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COMPOSITE INDEX
ASHRAE HANDBOOK SERIES
This index covers the current Handbook series published by
ASHRAE. The four volumes in the series are identified as follows:
A = 2003 HVAC Applications
S = 2004 HVAC Systems and Equipment
F = 2005 Fundamentals
R = 2006 Refrigeration
Alphabetization of the index is letter by letter; for example, Heat-
ers precedes Heat exchangers, and Floors precedes Floor slabs.
The page reference for an index entry includes the book letter
and the chapter number, which may be followed by a decimal point
and the beginning page in the chapter. For example, the page num-
ber S31.4 means the information may be found in the 2004 HVAC
Systems and Equipment volume, Chapter 31, beginning on page 4.
Each Handbook volume is revised and updated on a four-year
cycle. Because technology and the interests of ASHRAE members
change, some topics are not included in the current Handbook
series but may be found in the earlier Handbook editions cited in
the index.
Abbreviations, F37
Absorbents
liquid, F1.14; F22.3
refrigerant pairs, F1.15
Absorption
ammonia/water, F20.1, 69
hydrogen cycle, R41.8
technology, R41.7
bands, atmospheric gases, F31.15
chillers, S4.2
coefficient of performance (COP), F1.13
concepts
coupling, F1.16
double-effect
calculations, F1.18
cascaded, F1.16
cycle characteristics, F1.15
dehumidification, S22.10
equipment, R41.1
evolving technologies, R41.10
ideal thermal, F1.13
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.17
refrigeration cycles, F1.14
ammonia/water, F20.1, 69
lithium bromide/water, F20.1, 69
hermetic loops, F1.16
multieffect, F1.16
multistage, F1.16
modeling analysis and performance 
simulation, F1.17
thermodynamic equations, F1.17
phase constraints, F1.14
representations, F1.16
solar cooling, A33.18, 26; S33.3, 7
water/lithium bromide technology
components, R41.1
control, R41.6
double-effect chillers, R41.3
maintenance, R41.7
operation, R41.6
single-effect chillers, R41.2
single-effect heat transformers, R41.3
terminology, R41.1
working fluids, F1.15
Acoustics. See Sound
Activated carbon
adsorption, A45.5
effectiveness, A45.8
ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index 
(ADPI)
Copyright © 2006, ASHRAE
Adsorbents
impregnated, S25.24
solid, A45.5; F22.4
Adsorption
dehumidification, S22.1, 10
indoor air cleaning, A45.5
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.24
moisture, F22.1
Aeration, of farm crops, A23.4; F11.11
Aerosols, S24.1
Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S39.7
AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency 
(AFUE)
AHU. See Air-handlers
Air
age of, and ventilation, F27.4
changes per hour (ACH), F27.3
drying, S22.11
liquefaction, R38.8
properties, F6.19
separation, R38.17
Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial 
exhaust gas cleaning)
gaseous (indoor air)
adsorbers, A45.5
chemisorbers, A45.6
economics, A45.10
energy consumption, A45.10
environmental effects on, A45.11
installation, A45.10
location, A45.8
media selection, A45.8
operation and maintenance, A45.11
safety, A45.10
sizing, A45.8
terminology, A45.4
testing, A45.12
types, A45.6
industrial exhaust systems, A30.6
particulate
contaminants, S24.1
industrial ventilation, S24.2
particle collection mechanisms, 
S24.2
penetration, S24.3
residential, S24.9
safety requirements, S24.12
selection, S24.8
standards, S24.3, 5
test methods, S24.2
I.1
types
air washers, S19.7
combination, S24.6
electronic, S9.1; S24.5, 8; S28.2
evaporative coolers, S19.7
maintenance, S24.8
media filters, S24.5
Air conditioners. (See also Central air 
conditioning)
packaged terminal (PTAC), S46.5
design, S46.5, 6
heavy-duty commercial grade, S5.2
sizes and classifications, S46.5
testing, S46.7
residential, A1
split systems, S5.5
through-the-wall room units, A1.6
unitary, A1.4
retail stores, A2.1
rooftop units, S5.7
room
codes and standards, S46.4
design, S46.1
features, S46.3
filters, S46.4
installation and service, S46.4
noise, S46.4
performance, S46.2
sizes and classifications, S46.1
split systems, S45.1
coil placement, S45.8
residential and light-commercial, S5.5
unitary
air handlers, S45.7
application, S45.1
capacity control, S45.6
certification, S45.5
circuit components, S45.6
codes and standards, S45.5, 6
desuperheaters, S45.2
efficiency, S45.5
electrical design, S45.7
installation, S45.2
maintenance, S45.2
mechanical design, S45.7
multizone, S45.3
piping, S45.6
refrigerant circuit control, S45.6
space conditioning/water heating, S45.3
types, S45.2, 3
CHAPTER I
I.2 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
unit ventilators, S31.1
window-mounted, S5.2
Air conditioning. (See also Central air 
conditioning)
airports, A3.9
animal buildings, A22.4
archives, A21
arenas, A4.4
atriums, A4.8
auditoriums, A4.3
automobile, A9.1
bakeries, R28
bars, A3.5
bowling centers, A3.8
buses, A9.9
bus terminals, A3.10
casinos, A3.6
changeover temperature, S3.7, 9
clean spaces, A16
colleges, A6.3
commercial buildings, A3.1; S5.6
computer rooms, A17
concert halls, A4.4
convention centers, A4.5
data processing areas, A17
desiccant dehumidification and, S22.10
dormitories, A5.1, 8
educational facilities, A6.1
engine test facilities, A15.1
equipment
outdoor, S5.7
refrigeration, S4.2
exhibition centers, A4.5
fairs, A4.8
fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.13
gymnasiums, A4.5
health care facilities, A7
hospitals, A7.2
nursing homes, A7.13
outpatient, A7.12
hotels and motels, A5
houses of worship, A4.3
ice rinks, A4.5
industrial environments, A12; A29
kitchens, A3.5, 6; A31
laboratories, A14.1
libraries, A21
mines, A27
museums, A21
natatoriums, A4.5
nightclubs, A3.6
nuclear facilities, A26
office buildings, A3.6
paper products facilities, A24.2
photographic processing and storage areas, 
A20.1
places of assembly, A4
plant growth chambers, A22.17
power plants, A25.9
printing plants, A18
public buildings, A3.1
radio stations, A3.9
rail cars, A9.11
restaurants, A3.5
retrofitting, contaminant control, R6.9
schools, A6.2
ship docks, A3.10
solar energy systems, A33.16, 18, 26
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
subway stations, A13.20
swimming areas, A4.5
systems
air-and-water, S3.1
decentralized, S1.4; S5.1
features, S1.4
space requirements, S1.5
floor-by-floor, S5.6
forced-air, small, S9.1
packaged
outdoor equipment, S5.7
rooftop, S5.7
radiant panel S6.1
room-by-room, S5.3
selection, S1.1
self-contained, S5.6
space requirements, S1.5
split, S5.5
television studios, A3.9
temporary exhibits, A4.8
textile processing plants, A19.3
theaters, A4.3
thermal storage, A34.5
transportation centers, A3.9
universities, A6.3
warehouses, A3.11
warm/humid climates, F24.8
wood products facilities, A24.1
Air contaminants, F12. See Contaminants
Aircraft, A10
air conditioning, A10.5
air distribution, A10.7
air filters, A10.4, 9
air quality, A10.8
cabin pressurization
control, A10.6, 8
performance, A10.2, 4
carbon dioxide concentration, A10.9
environmental control system (ECS), 
A10.2, 4, 6, 8
air-conditioning packs, A10.4
air-cycle machine, A10.5
cabin pressure control, A10.2, 4, 6, 8
design conditions
considerations, A10.2
ventilation, A10.4
engine bleed air system, A10.4
load determination, A10.3
outside air, A10.4
pneumatic system, A10.4
regulations, A10.1
heating, A10.4
humidity, A10.9
multiple factors, A10.10
oxygen levels, A10.1, 9
ozone concentration, A10.1, 7, 8
ventilation, A10.1, 4
Air curtains
application, S17.9
display cases, R46.5
Air diffusers
sound control, A47.8
testing, A37.2
Air diffusion
air jets
angle of divergence, F33.2
Archimedes number, F33.6
behavior, F33.1
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
centerline velocity, F33.2
classification, F33.1
Coanda effect, F33.6
entrainment ratios, F33.5
isothermal, F33.2
radial flow, F33.6
multiple, F33.6
nonisothermal, F33.6
surface (wall and ceiling), F33.6
throw, F33.5
ceiling-mounted diffusers, F33.17
equipment, S17
evaluation, F33.12
air velocity, F33.13
exhaust inlets, F33.15
methods
displacement ventilation, F33.10
mixing systems, F33.7
unidirectional ventilation, F33.12
outlets
Group A, F33.8, 16
Group B, F33.8, 16
Group C, F33.9, 16
Group D, F33.9, 16
GroupE, F33.9, 16
location, F33.15
performance, F33.9
selection, F33.15
performance index, F33.13, 17
return air design, F33.17
return inlets, F33.15
space, F33.1
standards, F33.12
system design, F33.14
temperature gradient, F33.9
terminology, F33.1
Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), 
F33.13, 17
Air distribution
aircraft cabins, A10.7
animal environments, A22.3, 6
bowling centers, A3.8
buildings, S2.1
central system, A41.2
communications centers, A3.9
control, A46.11; S2.12
data processing areas, A17.3
ductwork, S1.6; S2.7
equipment, S17.7
fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.14
forced-air systems, small, S9.7
industrial environments, A29.2
in-room terminal systems, S3.6
kitchen makeup air, A31.10
laboratories, A14.9
places of assembly, A4.2
rail cars, A9.13
retail stores, A2.1
room terminals, S2.7
ships, A11.3, 4
sound control, A47.2, 33
static pressure control, S17.8
terminal boxes, A46.9
testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.2
textile processing plants, A19.5
zone control, A46.13
Air exchange rate
air changes per hour (ACH), F27.3
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.3
modeling, F27.20
multizone measurement, F27.27
time constants, F27.3
tracer gas measurement method, F27.26
Air filters. See Filters, air
Airflow
air-to-transmission ratio, S3.8
around buildings, F16
air intake contamination estimation
minimum dilution, F16.10
coefficients wind pressure, F16.3
internal pressure, F16.9
modeling and testing, F16.10
patterns, A44.3; F16.1
wind
data, F16.3, 6, 7
effects on system operation
intakes and exhausts, F16.7
system volume, F16.9
ventilation, F16.7
velocity pressure (Bernoulli equation), 
F16.3
through building components, F23.5
clean spaces, A16.3
computational fluid dynamics, A39.10
computer-aided modeling, A16.4
condensers, evaporative, S35.16
control, F23
and convection, F23.16
displacement flow, F27.2
entrainment flow, F27.2
exhaust hoods, A30.3
furnaces, S28.2
and heat flow, F23.8, 16
laminar, A16.3
measurement of, A37.2
modeling, hygrothermal, F23.8
modeling, in buildings, F34
and moisture flow, F23.8, 8
nonunidirectional, A16.3
perfect mixing, F27.3
smoke management, A52.5
solar energy systems, A33.25
terminology, F23.2
tracking, A46.3
unidirectional, A16.3, 10, 12
Airflow retarders
climates
heating, F24.5
mixed, F24.7
warm/humid, F24.8
walls, A43.5
Airflow retarders, F23.5, 17
Air flux, (See also Airflow)
Air handlers
all-air systems, S2.3
control, A46.11
cooling, S2.3
dampers, S2.4
dehumidification, S2.4, 6
distribution systems, A41.2
draw-through, S2.3
economizers, S2.5
fans, S2.3, 4, 6
filter, S2.5
heating, S2.3
humidification, S2.4, 6
location, S2.3
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
mixing plenum, S2.5
outside air, S2.6
psychrometrics, S2.3
reheat, S2.6
sequencing, A41.26
set point reset, A41.27
sound levels, A47.4
strategies, A41.26
unitary, air conditioners, S45.7
vibration isolation, S2.7
Air intakes
design, A44.1
hospitals, A7.2
location to avoid contamination, A44.2
outdoor, S2.5
vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.30
Air jets. See Air diffusion
Air leakage. (See also Infiltration)
area, F27.12
building distribution, F27.13
commercial buildings, F27.23
controlling, air-vapor retarder, F27.14
leakage function, F27.12
measurement, F27.12, 13
Air outlets
accessories, S17.3, 4, 5
dampers, S17.3, 4, 5
location, S9.4
selection, S17.2
smudging, S17.2
sound level, S17.2
supply, S17.1
surface effects, S17.2
temperature differential, S17.2
types, S17.3
Airports, air conditioning, A3.9
Air quality. (See also Indoor air quality)
aircraft cabins, A10.8
animal buildings, A22.2
bus terminals, A13.15
diesel locomotive facilities, A13.25
parking garages, A13.10
road tunnels, A13.5
tollbooths, A13.8
Airtightness, F14.22
Air-to-air energy recovery, S44
Air-to-transmission ratio, S3.8
Air transport, R32
animals, R32.2
commodity requirements, R32.2
design considerations, R32.2
galley refrigeration, R32.4
ground handling, R32.4
perishable cargo, R32.1
refrigeration, R32.3
shipping containers, R32.2
Air washers
air cleaning, S19.7
coolers, S19.5
dehumidification performance factor, 
S19.7
heat and mass simultaneous transfer, F5.11
high-velocity spray type, S19.6
humidification, S19.6
maintenance, S19.7
spray type, S19.5
textile processing plants, A19.3
water treatment, A48.9; S19.8
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
Algae, control, A48.5
All-air systems
advantages, S2.1
air distribution, S2.7
air handlers, S2.3
buildings, S2.1
constant-volume, S2.8, 9
control, S2.12
cooling, S2.3, 6
costs, S2.2
dehumidification, S2.4, 6
disadvantages, S2.1
dual-duct, S2.8
economizers, S2.5
heating, S2.2, 3
humidification, S2.4, 6
multizone, S2.10
primary equipment, S2.3
single-duct, S2.8
variable-air-volume (VAV), S2.8, 9
zoning, S2.1
Ammonia
absorption
ammonia/water, F1.18; R41.7
ammonia/water/hydrogen, R41.8
in animal environments, A22.2, 9
properties, ammonia/water, F20.1, 69
system practices, R3
Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A54.12
Anemometers
air devices, A37.2
types, F14.16
Animal environments
air contaminants, F10.4
ammonia, A22.2, 9
carbon dioxide, A22.2
air distribution, A22.3, 6
air inlets, A22.6
air quality control, A22.2
air transport, R32.2
cattle, beef and dairy, A22.7; F10.7
chickens, F10.12
cooling, A22.4
design, A22.1
disease control, A22.3
evaporative cooling, A22.4; A51.8
fans, A22.7
heating, A22.4
insulation, A22.5
laboratory conditions, A14.14; A22.9; F10.14
lighting, F10.3
moisture control, A22.2
physiological control
heat production
data, F10.2
genetics affecting, F10.7
liquid wastes, F10.7
heat transfer, F10.3
systems, F10.2
poultry, A22.9
shades, A22.3
sheep, F10.9
swine, A22.7; F10.10
temperature control, A22.1; F10.3
turkeys, F10.12
ventilation, A22.5
Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), 
S28.5; S29.2
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.4 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
Antifreeze
coolants, secondary, F21.4
ethylene glycol, F21.4
hydronic systems, S12.16
propylene glycol, F21.4
Antisweat heaters (ASH), R46.5
Apartment buildings
service water heating, A49.12, 14
ventilation, A1.6
Aquifers, thermal storage, A34.9
Archimedes number, F33.6
Archives. See Museums, libraries, and archives
Arenas
air conditioning, A4.4
smoke management, A52.13
Argon, recovery, R38.17
Asbestos, F9.5
ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH)
Atriums
air conditioning, A4.8
smoke management, A52.13
Attics
moisture control climates
heating, F24.5
mixed, F24.7
warm/humid, F24.8
Auditoriums, A4.3
Automobiles
air conditioners
compressors, A9.6
condensers, A9.7
controls, A9.6
design factors, A9.1
evaporators, A9.4, 8
lubricants, A9.8
receiver/drier/filter assembly, A9.7
refrigerants
flow control, A9.6
vehicles, A9.8
engine test facilities, A15.1
heaters
controls, A9.6
design factors, A9.1
heater cores, A9.4
ventilation, A9.6
Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F18.8
Backflow-prevention devices, S42.13
BACnet®, A39.14; F15.16
Bacteria
control, A48.5
food, growth in, R12.1
humidifiers, growth in, S20.1
Bakery products, R28
