Implicações Semânticas e Pragmáticas Presente Passado e Futuro

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Tenses, the temporal anchors of language,
serve as invaluable signposts that guide our
understanding of when an action or event takes
place. Among these temporal markers, the
simple past stands out as a powerful indicator
of actions that occurred in a time frame prior to
the present moment. Tenses have a mark. What
indicates that the questions below are in the
simple past?
Are you doing your homework?
What did you do last night?
Where have you been?
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How many languages do you speak?
Are you going to the movies with us?
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In “When is she coming home?” you use
the present continuous implying that the
action is happening at the ST; “Where have
you been?” uses the perfect aspect and
results in the present perfect, an action that
does not show when the action happened,
but we understand it to be an indefinite
past; “How many languages do you
speak?” uses the present simple and
indicates a fact; “Are you going to the
movies with us?” uses “going to” and is
referring to the future; “What did you do
last time?” not only uses “last night”, which,
in itself, demonstrates the simple past, but
the use of the auxiliary “did” is a main point
that indicates the simple past.
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Politeness Theory, a cornerstone in the study of
communication, unveils the delicate dance of
social interactions, where the preservation of
harmony, respect, and mutual understanding
takes center stage. At the heart of Politeness
Theory lies the concept of "face," an intricate
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yet fundamental aspect that shapes our
linguistic exchanges. Considering the Politeness
Theory, what is “face”?
It is a part of the body.
It is about worrying about being polite.
It is how we expect the world to see
us.
It is a criticism.
It is something invented to help people
understand their identity.
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As we are focusing on linguistics, the word
“face” here is not a part of the body. It is
the way we portray ourselves to show the
world a façade. “Face”, as itself, is not
about being polite or criticizing someone, it
is rather about protecting against offenses
by receiving politeness from the
interlocutor. It is your social exposure and
how the world understands your identity.
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Read the sentence below:
“She corrected me”?
Considering the concept of reference, what is
the referent in the sentence?
It is how the words are organized.
“corrected”.
She.
“Me.
The complete sentence.
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The referent is not about how the words are
organized; it is not the verb corrected”, as it
refers to nothing; “Me” is the person who
makes the reference; the complete
sentence does not refer to much; it is “she”
because it is the person who is being
spoken of.
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By using the onomatopoeic sound
“HAHAHAHAHAHA”, what is the writer doing in
the following conversation?
A: I think there are people here disrespecting
the rules of the group 
       B:  No politics, please, guys!
       C: Close the bar, guys HAHAHAHAHAH
Committing an FTA.
Saving someoneʼs face.
Making the chat fun.
Making someone lose face.
Being ironic.
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Most of the times, the onomatopoeic sound
is usually used to lighten the mood, soften
the message. This way, it is not supposed
to commit an FTA or make someone lose
face (which is the same). The idea is not
supposed to make the chat fun and, often,
it does not provide irony.
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The concept of aspect adds a layer of depth to
our understanding of how actions and events
unfold over time. Aspect focuses not only on
the temporal nature of actions but also on their
internal structure and duration. One crucial
aspect category is the perfect aspect, which
provides insights into the relationship between a
past event and its relevance to the present
moment. Bearing the idea of aspect in mind,
which sentence is using the perfect aspect?
I saw that film yesterday.
 I go to school every day.
Please, have a drink with me.
Slow down, you are driving too fast.
She has been sick.
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“I saw the film yesterday” shows the simple
past tense and indicates that the action
happened before the ST.  “I go to school
every day.” presents the verb in the
present; “Please have a drink.” Shows the
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verb in the present but, pragmatically, it is
an offer; “Slow Down! You are driving too
fast”, we have the present continuous
tense; but in “She has been sick”, we are
using the perfect aspect, in this case the
present perfect, which is defined by an
action that starts in the past and continues
up until the present, which implies that the
patient has been in this state, sick, for quite
a while.
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Presupposition, a crucial concept in the field of
linguistics, delves into the implicit assumptions
or background information that underlie a
sentence's meaning. These assumptions can
significantly influence how we interpret a
statement, often requiring us to read between
the lines to uncover the intended message.
According to the studies on presupposition,
what is the presupposition of the following
sentence “Have you seen Mark?
Mark exists.
It implies the listener is looking for
Mark.
The presupposition relies on the fact
that Mark has disappeared.
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It can only be understood through
context.
Those extralinguistic aspects are
unnecessary.
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Presupposition does not imply that the
listener is looking for Mark, it implies the
speaker is looking for him; it does not
provide any information as to consider
Mark has disappeared; context is not
necessary here to understand what is
implied; extralinguistic aspects are not
necessary for presuppositions; the
implication here is that Mark exists.
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Relevance Theory emerges as a compelling
framework that sheds light on the intricate
mechanisms of communication and
comprehension. Among its many facets,
Relevance Theory provides a unique
perspective on how tenses, those temporal
signposts within language, can be deciphered
and understood. According to the Relevance
Theory, tenses can be recognized through:
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the recognition of the attitude of the
speaker (present, past or future).
the use of complaint.
the use of understanding cognitive
efforts.
its use only by cognitive scholars.
the use in the present simple.
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The Relevance Theory is not used to
complain, it may be inferred in the sentence
it is used, but that is not its only function; it
used cognitive efforts instead of
understanding them; it is not used only by
scholars but it is part of comprehending
interactions; it is not only used in the simple
present; it requires that the listener
understands the attitude of the speaker
(anger, sadness, irritation…) by the
vocabulary they use, tone of voice and the
verb tense.
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Lista de exercícios Implicaçõe… Sair
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In the study of language, examining both
semanticand pragmatic implications is essential
to fully comprehend how meaning is conveyed
and interpreted. Taking pragmatics into
account, why “Why donʼt you shut up?” cannot
be considered a reprimand according to
semantics?
Because it is a negative.
Because it does not imply a reprimand
according to pragmatics.
Because it is a negative question.
Because semantics considers the
literality of the utterance without the
interlocutorʼs interference.
Because it has a full stop.
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Semantics considers the utterances
literally, without the interference of the
interlocutor; therefore, “Why donʼt you shut
up?” is considered a question under that
point of view; it is not a negative sentence;
it is a negative question which means a
reprimand; it implies a reprimand,
according to pragmatics; the fact that it
does not have a full stop, but a question
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mark, makes little difference here, since the
implication is that of a reprimand.
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There is still a lot of discussion on the idea of
“tense” by scholars. Why do some scholars do
not believe there is such a thing as a future
tense?
Because it is a tense per se.
Because it can happen in many ways,
therefore, it cannot be considered a
tense.
Because you have to use the modal
“will” and the verb in the infinitive.
Because the future is always
connected to the present.
Because, in the past, the future did not
exist.
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The fact that, maybe, the future does not
exist in the past are rumors; the future may
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be connected to the present, but not
always, most of the times they refer to the
future; scholars do not believe in a future
tense because they need the modal “will”
to happen and the verb in the infinitive.
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In the realm of linguistic analysis, Charles
Morris's notable work, "Foundations of the
Theory of Signs," has provided valuable insights
into the multifaceted nature of language and
communication. Within this framework, one
intriguing aspect that Morris explored is the role
of interjections in language. Going back to the
studies of Morris, what did he consider
interjections?
Unnecessary part of language.
They happen due to a pragmatic rule.
Because they are utterances.
The interlocutor does not understand
interactions.
To make people to read better.
Resposta incorreta
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B. Confira o gabarito comentado!
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Interjections are a necessary part of
language; they cannot be called utterances
per se; The interlocutor usually
understands interjections; interjections
have nothing to do with reading; however,
interjections happen due a pragmatic rule
according to context.