacher? Mrs Pierre is 1) 30 years old. He Collins. comes from 2) Paris, France, 10 is David? but he now lives in London, He's twenty-three. 3) because he has a very good job 11 can we get to the museum? Take there as 4) a computer programmer. His work is the number 23 bus. very close to his house, so 5) he walks to the 12 does it take Christina to drive to office every day. Pierre likes doing many things work? Almost half an hour. but his favourite hobby is 6) bungee jumping. 13 do you need a new TV? Because my old one doesn't work. He is a member of the UK Bungee Club, and 14 is your mother's birthday? 7) every second Saturday they go to Berkshire to On July. practise their favourite sport. Pierre also jogs 15 milk do we need? 8) for 30 minutes before he goes to work every Two bottles. morning. His favourite singer is 9) Britney Spears and his birthday is on 10) August. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct question word(s). 1 How old is Pierre? 1 A: Where are my books? 2 Where ? B: On the table. 3 Why ? 2 A: do you take your dog for a walk? 4 ? B: Twice a day. 5 ? 6 ? 3 A: does Stephen do in his free time? 7 ? B: He reads books. 8 ? 4 A: is it from here to the stadium? 9 ? B: About two kilometres. 10 ? 5 A: is your grandmother? B: She's eighty-two. 3 Fill in: where, how old, what, who, how long, why, how many, when, how, whose, how much, 6 A: do you make model aeroplanes? how often, what time, how far or which. B: It's easy. Follow the instructions on the box! 7 A: is your house from the bus stop? 1 Which bag is yours? The brown one. B: 10 minutes on foot. 2 is your dog's name? Rex. 3 does your dad wash his car? 8 A: does Pete live? Every Sunday. B: In Barcelona. 4 phone number is this? It's John Smith's. 5 does Helen come back from work? At six. 12Question Words 1 5 Fill in the gaps with the correct 7 Fill in: what (x2), who, how (x2), how old. question word(s). Then choose the correct answer to each question. A: Good morning, sir. 1) How can I help you? B: Good morning. I'm looking for a birthday present for my son. A: Certainly. 2) are you looking for? B: A pair of trainers. Can you suggest a brand? A: Of course. 3) is your son? do you know B: Fifteen. about A: Well, Nike and Adidas are very popular with teens. 4) sport does your son play? England? B: Football. A: And 5) is his favourite football player? B: It's Fabio Cannavaro. Do the quiz and find out. A: Well, Cannavaro wears Nike. Let's look at Nike. B: OK. A: 6) about these red Nike shoes? 1 Where is England? B: Yes. They look great. I'll take them. A In western Europe B In northern Europe In north-western Europe Speaking 2 is the capital of England? In pairs, ask and answer questions to complete the A Edinburgh questionnaire about your partner. B London Liverpool 3 is the Queen of England? A Queen Elizabeth II Dynamite B Queen Sophia Queen Mary Records 4 many official languages are there in England? We want to keep giving you the best service we can! Help us by A One B Two Four taking a moment to fill in our questionnaire. 5 is the currency of England? Gender: M F A Euros B Pounds c Dollars Age: 10-15 16-20 21-25 Over 25 Occupation: 6 Fill in: what or which. I buy CDs: every week every month once/twice a year 1 colour hair has she got? I like reading music magazines because: Brown. 2 shall we do this weekend? - I prefer to buy music: online at a shop Let's go to the beach. I like listening to: pop rock jazz 3 shoes do you like, the brown ones or the black ones? The brown ones. Thank you for helping us! 4 is your bike? The blue one. 5 is the capital of Egypt? Cairo. A: How old are you? B: I'm 6 etc is your jacket? The red one. 13Pronouns/Possessive Adjectives Personal Subject Pronouns Singular Plural We use personal subject pronouns before verbs as I we subjects, instead of the name you you of a person or a noun. he Where's Ben? He's outside. she they (NOT: Ben is outside.) it This is Bill. He is five years old. David and Laura are his parents. They are teachers. Object Pronouns Bill has got a ball. It's his ball. It is white. Singular Plural We use object pronouns after verbs or prepositions as objects. me us know Sue and Kelly very well. you you / meet them at the park every him weekend. her them it Possessive Adjectives Singular Plural Possessive adjectives show: a) that something belongs to somebody. my our b) the relationship between two or more your your people. his is our grandfather. her their Possessive adjectives are followed by its nouns. This is my car. Possessive Pronouns Singular Plural Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to somebody. Possessive pronouns are not followed mine ours by nouns. yours yours Compare: That is their bike. (possessive adjective) his That bike is theirs. (possessive pronoun) hers theirs Note: There is no possessive pronoun for 'it'. * Note: its = possessive adjective it's = it is or it has We want to buy that house but its It's (It is) very cold today. bedrooms are too small. It's (It has) got four legs. 14Pronouns/Possessive Adjectives 1 Complete the sentences with personal or 3 Fill in the correct possessive adjective/ possessive pronouns. Write S (subject pronoun), pronoun. 0 (object pronoun) or P (possessive pronoun). 1 A: Do you know Patty? She's my sister. 1 Look at Emma, doesn't she look B: You have a very pretty sister! happy today? S 2 A: Is this book Philip's? 2 My sister and I love it when our mum B: Yes, name is on the first page. makes pancakes for 3 This isn't my skirt. It's Ann's. This skirt 3 A: Why does Christina need a new phone? is B: Because old one doesn't work any 4 I can't find my keys. I don't remember more. where I put 5 Do you see that girl over there? 4 A: Where do you and your wife usually go on is my sister. holiday? 6 I'm baking a cake for them because B: To house in the countryside. love my cakes. 5 A: My grandparents live on the same street as 7 I'm phoning you because need you. to tell you something important! B: Is the house with the lovely garden ? 8 This is her car. This car is 4 Fill in: its or it's. 2 Fill in the correct subject or object pronoun. 1 I'm staying at home today as it's cold outside. 2 Let's eat here. my favourite restaurant. 1 A: Can you and Emma take Ben with you? 3 Budapest is famous for beautiful B: Yes, of course we can take him with buildings. us. 4 Their house has own swimming pool. 2 A: Do you like seafood, Nathan? 5 a nice day today! Let's go for a walk. B: Yes, like a lot! 6 Isn't Nicola's pet rabbit beautiful! fur is so white. 3 A: Does Sally like vegetables? B: No, doesn't like very much. Speaking 4 A: Do you see Katie and Rachel often, Claire? B: Yes. see almost every day Imagine you are a magazine reporter because all go to the same school. interviewing a famous person. In pairs, ask and answer questions about his/her daily routine. 5 A: Do you know much about Greek and Roman Use the question words: what, when, how, history? where, etc. B: Actually, am learning about in my history class at the moment! A: What time do you get up? B: / usually get up at 8:00 am. 6 A: Where's Tom? isn't in his room. B: went out with Laura. will be back in an hour. Writing 7 A: Do you listen to rap music? Use the answers from the Speaking activity to B: Yes, listen to all the time. write a short article about the famous person's think 's fantastic. daily routine. Antonio Banderas usually gets up at 152 Present Continuous Form subject + to be + verb -ing Affirmative I'm talking, He's/She's/It's talking, We're/You're/They're talking Negative I'm not talking, He/She/It isn't talking, We/You/They aren't talking Interrogative Am I talking?, Is he/she/it talking?, Are we/you/they talking? Yes, I am. Yes, he/she/it is. Yes, we/you/they are. Short Answers No, I'm not. No, he/she/it isn't. No, we/you/they aren't. Spelling Use Most verbs add -ing to the base form We use the present continuous: of the main verb. for actions taking place now, at the moment of eat eating, work - working, speaking, or for temporary actions, that is actions sleep sleeping that are going on around now, but not at the actual moment of speaking. Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and Jane is studying for her exams take -ing. this week. (temporary action) take - taking, drive - driving Now, she is sending an email to her penfriend. (action happening Verbs ending in a vowel and a now) consonant, double the consonant and add -ing. plan - planning, shop - shopping for fixed arrangements in the near future. Verbs ending in -ie change the -ie to They are leaving for London in an and add -ing. hour by train. die dying Time expressions used with the present continuous: now, at the for changing or developing moment, at present, these days, situations. tomorrow, next week, etc More and more animals are losing their habitat due to deforestation. with always for actions which happen very often, usually to express annoyance, irritation or anger. is always biting his nails. (annoyance) 16Present Continuous 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present 2 Put the words in the correct order to make continuous. Which sentence describes: sentences. a temporary action an action happening now 1 children/pizza/are/eating/the? a changing situation a fixed arrangement Are the children eating pizza? annoyance 2 1 Tom is washing (wash) his car in the drive 3 not/coming/Kate/tonight/is/us/with now. 2 I (not/study) 4 he/what/is/reading? hard this month. 3 (Mum/cook) 5 Peter/studying/not/now/is dinner? 4 The children 6 are/at/now/supermarket/they/shopping/the (play) football in the garden. 5 7 it/getting/and/is/warmer/warmer (you/watch) TV? 6 The Earth (get) 8 forgetting/you/always/the bill/are/to pay hotter and hotter. 7 You 9 bigger/growing/cities/are/and/bigger (always/read) my newspaper. 8 Cathy (have) a party today. 10 next Saturday/married/are/they/getting 9 (they/fly) to Athens tomorrow? 10 You (always/interrupt) me when I'm talking. 3 Look at the picture and correct the sentences, as in the example. Use the phrases below. watch TV chat on the phone eat a sandwich drink a cup of tea make model planes Grandmother Mrs Jones Mr Jones Mary Jack John 1 Mrs Jones is cooking. No, she isn't. She's chatting on the phone. 2 Jack and John are doing their homework. 3 Grandmother is sleeping. 4 Mary is listening to music. 5 Mr Jones is reading a newspaper. 