air conditioning, R28.1
bread, R28
cooling, R28.4
dough production, R28.2
freezing, R28.5
ingredient storage, R28.1
refrigeration, R28.1; R47.2
slicing, R28.5
wrapping, R28.5
Balance point, heat pumps, S45.8
Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and 
balancing)
air distribution systems, A37.2
dual-duct systems, A37.3
HVAC systems, A37.1
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
hydronic systems, A37.6
induction systems, A37.5
kitchen ventilation systems, A31.11
refrigeration systems, R43.1
steam distribution systems, A37.15
temperature controls, A37.16
variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, 
A37.4
Barley, F11.13
Bars, A3.4, 5
BAS. See Building automation system (BAS)
Baseboard units
application, S32.5
design effects, S32.3
finned-tube, S32.1
heating equipment, S32.1
nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3
radiant, S32.1
rating, S32.3
Basements
conditioned, A43.1
heat loss, F29.11, F29.13
moisture control, A43.3
unconditioned, A43.1
Beer’s law, F3.12
Bernoulli equation, F35.1
generalized, F2.2, 6
kinetic energy factor,F2.2
steady flow, F2.12
wind velocity pressure, F16.3
Best efficiency point (BEP), S39.7
Beverages, R26
beer, R26.1
storage requirements, R11.11
carbonated, R26.10
coolers, R26.11
fruit juice, R25.1
liquid carbon dioxide storage, R26.12
refrigeration systems, R26.11
refrigerators for, R47.2
thermal properties, R9.1
time calculations
cooling, R10.1
freezing, R10.7
wine
production, R26.8
storage temperature, R26.10
Bioaerosols
airborne
bacteria, F12.2, 5
control, F12.7
fungus spores, F12.2
microbiological particulate, F12.5
mold, F12.6
pollen, F12.2
sampling, F12.7
viruses, F12.2
origins, F12.1
particles, F9.4
Biocides, control, A48.5
Biodiesel, F18.5
Biological safety cabinets, A14.6
Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A16.5
Boilers, S27
air supply, S30.22
aluminum, S27.3
burners, S26.1
carbonic acid, S10.2
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
cast iron, S27.1
central
multifamily, A1.5
plants, S11.3
classifications, S27.1
codes, S27.5
combination, S27.4
condensing, S27.3
construction materials, S27.1
control, A46.1; S27.6
copper, S27.3
draft types, S27.3
efficiency, S27.5
electric, S27.4
equipment, S4.3
gas-fired, S26.1
venting, S30.19
integrated, S27.4
modeling, F32.14
noncondensing, S27.3
oil-fired venting, S30.20
piping, S10.3
rating, S27.5
residential, A1.3
selection, S27.4
service water heating, A49.21
sizing, S27.5
stainless steel, S27.3
standards, S27.5
steam, S27.1
systems, S10.3
steel, S27.2
stokers, S26.9
storing, A48.11
venting, S30.19, 20
wall-hung, S27.4
waste heat, S10.3
water, S27.1
water treatment, A48.10
working pressure, S27.1
Boiling
critical heat flux, F4.4
evaporators
flow mechanics, F4.4
heat transfer, F4.5
film, F4.2
heat tranfer equations, F4.3
natural convection systems, F4.1
nucleate, F4.1, 2
pool, F4.1
Bowling centers, A3.8
Brayton cycle
cryogenics, R38.11
gas turbine, S7.9
Bread, R28
Breweries
carbon dioxide production, R26.6
refrigeration
fermenting cellar, R26.4
Kraeusen cellar, R26.5
stock cellar, R26.5
systems, R26.7
wort cooler, R26.3
storage tanks, R26.6
vinegar production, R26.8
Brines. See Coolants, secondary
Building automation systems (BAS), A39.14; 
F15.13
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.5
Building commissioning, A42
acceptance, A42.6
authority (CA), A42.1
basis of design (BOD), A42.1
construction, A42.5
costs, A42.10
design, A42.4
new construction, A42.1
objectives, A42.2
occupancy and operations, A42.9
owner’s project requirements (OPR), A42.2
predesign, A42.4
team, A42.2
test procedures, A42.8
training A42.9
Building energy monitoring, A40. (See also 
Energy monitoring)
Building envelopes
ceilings, A43.5
condensation, S20.2
energy conservation, A43.1
fenestration, A43.6
foundations, A43.1
heat flow through
effect of moisture on, F23.5
interface, A43.7
museums, libraries, and archives, A21.7
roofs, A43.5
structural failure, from moisture, F23.5
thermal bridges, F23.4
design recommendations, A43.10
heat transfer, A43.8
mitigation of, A43.9
thermal mass, A43.11
thermal transmission data, F25.1
walls, residential, A43.3
Building thermal mass
charging and discharging, A34.18
effects of, A34.17
precooling, A41.28
thermal storage systems, A34.17
Burners
air supply, S30.22
controls, S26.12
conversion, S26.1, 2
dual-fuel gas/oil, S26.7
gas-fired, S26.1
altitude compensation, S26.3
combustion and adjustments, S26.3
commercial, S26.2
industrial, S26.2
residential, S26.1
venting, S30.19
oil-fired, S26.4
commercial, S26.5
fuel
handling system, S26.8
preparation system, S26.9
storage, S26.7
industrial, S26.5
residential, S26.4
venting, S30.20
venting, S30.19, 20
Buses
air conditioning, A9.9
garage ventilation, A13.12
Bus terminals
air conditioning, A3.10
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
physical configuration, A13.14
ventilation
equipment, A13.25
operation areas, A13.15
control, A13.17
effects of alternative fuel use, A13.16
platforms, A13.15
Butane, commercial, F18.4
CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD)
Cafeterias
air conditioning, A3.4
service water heating, A49.11, 15
Calcium chloride brines, F21.1
Candy
chocolate, R29.1
manufacture
chilling, R29.3
coating, R29.4
cooling, R29.4
dipping, R29.2
drying, R29.3
enrobing, R29.2
plants, R29.1
refrigeration plant, R29.4
storage
humidity, R29.7
temperature, R29.6
Capillary action, and moisture flow, F23.8
Capillary tubes
capacity balance, R44.24
characteristic curve, R44.24
pressure-reducing device, R44.23
restrictor orifice, S21.2
selection, R44.26
Carbon dioxide
in aircraft cabins, A10.9
in animal environments, A22.2
combustion, F18.1, 10
greenhouse enrichment, A22.15
liquefaction, R26.7
measurement, F14.23
refrigerant, R3.26
storage, R26.12
Carbon emissions, F17.9
Carbon monoxide
analyzers, A13.7, 8
parking garages, A13.10, 11
road tunnels, A13.5
tollbooths, A13.8
Cargo containers, R30
airborne sound, R30.7
air circulation, R30.3
ambient design factors, R30.6
commodity precooling, R30.9
control, R30.5, 10
controlled atmosphere, R30.5
costs, owning and operating, R30.9
design, R30.1
equipment
attachment provisions, R30.3
design and selection factors, R30.5, 8
operating economy, R30.6
qualification testing, R30.7
selection, R30.8
system application factors, R30.8
types, R30.3
heating only, R30.5
insulation barrier, R30.1
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
load calculations, R30.8
maintenance, R30.10
mechanical cooling and heating, R30.3
operations, R30.9
qualification testing, R30.7
safety, R30.7
sanitation, R30.3
shock and virbration, R30.5
space considerations, R30.10
storage effect cooling, R30.4
system application, R30.8
temperature-controlled transport, R30.1
temperature settings, R30.10
use, R30.9
vapor barrier, R30.1
ventilation, R30.5, 10
Carnot refrigeration cycle, F1.6
Casinos, A3.4, 6
Cattle, beef and dairy, A22.7
(See also Animal environments)
growth, F10.7
heat and moisture production, F10.8
lactation, F10.8
reproduction, F10.8
CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV)
Cavitation, F2.13
pumps, centrifugal, S39.9
valves, S42.2
Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect
Ceilings
air movement, A43.6
cathedral, F24
moisture control, F24.5
insulation, A43.5
moisture control, A43.6
R-values, F25.14
sound correction, A47.25
sound transmission, A47.33
Central air conditioning, A41. (See also Air 
conditioning)
Central plants
boiler, S11.3
chiller, S11.1, 3
distribution design, S11.4
district heating and cooling, S11.2
emission control, S11.4
heating medium, S11.3
hotels and motels, A5.7
thermal storage, S11.3
Central systems
cooling and heating, S4.1
features, S1.3
furnaces, S28.1
humidifiers, S20.5
residential forced air, S9.1
space requirements, S1.5
CERs. See Controlled-environment rooms 
(CERs)
Cetane number, engine fuels, F18.7
CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics 
(CFD)
Charging, refrigeration systems, R45.4
Chemical plants
automation, R37.3
energy recovery, R37.4
flow sheets, R37.1
instrumentation and controls, R37.8
outdoor construction, R37.4
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.6 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
piping, R37.8
pumps, R37.8
refrigeration
compressors, R37.6
condensers, R37.6
cooling towers, R37.8
equipment, R37.3, 6
evaporators, R37.7
load, R37.2
safety requirements, R37.2
spray ponds, R37.8
systems, R37.1, 5
safety requirements, R37.2
specifications, R37.1
tanks, R37.8
Chemisorption, A45.6
Chickens, F10.12 (See also Animal 
environments; Poultry)
Chilled water (CW)
cogeneration distribution, S7.31
district heating and cooling, S11.3, 19, 31
optimal temperature, A41.17
pumping system, A41.2, 6, 16, 18
pump sequencing, A41.17, 20
reset, A41.16, 18
systems, S12.1, 11
central plant, A37.14
heat transfer vs. flow, A37.7
one-pipe, S12.12
testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.8
two-pipe, S12.12
thermal storage, A34.9, 18
water treatment, A48.10
Chillers
absorption, S4.2
ammonia/water, R41.7
heat-activated, S7.27
water/lithium bromide, R41.2
blast, R47.3
central plants, A46.14; S11.1, 3
centrifugal
air-cooled, S38.12
controls, S38.10
equipment, S38.8
fouling, S38.10
free cooling, S38.11
heat recovery, S38.11maintenance, S38.12
purge units, S38.11
rating, S38.10
refrigerant
selection, S38.8
transfer units, S38.11
selection methods, S38.10
control, A46.14
capacity, S38.4, 14
considerations, S38.10
regulating, S38.4
safety, S38.5
costs, S38.4
direct expansion, R2.26; S38.1
economizing, S38.1
expansion turbines, S38.1
flash, S38.1
heat recovery, S38.3
injection, S38.1
liquid-chilling systems, S38
load distribution, A41.21
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
maintenance, S38.5, 12, 15
multiple, S38.2
noise generation, A47.10, S38.10
optimization, A46.15
reciprocating
components, S38.6
control, S38.7
equipment, S38.6
performance, S38.6
refrigerant selection, S38.6
selection methods, S38.7
refrigeration cycle, S38.1
screw
applications, S38.14
capacity control, S38.14
components, S38.12
equipment, S38.12
maintenance, S38.15
performance, S38.13
selection methods, S38.3, 7, 10
sequencing, A41.6, 21, 23
standards, S38.5
subcooling, S38.1
vapor compression model, F32.15
vibration control, A47.12, S38.10
Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F5.6
Chimneys, S30
accessories, S30.25
capacity calculation examples, S30.13
caps, S30.27
codes, S30.29
design equations, S30.3
draft, S30.1
altitude correction, S30.8
available, S30.1, 4, 8
theoretical, S30.1, 3, 8
fireplace, S30.1, 21
flow losses, S30.9
flue gas, S30.1
friction loss, S30.10
functions, S30.1
gas
appliance venting, S30.19
temperature, S30.6
velocity, S30.9
heat transfer, S30.6
masonry, S30.19, 21
mass flow, S30.5
materials, S30.23
resistance coefficients, S30.10
standards, S30.24, 29
terminations, S30.27
wind effects, S30.3, 27
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A32.7
Chocolate, R29.1 (See also Candy)
Choking, F2.13
CHP systems. See Cogeneration
Cinemas, A4.3
Claude cycle, R38.8
Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces
Clean spaces, A16
aerospace, A16.11
air filters, A16.3, 7, 10
airflow, A16.3, 4, 10, 12
applications, A16.2
biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A16.5
construction, A16.15
contaminant control, A16.3, 7
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
cooling, A16.13
energy conservation, A16.14
fire safety, A16.13
high-bay, A16.11
humidity control, A16.13
makeup air, A16.13, 15
noise control, A16.15
operation, A16.15
particle sources, A16.3
pharmaceutical
aseptic, A16.6
start-up, A16.8
biomanufacturing, A16.5
contaminant control, A16.7
control and monitoring, A16.8
design, A16.6
isolators, A16.7
nonaseptic, A16.8
unidirectional hoods, A16.7
pressurization, A16.14
process exhaust, A16.13, 15
semiconductor, A16.10
system sizing and redundancy, A16.14
temperature control, A16.13
terminology, A16.1
testing, A16.5
vibration control, A16.15
Climate
design information, F28
Clothing
insulation, clo units, F8.8
moisture permeability, F8.8
Clo units, F8.8
CLTD. See Cooling load temperature 
differential (CLTD)
CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature 
differential method with solar cooling load 
factors (CLTD/CLF)
Coal
classification, F18.7
handling facilities, A25.6, 9
heating value, F18.8
stokers, S26.9
types, F18.7
Coanda effect, A31.2; F33.6; S17.2
Codes, R49. (See also Standards)
air conditioners, room, S46.4
boilers, S27.5
building codes, S16.1
chimneys, fireplaces, and gas vents, S30.29
cogeneration, S7.50
condensers, S35
evaporative, S35.19
water-cooled, S35.7
coolers, liquid, S37.4
dehumidifiers, room, S47.3
duct construction, S16.1
electrical, A55.10
engines, S7.50
furnaces, S28.10
makeup air units, S31.9
motors, S40.1, 13
nuclear facilities, A26.10
piping, S41.6
service water heating, A49.21
turbines, S7.50
Coefficient of performance (COP)
absorption, F1.13
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.7
compressors, S34.1
economic (ECOP), cogeneration, S7.35
refrigeration, F1.3, 13
room air conditioners, S46.2
Cogeneration, S7
codes, S7.50
combined-cycle power plants, S7.35
controls and instruments, S7.41
economic feasibility, S7.46
estimate, S7.47
load duration curve, S7.47
two-dimensional, S7.49
simulation, S7.50
electrical systems, S7.28
engines
design and installation, S7.38
sizing, S7.42
expansion engines/turbines, S7.38
heat-activated chillers, S7.27
heat recovery
engines, S7.19, 21
turbines, S7.25
load profiling, S7.34
maintenance, S7.42
noise and vibration control, S7.41
packaged systems, S7.34
peak shaving, S7.34
performance, S7.34
prime movers
engines, S7.2
fuel cells, S7.36
selection, S7.34
thermal output, S7.19, 20
turbines
combustion, S7.8, 45
steam, S7.13, 45
regulatory issues, S7.30
standards, S7.50
terminology, S7.46
thermal energy storage, S7.35
trigeneration, S7.1
unconventional systems, S7.36
utilization systems
air, S7.32
desiccant systems, S7.33
district heating and cooling, S7.33
HVAC, S7.33
hydronic, S7.33
requirements, S7.32
service hot water, S7.33
vibration control, foundations, S7.42
Coils
air-cooling, S2.6
airflow resistance, S21.6
applications, S21.1, 4
aqueous glycol coils, S21.2
construction and arrangement, S21.1
control, A46.4; S21.3
direct-expansion coils, S21.2
fluid flow arrangement, S21.3
heat transfer, S21.7
load determination, S21.15
maintenance, S21.15
performance
cooling and dehumidifying, S21.9
cooling-only, S21.7
rating, S21.6
refrigerant coils, S21.2
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
selection, S21.5
on ships, A11.4
water coils, S21.2
air-heating, S23.1
applications, S23.4
aqueous glycol, S23.2
construction, S23.1
control, A46.5
design, S23.1
electric, A46.6; S23.3
maintenance, S23.5
rating, S23.4
refrigerant, S23.3
selection, S23.3
shipboard, A11.4
steam, A46.5; S23.2
water, A46.5; S14.8; S23.2
condensers, S35
evaporative, S35.16
dehumidifying, S21.1
desuperheating, S35.18
energy recovery loops, S44.11
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.27
heat and mass simultaneous transfer, 
F5.12
heat reclaim, S23.3
preheat, S2.5
reheat, S2.6; S23.2
Colburn’s analogy, F3.14
Colebrook equation
friction factor, F35.6
pressure drop, F36.1
Collectors, solar, A33.6, 11, 23, 25; S33.3
(See also Solar energy)
Combined heating and power (CHP) systems. 
