IPG o sol na ciencia IPG

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( x ) Reflection seismology. 
( ) Ground-penetrating radar. 
( ) Electrical resistivity tomography. 
( ) Magnetic resonance imaging. 
1. In the context of ecological succession, which of the following statements best 
describes the difference between primary and secondary succession, particularly in 
terms of the initial conditions and the types of organisms that colonize the affected area 
following a disturbance? 
( ) Primary succession occurs in areas where soil is already present, while secondary 
succession occurs in barren environments. 
( ) Primary succession begins on bare rock, while secondary succession occurs in 
ecosystems that have been disturbed but still retain soil and some organisms. 
( ) Primary succession happens rapidly after a disturbance, while secondary succession 
is a slow process that can take decades to centuries. 
( ) Primary succession is characterized by a decrease in biodiversity, whereas secondary 
succession typically leads to an increase in species richness. 
( x ) Primary succession involves the establishment of pioneer species like lichens and 
mosses on bare substrates, whereas secondary succession is initiated by species that 
remain in the soil after a disturbance. 
 
2. Considering the concept of ecological niches, which of the following statements 
correctly illustrates the relationship between niche differentiation and species 
coexistence in a diverse ecosystem, particularly focusing on resource partitioning? 
( ) Niche differentiation reduces competition by allowing species to exploit the same 
resources in identical ways. 
( ) Resource partitioning leads to an increase in competition among species, ultimately 
resulting in the exclusion of less competitive species. 
( x ) Niche differentiation allows multiple species to coexist by utilizing different resources 
or habitats, thereby minimizing direct competition. 
( ) All species within an ecosystem occupy the same niche, which leads to a stable and 
balanced environment. 
( ) Niche differentiation is only relevant in aquatic ecosystems and has little to no impact 
on terrestrial ecosystems. 
 
3. In the study of food webs, which of the following statements accurately describes the 
significance of keystone species in maintaining ecological balance, especially in relation 
to their impact on biodiversity and ecosystem stability? 
( ) Keystone species have little effect on the structure of their community and do not 
influence biodiversity. 
( x ) Keystone species play a crucial role in maintaining the structure of an ecological 
community, and their removal can lead to significant changes in the ecosystem and a loss 
of biodiversity. 
( ) The presence of keystone species is only important in marine ecosystems and has 
minimal relevance in terrestrial environments. 
( ) Keystone species primarily serve as top predators, and their main role is to regulate the 
populations of herbivores. 
( ) Keystone species are defined solely by their abundance within an ecosystem, rather 
than their ecological role. 
 
4. When examining the impacts of climate change on ecosystems, which of the following 
statements best captures the potential consequences of rising global temperatures on 
species distribution and interactions, particularly in relation to habitat loss and species 
migration? 
( ) Climate change will have no effect on species distribution as ecosystems are self-
regulating. 
( ) Rising temperatures will allow all species to thrive equally, leading to increased 
biodiversity in all ecosystems. 
( x ) As temperatures rise, many species may be forced to migrate to cooler areas, leading 
to shifts in species distribution and potential conflicts with existing species in those new 
habitats. 
( ) Climate change primarily affects terrestrial ecosystems while leaving aquatic systems 
largely unaffected. 
( ) Species are able to adapt instantly to changing temperatures, resulting in minimal 
impacts on their distribution. 
 
5. In the context of nutrient cycling, which of the following best describes the role of 
decomposers within an ecosystem, particularly regarding their contribution to soil fertility 
and the overall health of the ecosystem? 
( ) Decomposers are organisms that primarily compete with producers for sunlight and 
nutrients. 
( ) Decomposers have a minor role in ecosystems, as their contribution to nutrient cycling 
is negligible. 
( x ) Decomposers break down organic matter, returning essential nutrients to the soil and 
supporting plant growth, which is vital for maintaining ecosystem health and stability. 
( ) Decomposers only operate in terrestrial ecosystems and have little impact on aquatic 
environments. 
( ) Decomposers are only active during specific seasons and do not contribute to nutrient 
cycling year-round. 
 
6. When considering the concept of ecological footprints, which of the following 
statements best defines the term and its implications for sustainability, particularly in 
relation to resource consumption and environmental impact? 
( ) Ecological footprints only measure the amount of land used for agricultural purposes 
and do not account for other factors. 
( x ) An ecological footprint measures the environmental impact of an individual or 
community in terms of the natural resources consumed and waste generated, highlighting 
the need for sustainable management of resources. 
( ) The ecological footprint is irrelevant for urban populations, as it only applies to rural 
areas. 
( ) Ecological footprints are static and do not change over time or with changes in 
consumption habits. 
( ) The concept of ecological footprints is solely focused on carbon emissions and ignores 
other environmental factors. 
 
7. In the context of habitat fragmentation, which of the following statements accurately 
describes its effects on biodiversity and species interactions, particularly in relation to the 
concept of edge effects and genetic diversity? 
( ) Habitat fragmentation has no impact on species interactions, as all species adapt to 
changes equally. 
( x ) Habitat fragmentation can lead to edge effects that increase vulnerability to predators 
and invasive species, decreasing biodiversity and disrupting genetic diversity among 
populations. 
( ) Fragmented habitats are more resilient to environmental changes and support higher 
levels of biodiversity. 
( ) Habitat fragmentation only affects large mammals and has no significant impact on 
smaller species or plants. 
( ) Edge effects resulting from habitat fragmentation are beneficial for all species, as they 
enhance resource availability. 
 
8. When exploring the concept of energy flow within ecosystems, which of the following 
statements best explains the significance of trophic levels and the efficiency of energy 
transfer between them, particularly in relation to the 10% rule? 
( ) Energy is transferred between trophic levels with 100% efficiency, allowing all energy to 
be utilized by consumers.