172 Present Continuous 4 Read Derek's agenda. In pairs ask and answer 6 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. questions, as in the example. Use the verbs: do, study, go, have, play. Monday Saturday Tony, Come to my party Meet me outside To: Tony cinema at 7:30 today. Date: Sunday 3rd March 10:00 am see dentist go to karate lesson Place: 7 Apple Street Time: 8:30 From: Jane go to the Dad, 1:00 pm supermarket I'm at supermarket play tennis with with Mum. 4:00 pm John Tony LEARN watch a SPANISH 6:00 pm basketball game FOOTBALL meet Debbie for SAT 4:30 8:00 pm dinner 1 Tony Spanish. 2 He to the cinema tonight. 1 see/dentist/Saturday/10:00 am? 3 Tony and his mum A: Is Derek seeing the dentist on Saturday at the shopping now. 10:00 am? 4 He football at 4:30. B: No, he isn't. He's seeing the dentist on 5 Jane a birthday Monday at 10:00 am. party on Sunday. 2 go to /karate lesson/Monday/10:00 am? 3 go pm? 7 Look at the pictures and find the differences. 4 play tennis/with John/Monday/4:00 pm? 5 watch/basketball game/Saturday/6:00 pm? have a sandwich work on laptop read 6 meet/Debbie/for dinner/Monday/8:00 pm? magazine talk on mobile watch TV sunbathe play board game swim in pool Bob Steve 5 Answer the questions in the negative, as in the A example. Use your own ideas. Tony 1 Are you writing a letter? No, I'm not. I'm doing my homework. 2 Is your friend having a party on Saturday? Bill Sue Claire 3 Is your dad reading a book now? B Bob Sue 4 Are your parents flying to Paris tomorrow? Bill 5 Is your mother doing the washing-up now? Tony 6 Are you seeing your friends tonight? Steve Claire In picture A Claire is working on her laptop. In picture she is watching TV. 18Present Simple Present Continuous 2 The present simple is used: The present continuous is used: for permanent states, repeated actions for actions happening now, at the moment of or daily routines. speaking, or for temporary actions, that is She works as a nurse. actions that are going on around now, but not (permanent state) at the actual moment of speaking. She looks after John is working hard these patients. days. (temporary action/ (routine) action happening around the time of speaking) Right now he's sleeping. for general truths and (action happening around laws of nature. the time of speaking) Hurricanes happen when oceans get warm during with always for actions which happen very summer months. often, usually to express (general turth) annoyance, irritation or anger. She's always talking for timetables (trains, on the phone. (annoyance) planes, etc) and programmes. The plane to London takes for actions that we have already arranged to off at 8:00 am. (timetable) do in the near future, especially when the time and place have been for sports commentaries, decided. reviews or narrations. Melanie is flying to Madrid a) Lewis dribbles the ball in an hour. (fixed and passes it to Davis. arrangement) (sports commentary) b) Laura Hunt acts superbly in the film. for changing or developing (review) situations. c) So, the prince tells Polar ice caps are melting her (narration) due to global warming. (changing situation) Time expressions used with the Time expressions used with the present present simple: always, usually, continuous: now, at the moment, these days, etc, every day/week/month/year, at present, tonight, nowadays, still, etc etc, on Mondays/Tuesdays, etc, in the at night/the weekend, etc 19Present Simple Present Continuous 1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences 1-6. Use the verbs below. make play wash watch water cycle 3 5 4 2 6 1 It's Sunday morning. Tom is watering the 4 It's 7 o'clock in the evening. The Smiths plants. He usually waters the plants every TV. They Sunday morning. TV every evening. 2 It's Saturday morning. Kelly and Peter 5 It's Tuesday afternoon and Philip and Tom their dog. They usually tennis. They usually their dog at weekends. tennis on Tuesday afternoons. 3 It's 6 o'clock in the evening and Jack 6 It's Sunday morning. Eric dinner. He usually dinner in the He usually at weekends. evenings. 2 Identify the tenses in bold, then match them to their description. 1h Kangaroos don't live in France. present simple 2 Alex and Melanie are flying to aris next a sports commentary, review or narration Saturday. b repeated action 3 The train to Manchester leaves at 7:00 pm. fixed arrangement in the near future 4 Does Sally walk to school every day? d temporary situation e timetable or programme 5 You're always telling lies! f changing or developing situation g expressing annoyance about a frequently 6 Frank is living in Rome at the moment. repeated action 7 Her French is getting better. h general truth or law of nature 8 Daniel Radcliffe plays the part of Harry Potter. 20Present Simple Present Continuous 2 3 Put the verbs in brackets into the present 6 A: How long (it/take) simple or present continuous. to get from here to Los Angeles by plane? B: Two hours. 1 George lives (live) in Scotland but at the 7 A: (you/go) moment he is staying out tonight? (stay) in Spain. B: No. Steve (come) 2 Tony usually around. 8 A: We (go) (play) basketball with his friends at the weekend, on holiday next week. but this Sunday they (go) B: That's nice. Where to the cinema. (you/go)? 3 Lesley often (stay) at the office until late in the evening, but today she (leave) early. 4 Martha usually (drive) to work in the morning, but today it (snow) 5 Fill in with the present so she (take) the train. simple or 5 Susan (clean) her house on present Saturdays, but this Saturday she continuous. (visit) her grandmother. 6 Derek (finish) work at 5:00 and (go) home, but tonight Chloe: Hi, Emma! he (have) dinner with Emma: Hello, Chloe. Where 1) are you calling his friends. (you/call) from? Chloe: 12) (be) in Rome at the moment. Emma: 3) (you/enjoy) 4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form yourself? of the present simple or present continuous. Chloe: Yes, 4) (love) it here. 1 A: Are you working (you/work) this afternoon? Emma: When 5) (you/come) B: No, I (go) to the cinema. home? (you/want) to come? Chloe: Next Monday and I 6) 2 A: (need) you to do me a favour. (Tommy/sleep) ? Emma: What is it? B: No, he (play) in his room. Chloe: 17) (want) you to 3 A: (you/do) pick me up from the airport. anything tonight? Emma: Oh! You 8) B: Yes. I (meet) (always/ask) me for favours! 19) Carol for dinner at 8 o'clock. (get) tired of it. 4 A: Why Chloe: I know, I'm sorry! It's the last time. I promise. (Tom/look) so tired? Emma: All right. What time 10) B: He (work) long hours. (your plane/arrive) in London? Chloe: It 11) (leave) Rome at 5 A: 11 o'clock and 12) (Jane/talk) on the phone? (land) in London at 2 o'clock. B: No, she (help) Emma: OK. See you on Monday then. Mum in the kitchen. John Chloe: Thanks Emma! You're the best sister in the (come) for dinner tonight. world! 212 Present Simple Present Continuous 6 Read the following extracts and put the verbs 2 Most days, Kevin is getting a lift to school. Today A in brackets into the present simple or present he's taking the bus. continuous. Then, say what use of these B tenses each extract shows. 3 I fly to Rome tonight. I'm leaving for the airport A B A in an hour. These days, it seems like our 4 Are you cooking dinner every night or do you environment A B 1) is sometimes order a takeaway? changing (change). Air 5 Mike comes to school at 8 o'clock every day but pollution levels 2) (rise) rapidly, the A climate 3) (get) warmer every year, today he is being early. more and more forests 4) B (disappear) because of fires and many wild animals 5) (lose) their natural habitats and 6) (become) extinct. 8 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present continuous or present simple. B This I) (be) a great action film! The actors 2) (give) a brilliant performance. Dear Sarah, The special effects and computer graphics 3) 1) am writing (write) from (be) spectacular. The story 4) (begin) the wonderful city of London! Sally when two young men 5) (discover) and 2) (stay) in a a buried treasure nice hotel near the city centre. The weather here 3) (be) great. The sun 4) Here 1) (be) (shine). We 5) a chance for the (spend) most of the day sightseeing around London. Newton Lakers to tie Right now, we 6) (sit) at a café the game. Gordon in Leicester Square. 7) (drink) a 2) (have) the delicious cappuccino and Sally 8) ball and 3) (eat) a sandwich. This afternoon, we 9) (pass) it to Rogers. (go) shopping in Oxford Street and then we Rogers 4) 10) (visit) Buckingham Palace. (shoot) the ball and it Tonight, we 11) (have) dinner 5) (sail) through the basket! And there 6) (go) the whistle. in Soho. Time out! 12) (love) it here and I 13) (not/want) to leave! Love, 7 Circle the mistake (A or B) and then correct it as in the example. Mandy have 1 We usually having English lessons on Tuesdays. A B 22Present Simple Present Continuous 2 9 Underline the correct item. 11 Circle the correct item. 1 Peter and Nancy are going to the cinema every 1 Paul breakfast at the moment. Monday/tonight. A doesn't have B has C is having 2 Lisa has piano lessons on Tuesdays/now. 3 Does Lucy usually/at present wake up early at 2 listening to jazz music? the weekend? A Does she enjoy 4 Sometimes/At the moment he is working on the B Does she enjoys computer. C Is she enjoying 5 Betty goes to the gym tomorrow/twice a week. 3 Nancy and Stella usually hiking at the 6 Helen always/at present starts work at 9 o'clock. weekend. 7 Tracey doesn't eat breakfast today/every morning. A are going goes go 8 Helen isn't studying in her room now/ at night. 4 I the dentist on Monday. A see B am seeing sees 10 Put the verbs in brackets into the present 5 Is David in the library now? simple or present continuous. A study studies studying 6 My mother home from work at 5 pm every Claire Henderson 1) lives (live) in London with her day. mum, dad, brother and sister. Every morning, she A get B gets is getting 2) (leave) home at 8 o'clock and she 7 Is Steve his doctor this morning? 