See Cogeneration
Combustion, F18
air pollution, F18.13
air required for, F18.8
altitude compensation, F18.3
calculations
air required for, F18.8
carbon dioxide, theoretical, F18.10
efficiency, F18.12
flue gas
dew point, F18.10
loss, F18.12
quantity produced, F18.10
water vapor in, F18.10
coals
characteristics, F18.7
classification, F18.7
heating value, F18.8
types, F18.7
condensation in, F18.15
continuous, F18.2
corrosion in, F18.15
diesel fuel, F18.6
efficiency, F18.12
engine fuels, cetane number, F18.7
excess air, F18.9
flammability limits F18.1
fuel oils, F18.5
gaseous fuels
illuminants, F18.9
liquefied petroleum gas, F18.4
natural gas, F18.4
types and properties, F18.4
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
gas turbine fuel, F18.6
heating value, F18.3
ignition temperature, F18.2
illuminants, F18.9
liquid fuels, F18.5
engines, F18.6
noise, F18.16
oscillation, F18.16
pollution, F18.13
principles, F18.1
pulse, F18.2
reactions, F18.1
resonance, F18.16
solid fuels, F18.7
soot, F18.16
sound, F18.16
stoichiometric, F18.1
types, F18.1
Combustion air systems, S7.6
air required, S7.6; S30.22
analysis, F14.32
burners
gas, S26.3
oil, S26.4
control, S26.14
efficiency boilers, S27.5
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.27
venting, S30.1
Combustion turbine inlet air cooling (CTIAC), 
S7.10
Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, 
humans)
environmental indices, F8.20
environmental parameters
air velocity, F14.29
asymmetric thermal radiation, F8.13
draft, F8.13
floor temperature, F8.15
radiant temperature, F8.11
vertical air temperature difference, F8.14
humidity, F14.30; S20.1
local discomfort, F8.13
nonuniform conditions, F8.13
predicted mean vote (PMV), F8.17; F14.30
predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F8.17
radiant heating, A53.3
special environments
extreme cold, F8.25
hot and humid environments, F8.24
infrared heating, F8.22
radiant heating, comfort equations, F8.23
steady-state energy balance, F8.16
two-node model, F8.17
thermal sensation scale, F8.11
zones, F8.12, 19; F9.11
Commercial and public buildings
air leakage,F27.23
airports, A3.9
bars, A3.4, 5
bowling centers, A3.8
burners
gas, S26.2
oil, S26.5
bus terminals, A3.10
cafeterias, A3.4
casinos, A3.4, 6
central cooling systems, A41.1
communications centers, A3.9
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.8 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
ducts
construction, S16.2
design, small applications, S9.10
furnaces, S28.8
garages, A3.10
general criteria, A3.1
humidifiers, S20.6
ice rinks, R35
indoor air quality (IAQ), F27.9
kitchen ventilation, A31.1
load characteristics, A3.1
malls, A2.7
nightclubs, A3.4, 6
office buildings, A3.6
restaurants, A3.4, 5
retail facilities, A2.1
service water heating, A49.10
ship docks, A3.10
transportation centers, A3.9
warehouses, A3.11
Commissioning. (See also Building 
commissioning)
building, A42.1
control systems, F15.16
desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.7
design, A46.19
laboratories, A14.19
makeup air units, S31.10
pumps, centrifugal, S39.14
thermal storage systems, A34.20
Communications centers, A3.9
Compressors, S34
air conditioners, room, S46.2
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.2
centrifugal, S7.44
angular momentum, S34.26
capacity control, S34.31
critical speed, S34.32
design, S34.33, 34
drivers, S34.33
efficiency, S34.30
isentropic analysis, S34.27
lubrication, S34.34
Mach number, S34.29
noise, S34.32
paralleling, S34.33
polytropic analysis, S34.27
refrigeration cycle, S34.25
surging, S34.30
testing, S34.30
turbocompressors, S34.25
vibration, S34.32
chemical industry refrigeration, R37.6
drives, R3.2
dynamic, S34.1
engine-driven, S7.44, 44
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.24
heat pump systems, S8.6
motors, S40.4
noise generation, A47.10
operation and maintenance, S34.34
orbital, S34.21
positive-displacement, S34.4
performance, S34.1
reciprocating, S7.43; S34.4
application, S34.9
capacity control, S34.8
crankcase, R2.33
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
features, S34.7
lubrication, S34.8
parallel, R3.10
performance, S34.5
special devices, S34.8
types, S34.4
valves, S34.7
rotary, R3.12; S34.9, 11
screw, S7.44
lubricant cooling, R3.12
single, S34.11
capacity control, S34.14
compression process, S34.11
economizers, S34.13, 14
lubrication, S34.12
noise and vibration, S34.16
oil-injected, S34.12
performance, S34.16
volume ratio, S34.14
twin, S34.17
capacity control, S34.18
compression process, S34.17
economizers, S34.20
hermetic, S34.21
lubrication, S34.20
volume ratio, S34.18
scroll, S34.21
capacity control, S34.23
efficiency, S34.23
noise and vibration, S34.24
trochoidal (Wankel), S34.25
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F34.1
assessing predictions, F34.11
boundary conditions for
inlet, F34.6
outlet, F34.7
reporting, F34.13
sources/sinks, F34.8
surfaces, F34.7
symmetry, F34.8
walls, F34.7
considerations, F34.9
grids, F34.4
mathematical approaches, F34.1
meshing, F34.4
reporting, F34.9, 13
steps, F34.9
turbulence modeling, F34.3
validation, F34.9, 10
verification, F34.9
viscosity modeling, F34.10
Computer-aided design (CAD), A16.4; A39.10
Computers, A39
abbreviations for programming, F37.1
BACnet®, A39.14; F15.16
building automation systems (BAS), A39.14
computational fluid dynamics, A13.5, 6; 
A39.10; A52.14
computer-aided design (CAD), A16.4; 
A39.10
for control, F15.4, 9, 18
design tools
acoustic calculations, A39.7
cogeneration, S7.50
computational fluid dynamics, A39.10
computer-aided design (CAD), A39.10
duct design, A39.6
equipment selection and simulation, 
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
A39.8
load calculations, A39.5
piping design, A39.7
refrigerant properties, A39.12
smoke control analysis, A52.12, 13
ventilation, A39.12
road tunnel, A13.5
equipment, A39.8
graphics, A39.10
hardware, A39.1
HVAC simulation, A39.9
Internet, A39.15
modeling, F15.18
peripherals, A39.4
smoke control analysis, A52.12, 13
software, A39.2
custom programming, A39.4
development tools, A39.4
energy analysis, F32.3
HVAC, A39.5
readymade, A39.4
road tunnel, A13.5
terminology, A39.2
utilities, A39.2, 12
supervisory control, A39.14
World Wide Web, A39.16
Concert halls, A4.4
Concrete
cooling, R36.1
pozzolanic admixtures, R36.1
selection, R36.1
thermal design, R36.4
water heating for, A49.19
Condensate
steam systems, F36.15; S10.6; S11.7, 18
water treatment, A48.11
Condensation
in building components, F23.9
concealed, S20.2
control, with insulation, F26.2
dew-point analysis, F23.10
dropwise, F4.8
energy recovery equipment, S44.7
film, F4.8
heat transfer coefficients, F4.9
in combustion systems, F18.15
interstitial, and drying, F23.10
noncondensable gases, F4.10
with oil, F4.11
oil-fired appliances, S30.20
prevention, F24.4
dehumidification for, S22.10
surface, F23.10
in tubes, F4.10
visible, S20.2
Condensers, S35
air conditioners, room, S46.2
air-cooled, R46.16; S35.11
control, S35
air-side, S35.12
low-pressure-drop, S35.12
refrigerant-side, S35.12
installation, S35.13
machine room, R46.17
maintenance, S35.13
noise, R46.18
rating, S35.11
remote from compressor, R46.17
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.9
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.2
horizontal shell-and-tube, R3.15
parallel horizontal shell-and-tube, R3.15
piping, R3.14
cascade, R43.1
chemical industry refrigeration, R37.6
in chillers, S38.6, 8, 13
circuiting, S35.5
evaporative, R46.17; S35.14
airflow, S35.16
capacity control, S35.19
codes, S35.19
coils, S35.16
desuperheating, S35.18
wetting method, S35.16
freeze prevention, S35.16
heat transfer, S35.14
liquid subcoolers, S35.18
location, R3.15; S35.16
maintenance, S35.19
multicircuiting with liquid coolers, S35.18
multiple-condenser installations, 
S35.16, 17
purging, S35.19
rating, S35.17
standards, S35.19
water, S35.18
halocarbon refrigeration systems
air-cooled, R2.33
evaporative, R2.32
piping, R2.23
pressure control, R2.32
water, R2.32
retail food store refrigeration, R46.16
water-cooled, S35.1
circuiting, S35.5
codes, S35.7
Darch-Weisbach equation, S35.4
fouling factor, S35.4
heat removal, S35.1
cooling tower, S13.1
once-through, S13.1
heat transfer, S35.2
liquid subcooling, S35.5
maintenance, S35.7
noncondensable gases, S35.6
pressure drop, S35.4
standards, S35.7
types, S35.5
Conductance, thermal, F3.18; F23.1
Conduction
display cases, R46.4
steady-state, F3.2
thermal, F3.1, 2
Conductivity, thermal, F23.1
apparent, F23.1
of thermal insulation, F23.14
foods, R9.9
soils, F25.15
Constant air volume (CAV)
control, A41.2
supply air temperature reset, A41.27
versus variable-air-volume (VAV), 
A14.12
Constant-volume, all-air systems
dual-duct, S2.9
single-duct, S2.8
terminal units, S2.11
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Construction. (See also Building envelopes)
curtain wall, F31.5
glass block wall, F31.40
wood frame, F24.1
Containers. (See also Cargo containers)
air transport, R32.2
marine transport, R31.2
Contaminants
clean spaces, A16.3, 7
food, R12.1
gaseous, F12.1
animal environments, F10.4
combustion, F18.13; S25.27
concentration, indoor
measurement, A45.3
prediction, A45.2
control, A45.5; F12.14
adsorption, A45.5; S25.24
catalysis, A45.6
chemisorption, A45.6
desiccant dehumidification, S22.10
dilution ventilation, A45.4
hoods and local exhaust, A45.4
incineration, S25.27
source elimination, A45.3
wet-packed scrubbers, S25.18
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 
A45.1; F12.2
flammable, F12.17, 17
indoor air, F12.15
industrial, F12.15
inorganic, F12.13
measurement, A45.3; F12.9; F14.32
nuclear facilities, A26.3, 5, 6
odors, F13.1
outdoor air, F12.15
ozone, A45.9
plant environments, F10.21
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), 
F9.6
radioactive, F12.18
radon, A45.9; F9.16
soil gases, F12.19
sources, A45.1
vapors, flammable, F12.17, 17
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 
F12.10
health effects, F9.8
total (TVOC), F12.11
indoor
concentration prediction, F34.16
organism destruction, R12.4
particulate
aerosols, S24.1
animal environments, F10.4
asbestos, F9.5
classification, F12.1
collection mechanisms, S24.2; S25.10, 15
combustion, F18.13
dusts, S24.1
combustible, F12.18
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 
F12.2
fogs, F12.1, 3
fumes, F12.1measurement, F14.32
mists, F12.1, 3
pollen, F12.6
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), 
F9.6
radioactive, F12.18
size distribution, F12.4
smogs, F12.1, 3
smokes, F12.1
suspended particles,
counters, F12.5
synthetic vitreous fibers, F9.5
refrigerant systems, R6.1
dirt, R6.6
field assembly, R6.8
filter-driers, R6.6
generation by high temperature, R5.8
lubricants, R6.7
metallic, R6.6
moisture, R6.1
motor burnout, R6.8, 8
noncondensable gases, R6.7
residual cleaning agents, R6.7
sludge, tars, and wax, R6.7
solvents, R6.7
special system characteristics, R6.9
textile processing, A19.6
Continuity, fluid dynamics, F2.2
Control. (See also Controls, automatic)
absorption units, R41.6, 9
air-conditioning components, A17.5
air-cooled condensers, S35.12
aircraft cabin pressure, A10.6, 8
air-handling systems, A41.26; A46.11
all-air systems, S2.12
authority, F15.6
automobile air conditioning, A9.6
biological growth, A48.5
boilers, A46.1; S27.6
building pressurization, A46.2
burners, S26.12
bus terminal ventilation, A13.17
central air conditioning, A41.1
chemical plants, R37.3
chilled-water pumps, A41.6, 16, 18
chillers, A41.21; A46.14
clean spaces, noise and vibration, A16.15
cogeneration systems, S7.41
combustion turbines, S7.11
components, F15.4
condensers, S35
evaporative, S35.19
cooling, S6.20
coils, A46.4; S21.3
tower fans, A41.12
towers, A46.4
corrosion, A48.2, 9
dehumidifying coils, S21.3
design principles
building and mechanical subdivision, 
A46.18
controlled area size, A46.19
energy conservation, A46.18
load matching, A46.18
mechanical and electrical coordination, 
A46.17
sensor location, A46.19
system selection, A46.18
duct heaters, A46.17
economizers, A46.5
electric heating slabs, S6.20
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.10 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
energy recovery equipment, S44.7, 11
engines, S7.7
fans, A46.1; S18.9
air volume, S40.7
fire, A52.1
fixed-guideway vehicle air conditioning, 
A9.14
forced-air systems, small, S9.3
furnaces, S28.1, 7
gaseous contaminants, A45.1
heaters, S29.2, 4
infrared, S15.4
heating coils, A46.5
heat pumps, A46.6; S45.10
heat recovery systems, S8.18
heat timers, S10.13
humidifiers, S20.8
humidity, A46.7; S20.1; S22.1
hydronic heating systems, A46.1, 16; S12.9, 
S14.8
justice facilities, A8.2
kitchen ventilation, A31.19
laboratory systems, A14.12
liquid chillers,
considerations, S38.4, 7, 10, 14
low-temperature, R3.6
makeup air units, A46.13; S31.9
moisture, in insulation, F23; F24.1
motors, S40.4, 6
protection, S40.6
noise and vibration, S7.7
nuclear facilities, A26.5
optimization, A41.1
outdoor air quantity, A46.8
paper moisture content, A18.2
parking garage ventilation, A13.11
photographic materials processing, A20.2
pipe-tracing systems, A50.20
plant growth chambers, A22.17
processes, A45.5
radiant panels, A46.8; S6.20
radioactivity, A26.6
rail car air conditioning, A9.13
refrigerant flow, R44.1
residential heating and cooling, A1.5
road tunnel ventilation, A13.7
scale, A48.4
ship air conditioning
merchant, A11.3
naval surface, A11.4
smoke, A52.1
snow-melting systems, A50.10
solar energy, A33.13, 24, 26; S33.17
differential temperature controller, 
S33.17
hot-water dump, S33.18
over-temperature protection, S33.17
sound, A47.1, 42; F7.15
insulation, F23.17
static pressure
limit control, A46.17
variable flow rates, A46.2
steam systems, S10.13
thermal, F23
thermal, in insulation, F24.1
thermal storage systems, A34.4, 20; A41.29
unit heaters, S31.7
unit ventilators, A46.11; S31.3
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, A41.2; 
A46.1
vibration, A47.39
zone systems, A46.13
zone valves, S10.13
Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage
apples, R22.3
apricots, R22.13
berries, R22.13
cherries, sweet, R22.12
figs, R22.13
grapes, R22.8
nectarines, R22.12
peaches, R22.12
pears, R22.6, 7
plums, R22.11
strawberries, R22.13
vegetables, R24.6
Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage
refrigerated facilities, R14.3
Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and 
plant growth, A22.17
Controls, automatic, F15
(See also Control)
authority, F15.6
classification, F15.4
closed loop (feedback), F15.1
commissioning, F15.16
components
auxiliary, F15.10
controlled devices
actuator, F15.4
dampers, F15.4, 6
operator, F15.4
positive positioners, F15.7
valves, F15.4
controllers
direct digital (DDC), F15.9, 17
static pressure, A46.2, 17
thermostats, F15.10
sensors, F15.7
flow rate, F15.9
humidity (hygrometers), F15.8
indoor air quality, F15.9
lighting level, F15.9
location, A46.19
power sensing and transmission, 
F15.9
pressure, F15.9
temperature, F15.8
transducers, electronic-to-pneumatic 
(E/P), F15.12
computers, A39.14; F15.4
control action types, F15.2, 3, 16
dampers, F15.6
actuator mounting, F15.7
actuators, F15.6
types, F15.6
direct digital (DDC), A37.16; F15.4, 9, 17
energy sources, F15.4
explosive atmospheres, A46.16
feedback (closed loop), F15.1
fuzzy logic, F15.3
mobile applications, A46.16
modeling, F32.23
modulating, F15.2
open loop, F15.1
positive positioners, F15.7
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
proportional-integral-derivative (PID), 
F15.3
proportional-only (P), F15.2
proportional plus integral (PI), F15.3
refrigerant flow, R44.1
safety, A46.16
sensors, F15.7, 9; R44.4
switches, R44.1
systems, F15.1
terminology, F15.1
testing, A37.16
transducers, pressure, R44.4
tuning, F15.3, 16, 17
two-position, F15.2
valves, F15.4
actuators, F15.5
flow characteristics, F15.5
selection and sizing, F15.5
Convection
and heat transfer, with insulation, F23.16
flow, fully developed turbulent, F3.14
forced, F3.13
condensation in tubes, F4.8
evaporation in tubes, F4.4
equations, F4.6, 9
laminar, F3.13
transition region, F3.14
turbulent, F3.13
free, F3.16
mass, F5.4
natural, F3.16; F4.1
steam heating systems, S10.11
thermal, F3.2
Convectors
application, S32.5
design effects, S32.3
heat-distributing unit, S32.1
nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3
rating, S32.3
Convention centers, A4.5
Conversion factors, F38
Coolants, secondary
brines
corrosion inhibition, A48.10; F21.4
properties, F21.1
calcium chloride solutions, F21.1
d-limonene, F21.12
ethylene glycol, F21.4
halocarbons, F21.12
inhibited glycols
corrosion inhibition, F21.5
ethylene, F21.4
propylene, F21.4
service considerations, F21.10
low-temperature refrigeration, R39.11
nonhalocarbon nonaqueous fluids, F21.12
polydimethylsiloxane, F21.12
propylene glycol, F21.4
refrigeration systems, R4.1
sodium chloride solutions, F21.1
Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
beverage, R26.11
cryocoolers, R38.11
forced-circulation air, R42.1
installation and operation, R42.6
liquid (See also Evaporators)
Baudelot, S37.2
brazed (semiwelded) plate, S37.2
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.11
evaporative, with evaporative condensers, 
S35.18
flooded, S37.2
freeze prevention, S37.5
heat transfer, S37
coefficients, S37.3
fouling factor, S37.4
in chillers, S38.6, 8, 12
maintenance, S37.6
oil return, S37.6
piping, R2.25, 26
pressure drop, S37.4
refrigerant flow control, S37.5
residential, A1.4
shell-and-tube, S37.1
tube-in-tube, S37.1
vessel design requirements, S37.4
retail food store, R46.1
walk-in, R46.12; R47.3
water, R26.11
Cooling. (See also Air conditioning)
absorption equipment, R41.1
animal environments, A22.4
bakery products, R28.4
concrete
active systems, R36.5
air blast, R36.2
chilled water, R36.1
embedded coils, R36.1
inundation, R36.2
passive, R36.4
controls, S6.20
ebullient, S7.22, 39
foods and beverages, time calculations, 
R10.1
fruits and vegetables
evaporative, R15.8
forced-air, R15.6
hydrocooling, R15.3
load calculation, R15.1
package icing, R15.8
vacuum cooling, R15.9
geothermal energy systems, A32.11
greenhouses, A22.13
radiant panel systems, S6.1
radiative, A33.17
solar energy systems, A33.16, 18, 26
water systems, S12.1, 11, 12
dynamometers, A15.4
Cooling load
calculations, F29; F30
central plant, S4.2
coil, F30.2
nonresidential, F30.1
heat balance, F30.2
conduction transfer functions,F30.22
heat gain
fenestration, F30.17
sol-air temperature, F30.26
heat sources, F30.3
radiant time series (RTS), F30.28
sol-air temperature, F30.26
perimeter zones, S3.1
refrigeration, S3.7
residential calculations,
block load, F29.8
residential heat balance (RHB) method, 
F29.2
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
residential load factor (RLF) method, 
F29.2
space, F30.1
Cooling towers, S36
approach to the wet bulb, S36.1
capacity control, A46.4; S36.2
airflow, A41.13
fan cycling, S36.8
fan sequencing, A41.13
flow modulation, A41.8
two-speed fans, S36.8
variable-frequency fan drives, S36.9
variable- vs. fixed-speed fans, A41.8
construction materials, S36.7
design conditions, S36.2
drift, S36.11
eliminators, S36.11, 12
economics, S36.7
fill, S36.3
fogging, S36.11
free cooling, S36.10
freeze protection, S13.3; S36.10
heat and mass simultaneous transfer, 
F5.12
indirect evaporative coolers, S13.3; S19.4
inspections, S36.11
Legionella pneumophila, S36.12, 13
maintenance, S36.11
model, F32.17
number of transfer units (NTU), S36.16
performance
curves, S36.13
monitoring, S36.11
thermal, S36.15
tower coefficients, S36.19
piping, S13.2; S36.8
plumes, S36.11
principle of operation, S36.1
recommissioning, A48.8
selection, S36.7
shutdown, A48.9
siting, S36.8
sound, attenuators, S36.11
start-up, A48.8
testing, A37.15; S36.15
theory, S36.15
counterflow integration, S36.17
cross-flow integration, S36.17
heat and mass transfer, S36.15
types, S4.3
direct contact, S36.5
indirect contact, S36.2, 6
open systems, S13.1
water treatment, A48.4, 8, 9; S13.2; S36.13
winter operation, S36.10
inspections, S36.13
Cool storage, A34.1
COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
Corn
drying, A23.1; F11.12
fungi, F11.2
Corrosion
brines, F21.4
in combustion systems, F18.15
concentration cell corrosion, A48.2
contributing factors, A48.2
control, A48.2, 3, 9
in boilers, A48.10
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
cathodic protection, A48.4
buried pipe, S11.23
in cooling towers, A48.4
cycles of concentration, A48.3
in geothermal energy systems, A32.8
inhibitors, A48.3
materials selection, A48.3
passivation, A48.4
protective coatings, A48.3
in steam and condensate systems, A48.11
energy recovery equipment, S44.7
inhibited glycols, F21.5
microorganism influence, A48.2, 5
oil-fired appliances, S30.21
oxygen corrosion, A48.2, 11
secondary coolant systems, R4.5
service water systems, A49.7
types, A48.2
under insulation, F26.5
white rust, A48.4
Costs. (See also Economics)
all-air systems, S2.2
analysis period, A36.2
economic analysis techniques
cash flow, A36.12
computer analysis, A36.12
life-cycle cost analyses, A36.8
present value (worth), A36.8
simple payback, A36.8
uniform annualized costs, A36.10
energy, A36.3, 7
financing alternatives, A36.7
inflation, A36.9
interest and discount rate, A36.2
laboratory systems, A14.19
life-cycle, A36.10
energy recovery equipment, 
S44.12, 16, 23
operation and maintenance, A38.1
piping insulation, S11.16
maintenance, A36.5
operating
actual, A36.3
electrical energy, A36.4
natural gas, A36.4
other fuels, A36.5
snow-melting systems, A50.8, 10
owning
initial cost, A36.1
insurance, A36.3
taxes, A36.3
periodic, A36.3
refrigerant phaseout, A36.6
Cotton, drying, A23.8; F11.12
Courts, A8.1
CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 
(CPVC)
Crawlspaces
heat loss, F29.13
insulation, A43.1
moisture control, F24.10
vented vs. unvented, A43.1
wall insulation, A43.2
Crops. See Farm crops
Cryogenics, R38
biomedical applications
cryomicroscopy, R40.6
cryopreservation, R40.1
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.12 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
cryoprotective agents, R40.2
cryosurgery, R40.7
induced hypothermia, R40.7
refrigeration, R40.1
specimen preparation, R40.6
Brayton cycle, R38.11
cascade cycle, R38.8
Claude cycle, R38.8
cryobiological, R40.8
cryocoolers
recuperative
Brayton, R38.12
Joule-Thomson, R38.11
Kleemenko, R38.13
regenerative
Gifford-McMahon, R38.16
orifice pulse tube, R38.14
Stirling, R38.14
cryopumping, R38.1
equipment
coiled-tube exchanger, R38.21
compressors, R38.20
expansion devices, R38.20
heat exchangers
construction, R38.21
effectiveness, R38.21
regenerators, R38.22
systems, R38.20
turboalternators, R38.21
turboexpanders, R38.21
fluids
cold burns, R38.28
flammability, R38.29
storage vessels, R38.26
transfer, R38.26
freezers, industrial, R16.5
hazards, R38.28
Heylandt cycle, R38.8
instrumentation, R38.27
insulation
low-temperature, R38.23
selection (table), R38.26
thermal conductivity (table), R38.24
isenthalpic expansion, R38.6
isentropic expansion, R38.7
Joule-Thomson cycle, R38.6
Kleemenko cycle, R38.13
Linde cycle, R38.6
liquefaction
balanced flow condition, R38.6
of gases, R38.6
liquid-level sensors, R38.27
mixed refrigerant cycle, R38.8
natural gas processing, R38.18
properties
electrical, R38.5
magnetic, R38.5
mechanical, R38.6
thermal, R38.3
purification of gases, R38.19
recovery of gases, R38.17, 18
separation of gases, Gibbs phase rule, R38.16
staging, R38.15
Stirling cycle, R38.14
storage systems, R38.26
transfer systems, R38.26
CTIAC. See Combustion turbine inlet air 
cooling (CTIAC)
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Curtain walls, F31.5
Cycloparaffins, R7.2
Dairy products, R20
aseptic packaging, R20.20
butter
manufacture, R20.6
refrigeration load, R20.9
buttermilk, R20.5
cheese
cheese room refrigeration, R20.13
manufacture, R20.10
cream, R20.5
display refrigerators, R46.6
ice cream
freezing, R20.16
hardening, R20.17
milkfat content, R20.13
mix preparation, R20.15
refrigeration
equipment, R20.19
requirements, R20.16
milk
dry, R20.22
evaporated, R20.21
fresh
processing, R20.2
production, R20.1
storage, R20.4
sweetened condensed, R20.22
thermal properties, R9.1
UHT sterilization, R20.19
yogurt, R20.5
Dampers
air outlet, S17.3, 4, 5
balancing
in constant-volume systems, F35.15
in VAV systems, F35.15
controls, automatic, F15.6, 6
fire and smoke control, A52.8
furnaces, S28.2, 7
multilouver, S17.5
multishutter, S17.3
opposed-blade, S2.4; S17.3, 6
outdoor air, A46.8
parallel-blade, S2.5
return air, S2.4
sound control, A47.7
splitter, S17.6
vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.27
vent, S30.25
Dams, concrete cooling, R36.1
Darcy equation, F35.6
Darcy-Weisbach equation
ductwork sectional losses, F35.8
pressure drop, F2.7; F36.1
water-cooled condensers, S35.4
water systems, S39.4
Data-driven modeling
black-box, F32.24
calibrated simulation, F32.25
empirical, F32.24
examples, F32.30
gray-box, F32.25
neural network, F32.30
steady-state, F32.25
Data processing areas
air-conditioning systems, A17.1, 2, 5
humidification, A17.5; S20.1
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
controls, A17.5
cooling loads, A17.2
design criteria, A17.1
direct-cooled computer equipment, A17.5
energy conservation, A17.6
fire protection, A17.6
heat recovery, A17.6
instrumentation, A17.6
return air, A17.5
supply air distribution, A17.3
Daylighting
interior building illumination, F31.56
light transmittance, F31.58
solar radiation, F31.1
Defrosting
air coolers, forced-circulation, R42.4
air-source heat pump coils, S8.7, 8; S45.9
ammonia liquid recirculation systems, 
R3.22
household refrigerators and freezers, R48.6
meat coolers, R17.2
retail food store refrigerators, R46.19
Degree-day method, F32.17
variable-base, F32.19
Dehumidification, A46.7; S22
absorption, S22.10
adsorption, S22.10
air washers, S19.7
all-air systems, S2.4
desiccant, S22.1
applications, S22.1, 8
air-conditioning systems, S22.10
condensation prevention, S22.10
gaseous contaminant control, S22.10
industrial processes, S22.8
materials storage, S22.8
testing, S22.10, 11
ventilation air preconditioning, S22.8
capacity, S22.2
equipment, S22.3
high-pressure, S22.10
liquid, F22.3
solid, F22.4
evaporative cooling, A51.2; S19.7
performance factor, S19.7
residential, A1.5
Dehumidifiers
desiccant, S22
capacity, S22.2
commissioning, S22.8
high-pressure, S22.10
liquid, S22.3
operation, S22.7
rotary solid, S22.4
solid, S22.4
heat pipes, S47.5
ice rinks, S47.4
indoor swimming pool,S47.4
makeup air treatment, S47.3
mechanical, S47.1
components, S47.2
psychrometrics, S47.1
types, S47.2
Dehydration
farm crops, A23.1; F11.1
industrial systems for, A28.1
of eggs, R21.11
refrigeration systems, R45.1
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.13
Density
fluids, F2.1
modeling, R9.6
Dental facilities, A7.13
Desiccants, F22.1; S22.1
adsorption, S22.1
cosorption of water vapor and air 
contaminants, F22.5
dehumidification, S22.1
cogeneration, S7.33
glycols, S22.2
isotherms, F22.5
life, F22.5
liquid, S22.2, 3
lithium chloride, S22.2
materials, F22.1
refrigerant systems, R6.5
equilibrium curves, R6.4
moisture, R6.3
types
liquid absorbents, F22.3
solid adsorbents, F22.4
wheel, S22.4
Desuperheaters
air conditioners, unitary, S45.2
condensers, evaporative, S35.18
heat pumps, unitary, S45.2
Dew-point analysis, F23.12
Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R38.5
Diesel fuel, F18.6
Diffusion
coefficient, F5.2
eddy, F5.6
moisture flow, F23.7
molecular, F5.1
space air, F33.1
Diffusivity
thermal, F23.1
of foods, R9.17
water vapor, F23.2
Dilution
exhaust, F16.10
smoke, A52.4
ventilation, A29.2; A45.4
Dimensionless variables, F3.14
DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR)
Direct digital control (DDC), F15.4, 9
Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence 
modeling, F34.4
Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F2.9
Dispersive infrared (DIR), F15.8
Display cases, R46.1, 4
District heating and cooling, S11
applicability, S11.1
central plants
boiler, S11.3
chiller, A46.14; S11.1, 3
distribution design, S11.4
emission control, S11.4
equipment, S11.2
heating medium, S11.3
thermal storage, S11.3
cogeneration, S7.33
components, S11.1
consumer interconnections
chilled water, S11.3, 19, 31
components, S11.27
direct connection, S11.26
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
flow control, S11.28
hot water, S11.29
indirect connection
heat exchangers, S11.27
steam, S11.18, 29
temperature differential control, S11.31
costs, A36.7
distribution system
aboveground systems, S11.18, 19
condensate drainage and return, S11.7, 18
conduits, S11.21, 23
constant-flow, S11.4
construction, S11.18
entry pits, S11.24
hydraulic design, S11.6
insulation
economical thickness, S11.16
pipe, S11.7, 16, 20
pipe, S11.6
thermal design conditions, S11.7
underground systems, S11.19
valve vaults, S11.24
variable-flow, S11.5
water hammer, S11.6
economics, S11.2
geothermal heating systems, A32.9
heating conversion to, S11.31
heat transfer analysis, S11.9
ground to air, S11.10
pipes in
air, S11.16
buried trenches or tunnels, S11.14
shallow trenches, S11.15
single buried pipe, S11.10
soil temperature calculation, S11.9
two pipes buried, S11.12
metering, S11.32
pressure losses, S11.6
thermal storage, A34.9; S11.3
water systems, S11.1
d-limonene, F21.12
DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
Docks, A3.10
Doors
U-factors, F25.14
Dormitories
air conditioning, A5.8
design criteria, A5.1
energy systems, A5.1
load characteristics, A5.1
service water heating, A49.11, 12, 14
Draft
burners, S26.14
chimney, S30.1
altitude correction, S30.8
available, S30.1, 4, 8
theoretical, S30.1, 3, 8
comfort affected by, F8.13
cooling towers, S36.3, 5
Drag, in fluid flow, F2.5
Driers, R6.6. (See also Dryers)
Drip station, steam systems, S11.7
Dryers. (See also Driers)
commercial and industrial
adsorption, S22.10, 11
agitated-bed, A28.6
calculations, A28.2
conduction, A28.3
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
constant-moisture solvent, A28.7
convection, A28.4
dielectric, A28.4
drying time determination, A28.1
flash, A28.6
fluidized-bed, A28.6
freeze drying, A28.6
mechanism, A28.1
microwave, A28.4
psychrometrics, A28.1
radiant infrared, A28.3
selection, A28.3
superheated vapor, A28.6
tunnel, A28.5
ultraviolet (UV), A28.3
vacuum drying, A28.6
desiccant, high-pressure, S22.10
farm crops, A23.1
Drying
air, S22.11
desiccant, high-pressure, S22.10, 11
dew point control, S22.11
farm crops, A23.1; F11.1
gases, S22.11
DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) 
system
Dual-duct systems
all-air systems, S2.8
control, A46.13
terminal boxes, A46.10
testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.3
Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S12.1
DuBois equation, F8.3
Duct design
all-air systems, S2.7
Bernoulli equation, F35.1
commercial, small applications, S9.10
computer analysis, A39.6
Darcy equation, F35.6
Darcy-Weisbach equation, F35.8
design considerations
space pressure relationships, F35.10
velocities for HVAC components, F35.12
duct fitting database, F35.8
dynamic losses
duct fitting database, F35.8
local loss coefficients, F35.7
fan-system interface, F35.8
fire safety, F35.11
fitting loss coefficients
duct fitting database, F35.8
flexible ducts, F35.8
tables, F35.20–60
friction losses, F35.4
head, F35.2
industrial exhaust systems, F35.17; S25.28
insulation, F35.11
leakage, F35.11
methods, F35.13
noise, F35.13
pressure, F35.2
residential, S9.8
roughness factors, F35.6
smoke management, F35.11
stack effect, F35.2
testing, adjusting, and balancing, F35.13
Ducts
acoustical lining, A47.14; S16.4
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.14 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
fiberglass, A47.20
in hospitals, A7.12
airflow measurement in, A37.2
antimicrobial, S16.5
classifications, S16.1
cleaning, S16.2
construction
codes, S16.1
commercial, S16.2
acoustical treatment, S16.4
hangers, S16.4
materials, S16.2
plenums and apparatus casings, S16.4
industrial, S16.4
hangers, S16.5
materials, S16.4
kitchen exhaust, S16.5
master specifications, S16.6
outdoor ducts, S16.6
residential, S16.2
seismic qualification, S16.6
sheet metal welding, S16.6
standards, S16.1
commercial, S16.2
industrial, S16.4
residential, S16.2
thermal insulation, S16.6