3) (take) the bus to school. Her bus A seeing B see sees 4) (come) at exactly 8:10 and 8 Beth usually karate lessons on Tuesdays. school 5) (start) at 8:30. She usually A has B is having C have 6) (get) back home from school at 3:30 in the afternoon and 7) (do) her homework. In the evenings, she 8) (often/watch) TV for an hour or two and 9) (go) to bed at 10 12 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three o'clock. At the weekend, she 10) (enjoy) words. hanging out with her friends. Tomorrow, Claire 11) (have) her 1 Do you have any plans for this Sunday? What birthday party. At the moment, she 12) are you planning to do this Sunday? (shop) for a new outfit with her mum. Her mum 2 Tommy has English lessons on Tuesday, Wednesday 13) (get) angry because and Friday. Claire can't decide what to buy. Tommy has English lessons a week. Everyone 14) (help) with the party. Her sister 15) 3 Heather is in a pink top and a white skirt. Heather (organise) the food because she 16) (like) cooking. Her a pink top and a white skirt. brother 17) (have) lots 4 Philip has an appointment with the dentist on of CDs so he 18) Monday. (sort out) the music. Claire Philip the dentist 19) (want) everyone on Monday. 5 Bill doesn't ever eat fish. to have a good time. Bill never fish. 232 Present Simple Present Continuous Stative verbs Stative verbs are verbs which do not normally have continuous tenses because they describe a state rather than an action. These include: verbs which express likes and dislikes: like, love, hate, dislike, enjoy, prefer, etc. Kate likes pop music. verbs of perception: believe, know, notice, remember, forget, recognise, understand, realise, seem, think, etc. don't understand what he's saying. Laura is smelling the verbs of senses: see, hear, feel, taste, look, smell, sound. We often roses. They smell nice. use can or could with these verbs when we refer to what we see, hear, etc at the moment of speaking. The pie tastes delicious. Lisa must be at home. can see her car parked outside. some other verbs: be, contain, fit, include, matter, need, belong, cost, owe, mean, own, appear, want, have (= possess), etc. Julie wants to become a lawyer. Some stative verbs have continuous tenses, but there is a difference in meaning. Study the following examples: think she's French. (= believe) The cake smells nice. (= has a nice smell) I'm thinking about going on holiday. (= am The dog is smelling its food. (= is sniffing) considering) Annie's hair feels like silk. (= has the texture of) The soup tastes really good. (= has a really good Tina is feeling the baby's forehead. (= is touching) flavour) He is arrogant. (character - permanent state) She's tasting the soup to see if it has enough He is being arrogant. (behaviour - temporary salt. (= is testing the flavour of) situation) / can see the children playing in the garden. has a beautiful house. (= possesses) (= perceive with my eyes) He's having breakfast now. (= is eating - idiom) I'm seeing Jim this afternoon. (= am meeting) Sue looks really well! (= appears) Mandy is looking at some photos. (= is studying) Some idioms with have include: breakfast/lunch/dinner, etc Compare the examples: a etc Jane has got a sports car. (= possesses) have a(n) etc BUT Jane is having breakfast. (= is eating) a baby difficulty/fun/trouble, etc 24Present Simple Present Continuous 2 13 Put the verbs in brackets into the present 2 A: Why simple or present continuous. (you/taste) the stew? B: To see if it 1 A: (you like) pop music? (taste) good. I think it B: Not really. I (prefer) (need) some more spices. rock music. 3 A: (Peter/feel) OK? He 2 A: (you/know) (look) really pale. where John is? B: Yes, I (know). I B: He (have) a shower. (look) for the 3 A: You (look) very tired. doctor's telephone number now. B: I (think) I'll have an early 4 A: Why night tonight. (you/smell) the meat? 4 A: What B: Because it (you/think) of Jane? (smell) strange. I (think) B: She (seem) to be a nice girl. it has gone off. 5 A: Who 5 A: I (think) about (this car/belong) to? taking a week off to go on holiday. B: I (think) it's Claire's. B: I (think) that's a good idea. You 6 A: How much (need) some rest. (this sweater/cost)? B: £20, and it's beautiful. It 6 A: How nice! You (feel) very soft. (have) a new computer. B: Yes, but I 7 A: You (look) great. (have) difficulty installing this new program. (you/go) out? B: Yes, John (have) 7 A: Sam (be) usually a birthday party. a very well-behaved boy. B: Yes, but today he 8 A: I (be) very naughty. (not/understand) what you (mean). B: That's OK. I'll explain it again. Speaking 9 A: Tell the class about the activities you do at (you/recognise) the man in this picture? the weekend. What are you doing this B: He (look) like Jack, weekend? but I'm not sure. usually go shopping at the weekend. This weekend I'm going to the seaside. 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous. Writing 1 A: I (see) there's a very good film on at the cinema tonight. Would Find two pictures and describe them. you like to go? B: Sorry, I can't. I (see) an old friend from school tonight. 253 Relative Pronouns and Adverbs The relative pronouns who/that, whose and which/that, and the relative adverbs where, when and why introduce relative clauses. Relative Pronouns Relative Adverbs people who/that place where objects/animals which/that time when possessions whose reason why Relative Pronouns We use who/that to refer to people. A doctor is someone The girl who/that is with Tim is his sister Laura. who treats sick people. We use which/that to refer to animals, objects or ideas. This is the bus which/that goes to Heathrow. We use whose with people, objects and animals in order to show possession. This is the man whose daughter is a lawyer. We don't use a relative pronoun with another pronoun (I, you, he, him, etc). know someone who is an actor. (NOT: know someone who he is an actor.) Relative pronouns as subjects or objects We cannot omit who/which/that when it is the We can omit who/which/that when it is the subject of a relative clause, that is, when there object of a relative clause, that is, when there is is not a noun or subject pronoun between the a noun or subject pronoun between the relative relative pronoun and the verb. pronoun and the verb. met a girl. She knows your sister. That's the car. Bob bought it last month. met a girl who/that knows your sister. That's the car (which/that) Bob bought last month. Relative Adverbs We use when to refer to time. When is used after nouns like time, period, moment, day and summer. It can be replaced by that or omitted. 1991 was the year (when/that) Wendy was born. We use where to refer to places. Where is used after nouns like place, house, street, town and country. This is the hotel where we stay when we travel to London. We use why to give reason. Why is used after the word reason. It can be replaced by that or omitted. That's the reason (why/that) he left early. 26Relative Pronouns and Adverbs 3 1 Look at the pictures and make sentences, as in the example. Use who, which or where. 2 something/use to take pictures machine/print from computer 3 1 animal/live in Australia place/watch a play someone/put out fires washing machine/wash clothes 5 someone/serve people food and drinks someone/teach children 6 something/eat your soup with place/see wild animals 4 place/athletic events happen 7 1 A kangaroo is an animal which lives in Australia. 2 10 3 4 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 2 Match the phrases to make sentences. a where you can see ancient ruins. 1 C That's the office building b which serves Japanese food. 2 The boy where my father works. 3 Robert is a reporter d whose child is in my class. 4 That is the restaurant 5 That is the woman e in which Brad Pitt stars? 6 Is this the film f which plays in our garden every day. 7 Rome is a city g who is playing with the toys is Tony. 8 This is the cat h who works for Zoom Magazine. 9 This is the child i when she graduated. 10 She'll always remember the day j whose dad is our teacher. 11 What's the reason k when they got married? 12 Do you remember the year why he left? 273 Relative Pronouns and Adverbs 3 Fill in the gaps with who, which or where. 4 Join the sentences. Use who, which, where or whose. 1 That is Mr Williams. He is an actor. Buckingham That is Mr Williams who is an actor. Palace 2 This is the train. It goes to Manchester. Buckingham Palace, 1) which 3 Tom is the boy. His mother works is located in London, is the official at a bakery. residence of the Queen of England. It is the ideal place for visitors 2) want to learn about British history. It is a place 3) you can see many priceless works of art and 4 That's the building. Betty works treasures 4) form part of the Royal Collection. All year there. around, the Changing of the Guard, 5) takes place at the front of the palace, is a popular event for tourists 6) 5 A penguin is a bird. It can't fly. visit the capital. The Palace Garden is a place 7) you can see many different species of plants. It has more than 250 rare wild flowers. Visitors can end their tour with a walk along the south 6 This is the shop. She bought her side of the garden 8) has a splendid view of the sweater there. famous lake. Defining Non-defining Relative Clauses There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses. A defining relative clause gives necessary A non-defining relative clause gives extra information and is essential to the meaning of information and is not essential to the meaning the main sentence. We do not put the clause in of the main sentence. The clause is put in commas. commas. We cannot omit the relative pronoun. The man who/that lives next door is a doctor. We cannot use that instead of who or which. (Which man? We don't know. The meaning of My aunt Helen, who lives in Paris, is an artist. the sentence is not clear without the relative ("My aunt Helen is an artist" - the meaning of clause.) the sentence is clear. "who lives in Paris" - the relative clause gives extra information) 28Relative Pronouns and Adverbs 3 5 Match the phrases to make sentences and add the correct relative pronoun or adverb. 1 b a discovered penicillin. This is the house 2 b Alexander Fleming is the man (where) I grew up. 3 Is this the reason c was looking for John? 4 The doctor d we watched last night was very boring. 5 Charles Dickens e name is Lucy. 6 The film f looked after my dad was very helpful. 7 I met a girl g books are very popular, died in 1870. 8 Is she the person h she was upset? 6 Fill in the relative pronoun. Put commas 7 Join the sentences using relative pronouns. where necessary. Write (D) for defining, (ND) Which ones can you omit? for non-defining, and if the relative pronoun 1 That's the CD. Ann gave it to me. can be omitted or not. That's the CD (which/that) Ann gave to me. 1 Mrs James, who lives next ND 2 She lives in a flat. It is on the third floor. door, is a teacher. (not omitted) 2 That's the boy sits next 3 Mr Harris is a police officer. is 35 years old. to Kate at school. 