underground, S16.6
desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.7
efficiency testing, S9.11
fabric, S16.6
fibrous glass, S16.3
flat oval, F35.7; S16.3
flexible, S16.4
fluid flow, F2.1
forced-air systems, small, S9.2, 8
friction chart, F35.6
heaters for, control, A46.17
industrial exhaust systems, A30.5
insulation, F24.15; F26.11; F35.11
leakage, F35.11; S16.2
noise in, A47.7
noncircular, F35.6
plastic, S16.5
rectangular, F35.7; S16.2, 5
road tunnels, A13.7
roughness factors, F35.6
round, S16.2, 5
ships, A11.3
sound
attenuation, A47.13
control, F7.13
transmission, A47.20
velocity measurement in, F14.17
vibration control, A47.48
Dust mites, F23.5
Dusts, S24.1
indoor environmental health, F9.4
synthetic, S24.2
Dynamometers, A15.1
Earth, stabilization, R36.3, 4
Earthquakes, seismic restraint design, A54.1
Economic analysis, A36
cash flow, A36.12
computer analysis, A36.12
life-cycle cost analyses, A36.8
present value (worth), A36.8
simple payback, A36.8
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
uniform annualized costs, A36.10
Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), 
S7.35
Economics. (See also Costs)
cogeneration, S7.46
district heating and cooling, S11.2
energy management planning, A35.2
energy recovery equipment, S44.23
evaporative cooling, A51.10, 11
indoor gaseous contaminant control, A45.10
insulation thickness, pipe, S11.16
laboratory systems, A14.19
owning and operating costs, A36.1
steam turbines, S7.19
thermal storage, A34.2
Economizers, A6.1
air-side, S5.9
compressors
single-screw, S34.13, 14
twin-screw, S34.20
control, A41.26
cycle, A46.5
humidification load calculation, S20.3
kitchen ventilation, A31.15
water-side, S5.2, 9
ECOP. See Economic coefficient of 
performance (ECOP)
ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS)
Eddy diffusivity, F5.6
Educational facilities, A6
air conditioning, A6.1
service water heating, A49.17
EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
Effectiveness, heat transfer, F3.28
Effective radiant flux (ERF), A53.2
Efficiency
air conditioners
room, S46.2
unitary, S45.5
boilers, S27.5
combustion, F18.12
compressors
centrifugal, S34.30
positive-displacement, S34.2
reciprocating, S34.6
rotary, S34.10
scroll, S34.23
single-screw, S34.16
fins, F3.24
forced-air systems, small, S9.12
furnaces, S9.12; S28.5, 7
heat pumps, unitary, S45.5
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.3
infraredheaters, S15.4
motors, S40.2
pumps, centrifugal, S39.7
refrigerating, F1.3
Eggs, R21
composition, R21.1
dehydration, R21.11
processing plant sanitation, R21.12
products, R21.9
shell eggs
packaging, R21.8
processing, R21.5
refrigeration, R21.5
spoilage prevention, R21.4
storage, R21.8
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
structure, R21.1
transportation, R21.8
storage, R21.1
thermal properties, R9.1
EIFS. See Exterior insulation finishing system 
(EIFS)
Electricity
billing rates, A55.8
codes, A55.10
costs, A36.4, 7
generation, on-site, A36.7
imbalance, S40.1
motor starting, A55.8; S40.7
performance, A55.1
power quality variations, A55.3
principles, A55.1
safety, A55.1
voltage, A55.1
Electric thermal storage (ETS), A34.8
Electrostatic precipitators, S24.8; S25.7
Elevators, smoke control, A52.11
Emissions
pollution, F18.6
Emissivity, F3.2, 8
Emittance, thermal, F23.2
Enclosed vehicular facilities, A13
Energy
audit, A35.14
costs, A36.3
emergency use reduction, A35.18
field survey audit, A37.17
forecasting building needs, A41.31
savings verification, A40.2
wheels, S44.10
Energy balance
comfort, F8.2, 16
refrigeration systems, R43.3
Energy conservation
air conditioners, room, S46.3
building envelopes, A43.1
building supervisory control, A41.1
clean spaces, A16.14
data processing areas, A17.6
educational facilities, A6.1
farm crop drying, A23.4
greenhouses, A22.16
hospitals, A7.12
industrial environments, A29.5
infrared heaters, S15.1
kitchen ventilation, A31.14
pumps, centrifugal, S39.13
temperature and ventilation control, 
A46.18
textile processing, A19.6
thermal insulation, F26.1
Energy conservation, F17.2
refrigerators‚ commercial, R47.7
Energy conservation opportunity (ECO), 
A35.15
Energy consumption
benchmarking, A35.3
building HVAC, control effect on, A41.7
in buildings, F17.3
emergency reduction, A35.18
gaseous contaminant control, A45.10
humidifiers, S20.3
United States
per capita end-use, F17.10
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.15
projections, F17.10
world, F17.8
Energy efficiency, F17.2
in commercial and food service refrigerators, 
R47.7
design, F17.2
Energy efficiency ratio (EER), S46.2
Energy estimating, F32
analysis, F32.3
application to cooling and dehumidifying 
coils, F32.11
degree-day and bin methods, F32.17
annual degree-day, F32.18
variable base, F32.19
balance point temperature, F32.18
correlation, F32.22
degree-day, F32.20
forecasting, A41.31
general considerations, F32.1
integration of systems, F32.23
models, F32.1
monthly degree-day, F32.20
seasonal efficiency of furnaces, F32.19
simulating, F32.23
software selection, F32.3
Energy management, A35
cost control, A35.4
emergency energy use reduction, A35.18
energy audits, A35.14
energy conservation opportunity (ECO), 
comparing, A35.17
implementation, A35.4, 18
resource evaluation, A35.2
Energy modeling, F32
calculating
basements, F32.7
effectiveness-NTU, F32.10
slab foundations, F32.7
space sensible loads, F32.3
classical approach, F32.1
data-driven approach, F32.1
data-driven models, F32.2, 24
forward models, F32.1
general considerations, F32.1
system controls, F32.23
Energy monitoring, A40
applications
building diagnostics, A40.2
energy end use, A40.1
performance monitoring, A40.3, 4
savings measurement and verification 
(M&V), A40.2
specific technology assessment, A40.1
data
acquisition, A40.10
analysis, A40.6, 8
measurement uncertainty, A40.11
reporting, A40.6, 14
requirements, A40.7
verification, A40.5, 13
design and implementation methodology, 
A40.6
documentation, A40.7, 14
planning, A40.5, 14
quality assurance, A40.5, 13
Energy production, world, F17.7
Energy recovery. (See also Heat recovery)
air-to-air
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
applications, S44.1
design
condensation, S44.7
controls, S44.7, 11
corrosion, S44.7
cross-contamination, S44.11
filters, air, S44.7
fouling, S44.7
freeze prevention, S44.7
maintenance, S44.7, 11
performance, S44.9
pressure drop, S44.7
economic considerations, S44.23
effectiveness, S44.8
energy transfer, S44.4
equipment
coil energy recovery loops, S44.11
devices, S44.1
heat pipe heat exchangers, S44.13
rating, S44.9
rotary energy exchangers, S44.10
runaround loops, S44.11
thermosiphon (two-phase) heat ex-
changers, S44.14
twin-tower enthalpy recovery loops, 
S44.14
evaporative cooling, indirect, S19.3; 
S44.21
precooling air reheater, S44.22
in chemical industry, R37.4
industrial environments, A29.5
Energy resources, F17
demand-side management (DSM), F17.6
electricity, F17.1
fossil fuel, F17.1
integrated resource planning (IRP), F17.6
nonrenewable, F17.1
renewable, F17.1
United States
overall consumption projections, F17.10
per capita consumption projections, 
F17.10
world
consumption, F17.8
production, F17.7
reserves, F17.7
Energy savings performance contracting 
(ESPC), A36.7
Engines, S7
air-cooled, S7.40
air systems
combustion, S7.6, 40
compressed, S7.6
applications
centrifugal compressors, S7.44
heat pumps, S7.44
reciprocating compressors, S7.43
screw compressors, S7.44
sizing, S7.42
codes, S7.50
continuous-duty standby, S7.37
controls and instruments, S7.7
design and installation, S7.38
ebullient cooling, S7.22, 39
exhaust systems, S7.6, 39
gas, S7.6
expansion engines, S7.38
fuels, F18.6
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
cetane number, F18.7
heating values; S7.5
selection, S7.4
heat recovery
exhaust gas, S7.23
jacket water, S7.21
lubricant, S7.23
reciprocating, S7.21
turbocharger, S7.23
heat release, A15.1
heat removal, S7.40
jacket water system, S7.6, 38
lubrication, S7.6
maintenance, S7.7
noise control, S7.7
performance, S7.3
reciprocating, S7.2
sizing, S7.42
standards, S7.50
superchargers, turbochargers, S7.6
vibration control, S7.7
water-cooled, S7.38
Engine test facilities, A15
air conditioning, A15.1
dynamometers, A15.1
exhaust, A15.2
noise levels, A15.4
ventilation, A15.1, 4
Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer 
coils
Enthalpy
calculation, F1.4
definition, F1.2
foods, R9.7
recovery loop, twin-tower, S44.14
water vapor, F5.9
wheels, S44.10
Entropy, F1.1
calculation, F1.4
Environmental control
animals. See Animal environments
humans. See Comfort
plants. See Plant environments
retail food stores
equipment and control, R46.21
store ambient effect, R46.3
Environmental control system (ECS), A10
Environmental health, F9
background, F9.1
biostatistics, F9.2
cellular biology, F9.2
dusts, F9.4
epidemiology, F9.2
exposure, F9.6
genetics, F9.3
indoor, F9.1
industrial hygiene, F9.3
microbiology/mycology, F9.3
molecular biology, F9.3
physical hazards
electrical hazards, F9.13
electromagnetic radiation, F9.15
noise, F9.15
thermal comfort, F9.11
diseases affected by, F9.12
vibrations, F9.13
standards, F9.9
toxicology, F9.3
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.16 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
contaminants, A45.1
secondhand smoke, F12.17
sidestream smoke, F9.6
superheated vapors, F12.2
Equipment vibration, A47.39; F7.19
ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF)
ESPC. See Energy savings performance 
contracting (ESPC)
Ethylene glycol
coolants, secondary, F21.4
hydronic systems, S12.16
ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); 
Electric thermal storage (ETS)
Evaporation, in tubes
forced convection, F4.4
equations, F4.6
natural convection, F4.1
Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
liquid (See also Evaporators)
in chillers, S38.6, 8, 12
Evaporative cooling, A51
applications
air cleaning, A51.2; S19.7
animal environments, A22.4; A51.8
combustion turbines, S7.11
commercial, A51.4
dehumidification, A51.2; S19.7
gas turbines, A51.7
greenhouses, A22.14; A51.9
humidification, A51.2; S19.6
industrial
air conditioning, A12.7
area cooling, A51.6
process cooling, A51.8
spot cooling, A51.6
laundries, A51.8
makeup air pretreatment, S19.5
motors, A51.7
power generation facilities, A51.8
precooling, S19.5
mixed air systems, A51.3
outdoor air systems, A51.3
produce storage, A51.9
residential, A51.4
wood and paper products facilities, A51.8
coolingtowers, S36.1
direct, A51.1, 2; S19.1
economics, A51.10
entering air condition, A51.11
equipment
direct, S19.1
indirect, S19.2
maintenance, S19.7
two-stage, S19.4
exhaust requirement, A51.5
heat recovery and, A51.3; S19.3; S44.21
indirect, A51.1, 3; S19.2; S44.21
psychrometrics, A51.1, 5, 10, 11
staged
booster refrigeration, A51.3, 11
two-stage (indirect/direct), A51.5, 10; 
S19.4
water treatment, A48.9; S19.8
Legionella pneumophila, S19.8
Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid)
air conditioners, room, S46.2
ammonia refrigeration systems
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
equipment, R3.2
piping, R3.18
automobile air conditioning, A9.4, 8
chemical industry refrigeration, R37.7
flooded, F4.4
halocarbon refrigeration systems, piping, 
R2.28
liquid overfeed systems, R1.6
Exfiltration, F27.1
Exhaust
animal buildings, A22.7
clean spaces, A16.13, 15
engines
gas systems, S7.6
heat recovery, S7.23
installation recommendations, S7.39
engine test facilities, A15.2
industrial environments, A12.8; A30.1
kitchens, A31.6, 20
laboratories, A14.3, 9
stack height, A14.13
photographic processing areas, A20.2
stacks
buildings, A44.1
design strategies, A44.1
exhaust dilution prediction equations, 
A44.10
exhaust velocity, A44.1
industrial exhaust systems, A30.7
location relative to air intake, A44.2
wake downwash, A44.1
vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.30
Exhibit buildings, temporary
air cleanliness, A4.8
HVAC equipment, A4.8
occupancy, A4.8
Exhibit cases, A21.4, 10
Exhibition centers, A4.5
smoke management, A52.13
Expansion joints and devices, S41.11
bends, S41.11
joints
district heating and cooling, S11.17
packed, S41.14
packless, S41.14
loops, S41.12
Expansion tanks, S11.4
hydronic systems, S14.4
closed, S12.3
diaphragm, S12.3
expansion chamber, S12.3
functions of, S12.3, 7
open, S12.3
sizing equations, S12.4
secondary coolant systems, R4.3
solar energy systems, A33.12
Exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS), 
A43.4
Fairs, A4.8
Family courts. See Juvenile facilities
Fan-coil units, S3.2
capacity control, S3.4
performance under varying load, S3.6
two-pipe systems, S3.5
types, S3.3
water distribution, S3.5
wiring, S3.4
Fans, S18
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
air conditioners, room, S46.2
all-air systems, S2.3, 4, 6
animal environments, A22.7
control, A46.1; S18.9
cooling tower capacity control, A41.12; S36.8
draft, S30.26
duct system interface, F35.8
fixed- vs. variable-speed, A41.8
flow control, S18.9; S40.7
furnaces, S28.2
industrial exhaust systems, A30.7
isolation, S18.9
kitchen exhaust, A31.7
laws, S18.4
operating principles, S18.1
parallel operation, S18.7
plenum, S18.1
plug, S18.1
pressure relationships, S18.5
effect of duct system on, S18.6
rating, S18.4
selection, A47.5; S18.7
ships, naval surface, A11.4
sound level, A47.4; S18.8
system effects, S18.7
testing, S18.4
types, S18.1
unstable operation, A46.3
variable- vs. fixed-speed, A41.8
vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.26
Farm crops
aeration, A23.4, 10; F11.11
deep bed drying, F11.10
dryeration, A23.4
drying, F11.8
airflow resistance, F11.9
barley, F11.13
combination, A23.4
corn, A23.1; F11.12
cotton, A23.8; F11.12
deep-bed, A23.4; F11.10
energy conservation, A23.4
equipment, A23.2
full-bin, A23.5
grain, F11.12
hay, A23.8; F11.11
layer, A23.6
peanuts, A23.9; F11.13
physiological factors, F11.1
rice, A23.9; F11.13
seeds, F11.13
shallow-layer, A23.3; F11.9
soybeans, A23.7; F11.13
specific, A23.7
tobacco, F11.14
wheat, F11.13
microbial growth, A23.1
recirculation, A23.4
storing, A23
carbon dioxide, F11.3
fungi,
growth, F11.6
grain aeration, A23.10; F11.11
insects, F11.3, 8
moisture content, F11.1, 5
moisture migration, A23.9; F11.2
oxygen, F11.3
rodents, F11.8
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.17
temperature, F11.3
f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling 
systems, A33.20
Fenestration
air leakage, F31.56
attachments, F31.43
building envelopes, A43.6; F31.1
codes, F31.65
components, F31.1
condensation resistance, F31.60
cooling load, F30.17
draperies, F31.49
durability, F31.64
energy flow, F31.3
energy performance, annual, F31.60
exterior shading, F31.45
glazing (glass), F31.1
infiltration, A43.6
interior shading, F31.47
occupant comfort, F31.62
opaque elements, F31.42
shading devices, F31.43
solar angle, F31.15
solar heat gain, A43.6; F31.13, 36
standards, F31.65
thermal radiation, F31.35
U-factors, F31.4, 6
Fick’s law, F5.1
and moisture flow, F23.7
Filters, air, S24
(See also Air cleaners)
air conditioners, room, S46.4
aircraft, A10.4, 9
clean spaces, A16.3, 7, 10
demisters, A26.6
desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.7
dry, extended surface, S24.6
electronic, S24.5, 8
furnaces, S28.2
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters; 
A26.3, 6; S24.3, 5, 7; S25.2
tests, S24.3
hospitals, A7.2
industrial air-conditioning, A12.7
industrial exhaust gas
fabric, S25.10
granular bed, S25.14
installation, S24.9
kitchens, A31.3, 6
laboratories, A14.9
maintenance, S24.8
nuclear facilities, A26.3, 6
panel, S24.6
places of assembly, A4.1
printing plants, A18.4
renewable media, moving-curtain, S24.7
residential, A1.5
safety requirements, S24.12
selection, S24.8
ships, A11.4
standards, S24.3, 5
test methods, S24.2
types, S24.6
ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, 
S24.5, 7; S25.2
viscous impingement, S24.6, 7
Filters, water, A48.7
Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S32.1, 5
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
design, S32.3
nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3
rating, S32.3
Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F3.27
energy recovery loops, S44.11
two-phase flow in, F4.14
Fins, F3.24
Fireplaces, S29.4
chimney design, S30.21
Fire safety
clean space exhaust systems, A16.13
data processing areas, A17.6
duct design, F35.11
fire and smoke dampers, A52.8
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.29
insulation fire resistance ratings, F26.5
kitchens, A31.15
laboratories, A14.11
nuclear facilities, A26.2
penetration fire stopping, A52.1
smoke management, A52.1
thermal insulation, F26.4
Fish, R19
fresh, R19.1
frozen, R19.4
thermal properties, R9.1
Fittings
duct fitting database, F35.8
effective length, F2.9
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.10
loss coefficients, F2.8
local, F35.7
pipe
sizing, F36.1, 7
standards, S41.2
tees, F36.7
Fixed-guideway vehicles, (See also 
Mass-transit systems)
Fixture units, A49.4; F36.9
Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F18.1
Flash tank, steam systems, S10.14
Floors
coverings
panel systems, S6.7
temperature comfort, F8.15
insulation, F24.2
insulation, acoustic, F23.17
moisture control, F24.10
slabs, heat loss, F29.12
Flowers, cut
air transport, R32.1, 3
cooling, R15.11
refigerators, R47.3
storage, temperatures, R11.12
Flowmeters, A37.13; F14.17
bypass spring impact meters, A37.13
devices, A37.13
district heating and cooling systems, S11.32
flow nozzles, F14.20
hoods, F14.18
in conduits, F2.13
orifice plates, A37.13; F14.20
positive-displacement meters, F14.22
rotameters, F14.21
turbine meters, A37.13; F14.22
ultrasonic, A37.13
velocity impact meters, A37.13
venturi meters, A37.13; F14.20
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
Fluid dynamics computations, F34.1
Fluid flow, F2
analysis, F2.6
Bernoulli equation, F2.6
kinetic energy factor, F2.2
pressure variation, F2.2
boundary layer, F2.4
cavitation, F2.14
choking, F2.13
compressible, F2.13
expansion factor, F2.13
pressure, F2.12
continuity, F2.2
Darcy-Weisbach equation, F2.7
devices, F2.5
discharge coefficients, F2.9
drag, F2.5
friction factors, F2.7
incompressible, F2.10
laminar, F2.3
measurement, A37.12, F2.10; F14.19
noise, F2.14
nonisothermal effects, F2.5
parabolic velocity profile, Poiseuille, F2.3
patterns, F2.4
pipe friction, F2.7
properties, F2.1
Reynolds number, Re, F2.3
section change losses, F2.7
sensors, F15.9
separation, F2.4
turbulent, F2.3
two-phase
boiling, F4.1
condensation, F4.8
evaporation, F4.2, 4
pressure drop, F4.11
unsteady, F2.11
valve losses, F2.7, 9
vena contracta, F2.4
wall friction, F2.3
Food. (See also specific foods)
codes, R46.2
cooling and freezing times, R10.1
cooling,R10.1
equivalent heat transfer dimensionality, 
R10.4
estimating algorithms, R10.5
irregular shapes, R10.3
slabs, cylinders, and spheres, R10.2
freezing
estimating algorithms, R10.12
geometric considerations
equivalent heat transfer dimen-
sionality, R10.9
equivalent sphere diameter, 
R10.12
mean conducting path, R10.12
phase change, R10.8
Plank’s equation, R10.7
precooling, R10.8
subcooling, R10.8
industrial freezing methods, R16.1
long-term storage, R27.7
microbial growth
control, R12.3
generalized, R12.1
requirements, R12.2
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.18 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
plants, R27.3
poultry products
freezing, R18.5
refrigeration, R18.1
processing facilities
contamination prevention, R12.3
dairy, R20.1
fruits, R27.5
main dishes, R27.1
meat, R17.1
organism destruction, R12.4
potato products, R27.5
poultry, R18.1
precooked foods, R27.1
refrigeration systems, R27.3, 4, 6
regulations and standards, R12.5
sanitation, R12.4
vegetables, R27.3
refrigeration
dairy products, R20
eggs and egg products, R21.1
fishery products, R19
fruits, fresh, R22; R23
meat products, R17
vegetables, R24
refrigerators
commercial, R47
retail food store, R46.1
walk-in, R46.12
storage requirements
canned foods, R11.11
citrus fruit, R23.3
commodities, R11.1
dried foods, R11.11
fruit, R22
thermal properties, R9
enthalpy, R9.7
heat of respiration, R9.18, 19
ice fraction, R9.2
surface heat transfer coefficient, R9.25
thermal conductivity, R9.9
thermal diffusivity, R9.17
transpiration coefficient, R9.19, 25
water content, initial freezing point, R9.2
Food service
refrigerators for, R47.1
service water heating, A49.11, 15
vending machines, R47.5
Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1
multifamily, A1.5
Fouling factor
condensers, water-cooled, S35.4
coolers, liquid, S37.4
Foundations
insulation, A43.2; F24.2
moisture control, A43.2
radon control, A43.3
Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, 
A48.7
Fourier’s law, F3.1
and heat transfer, F23.2
Four-pipe systems, S3.11
load, S12.13
room control, S3.11
zoning, S3.11
Framing
materials, F31.2
solar gain, F31.38
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Freeze drying, A28.6
biological materials, R40.4
Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection 
systems)
condensers, evaporative, S35.16
coolers, liquid, S37.5
cooling tower
piping, S13.3
sump water, S36.10
energy recovery equipment, S44.7
hydronic systems, S12.15
insulation for, F26.2
pipes, F24.14
solar energy systems, A33.24; S33.2, 18
Freeze protection systems, A50.17, 19
Freezers
blast, R14.10; R16.1; R17.15, R47.3
household, R48.1
cabinet construction, R48.3
defrosting, R48.6
efficiency, R48.1
refrigeration systems, R48.5
testing, R48.9
industrial, R16.1
walk-in, R47.3
Freezing
beverages, R10.7
biomedical applications, R40.1
foods
bakery products, R28.5
egg products, R21.9
fish, R19.5
freezing time calculations, R10.7
ice cream, R20.15
meat products, R17.16
poultry products, R18.5
processed and prepared food, R27.1
industrial, R16.1
soil, R36.3, 4
Friction, in fluid flow
conduit, F2.7
wall, F2.3
Friction losses, F35.7
duct design, F35.4
fittings, F36.1, 7
roughness factors, F35.6
valves, F36.1, 7
Fruit juice, R25
Fruits
dried
storage, R29.7
thermal properties, R9.1
fresh
air transport, R32.1
apples, storage, A51.9; R22.1
apricots, R22.13
avocados, R23.8
bananas, R23.5
berries, R22.13
cherries, sweet, R22.12
citrus, A51.9; R23.1
cooling, R15.1
deciduous tree, R22
desiccation, R11.1
deterioration rate, R11.1
display refrigerators, R46.8
figs, R22.13
frozen, R27.5
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
grapes, R22.8
mangoes, R23.8
nectarines, R22.12
peaches, R22.12
pears, R22.6
pineapples, R23.8
plums, R22.11
storage diseases, R22.1
strawberries, R22.13
thermal properties, R9.1
vine fruits, R22.1
Fuel cells, cogeneration, S7.36
Fuels, F18
altitude compensation, F18.3
classification, F18.4
combustion, F18
engines, S7.4
flammability limits, F18.1
gaseous, F18.4
heating value, F18.3; S7.5
ignition temperature, F18.2
liquid, F18.4
oil. See Oil, fuel
systems, S7.5
solid, F18.7
turbines, S7.9
Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A14.3
Fungi, and farm crop storage, F11.6
Furnaces, S28
air cleaners and filters, S28.2
airflow configurations, S28.2
air supply, S30.22
burners, S26.1; S28.1
casings, S28.1
codes, S28.10
commercial, S28.8
control, S28.1, 7
derating, S26.3
duct furnaces, S26.2; S28.8
efficiency, S28.5
electric, S28.4, 6, 8
fans and motors, S28.2
floor furnaces, S28.9; S29.2
gas-fired, S28.5, 6
codes, S28.10
commercial, S28.8
installation, S28.10
residential, S28.1
standards, S28.10
humidifiers, S28.2
installation practices, S28.10
natural gas, S26.1; S28.1, 5, 6
draft hoods, S28.2
residential, S28.1, 6
capacity ratings, S28.6
combustion system, S28.3
efficiency, S28.5, 7
heat exchangers, S28.1
vent dampers, S28.2, 7
venting, S28.2; S30.19
oil, S28.4, 8
venting, S30.20
propane, S28.4, 8
regulating agencies, S28.10
residential, A1.3; S28.1
annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), 
S28.5
efficiency, S9.12
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.19
floor furnaces, S29.2
indoor or outdoor, S28.3
selection, S28.5
selection, S28.5, 9
standards, S28.10
stokers, S26.9
thermal storage, A34.16
venting, S30.19, 20
wall furnaces, S29.1
Garages, parking, A13.9
contaminant criteria, A13.10
enclosed, A3.10
ventilation
airflow rate, A13.10
control, A13.11
equipment, A13.25
system configuration, A13.11
Gases
compressed, storage, A14.8
drying, S22.11
liquefaction, R38.6
purification, R38.16, 19
separation
gaseous oxygen, R38.18
Gibbs phase rule, R38.16
Gas-fired equipment,
(See also Natural gas)
noise, F18.16
Gas vents, S30.1
GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps 
(GCHP)
Generators
absorption units, R41.1, 10
cogeneration, S7.28
Geothermal energy, A32
corrosion control, A32.8
direct-use systems, A32.3
cooling, A32.11
equipment, A32.6
heating, A32.9
service water heating, A32.11
district heating, A32.9
geothermal fluids, A32.1
disposal, A32.4
temperature, A32.1, 3
ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems, 
A32.12, 26; S8.4
heat exchangers, A32.8, 25
materials performance, A32.7
resources, A32.1
valves, A32.9
water wells
flow rate, A32.3
pumps, A32.8, 25
terminology, A32.4
water quality testing, A32.6
Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A32.12
Glazing
angular averaging, F31.25
coated, F31.22
glass, F31.1
planar, F31.50
plastic, F31.41
solar-optical properties, F31.18
spectral averaging, F31.24
spectral range, F31.35
systems, F31.42
GLFs. See Glass load factors (GLFs)
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Glycols
coolants, secondary, F21.4
desiccant solution, S22.2
Graetz number, F3.14
Grain. (See also Farm crops)
drying, F11.12
insects, F11.3
storage moisture, F11.2
Grashof number, F3.14
Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments)
evaporative cooling, A51.9
heating, F10.15
plant environments, A22.10
supplemental irradiance, F10.20
Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, 
F34.4
Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
closed-loop ground-source, A32.12
heat exchanger, S45.10
Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A32.1, 12
Groundwater heat pump (GWHP), A32.23
GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps 
(GSHP)
GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps 
(GWHP)
Gymnasiums, A4.5
HACCP. See Hazard analysis and critical 
control point (HACCP)
Halocarbon
coolants, secondary, F21.12
refrigerant systems, R2.1
Hartford loop, S10.3
Hay, drying, A23.8; F11.11
Hazard analysis and critical control point 
(HACCP), R12.4
Hazen-Williams equation, F36.1
HB. See Heat balance (HB)
Health
asbestosis, F9.5
coalworker’s pneumoconiosis, F9.5
and insulation, F23.17
and moisture problems, F23.5
silicosis, F9.5
synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F9.5
Health care facilities, . (See also specific types)
Heat
animal production, F10.2, 7
flow rates, F30.1
latent
respiratory loss, F8.4
skin loss, F8.3, 10
sensible
respiratory, F8.4
skin, F8.3
space extraction rate, F30.2
timers, S10.13
Heat balance (HB), S8.19
air, F30.21
conduction transfer function, F30.22
equations, F30.22
input procedure,F30.23
load calculations
cooling, F30.18
nonresidential, F30.1
model, F30.18
studies, S8.19
surface, F30.19
Heat capacity, F23.1
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
Heaters, S29
automobiles, A9.4
catalytic, S29.1
control, S29.2, 4
direct-contact, S14.6
electric, S15.2; S29.3
fireplaces, S29.4
gas, S15.1; S26.2; S29.1
control valves, S29.2
efficiency requirements, S29.2
infrared, S15.1
room, S29.1
thermostats, S29.2
wall furnaces, S29.1
hot-water, S31.4
hydronic snow melting, A50.12
infrared, S15.1; S26.2; S28.9
indirect, S26.2
oil-fired, S15.3
radiant, A53.1, 4, 8
in-space, S29.1
kerosene, S29.3
oil, S15.3; S29.3
radiant, S26; S29
electric, S15.2
gas-fired, S15.1; S26.2; S29.1
infrared, S26.2; S28.9
oil-fired infrared, S15.3
panels, S29.4
quartz, S29.4
residential, S29.1
room, S29.1
solid fuel, S29.4
standards, S29.6, 7
steam, S31.4
stoves, S29.5
testing, S29.7
unit, S26.2; S28.9; S31.4
control, S31.7
location, S31.6
maintenance, S31.7
piping, S31.7
ratings, S31.6
selection, S31.4
sound level, S31.6
types, S31.6
ventilators, S31.1
water, A49
Heat exchangers, S43
air-to-air energy recovery, S44.1
heat pipes, S44.13
rotary enthalpy wheels, S44.10
thermosiphon, S44.14
animal environments, A22.4
antifreeze effect on, S12.16
chimneys, S30.26
counterflow, F3.28; S43.1
district heating and cooling, S11.27
double-wall construction, S43.3
effectiveness, capacity rate ratio, F3.28
enhanced surfaces, F4.14
external, S33.16
fouling, S43.5
freeze protection, S33.18
furnaces, S28.1
geothermal energy systems, A32.8, 25
halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.28
heat transfer, S43.1
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.20 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
installation, S43.5
liquid suction, R2.28
number of transfer units (NTU), F3.28
parallel flow, F3.28
performance, S33.16
plate, F3.30; R2.29; S37.2
boiling in, F4.7
brazed, S11.28; S43.3
components, S43.4
gasketed, S11.28; S43.3
plate-and-frame, S11.28; S33.16
pressure drop in, F4.13
welded, S11.28; S43.3
selection, S43.5
shell-and-coil, R2.29; S11.28; S43.2
shell-and-tube, R2.29; S11.28; S37.1, 2
components, S43.4
converters, S43.2
straight-tube, S43.2
tube-in-tube, R2.29; S33.16; S37.1
U-tube, S43.2
systems
solar energy, A33.12; S33.15
steam, S10.3
water, medium/high temperature, S14.8
Heat flow, F23
(See also Heat transfer)
and airflow, F23.8
apparent conductivity, F23.14
through flat building component, F23.4
hygrothermal modeling, F23.8
and moisture, F23.5, 8
paths, series and parallel, F23.4
terminology, F23.1
Heat flow, F23. (See also Heat transfer)
variation, F23.3
Heat flux, radiant panels, S6.2
Heat gain. (See also Load calculations)
appliances, F30.6
calculation,
solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), 
F30.20
standard air values, F30.9
electric motors, F30.4
engine test facilities, dynamometers, A15.1
fenestration, F30.17
floors, F30.27
hospital and laboratory equipment, F30.8
humans, F30.3
laboratories, A14.2
latent, permeable building materials, F30.13
lighting, F30.3
office equipment, F30.8
radiant panels, S6.8
space, F30.1
Heating
absorption equipment, R41.1
animal environments, A22.4
equipment, S4.1; S45
baseboard units, S32.1
boilers, S27.1
convectors, S32.1
finned-tube units, S32.1
furnaces, S28.1
radiators, S32.1
equipment, S26–S33 ; S26
geothermal energy systems, A32.9
greenhouses, A22.11; F10.15
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
industrial environments, A12.6
infrared, S15.1
radiant, A53.1, 8
nonresidential, S12.10
places of assembly, A4.1
plant growth chambers, A22.17
power plants, A25.10
residential, A1.1
solar energy, S33.1
systems
all-air, S2.2, 3
selection, S1.1
small forced-air, S9.1
dynamic simulation model (HOUSE), 
S9.12
solar energy, A33.16, 26
space requirements, S1.5
steam, S10.1
thermal storage, A34.8
Heating load
calculations, F30.31
central plant, S4.2
residential calculations
crawlspace heat loss, F29.13
Heating values of fuels, F18.3, 6, 8
Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
basement, F29.12
crawlspaces, F29.13
floor slabs, F29.12
latent heat loss, F29.13
radiant panels, S6.8
Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S44.13
dehumidifiers, S47.5
Heat pumps
absorption, R41.3
air-source, S45.1, 8
add-on, S45.8
air-to-air, S8.4, 9
air-to-water, S8.6, 9
balance point, S45.8
compressor selection, S45.9
control, S45.10
defrost cycle, S45.9
installation, S45.10
refrigerant circuits, S45.9
selection, S45.8
boosters, A34.16
cascade systems, S8.6
components, S8.6
compression cycles, S8.1
control, A46.6; S8.7, 8
efficiency, S45.5
engine-driven, S7.44
ground-source
ground-coupled, A32.12, 15; S8.14; 
S45.10
heat transfer analysis, A32.15
horizontal systems, A32.12, 20
vertical systems, A32.12, 15
water loop, S8.14
groundwater, A32.13, 23; S45.10
surface water, A32.14, 26; S45.10
terminology, A32.12
heat recovery heat pumps, S8.9
design principles, S8.12
waste heat recovery, S8.13
heat sources and sinks, S8.2, 4
ice-source, R34.6
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
industrial process, S8.8
closed-cycle systems, S8.9
design, S8.12
heat recovery, S8.8, 9
open-cycle systems, S8.11
semi-open-cycle systems, S8.11
packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), 
S46.5
testing, S46.7