3 That house is very big 4 This is the car. He bought it last May. belongs to Mr Smith. 4 Have you seen that new film in 5 This is Sue. She is my sister's best friend. Angelina Jolie stars ? 5 I know a girl brother is 6 That's Antony. His father works as a vet. an artist. 6 Lisa is the same age as 7 He works for a company. The company makes me can swim very well. computers. 7 This necklace is very old belonged to a very rich woman. 8 That's Nancy. She got married last week. 8 His sister is named Laura is two years younger than him. 9 I met a man. He knows your parents. 9 The film was advertised on TV was very interesting. 10 The police have caught the men. They broke into 10 This is the CD Pat gave Mr Smith's flat. me for my birthday. 11 Tony works as a pilot 11 This is the cinema. It opened last week. flew to Madrid yesterday. 12 The boy is sitting over 12 I like the ring. John gave it to you. there is Steven. 13 The man just entered 13 Kim won the first prize. She's from Hong Kong. the room is Claire's dad. 14 The dress you were 14 Jane bought a painting. It's very expensive. wearing yesterday afternoon was beautiful. 15 This is Bob. His son is a doctor. 15 The book we read last week was very funny. 293 Relative Pronouns and Adverbs 8 Fill in the correct relative pronoun or adverb. 10 Complete the sentences so that they are If it can be omitted, put it in brackets. true about you. Use relative pronouns or adverbs. 1 The person who/that gave me this scarf is Lucy. 1 The teacher who / like most is Mr Perry. 2 The letter she got was from Steven. 2 The pet 3 The car Jim bought is very expensive. 3 My favourite CD 4 Mr Smith is the man wife is a 4 The place doctor. 5 was the year 5 That's the CD Pat gave me for my 6 The house/flat birthday. 7 My uncle 6 What's the name of the river flows 8 I know a man through Paris? 9 The football team 7 Is this the hotel you spent your 10 The actor holidays? 8 It's very cold. That's the reason I'm 11 Complete the second sentence so that it wearing my coat. means the same as the first. Use up to three 9 The keys are on the table you left words. them. 1 The boy talking to Pam is my cousin. 10 The house they live is very big. The boy who is talking to Pam is my cousin. 11 The car is outside our house is 2 I can't meet you tonight. I'm seeing Jane. Peter's. The reason 12 I can't forget the day I first met meet you tonight is that I'm seeing Jane. Harry. 3 His flat has a great view of the lake. He lives in a flat great view of the lake. 9 Fill in: who, which, whose, where, when or why. 4 Tony's father is a painter. If they can be omitted, put them in brackets. That's Tony a painter. 5 I must return the money to John. I must give John back he Hi Gemma! How are you? I'm really busy, but I just thought I'd write and tell lent me. you about something really exciting 1) happened to me last week. Do you remember Sally, 2) party you came Speaking with me to last year? Well, I went to a music concert in 3) In pairs, take turns to say the name of a place, a one of my favourite local bands, 'Shine', were playing last thing or a person. Your partner has to explain weekend with Sally and her brother, Dave. Anyway, Dave knew what this place/thing is or who this person is. someone 4) was working backstage. So he invited us to A: cinema a party 5) the band were going to after the concert! We B: A cinema is a place where we can watch a film. met the whole band, 6) was amazing! About the camping trip - I thought you might like to know the Writing reason 7) I can't come. Do you remember the time 8) I looked after my neighbour Mrs Brown's dog when Make up true sentences about yourself using she was on holiday? Well, she has asked me to look after him relative pronouns and adverbs, as in the example. again next weekend and I said yes. Sorry! My mother is a kind person who cares about us all. Write and tell me all your news, My school is the place where see all my friends. Briony My room is the place where spend most of my time in the evening. 30(Units Exploring Grammar Present Simple & Present Possessive Adjectives Continuous, Adverbs of Frequency 2 Underline the possessive adjectives which you can find in the email in Ex. 1. What comes 1 a) Read the email below. Circle all the verbs in the present simple and underline all the after possessive adjectives? verbs in the present continuous. Match the Pronouns verbs to their uses: permanent states habits/routines 3 a) Which subject/object pronouns can you find in the email in Ex. 1? Which subject/ action happening at the time of speaking object pronouns do we use in the third fixed arrangements in the near future person singular? Which personal pronouns do we use before a verb instead of the b) Which tense do we use for: timetables? name of the person or a noun? Which sports commentaries? changing situations? personal pronouns do we use after a verb annoyance? laws of nature? Give examples. or a preposition? c) Find three adverbs of frequency. Where do b) How do we use possessive pronouns? Give we use them in a sentence: before or after examples. the main verb/the verb to be? Relatives Hi Claire! 4 a) Find a relative pronoun and a relative My name is Amy Norman. I am your new pen-friend! I am adverb in the email. Which one refers to 14 years old and I live in London, England. It is a great people and which one refers to a place? city where you can find lots of museums, theatres, cinemas and parks. b) Read the sentences. In which sentence can I come from quite a large family. I've got a twin brother, we omit the relative pronoun? Why? John, and an older sister, Emma. John and I go to school and Emma, who is 21 years old, goes to university. My father 1 I know a man who speaks five foreign languages. works as an accountant for a successful company and my 2 That's the book which Sally lent me. mother is a teacher. From Monday to Friday my daily routine is always the c) Which of the clauses below is a defining/non- same. I wake up at around 7:15 am. I have a light breakfast defining relative clause? Which can be put in and then travel to school by bus. My classes start at 8 am commas? In which sentence can we omit the and I stay at school until half past three in the afternoon. relative pronoun? After school, I go to my part-time job, from 4 pm to 6 pm. 1 People who litter must be fined. I work for a family with two young children. I help to get the 2 The Smiths who live next door are very polite. children ready for bed, feed them and play with them. In the evenings, I do my homework and I usually go to bed before Question Words II pm. Saturday and Sunday are my favourite days of the 5 a) Find two question words in the email. week because I do whatever I like. I get up late in the morning and meet my friends. We sometimes go to the b) Write questions to which the words in bold in cinema or to concerts but we usually just hang out. the email are the answers, as in the example. At the moment, I'm studying very hard because I'm sitting my exams next week. Tonight, I'm going out for dinner with 1 How old is Amy? my family. 2 What about you? What's your daily routine? How do you 3 spend your free time? 4 Please write soon! 5 Amy 6 7 31Revision (Units 1-3) 1 Circle the correct item. 22 That's the cottage we spend our holidays. 1 they want to go to the theatre? A who B which where A Does B Do Are 23 he work at weekends? 2 He usually his homework in the afternoon. A Do B Is Does A do B does doing 24 is John from? Dublin. 3 This is me and Mary. are both twenty. A Where B Which What A They B You C We 25 Are you anything tonight? 4 Lucy a cup of coffee every morning. A do B does doing A is having B have has 5 Our neighbours spend a lot of time in ( Mark: garden. 25x2 50 ) A they're B they c their 6 people are there in the picture? Two. 2 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three A How many B How much How often words. 7 The girl is standing over there is my cousin. A which B who C where 1 What is your dad's job? 8 Bill What do? goes to the gym; he doesn't like it. A usually B always never 2 Maya always returns home early. 9 is that man? He's my dad. Maya never late. A How B Where Who 3 What is a typical weekday in your life like? 10 How do you go to the cinema? What do a typical weekday? A rarely B often usually 4 She's wearing a skirt today, but she usually wears 11 He piano lessons three times a week. jeans. A has B is having have She jeans today. 12 My best friend in Rome at the moment. 5 I look after my little brother when my parents go A live B lives C is living out with their friends. 13 The train at 6:00 pm. I take my little brother A leave B leaves is leaving when my parents go out with their friends. 14 Mrs Jones, husband is a pilot, is our Maths 6 John lives in a house near the sea. John lives in to the sea. teacher. A which who whose 7 There are Beefeaters at The Tower of London. 15 We're playing football. Do you want to join ? The Tower of London is a place A we B them us Beefeaters. 16 This is Cathy and Carol. are sisters. 8 In the country, you can hear birds chirping when A They B Them Their you wake up. 17 is Jack going? To the supermarket. In the country, you can wake up to A What B Why Where of birds chirping. 18 Mary is on time for work. She's never late. 9 What do you think of John's lifestyle? A usually B seldom always How do about John's lifestyle? 19 We basketball in half an hour. 10 A Beefeater guides visitors around the Tower of are playing c plays London. A play 20 This is the bus goes to London. A Beefeater is someone A who B which where is to guide visitors around the Tower of London. 21 How is the bus stop from here? ( Mark: 10x3 30 ) A old B far long ( Total: 80 ) 32Past Simple (regular and irregular verbs) 4 As Mrs Smith was in The fire quickly spread The fire brigade rushed Luckily, firefighters the kitchen cooking and Mrs Smith screamed to Mrs Smith's house. rescued Mrs Smith yesterday, the curtains for help. and put out the fire. caught fire. Regular Verbs Affirmative /t/ when the verbs end in a /k/, /s/, /f/ or /p/ sound. looked, missed, touched, wished, coughed, stopped played /d/ when the verb ends in any other sound. Negative arranged, prepared, flowed, robbed didn't play Use Interrogative We use the past simple to talk about: Did play? actions which took place at a particular time in the past. The Short answers time is either mentioned or implied. Ann joined the tennis club a month ago. (When? A month ago; the Yes, did. time is mentioned.) No, didn't. Ann joined the tennis club when she moved to the area. (When? Spelling Rules When she moved to the area; the time is implied.) Verbs ending in take only -d. actions we used to do in the past but do not do close closed any more. We often use adverbs of frequency Verbs ending in a consonant + y, to talk about habits. drop the y and take -ied. always went fishing with his fry fried granddad when he was a child. Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed. actions that took place immediately one after play - played the other. Verbs ending in one stressed vowel First he had breakfast and then left for work. between two consonants, double people who are no longer alive. the last consonant before the -ed. John Lennon wrote a lot of songs. drop dropped (John Lennon is dead.) BUT open opened Irregular Verbs Verbs ending in double the and Irregular verbs do not form the past simple by take -ed. adding -ed. travel - travelled go went, buy bought, come came (See list of irregular verbs at the back of the book.) Pronunciation The suffix -ed is pronounced: when the verbs end in a /t/ or /d/ Time expressions used with the past simple: yesterday, the day sound. before yesterday, last week/month/year, two hours/days/weeks/ sorted, lifted, recorded months/years ago, when, then, in 2003, etc 334 Past Simple (regular and irregular verbs) 1 Write the past simple of the verbs in the list in 3 A: What 1) (you/do) the correct box. yesterday? B: Oh, nothing much. I 2) cry, dance, plan, stay, call, manage, try, delay, (stay) at home. spell, arrive, quarrel, rob, worry, care, destroy, fry, stop, enjoy, die, like, travel, play 4 A: I 1) (read) the book you 2) (give) me about blue whales. + d danced, B: 3) (you/like) it? A: Yes. It was quite interesting. stressed vowel between planned, two consonants + ed consonant + y ied 4 Use the past simple of the verbs in the list to cried, fill in the blanks in the following sentences. Which sentence refers to: vowel + y + ed stayed, actions which happened at a specific time in the past verbs ending in -I called, people who are no longer alive past habits actions which happened one after the other in 2 Put the verbs in the past simple and write the past them under the correct heading. Then read them aloud. eat see be buy go win hand, help, disappear, scare, accept, laugh, spend take wash run watch, boil, arrange, wonder, miss, add, paint, drop, want 1 ate pancakes for breakfast yesterday morning. /id/ /t/ /d/ action at a specific time in the past handed helped disappeared 2 They to catch the bus this morning. 3 My favourite football team the World Cup last year. 4 Tom a new computer last week. 5 Princess Diana a beautiful woman. 6 Shelly to the cinema with Helen 3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form yesterday. of the past simple, as in the example. 7 We every summer by the lake when we were young. 1 A: Where 1) did you spend (you/spend) your 8 I the dog for a walk and then I holiday this summer? watched TV. B: We 2) (go) to the Bahamas. 9 My parents a lot of their favourite A: Really! What 3) (be) it like? bands play when they were teenagers. B: Fabulous! 10 Betty had a bath and her hair. 2 A: Why 1) (not/Lucy/come) to Harry's party? B: She 2) (have) to revise for an exam. 34Past Simple (regular and irregular verbs) 4 5 Read Julie's email to her friend 4 Do you know the reason for her leaving her job? Sam. Put the verbs in brackets Do you know why her job? into the correct form of the past 5 It took them seven hours to drive from London to Manchester. They a seven- simple. hour drive from London to Manchester. New Message 6 When did she move to Spain? How long is it since to Spain? Hi Sam, You'll never guess what 1) happened Speaking (happen) yesterday morning! 2) yesterday (be) in my bedroom playing a board game Make sentences about yourself, with my sister when, all of a sudden, our using the time expressions. four days ago house 3) (begin) to shake. My went to the cinema yesterday. in 2003 sister and I 4) (look) at each / saw a horror film and was last year other in fear, as my parents 5) terrified. (be) out of town for the day and my sister on Monday two weeks ago and I 6) (be) the only ones at home. I 7) (not/know) Writing what to do, so I 8) (grab) Using the pictures A-D, write a short story in the past my sister and we 9) (hide) simple tense. Use the ideas below to help you. under my desk. The shaking 10) (last) several minutes. After volcano/erupt at about 6:00 am it 11) (be) all over, we people hear/loud noise/see smoke/sky 12) (check) around the they be in panic/leave/houses house and we 13) (see) a few that night/people/sleep in the forest/then left area objects on the floor. There weeks later/go back/village 14) (not/be) much damage. see/ash/dust/everywhere Thank goodness! It 15) (be) they/be/very sad a terrifying experience! That's all my news for now. A Julie 6 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three words. 1 They enjoyed themselves a lot at the party last Saturday night. D They had a great time at the party last Saturday night. 2 Liz got home and then cooked dinner. Liz she got home. 3 How long is it since he broke his arm? Yesterday, Chaitén, a volcano in Chile near the village of Chaitén, When his arm? erupted. 354 Used to Would Be/Get used to Used to Affirmative I/You/He/She/It/We/They used to exercise. Negative I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn't use to exercise. Interrogative Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they use to exercise? Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they did. She didn't use to wear Short Answers No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't. glasses when she was a child. Now she wears glasses. Form Used to is always a past form. It has no present form. It has the same form in all persons singular and plural in the affirmative. used to play football. Anna used to exercise a lot. The question form is did + subject + use to. Did Peter use to go fishing? The negative form is subject + didn't use to. Peter didn't use to play computer games. Use Used to is used to talk about past habits or actions that happened regularly in the past, but they no longer happen. used to travel a lot when he was younger. (He doesn't travel often any more.) We use used to for things that were true but they are not true any more. She used to have short hair when she was a child. (Now she has long hair.) We can use the past simple instead of used to with no difference in meaning. She used to wear glasses. She wore glasses. We use the past simple and not used to in the following cases: a) to refer to an action which happened at a definite time in the past. She left for Ankara yesterday. (NOT: She used to leave - action that happened at a definite time in the past) b) to say how many times an action happened at a definite time in the past. They ate out twice last week. (1 T: They used to eat ) Would We use would/used to for repeated actions or routines in the past. We do not use would with stative verbs, because they describe states and not actions. They would/used to eat out on Sundays. (They don't eat out anymore.) BUT They used to have a dog. (NOT: They would have a dog.) Be/Get used to Be used to + noun/pronoun/-ing form (= be in Get used to + noun/pronoun/-ing form means the habit of, be accustomed to) is used to "I am becoming accustomed to". express habit. It means that somebody is/was They are getting used to the hustle and bustle accustomed to doing sth. of the big city. (present) They are used to hot weather. (present) She didn't like Los Angeles at first, but she got don't mind walking. I'm used to it. (present) used to it. (past) She was used to working long hours. (past) He'll soon get used to living in a flat. (future) 36Used to - Would - Be/Get used to 4 1 a) Rewrite Jane's comments using used to or 4 Circle the correct item. didn't use to, as in the example. 2 1 It's too noisy but I'll it. 1 I travel a lot. I have long A used to B get used to hair now. 3 C been used don't wear I have a cat 2 When we were children, we used hiking glasses now 8 now. very often. A go B to going to go I live in a big 3 I had trouble with my job at first, but I to I don't go jogging any city now. it. 4 A got used B would use C have used 7 more. 4 Jane to Paris yesterday. 5 I don't have 6 I work long hours. A used to fly B flew C would fly many friends. 5 She didn't have a pet. 1 Jane didn't use to travel a lot. A used to B use to use 2 6 They the cold. 3 A used to B are used C are used to 4 5 7 She wasn't used in the countryside. 6 A to live B live to living 7 8 He couldn't use a computer at first, but he 8 to it. A got used B got used to b) In which of the sentences above (1-8) can used to you also use 'would'? 9 We eat out on Saturdays. A would B use to get used to 2 Put a tick () next to the sentences where 'used to + main verb' can replace the past simple. 10 They still haven't got by the sea. A used to live B used to living 1 She studied hard when she was at university. C didn't use to living (used to study) 11 She 2 He lived alone. getting up early in the morning. A wouldn't B isn't used to 3 They came to Edinburgh a week ago. didn't use to 4 She went to lots of parties when she was younger. 5 He moved house last month. 12 He live on his own. 6 They spent their holidays in Malta last year. A isn't used to B isn't getting used didn't use to 3 Fill in: used to and/or would. Speaking 1 They used to live in a small cottage by the sea. Tell your partner. 2 While on holiday, she walk by the sea before breakfast. What did you use to/would you do as a child 3 He exercise at the gym when you went on holidays? after work. What are you/aren't you used to doing? 4 He drive to work. 5 She have long hair. used to/would go swimming with my grandparents. I'm used to getting up early. 375 Time Clauses Time Words Time Clauses Time Words ago before The kids will go to ago = before now school after they My parents got married thirty years ago. have breakfast. (= thirty years before now) before = before a past time Steve and Ann got married last month. They had We use the following time conjunctions to met five months before. (= five months before introduce time clauses. last month) when, as, while, before, after, since, until/till by the time until/till, whenever, as long as, by the until/till = up to the time when time, as soon as, the moment that, and worked hard until/till he finished. (= up to then, etc the time when he finished) When the time clause precedes the main clause, They'll be here until/till Monday. (= up to a comma is used. When the time clause follows Monday) by the time + clause = not later than the the main cause, we don't use a comma. Whenever he has time, he visits his friends. moment something happens will have set the table by the time you come time clause main clause home. (= before, not later than the moment you He visits his friends whenever he has time. come home) main clause time clause by = not later than I'll be back by Tuesday. (= not later than Tuesday) Sequence of Tenses Note: a) not until/till = not before Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of won't be back until/till/before tenses. That is, when the verb of the main Tuesday. clause is in a present or future form, the verb of b) Both until/till and before can be used the time clause is in a present form. When the to say how far away a future event is. verb of the main clause is in a past form, the There's only one week until/till/ verb of the time clause is in a past form too. before we go on holiday. Main clause Time clause during while/as present / future / present simple or during + noun = in the time period imperative present perfect He fell asleep during the meeting. while/as + clause = in the time period fell She always visits us when she is in town. I'll call you as soon as reach New York. asleep while/as he was in the meeting. Lock the door before you leave. when past simple / past simple or when (time conjunction) + present tense past perfect past perfect He'll call us when he gets home. moved to Paris after he had lost his job. when (question word) + will/would She had cooked lunch before she went to the I'm not sure when he will return. She wasn't sure when he would return. supermarket. 38Time Clauses Time Words 5 1 Fill in: when, if, after, before, by the time, 4 Put the verbs in brackets into the present until, as soon as. simple or the future simple. 1 I'm not sure when the next bus will arrive. 1 Do you know when 2 he paints the walls, he will cover (Bill/call)? 2 I'm not sure when she the furniture. (be) back. 3 I get home, I'll start making 3 When we (finish) our exam, dinner. 4 I will buy a car I get a payrise. we'll go home. 4 When he you talk to Jeff, give him my (leave), 5 we'll miss him. regards. 5 When we (see) Bob, 6 Don't worry. I will be there you we'll tell him about it. arrive. 6 When 7 reach Montreal, I'll send you a postcard. (Claire/graduate)? 8 We can't leave the manager finishes his speech. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the present 2 simple or the future simple. 1 We (call) you as soon as 1 They went out after they we (land). (have) a shower. 2 When (he/send) 2 They won't announce the results before they me the information? (finish) marking all the papers. 3 I (sit) here until 3 She sent all the emails before she you (come) back. (leave) the office. 4 Do you know when Kate (leave)? 4 They (return) before it 5 She was doing the ironing while he (get) dark. 5 When (cook) dinner. (Mandy/come) back? 6 We'll go out as soon as it 6 I (not/know) when I (stop) raining. (see) them again. 7 Please, lay the table before the guests 7 (you/call) me after (arrive). (you/finish) football practice? 8 They won't go on holiday until the school 8 (you/buy) me two loaves (close) for summer. of bread when (you/be) 3 Underline the correct item. at the supermarket, please? 1 Kelly called us when/until she got to the airport. 2 She watched TV as soon as/until she fell asleep. 3 Paul sent us a postcard as soon as/ until he reached Paris. 4 We'll have a big party as/after he graduates. 5 Peter cooked dinner until/while I cleaned the living room. 6 Bill brushed his teeth and as/then went to bed. 7 They'll move to Britain after/as they get married. 395 Time Clauses - Time Words 6 Read and match. 1 He put on his coat and a as soon as I reach London. 2 As soon as she got home b I'll tell you. 3 was in the bathroom then he went outside. 4 They watched TV d until you are ready. e before she sends all the emails. 5 I'll call you f after they had lunch. 6 We'll wait for you g she started cooking dinner. 7 When he leaves h when the doorbell rang. 8 She won't leave 7 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form 8 Complete the second sentence so that it means of the present simple or present continuous. the same as the first. Use up to three words. 1 A: Are you working (you/work) this afternoon? 1 Finish your homework and then you can go out. B: No, I (go) to You can't go out the cinema. your homework. (you/want) to come? 2 He fell asleep during the film. He fell asleep while the film. 2 A: 3 Let me finish watering the plants and then I'll (Tommy/sleep) ? listen to the CD. B: No, he (play) I'll listen to the CD as soon computer games in his room. watering the plants. 3 A: (you/do) 4 I'll do the shopping and then I'll pick up the kids. anything tonight? I'll pick up the kids B: Yes. I (meet) the shopping. Carol for dinner at 8 clock. 5 I'll talk to my lawyer and then I'll sign the contract. I won't sign the contract 4 A: Why to my lawyer. (Tom/look) so tired? B: He (work) Speaking long hours. Join the sentences using linking words, and 5 A: tell the story to your partner. (Jane/talk) on the phone? B: No, she (help) It was late. Julie went to bed. She was Mum in the kitchen. John about to fall asleep. She heard a loud noise. (come) for dinner tonight. She waited. The noise stopped. She went into (it/take) the living room. She switched on the light. 6 A: How long She saw a man standing near the doorway. to get from here to Los Angeles by plane? He ran out of the house. saw her. Julie B: Two hours. picked up the phone. She called the police. 7 A: (you/go) It was late when Julie went to bed. etc out tonight? B: No. Steve (come) around. Writing Now, write the story in your own words. Give your story an ending. Use time words. 40(Units 4-5) Exploring Grammar Past Simple 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple to complete the sentences. 1 a) Read the article below. List all the verbs in the past simple. Which are regular? Which 1 Linda (buy) her house two months ago. are irregular? How do we form the negative 2 Last night Fiona (drop) her mum's and interrogative forms of the past simple? favourite vase and (break) it. 3 Tom (catch) the 7:30 am b) Match the past simple verb forms in the flight to Madrid yesterday morning. text to their uses: 4 Susan (leave) work early yesterday. actions which happened at a specific time in 5 John (not/get) my message the past last night. actions which took place immediately one 6 after the other (Mother Theresa/live) in India? 7 She (come) home very late last night, What other uses of the past simple can you (have) dinner and (go) to think of? Give examples. bed because she (be) very tired. Summer Used to - Would - Be/Get used to Disast 3 Study the sentences (1-3) and answer the questions. 1 He used to travel a lot. 2 He travelled to London yesterday. Last June heavy rain 3 He is used to travelling. and floods caused ROAD a) Which sentences refer to the present/past? chaos in the UK. CLOSED In which sentence can we use 'would'? Lisa Wilkinson tells b) Can we use 'used to travel' in sentence 2? us her story. Why/Why not? c) Look at sentence 3. What words do we use after 'be used Can we use the same One day last June, it started raining hard and it didn't stop. The words after 'used news report said that around 2 months worth of rain fell in just 8 hours and caused terrible flooding. Time Clauses Time Words I remember that day really well. At around 10 o'clock in the evening, there was a knock on the door. I answered the door and 4 a) Circle all the time words you can find in the our neighbour, Mr Stevens, told us to leave our house because he text. Give more examples. was afraid the river would burst its banks and flood the town. My mother got dressed quickly and went to get the car out of the b) Answer the questions. garage, while I ran across the street to warn the neighbours. My mother met me with the car and we drove to the hill where we 1 When do we use a comma to separate a time were safe. Suddenly, we heard the terrible roar of the water as it clause from a main clause? knocked the lampposts down, and everything went dark. This 2 If the verb in the main clause is in the present, was about 11:15 pm. We sat in our car until daylight came. Then what tense can we use in the time clause: we went home. present simple or will? There was a lot of damage to our house and to other houses in 3 When can we use 'will' after 'when'? Give an the neighbourhood. The first floor of our house was completely example. underwater. We had to throw away most of our furniture, and we 4 Which of the two sentences is correct? Correct lost all of our old pictures, which was very sad. It took us the rest of the summer to clean the house and garden. It was a terrible the wrong one. experience but we were all SO relieved that we were safe. a) She fell asleep during the performance. b) She fell asleep while the performance. 41Revision (Units Circle the correct item. 21 We at the hotel until the rain stopped. 1 A stayed B stay are staying 1 Ben isn't in his room. He's his homework. 22 He left an hour A doing B does do A yesterday B before ago 2 The Beatles a lot of hits in the 60s. 23 She as a shop assistant at present. A are having B had have A is working B worked works 3 countries produce the best olive oil? 24 She tidied up then she read her book. A Who B Where Which A until B and when 4 Steve never milk. 25 She waited the bus came. A drinks B doesn't drink A when B before until 5 Did you the potatoes? Mark: A fry B fried C frying 25x2 50 ) 6 This is the house Jane lives. A who B which where 7 I my favourite actor on TV last night. 2 Complete the second sentence so that it A saw am seeing means the same as the first. Use up to three see tennis at the weekend when he words. 8 He always was at university. 1 We left right after it got dark. A plays B play played We left as it got dark. 9 Did they drink their coffee? Yes, they 2 How did the story end? A did B do are doing What at the end of the story? 