residential, A1.1
room, S46.1
split systems, S45.1
supplemental heating, S8.8
through-the-wall, S5.2
types, S8.4
unitary, S45.1
application, S45.1
certification, S45.5
codes, S45.5
desuperheaters, S45.2
installation, S45.2
space conditioning/water heating, S45.3
standards, S45.5
types, S45.2
water heaters, A49.2, 21
water-source
certification, S45.11
design, S45.11
entering water temperature, S45.11
groundwater, A32.13, 23; S45.10
indirect systems, A32.25
surface water, A32.14, 26
antifreeze requirements, A32.28
closed-loop heat pumps, A32.27; 
S45.10
lake heat transfer, A32.26
open-loop heat pumps, A32.26
testing, S45.11
water loop, S8.14; S45.10
water-to-air, S8.4
water-to-water, S8.6
window-mounted, S5.2
Heat recovery. (See also Energy recovery)
balanced heat recovery, S8.18
cascade systems, S8.13
cogeneration, S7.19
coils, S23.3
combustion turbines, S7.25
data processing areas, A17.6
evaporative cooling, A51.3; S19.3; S44.21
heat-activated chillers, S7.27
heat balance, S8.19
heat pumps, S8.9
industrial exhaust systems, A30.7
kitchen ventilation, A31.15
laboratories, 19
liquid chillers; S38.3, 11
multiple buildings, S8.21
reciprocating engines, S7.21
retail food store refrigeration, R46.18
service water heating, A49.3
steam
systems, S10.3, 14
turbines, S7.26
supermarkets, A2.4
terminology, S8.1
waste heat, S8.13
water loop heat pump systems, S8.14
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.21
Heat storage. See Thermal storage
Heat stress
index (HSI), A29.4; F8.20
industrial environments, A29.4
thermal standards, A29.4
Heat transfer, F3; F23. (See also Heat flow)
across air space, F23.3
air infiltration, effect of, F23.16
animal environments, F10.3
antifreeze effect on water, S12.16
augmentation
active, F3.20
passive, F3.19
chimneys, fireplaces, and gas vents, 
S30.6
coefficients, F31.5
condensation, F4.9
convective, F8.7
convective evaporation, F4.6
evaporative, F8.8
foods, R9.25
Lewis relation, F8.4
low-temperature, R39.9
overall, F3.18
pool boiling, F4.3
coils
air-cooling and dehumidifying, S21.7
air-heating, S23.4
condensers, S35.2
water-cooled, S35.2
conductance, F3.18
conduction, F3.1, 2
shape factors, F3.2
control, F23.1
convection
buffer layer, F3.2
coefficient, F3.2
effect of, F23.16
external, F3.13
flow, fully developed laminar, F3.14
forced, boundary layer, F3.13
free, F3.2, 16
internal, F3.14
laminar sublayer, F3.2
natural, F3.2, 16
turbulent region, F3.1
definition, F23.1
diffuse radiation, F3.12
district heating and cooling pipes, S11.9
effectiveness, F3.28
extended surfaces, F3.23
factor, friction, F3.14
film
coefficient, F23.1
resistance, F23.1, 2
fins, F3.23, 25
forced convection
air coolers, F3.13
solid-to-fluid, F3.2
Fourier’s law, F23.2
ground, F32.7
ground loops, A32.15
heat exchangers, S43.1
insulation, F14.31
lakes, A32.26
mass transfer
convection, F5.5molecular diffusion, F5.2
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
simultaneous with, F5.9
cooling coils, F5.12
number of transfer units (NTU), F3.28
radiant balance, F3.12
radiation
actual, gray, F3.2, 8
angle factor, F3.10
Beer’s law, F3.12
blackbody, F3.1, 8
spectral emissive power, F3.8
coefficient, F3.18
energy transfer, F3.8
exchange between surfaces, F3.11
gray surface, F3.8
hemispherical emissivity, F3.8
in gases, F3.12
Kirchoff’s law, F3.9
monochromatic emissive power, F3.8
net, F3.8
Stefan-Boltzmann
law, F3.8
relation, F3.1
thermal, F3.1
Wien’s displacement law, F3.8
simultaneous, F5.9
snow-melting systems, A50.1
fluids, A50.10
solar energy systems, A33.11
steady-state, F23.2
terminology, F23.1
transient
cooling time estimation, F3.5
cylinder, F3.5
multidimensional, F3.5
performance, F23.4
radiation, F3.3
slab, F3.5
sphere, F3.5
temperature distribution, F3.5
water, S12.2
Heat transmission
below-grade construction, F25.15
doors, F25.14
floor slabs, F29.12
pipes
buried, F25.18
properties, F25.1
slab-on-grade construction, F25.15
soils, F25.15
windows, F25.14
Heat traps, A49.7
Helium
recovery, R38.18
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, 
A26.3; S24.7; S25.2
High-temperature short-time (HTST) 
pasteurization, R20.2
High-temperature water (HTW) system, S12.1
Hoods
draft, S28.2; S30.25
gaseous contaminant control, A45.4
industrial exhaust systems
capture velocities, A30.2
compound hoods, A30.4
design principles, A30.3
entry loss, A30.3
overhead hoods, A30.5
sidedraft hoods, A30.5
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
volumetric flow rate, A30.2
kitchen exhaust, A31.20
ductless, A31.6
recirculating systems, A31.6, 9
residential, A31.20
type I, A31.3
type II, A31.3, 5
laboratory fume, A14.3
sound control, A47.34
unidirectional, A16.7
Hospitals, A7.2
air conditioning, A7.2
air movement, A7.3
air quality, A7.2
cooling, A7.12
design criteria
administration, A7.10
ancillary spaces, A7.8
autopsy rooms, A7.9
diagnostic and treatment, A7.10
infectious isolation, A7.8
intensive care units, A7.5
laboratories, A7.9
nursery, A7.5
nursing, A7.8
operating rooms, A7.5
humidity, S20.2
patient rooms, A7.8
protective isolation, A7.8
recovery rooms, A7.5
service areas, A7.10
sterilizing and supply, A7.10
surgery and critical care, A7.5
energy conservation, A7.12
heating and hot-water standby, A7.11
indoor air quality (IAQ), A7.2
infection sources and control, A7.2
insulation, A7.12
Legionella pneumophila, A7.2
pressure relationships and ventilation, A7.4
smoke control, A7.5
zoning, A7.11
Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F23.4
Hotels and motels, A5
accommodations, A5.3
back-of-the-house areas, A5.6
central plant, A5.7
design criteria, A5.1
guest rooms, A5.3
indoor air quality (IAQ), A5.6
load characteristics, A5.1
makeup air units, A5.7
public areas, A5.6
service water heating, showers, A49.11, 14
sound control, A5.8
systems, A5.2
Hot-gas bypass, R2.34
HOUSE dynamic simulation model, S9.12
Houses of worship, A4.3
HSI. See Heat stress index (HSI)
HTST. See High-temperature short-time 
(HTST) pasteurization
Humidification, A46.8; S20
air washers, S19.6
all-air systems, S2.4, 6
control, A46.7; S20.1
data processing areas, A17.5
design, S20.3
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.22 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
direct evaporative cooling, A51.2
evaporative coolers, S19.6
load calculations, S20.4
Humidifiers, S20
all-air systems, S2.6
bacterial growth, S20.1
central air systems
industrial and commercial, S20.6, 7
residential, S20.5
commercial, S20.6
controls, S20.8
energy considerations, S20.3
equipment, S20.4
evaporative cooling, S20.7
furnaces, S28.2
industrial, S20.6
Legionella pneumophila control, A48.7
load calculations, S20.3
nonducted, S20.6
portable, S20.6
residential, A1.4; S9.1; S20.5
scaling, S20.4
supply water, S20.4
terminal, S2.12
Humidity
building envelope affected by, S20.2
control, A46.7; F22.1; F24.4; S20.1; S22.1
disease prevention and treatment, S20.1
human comfort conditions, S20.1
measurement, F14.10
odors affected by, F13.2
plant environments, F10.20
sensors, F15.8
sound transmission affected by, S20.2
static electricity affected by, S20.2
Hydrogen, liquid, R38.2
Hydronic systems
capacity control, A46.1, 16
central multifamily, A1.5
cogeneration, S7.33
heating and cooling design, S12.1
heat transfer vs. flow, A37.6, 7
pipe sizing, F36.6
residential, A1.3
snow melting, A50.10
testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.6, 8
water treatment, A48.10
Hydronic units, S32
(See also Water systems)
baseboard, S32.1, 3, 5
convectors, S32.1, 3, 5
finned-tube, S32.1, 3, 5
heaters, S31.4
makeup air, S31.9
pipe coils, S32.1
radiant panels, S6.11; S32.6
ceiling, S6.13
design, S6.11
floor, S6.15
wall, S6.15
radiators, S32.1, 2, 5
ventilators, S31.1
Hygrometers, F14.10, 10; F15.8
Hygrothermal modeling, F23.8
IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)
Ice
commercial, R34.6
delivery systems, R34.5
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
manufacture, R34.1
storage, R34.4
thermal storage, A34.11; R34.3
Ice makers
commercial, R47.6
heat pumps, R34.6
household refrigerator, R48.3
large commercial, R34.1
storage, R34.4
thermal storage, R34.3
types, R34.1
water treatment, A48.7, 9
Ice rinks, A4.5; R35
conditions, R35.4
dehumidifiers, S47.4
energy conservation, R35.5
floor design, R35.7
heat loads, R35.2
pebbling, R35.10
refrigeration, R35.5
surface building and maintenance, R35.9
water quality, R35.10
Ignition temperatures of fuels, F18.2
IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs)
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
(See also Air quality)
bioaerosols
health effects, F9.7
particles, F9.4
sampling, F9.8
sources, F9.6
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), F9.6
gaseous contaminant control, A45.1
hospitals, A7.2
hotels and motels, A5.6
infiltration, F27.9
kitchens, A31.9
modeling, F34.1
particulate matter, F9.4
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), F9.6
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 
F9.6
radon action levels, F9.16
sensors, F15.9
standards, F9.9
synthetic vitreous fibers, F9.5
ventilation, F27.9
volatile organic compounds (VOC), F9.8
Indoor environmental health, F9
(See also Indoor air quality)
Indoor environmental modeling, F34
computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F34.1
contaminant transport, F34.16
multizone network, F34.14
verification and validation, F34.17
Induction
air-and-water systems, A37.5
units under varying load, S3.6
Industrial applications
burners
gas, S26.2
oil, S26.5
gas drying, S22.11
heat pumps, S8.8
humidifiers, S20.6
process drying, S22.11
process refrigeration, R37.1
thermal storage, A34.7
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
service water heating, A49.19
steam generators, A25.4
Industrial environments, A12; A29; A30
air conditioning, A12
cooling load, A12.5
design, A12.5
evaporative systems, A12.7
maintenance, A12.8
refrigerant systems, A12.7
spot cooling, A29.2, A51.6
ventilation, A29.1
air distribution, A29.2
air filtration systems, A12.7; S24.2; S25.1
contaminant control, A12.5, 8
energy conservation, A29.5
energy recovery, A29.5
evaporative cooling, A51.6
heat control, A29.4
heat exposure control, A29.5
heating systems, A12.6
heat stress, A29.4
local exhaust systems, A29.5; A30.1
air cleaners, A30.6
airflow near hood, A30.3
air-moving devices, A30.7
ducts, A30.5; S25.28
energy recovery, A30.7
exhaust stacks, A30.7
fans, A30.7
hoods, A30.2
operation and maintenance, A30.8
system testing, A30.7
process and product requirements, A12.1
spot cooling, A29.2, 5
thermal control, A12.4
ventilation systems, A29.1
Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25
(See also Air cleaners)
auxiliary equipment, S25.28
equipment selection, S25.1
gaseous contaminant control, S25.17
absorption, S25.17
adsorption, S25.24, 26
incineration, S25.27
spray dry scrubbing, S25.18
wet-packed scrubbers, S25.18, 24
gas stream, S25.2
monitoring, S25.1
operation and maintenance, S25.29
particulate contaminant control, S25
collector performance, S25.3
electrostatic precipitators, S25.8
fabric filters, S25.10
inertial collectors, S25.4
scrubbers (wet collectors), S25.15
settling chambers,S25.3
regulations, S25.1
safety, S25.29
scrubbers (wet collectors), S25.15
Industrial hygiene, F9.3
Infiltration. (See also Air leakage)
air exchange, R13.4
rate, F27.3, 10
air leakage
air-vapor retarder, F27.14
building data, F27.13
controlling, F27.14
calculation, residential, F27.20
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.23
climatic zones, F27.16
commercial buildings, F27.23
direct flow through doorways, R13.6
driving mechanisms, F27.10
examples, F27.21
fenestration, F31.56
indoor air quality (IAQ), F27.9
infiltration degree-days, F27.10
leakage function, F27.12
measurement, F14.22
refrigerated facilities, R13.4
residential buildings, F27.12
terminology, F27.1
thermal loads, F27.9
ventilation, R46.4
Infrared applications
comfort, F8.22, 23
drying, A28.3
energy generators, S15.1
greenhouse heating, A22.13
heaters, A53.1, 4, 8, S15.1
electric, S15.2
gas-fired, S15.1; S26.2
industrial environments, A12.7
oil-fired, S15.3
system efficiency, S15.4
snow-melting systems, A50.16
In-room terminal systems
changeover temperature, S3.7
description, S3.2
induction systems, S3.2
performance under varying load, S3.6
primary air, S3.6
refrigeration load, S3.7
ventilation air, S3.5
Insects, farm crop storage, F11.8
Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments 
or applications)
Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F31.1
Insulation, electrical, R5.8
Insulation, thermal
airflow retarders, F23.17
heating climates, F24.5
mixed climates, F24.7
warm/humid climates, F24.8
animal environments, A22.5
apparent thermal conductivity of, F23.14
below-ambient system, R33.2
ceilings, A43.5
clothing, F8.8
compressive resistance, F26.6
condensation control, F26.2
and convection, effects of, F23.16
corrosion under, F26.5
cryogenic, R38.23
ducts, F24.15, F26.11; F35.11; S16.6
flexible, F26.9
process, F26.11
economic thickness
mechanical systems; F26.1
energy conservation, F26.1
fire resistance ratings, F26.5
fire safety, F26.4
flame spread index, F26.4
floors, F24.2
foundations, A43.2; F24.2
freeze protection, F26.2
green buildings, F26.1
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
heat gain, F26.14
heat loss, F26.14
heat transfer, F14.31
hospitals, A7.12
insertion loss, F26.4
limited combustible, F26.5
masonry construction, F24.2
materials, F23.13; F26.6
cellular, F26.6
fibrous, F26.6
foil, scrim, and kraft paper (FSK), F26.9
foil-reinforced kraft (FRK), F26.10
granular, F26.6
reflective, F26.6
moisture control, F24.1
noise control, F23.17; F26.3
noncombustible, F26.5
operating temperature, F26.6
performance, F24.3
personnel protection, F26.2
pipes, F26.9
economic thickness, S11.16
hangers, F26.9
underground, F24.14, F26.10; S11.7
properties, F23.14, 17
reflective, F23.3
refrigerant piping, R33.1
design, R33.1
installation, R33.7
jacketing, R33.7
joint sealant, R33.4
maintenance, R33.9
vapor retarders, R33.4
refrigerated facilities, R13.1; R14.12
roof deck construction, F24.3
roofs, A43.5
safety issues, F23.17
smoke developed index, F26.4
solar energy systems, S33.7, 13
steel frame construction, F24.1, 2
tanks, vessels, and equipment, F26.11
thermal bridging, F24.2
thermal conductivity, F26.6
thermal control, F24.1
thermal storage systems, A34.19
ice, A34.15
water, A34.11
types, F23.14
walls, A43.4
water absorption, F26.6
water vapor permeability, F26.6
water vapor permeance, F26.6
water vapor retarders, F23.17, 18; F26.8
weather barriers, F26.6
weather protection, F26.6
wood frame construction, F24.1
Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, 
R3.3
Jails, A8.1
Joule-Thomson cycle, R38.6
Juice, R25.1
Justice facilities, A8
energy considerations, A8.2
fire/smoke management, A8.2
health issues, A8.3
heating and cooling plants, A8.2
indoor air quality, A8.2
jails, A8.1
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
juvenile, A8.1
police stations, A8.1
prisons, A8.1
system controls A8.2
system requirements, A8.1
terminology, A8.1
types of, A8.1
Juvenile facilities, A8.1
Kelvin’s formula, F23.8
Kirchoff’s law, F3.9
Kitchens, A31
air balancing, A31.11
multiple-hood systems, A31.13
air conditioning, A3.5, 6
air filtration, A31.3, 6
controls, A31.19
cooking effluent
control of, A31.6
generation of, A31.1
plume, A31.1
thermal plume behavior, A31.2
dishwashers, piping, A49.5
energy conservation
economizers, A31.15
reduced airflow, A31.15
residential hoods, A31.20
restaurants, A31.14
exhaust hoods, A31
ductless, A31.6
recirculating systems, A31.6, 9
residential, A31.20
systems, A31.2
type I, A31.3
type II, A31.3, 5
exhaust systems, A31.2, 6, 20
ducts, A31.7; S16.5
effluent control, A31.6
fans, A31.7
fire safety, A31.6
hoods, A31.2
maintenance, A31.18
multiple-hood systems, A31.13, 17
residential, A31.20
terminations, A31.8
fire safety, A31.15, 17
fire suppression, A31.15
multiple-hood systems, A31.17
prevention of fire spread, A31.17
protection, A31.15
residential, A31.20
grease removal, A31.3, 6
heat recovery, A31.15
indoor air quality (IAQ), A31.9
integration and balancing, A31.11
maintenance, A31.18
makeup air systems