10 Linda moved to England she finished 3 My sister bought CDs with her money. university. My sister spent CDs. A then B while after 4 On my holidays, I spent every morning on the beach. 11 Do not start writing I tell you. On my holidays, I A until B when while spend every morning on the beach. 12 He sick yesterday so he didn't go to school. 5 I couldn't wake up early until I got a job. A is feeling B felt feel I got used up early after I got a job. 13 They to Paris last year. 6 When John came, it was raining heavily outside. A are travelling B travel travelled There rain outside 14 are you going to get there? By car? when John came. A What How Where 7 What's the matter? You look really bored. 15 She travel to London in 1999. What's the matter? You look up. A doesn't B didn't does 8 Animals were used for travel in the past. 16 Wait in front of the post office I get there. People travel A when after c until on animals in the past. 17 Are they lunch at the moment? 9 They had a terrible time at the party. A eat B ate c eating They didn't themselves 18 It me hours to tidy my room yesterday. at the party. A take B is taking c took 10 I am so upset I could cry. 19 Did you the British Museum while in am so upset I feel crying. London? A are visiting B visit visited 20 the team won the game, they went out to Mark: 10x3 30 ) celebrate. A After B As Until Total: 80 ) 42Present Perfect 9 Form subject + have/has + past participle Affirmative Negative Long Form Short Form Long Form Short Form I/You have 've lived/ I/You have not haven't lived/ He/She/It has 's come. He/She/It has not hasn't come. We/They have 've We/They have not haven't Interrogative Short Answers Have I/you lived?/ Yes, I/we have. No, I/we haven't. Has he/she/it come? Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't. Have we/they Yes, you/they have. No, you/they haven't. Use We use the present perfect: for actions which started in the past and still for actions which have recently finished and their continue in the present, especially with stative results are visible in the present. verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc. In this They have finished their case, we often use for or shopping. (We can see that since. they've done their shopping Mr Adams has been a as they're putting the bags teacher for ten years. in the car.) (He started teaching ten years ago and he is still a teacher.) with today, this morning/afternoon, etc when these periods of time are not finished at the for experiences. time of speaking. Paul has received four has tried faxes this morning. (It bungee jumping. is still morning, so this period of time is not over yet. He may receive more faxes.) for actions which happened at an unstated time in BUT received ten the past. The exact time is not mentioned because faxes yesterday. it is either unknown or (The period of time - yesterday - is over.) unimportant. Lizzie has been to Moscow. (When did she go? We don't know or it's not important. What is important is that she has been to Moscow.) 436 Present Perfect Have gone (to) - Have been (to) We use have gone (to) to say that someone went We use have been (to) to say that someone went somewhere and is still there. somewhere but he/she has come back. They have gone to Disneyland. (They are still there. They haven't come back yet.) She's been to Egypt twice. (She went to Egypt but she's back. She's not there any more.) Time expressions used with the present perfect: already (normally in affirmative sentences) never (negative meaning) You don't need to buy a newspaper. have Tristan has never been good at Maths. already bought it. George has never seen a play at the theatre. yet (normally in interrogative or negative for (= over a period of time) sentences) They have lived in that house for nine months. Have you heard the news yet? since (= from a starting point in the past) The plane hasn't landed yet. They have lived in that house since the just (normally in affirmative sentences to show beginning of the year. that an action finished a few minutes earlier) recently (normally in affirmative sentences) Edward has just come in. She has recently bought a new car. ever (normally in affirmative and interrogative so far (normally in affirmative statements) sentences) I've typed three letters so far. This is the best film / have ever watched. Have they ever invited you to their house? 1 Make complete sentences using the words 2 Make sentences using the words below, as in below. Use the present perfect. the example. Use since or for. 1 dentist 1 I/not see/Emily/long time have already seen the dentist. haven't seen Emily for a long time. 2 John/move house/yet? 2 he/not eat/anything/yesterday 3 I/already/type/eight letters/today 3 we/not be/out/months 4 4 they/not hear/from David/last summer 5 the plane/just/arrive 5 Kelly/not have/a holiday/two years 6 you/ever/meet/anyone famous? 6 they/be/married/1997 7 she/try/snorkelling 7 I/not speak/Daniel/last Sunday 8 he/not finish/his homework/yet 8 he/not email/John/weeks 44Present Perfect 6 3 Complete the conversation, using the present 5 Underline the correct item. perfect. 1 They haven't bought the tickets for the cinema A: Sam, let's check if we 1) have done (do) ever/yet. everything for Claire's surprise party. 2 Have you for/just come in? B: OK. 2) 3 The baby has yet/already gone to sleep. (you/book) the table at the restaurant? 4 It hasn't rained just/for three weeks. A: Yes. And 13) (order) 5 Don't come in here! I've just/yet cleaned the floor! the flowers. 6 He hasn't been to his grandparents' house B: Great! What about the balloons? already/since last summer. A: 14) (already/ask) 7 Rodney has ever/never met such friendly people. Ben to organise the decorations. 8 Has Peter yet/ever played golf? B: Good thinking. Now, Sally 5) 9 Ed has lived in Russia for/since 1995. (buy) Claire's present and 6) 10 Have you ever/never visited Japan? (call) all her friends. 11 Has Frank left yet/just? A: That's fine. 7) 12 I haven't talked to him since/for days. (you/tell) Claire we're taking her to the theatre? B: Yes. Don't worry. She has no idea what we are planning! A: Oh, I almost forgot! 8) 6 What has happened? In pairs look at the pictures and use the phrases to ask and answer (you/check) if Sally 9) questions, as in the example. (bake) the cake? B: She just called me. It's all under control! win medal miss bus lose game graduate from university 4 Fill in the gaps with have/has been (to) or 1 2 have/has gone (to). 1 Harry has gone to the sports centre and won't be back until 5 o'clock. 2 We Madrid twice so far this year, but we want to go again soon. 3 You can't see Herman before Friday. she/smile on a business trip. 4 She the hairdresser's he/run 4 twice this week. 5 Oliver isn't here at the moment. He 3 the bank to withdraw some money. 6 They Spain on holiday five times. 7 James and Lynn New York for a few days on a business trip. They're coming back tomorrow. they/happy he/sad 8 Billy work. He should be home by 3 pm. 1 A: Why is he running? 9 Julie Rome twice B: He has missed the bus. this year. 456 Present Perfect I'm really 7 Mario has written a letter to his English pen- hungry. friend. Read the letter and fill in the gaps with 3 Mario: the correct form of the verbs in the present perfect. I'm very Dear Fred, tired. 4 Roger: How are things? I'm sorry 1) haven't written (not/write) to you for months but I 2) (be) really busy. So many things 3) (happen) to me since my last letter. don't know where to 9 Complete the second sentence so that it begin! My brother 4) means the same as the first. Use up to three (just/find) a new job, which is great news. He likes words. it much more than his old one and he earns more 1 I last phoned Helen in April. money, too. Also, do you remember my cousin I haven't phoned Helen since April. Karen and her friend Simon? Well, they 5) 2 The last time we saw Henry was a week ago. (decide) to get married! They We Henry for a week. 6) (already/choose) 3 It's a month since he went to the cinema. a wedding date. Isn't that wonderful? He to the cinema for a month. As for me, 7) (not/study) 4 She wrote to Alison in September. much for my exams because 8) She to Alison since September. (be) at the swimming pool every day for the last week. My coach is very happy with me because 9) (not/miss) a session so Speaking far this year. Well, if I want to be an Olympic champion, I must work hard! Janet is on holiday in Budapest. Look at her Well, that's all my news. Write to me soon with notes and say what she has already done/ your news. hasn't done yet. Best wishes, Mario visit the Royal Palace take a boat trip down the Danube X 8 What has happened to each person? Use the buy souvenirs X verbs in the list to make sentences. try the local dishes visit the Museum study lose not/eat gain of Fine Arts X relax at traditional I can't find coffee houses 1 Pauline: my keys. Janet has already visited the Royal Palace. She's lost her keys. I'm five Writing kilos heavier. Write a letter to your friend telling him/her 2 Sally: your news. Use the present perfect. Use the letter in Ex. 7 as a model. 46Present Perfect Continuous Form subject + have/has been + verb -ing I/You/We/They have ('ve) been living Affirmative He/She/It has ('s) been living I/You/We/They have not (haven't) been living Negative has not (hasn't) been living Have I/you/we/they been living? Interrogative Has he/she/it been living? Yes, I/you/we/they have. Yes, he/she/it has. Short Answers No, I/you/we/they haven't. No, he/she/it hasn't. Use We use the present perfect continuous: to put emphasis on the duration of an action to express anger, irritation or annoyance. which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with time expressions such as Have you been for, since, all morning/day/week, etc. fighting again? (The speaker has been expresses her painting the house anger.) all morning. (He started painting the house in the morning and he is still painting it.) Note: With the verbs feel, live, work and teach, we can use the present perfect or present perfect continuous with no difference in for an action which started and finished in the meaning. past and lasted for some time. The result of the He has lived/has been living in London action is visible in the present. since 2006. He is tired. has been walking all morning. (The result of the Time expressions used with the present action is visible in perfect continuous: how long, for, since, the present - he is lately/recently tired.) 477 Present Perfect Continuous 1 Use the verbs to complete the sentences, as in 2 It's 3 o'clock on Saturday afternoon. Look at the example. the information and write what the people have been doing and for how long they have work paint surf study cook play been doing it, as in the example. Name Started Activity 1 They have been Peter 12:30 pm play computer games surfing the Net all Rachel 12:00 pm shop morning. Andrew 1:30 pm wash car Louise 1:00 pm cook John 2:30 pm send text messages Peter has been playing computer games for two and a half hours/since 12:30. 2 Rachel since breakfast. Andrew Louise 3 John since morning. 3 Imagine the situation. Use the verbs in the present perfect continuous to write sentences, as in the example. redecorate walk 4 cry sneeze wait rain for ten hours. 1 Jenny's upset. She 's been crying all evening. 2 He's wet. He in the rain. 5 3 Paula has a cold. She since 10 o'clock this since yesterday. morning. 4 The house looks nice. They it for the last month. 5 The ground is wet. 6 It all morning. for two hours now. 6 They're angry. They in a queue for more than three hours. 48Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous 8 Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous We use the present perfect: We use the present perfect continuous: for an action which started in the past and to put emphasis on the duration of an action continues up to the present, especially with stative which started in the past and continues up to the verbs such as have, like, know, present, especially with time expressions such be, etc. In this case, we often as for, since, all morning/ use for or since. day/week, etc. Diane has had the cat for two He has been painting years. (She got the cat two years the garage for over ago and she still has it.) two hours. (He started for an action which has recently finished and painting the garage two hours whose result is visible in ago and he is still painting it.) the present. for an action which started in the past and They have just moved lasted for some time. The action may have into a new house. finished or may still be going on. The result of (We can see that they the action is visible in the have moved into a new house as they have just present. started unpacking.) Mr Taylor looks tired. has for an action which happened at an unstated been working hard all day. time in the past. The exact time is not (The result of the action is important, so it is not mentioned. The emphasis visible in the present - he is is placed on the action. tired.) The Smiths have bought to express anger, irritation or annoyance. a yacht. (When did they buy it? We don't mention the Who has been using exact time because it is not my laptop again? important. What is important is that they've got a new yacht.) for an action which happened within a specific time period that is not over at the moment of speaking. We often use words and expressions such as today, Note: With the verbs feel, live, work and teach, this morning/afternoon/week/month/year, etc. we can use the present perfect or present Jessica has sent three faxes perfect continuous with no difference in this morning. (It is still meaning. They have lived/have been living in morning, so this period of Madrid for ten years. time is not over yet. She Note: We use the present perfect to put may send more faxes.) emphasis on number and the present perfect to announce a fact, a piece continuous to put emphasis on duration. of news, etc. The police have arrested the two criminals. Study the examples: I've typed five letters so far. Time expressions used with the present perfect: I've been typing letters all day. for, since, already, yet, always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/month, etc, how long, lately, Time expressions used with the present perfect recently, still (in negations), etc continuous: for, since, how long, lately, recently 498 Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous 1 Match the sentences (1-7) with the correct tense descriptions (a-g). a to put emphasis on the duration of an action which 1 Katie has known Ben for years. started in the past and continues up to the present 2 John's frustrated. He's been working for b to express anger, irritation or annoyance too many hours. c to express an action which happened at an unstated time in the past 3 The train has just arrived in the station. d to express an action which started in the past and 4 Nathan has been gardening for two hours lasted for some time. The action may still be now. continuing or may already have finished, but it has a She has been reading my diary without visible result in the present 5 e to express an action which happened within a specific asking me! period that is not over at the moment of speaking 6 We have watched two DVDs already f to express an action which has recently finished and today. whose result is visible in the present 7 They have moved abroad. g to express an action which started in the past and continues up to the present 8 A: You look dreadful! 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the present B: I know. I perfect or present perfect continuous. (not/feel) very well recently. 1 A: Are you still working on your English essay? B: No. I 3 Complete the email below by putting the verbs (just/finish) it. in brackets into the present perfect or present perfect continuous. 2 A: Is Christina still at the gym? B: Yes. She (exercise) all morning. Dear Holly, 3 A: Are Georgia and Claire still at the party? I'm sorry I 1) (not/send) you an email for B: No. They such a long time. I have much to tell you. I 2) (already/leave). (just/pass) my driving test! My dad 3) (already/buy) me a new car, but he says 4 A: Do you like Charlotte? that I have to pass my Maths exam next week before I can drive B: Yes! She's one of the most interesting people it, 4) (study) really hard lately. (ever/meet). I 5) (also/make) a new friend. She lives 5 A: Your Italian is very good! next door. Her name is Adriana and she 6) B: Thanks! I (just/move) here from Spain. We have a lot of fun together. I (learn) it ever since I was ten. can't wait for you to meet her. 6 A: Is this your first time in France? What 7) (you/do) lately? B: Yes. We 8) (you/decide) yet if you are (never/be) here before. coming here for the summer? I hope so! 7 A: How long Write back soon. I can't wait to hear all your news. (you/live) here in Glasgow? Love, B: For seven months now. Samantha 50Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous 8 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the 6 For each situation use the words in brackets to list in the present perfect or present perfect ask a question or to make a statement. continuous. 1 You see your friend waiting for the bus. You ask: rain catch fail work study fish (wait long?) Have you been waiting long? 2 Your friends are going to a rock concert. You ask: 1 She's very sad. She (book tickets?) her exams. 3 Your friend asks about your dad's job. You say: (work/doctor/for years) 2 He 4 You see your neighbour driving a new car. You since morning. tell your friend: (buy/new car) 3 They 5 Your friend has got her hair dyed. You ask: all morning. (dye/hair) 6 You ask your sister why she is crying. She says: (lose/ring) 4 He any fish yet. 7 Your brother is panting and his face is red. You ask: (fight?) 5 She as a teacher for ten years. 8 There's a bank robbery. You ask: (they/catch robbers?) 6 It all day today. Speaking Tell your partner: 5 Underline the correct word. two things you have/haven't done this week 1 How long/since have the children been watching two things you have been doing for the last TV? four years 2 We haven't finished already/yet. two things which have happened in the past 3 Have you been doing anything interesting so far/ at an unstated time lately? 4 Has Charlotte recently/always been so good at I've tidied my room. I've been learning English for the last four years. Maths? 5 Mathew has already/still been to Los Angeles this My parents have bought a new car. year. 6 Has Jenny found her car keys since/yet? Writing 7 I have ever/never driven such an expensive car Write a short email to your English penfriend, before! 8 Have you seen any good films recently/ever? Jim, telling him your news. Use the present 9 They have taken over 100 photos so far/yet. perfect and present perfect continuous. Use 10 hasn't lived here since/for 20 years. the email in Ex. 3 as a model. 51Present Perfect Past Simple Present Perfect Past Simple We use the present perfect: We use the past simple: for actions which happened at an unstated time for actions that happened in the past. at a stated time in the past. She has hurt her leg. He got his degree last year. (When? We don't know. The (When? Last year.) time is not stated.) for actions which started and for actions which started in the finished in the past. past and still continue. Lucy worked for the same Jenny has worked for this company for thirty years. company for ten years. (Lucy worked there for thirty (Jenny still works for the same years, then she stopped. She company.) doesn't work there any more. She has retired.) We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news and the past simple to give more details about it. I've just seen the new boss. He came in an hour ago. Time expressions used with the present perfect: Time expressions used with the past simple: ago, for, since, yet, already, just, etc yesterday, last etc 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the sent perfect or past simple. 1 A: Katie has bought (buy) a new car, hasn't 5 A: (you/send) she? that job application off yet? B: Yes. She (buy) a silver BMW B: Yes, I (post) it this morning. last week. 6 A: How long 2 A: I (not/feel) well since last week. (you/be) here? B: Well, (you/see) B: We (be) here a doctor yet? since 8 o'clock. 3 A: (you/talk) to Jim? 7 A: B: No, he (go) to the bank. (you/ever/been) to Italy? (not/come) back yet. B: Many times. In fact, I (be) there last week. 4 A: (you/have) any news from Bob and Tina? 8 A: (you/see) James? B: Yes. They (call) (say) he wanted to see me. me from Spain last night. B: Actually, he (just/leave). 52Mais conteúdos dessa disciplina
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