air distribution, A31.10
maintenance, A31.19
replacement, A31.9
residential, A31.20
operation, A31.18
residential, A31.19
service water heating, A49.5
ventilation, A31
Kleemenko cycle, R38.13
Krypton, recovery, R38.17
Laboratories, A14
air distribution, A14.9
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.24 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
air filtration, A14.9
air intakes, A14.13
animal labs, A14.14
cage environment, A22.9
heat and moisture production, F10.14
ventilation performance, A22.9
biological safety cabinets, A14.6
biosafety levels, A14.17
clean benches, A14.8
cleanrooms, A16.1
clinical labs, A14.18
commissioning, A14.19
compressed gas storage, A14.8
containment labs, A14.16
controls, A14.12
design parameters, A14.2
duct leakage rates, A14.10
economics, A14.19
exhaust devices, A14.8
exhaust systems, A14.10
fire safety, A14.11
fume hoods, A14.3
controls, A14.13
performance, A14.4
hazard assessment, A14.2
heat recovery, A14.19
hospitals, A7.9
loads, A14.2
nuclear facilities, A26.9
paper testing labs, A24.3
radiochemistry labs, A14.18
safety, A14.2, 11
scale-up labs, A14.17
stack heights, A14.13
supply air systems, A14.9
system maintenance, A14.18
system operation, A14.18
teaching labs, A14.18
types, A14.1
ventilation, A14.8
Lakes, heat transfer, A32.26
Laminar flow
air, A16.3
fluids, F2.3
Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence 
modeling, F34.3
Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F14.17
Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F14.17
Latent energy change materials, A34.11
Laundries
evaporative cooling, A51.8
service water heating, A49.17
LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR)
LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV)
LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating
Leakage, ducts, F35.11; S16.2
Leakage function, relationship, F27.12
Leak detection of refrigerants, F19.7; R8.2
methods, R45.4
Legionella pneumophila, A48.6
air washers, S19.8
control, A48.7
cooling towers, S36.12, 13
decorative fountains, A48.7
evaporative coolers, S19.8
hospitals, A7.2
Legionnaires’ disease, A48.6
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
service water systems, A49.8
Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella 
pneumophila
LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES)
Lewis relation, F5.8; F8.4
Libraries. See Museums, libraries, and 
archives
Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A20.3
Lighting
animal environments, F10.3
cooling load, F30.3
greenhouses, A22.15
heat gain, F30.3
plant environments, A22.18; F10.18
return air light fixtures, F30.4
sensors, F15.9
Light measurement, F14.29
Linde cycle, R38.6
Line sizing for halocarbon systems, R2.2
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F18.4
Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R1
ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.21
circulating rate, R1.3
evaporators, R1.6
line sizing, R1.7
liquid separators, R1.7
overfeed rate, R1.3
pump selection, R1.5
receiver sizing, R1.7
recirculation, R1.1
refrigerant distribution, R1.2
terminology, R1.1
Lithium bromide/water, F20.1, 69
Lithium chloride, S22.2
Load calculations
cargo containers, R30.8
coils, air-coolingand dehumidifying, S21.15
computer calculation, A39.5
humidification, S20.3
hydronic systems, S12.2
internal heat load, R13.3
nonresidential, F30.1, 22
precooling fruits and vegetables, R15.1
refrigerated facilities
air exchange, R13.4
direct flow through doorways, R13.6
equipment, R13.6
infiltration, R13.4
internal, R13.3
product, R13.3
transmission, R13.1
residential cooling
block load, F29.8
load components, F29.8
residential heat balance (RHB) method, 
F29.2
residential load factor (RLF) method, 
F29.2
residential heating
crawlspace, F29.13
procedure, F29.11
snow-melting systems, A50.1
Load collector ratio (LCR), A33.21
Local exhaust. See Exhaust
Loss coefficients
control valves, F2.9
duct fitting database, F35.8
fittings, F2.8
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
flexible ducts, F35.8
Louvers, F31.45, F35.13
Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S12.1
LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)
LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) 
system
Lubricants, R7
(See also Lubrication; Oil)
additives, R7.4
ammonia refrigeration, R3.6
component characteristics, R7.3
effects, R7.27
evaporator return, R7.18
foaming, R7.26
halocarbon refrigeration
compressor floodback protection, R2.31
liquid indicators, R2.32
lubricant management, R2.10
moisture indicators, R2.31
purge units, R2.32
receivers, R2.32
refrigerant driers, R2.31
separators, R2.30
strainers, R2.31
surge drums or accumulators, R2.30
mineral oil
aromatics, R7.3
naphthenes (cycloparaffins), R7.2
nonhydrocarbons, R7.3
paraffins, R7.2
miscibility, R7.13
moisture content, R45.1
oxidation, R7.26
properties, R7.4
floc point, R7.20
viscosity, R7.5
refrigerant
contamination, R6.7
reactions with, R5.5
solutions, R7.8
density, R7.8
solubility, R7.9, 11, 13
viscosity, R7.13
requirements, R7.2
separators, R44.22
solubility
air, R7.26
hydrocarbon gages, R7.21
refrigerant solutions, R7.9, 11, 13
water, R7.26
stability, R7.27
synthetic lubricants, R7.3
testing, R7.1
wax separation, R7.20
Lubrication
combustion turbines, S7.10
compressors
centrifugal, S34.34
reciprocating, S34.8
rotary, S34.10
single-screw, S34.12
twin-screw, S34.20
engines, S7.6
Mach number, S34.29
Maintenance. (See also Operation and 
maintenance)
absorption units, R41.7
air cleaners, S24.8
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.25
air conditioners, retail store, A2.1
air washers, S19.7
chillers, S38.5, 12
cogeneration systems, S7.42
coils
air-cooling and dehumidifying, S21.15
air-heating, S23.5
condensers, S35
air-cooled, S35.13
evaporative, S35.19
water-cooled, S35.7
cooking equipment, A31.18
coolers, liquid, S37.6
cooling towers, S36.11
costs, A36.5
documentation, A38.3
energy recovery equipment, S44.7, 11
engines, S7.7
evaporative coolers, S19.7
filters, air, S24.8
gaseous air cleaners, A45.11
heat pumps, unitary, S45.2
industrial air-conditioning systems, A12.8
infrared heaters, S15.5
kitchen ventilation systems, A31.18, 20
laboratory HVAC equipment, A14.18
liquid chillers; S38.15
makeup air units, S31.10
management, A38
manual, A38.3
solar energy systems, A33.24
terminology, A38.1
turbines
combustion, S7.13
steam, S7.19
unit heaters, S31.7
Makeup air units, S31.8
applications, S31.9
codes, S31.9
commissioning, S31.10
controls, A46.13; S31.9
design, S31.8
maintenance, S31.10
selection, S31.8
standards, S31.9
types, S31.9
Malls, A2.7
Manometers, differential pressure readout, 
A37.12
Manufactured homes, A1.6
airflow modeling example, F34.18
Masonry, insulation, F24.2
(See also Building envelopes)
Mass transfer, F5
convection, F5.4
eddy diffusion, F5.8
Lewis relation, F5.8; F8.4
energy recovery, air-to-air, S44.5, 7
heat transfer simultaneous with, F5.9
air washers, F5.11
cooling coils, F5.12
cooling towers, F5.12
dehumidifying coils, F5.12
direct-contact equipment, F5.9
enthalpy potential, F5.9
molecular diffusion, F5.1
in liquids and solids, F5.4
two-film theory, S25.21
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
simultaneous, F5.9
Mass-transit systems
buses, A9.8, 9
bus garages, A13.12
bus terminals, A13.14
diesel locomotive facilities, A13.24
enclosed vehicular facilities, A13.1
fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.8
rail cars, A9.8, 12
rapid transit, A9.12; A13.17
stations, A13.20
thermal comfort, A9.9; A13.20
thermal load analysis, A9.9; A13.21
tunnels
railroad, A13.21
rapid transit, A13.17
subway, A13.17
ventilation, A9.9; A13.1
McLeod gages, F14.14
Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A53.1
Mean temperature difference, F3.28
Measurement, F14
(See also Instruments)
air exchange rates, F27.10
airflow, A37.2
air infiltration, F14.22
air leakage, F27.13
airtightness, F14.22
carbon dioxide, F14.23
combustion analysis, F14.32
contaminants, F14.32
data acquisition, F14.32
electricity, F14.24
fluid flow, A37.12; F2.10; F14.19
gaseous contaminants, A45.3
heat transfer in insulation, F14.31
humidity, F14.10
light levels, F14.29
moisture content, F14.30; R6.3
farm crops, F11.5
refrigeration systems, R45.3
moisture transfer, F14.30
odors, F13.5
pressure, F14.13
rotative speed, F14.25
sound, F14.27
temperature, F14.4
thermal comfort, F14.29
uncertainty analysis, A40.11; F14.3
velocity, F14.15
vibration, F14.28
Meat, R17
display refrigerators, R46.7
food processing, R17.1
frozen, R17.16
packaged fresh cuts, R17.11
processing facilities
boxed beef, R17.7
carcass coolers
beef, R17.2
calves, R17.10
hogs, R17.8
lamb, R17.10
energy conservation, R17.17
pork trimmings, R17.10
processed meats
bacon slicing rooms, R17.13
freezing, R17.15
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
lard chilling, R17.14
sausage dry rooms, R17.13
smokehouses, R17.12
sanitation, R17.1
shipping docks, R17.17
variety meats, R17.10
retail storage, R46.12
thermal properties, R9.1
Mechanical traps, steam systems, S10.8
Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, 
S12.1
Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F34.4
refining, F34.11
Metabolic rate, F8.6
Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R39.6
Microbial growth, R12.4
Microbiology of foods, R12.1
Mines, A27
heat sources, A27.2
mechanical refrigeration plants, A27.9
spot coolers, A27.10
ventilation, A27.1
wall rock heat flow, A27.2
Modeling. See also Data-driven modeling; 
Energy modeling
airflow, A16.4
around buildings, F16.10
in buildings, F34.1
contaminant transport, F34.16
multizone, F34.1, 14
pollutant transport, F34.1, 18
turbulence, F34.3
boilers, F32.14
compressor, F32.15
condenser and evaporator, F32.15
controls, F32.23
cooling tower, F32.17
moisture in buildings, F23.8
scale simulation and testing, A44.11
small forced-air heating systems, S9.12
systems, F32.17
thermal (hot-box method), F23.4
validation, F32.31
Moist air, F6
psychrometrics, F6.1
thermal conductivity, F6.19
thermodynamic properties
standard pressure, F6.14
temperature scale, F6.2
transport properties, F6.19
viscosity, F6.19
Moisture
animal production, F10.8, 14
in attics, F24.5
in building materials, F23.6
in buildings
animal facilities, A22.2
commercial and institutional, F24.12
condensation prevention; F24.4
envelope component intersections, F24.11
humidity control, F24.4
capacity, F23.2
in cathedral ceilings, F24.5
in ceilings, A43.6
combustion, F18.10
condensation, S20.2
content, F23.2
control, F23
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.26 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
heating climates, F24.4, 6
mixed climates, F24.7
options, F24.4
terminology, F23.1
warm/humid climates, F24.8, 8
diffusivity, F14.31
farm crops content, A23.1; F11.1, 5, 6
flow
and airflow, F23.8
and heat flow, F23.5, 8
isothermal, F23.8
mechanisms, F23.7
modeling, F23.8
nonisothermal, F23.8
in foundations, A43.2; F24.10
and heat storage, F23.6
hygrothermal modeling, F23.8
in insulation,
for refrigeration piping, R33
 F24.1
measurement, F14.30
in membrane roofs, F24.9
migration; F24.4
paint, effects on, F23.5
permeability, F14.31
permeance, F14.31
problems, in buildings, F23.5
ratio, F23.2
in refrigerant systems
control, R6.1
desiccants, R6.3
driers, R6.6
drying methods, R6.2
effects, R6.1
factory dehydration, R45.1
hydrocarbon gages solubility, R7.21
indicators, R6.3
lubricantsolubility, R7.26
measurement, R6.3; R45.3
solubility, R6.1
sources, R6.1; R45.1
in roofs, A43.6
sorption isotherms, F14.30
in walls, A43.4
water vapor retarders, F23.18; F27.14
heating climates, F24.5
mixed climates, F24.7
warm/humid climates, F24.8
in windows, A43.7
Mold, F23.5
Montreal Protocol, F19.1
Motors, S40
codes, S40.1
compressors, S34.4
controls, S40.6
efficiency, S40.2
evaporative cooling, A51.7
field assembly and refrigerant contamination, 
R6.8
furnaces, residential, S28.2
general purpose, S40.2
hermetic, S40.4
burnout, R6.8, 8
integral thermal protection, S40.4
power supply (ac), S40.1
pumps, centrifugal, S39.8, 12, 13
standards, S40.1
starting, and electricity, S40.7
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
in variable-speed drives, S40.8
Movie theaters, A4.3
MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT)
Multifamily residences, A1.5
Multiple-use complexes
air conditioning, A5.8
design criteria, A5.1
load characteristics, A5.1
systems, A5.1, 2
energy inefficient, A5.2
total energy, A5.2
Multizone airflow modeling, F34.14
applications example, F34.18
approaches, F34.16
verification and validation, F34.17
Museums, libraries, and archives
air distribution, A21.12
air filtration, A21.12
artifact deterioration, A21.4
building construction, A21.7
dehumidification, A21.11, 12
exhibit cases, A21.4
humidification, A21.11
mold growth, A21.4
outside air, A21.11
relative humidity, effect on artifacts, A21.4
system selection, A21.10
temperature, effect on artifacts, A21.2
Mycotoxins, F11.6
Naphthenes, R7.2
Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools)
air conditioning, A4.5
dehumidifiers, S47.4
duct design, A4.7
envelope design, A4.7
load estimation, A4.6
pool water chemistry, A4.7
ventilation requirements, A4.6
Natural gas, F18.4
liquefaction, R38.8
liquefied, R38.3
pipe sizing, F36.20
processing, R38.18
separation, R38.18
Navier-Stokes equations, F34.1
Reynolds-averaged, F34.3
NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves
Net positive suction, S39.9
Nightclubs, A3.6
Night setback
furnaces, residential, S9.15, 16
recovery, A41.28
Nitrogen
liquid, R38.3
recovery, R38.17
Noise, F7.14
(See also Sound)
air conditioners, room, S46.4
combustion, F18.16
compressors
centrifugal, S34.32
scroll, S34.24
single-screw, S34.16
condensing units, R46.18
control, with insulation, F26.3
controls, A16.15
engine test facilities, A15.4
fans, S18.8
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
fluid flow, F2.14
health effects, F9.15
valves, S42.2
water pipes, F36.5
Noise criterion (NC) curves, A47.27; F7.16
balanced (NCB), A47.27
Noncondensable gases
condensers, water-cooled, S35.6
refrigerant contamination, R6.7
Nonhydrocarbons, R7.2
NPSH. See Net positive suction pressure 
(NPSH)
NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU)
Nuclear facilities, A26
air filtration, A26.3, 6
basic technology, A26.1
codes, A26.10
criticality, A26.1
decommissioning, A26.9
Department of Energy facilities requirements
confinement systems, A26.3
ventilation, A26.4
fire protection, A26.2
HVAC design considerations, A26.1
Nuclear Regulatory Commission 
requirements
boiling water reactors, A26.7
laboratories, A26.9
medical and research reactors, A26.9
other buildings and rooms, A26.8
power plants, A26.5
pressurized water reactors, A26.6
radioactive waste facilities, A26.9
safety design, A26.1
standards, A26.10
tornado and wind protection, A26.2
Number of transfer units (NTU)
cooling towers, S36.16
heat transfer, F3.28
Nursing homes
air conditioning, A7.13
classifications, A7.13
service water heating, A49.11
Nusselt number, F3.14
Nuts, storage, R29.7
Odors, F13
analytical measurement, F13.5
control of, in industrial exhaust gas cleaning, 
S25.26, 27
factors affecting, F13.2, 5
odor units, F13.5
olf unit, F13.6
sense of smell, F13.1
sensory measurement, F13.2
acceptability, F13.5
sources, F13.1
suprathreshold intensity, F13.3
threshold, F13.1
Office buildings
air conditioning, A3.6
space requirements, A3.7
service water heating, A49.11, 13
Oil, fuel, F18.5
characteristics, F18.5
distillate oils, F18.5
handling, S26.8
heating value, F18.6
pipe sizing, F36.20
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.27
preparation, S26.9
residual oils, F18.5
storage buildings, A25.8
storage tanks, S26.7
sulfur content, F18.6
viscosity, F18.5
Oil. (See also Lubricants)
in refrigerant systems, R7.2
in two-phase flow, F4.11
Olf unit, F13.6
One-pipe systems
chilled-water, S12.12
steam convection heating, S10.11; 1993 
Fundamentals, Chapter 33, pp. 18-19 (See 
explanation on first page of index.)
Operating costs, A36.3
Operation and maintenance, A38
(See also Maintenance)
compressors, S34.34
condition monitoring, A38.4
desiccant dehumidifiers, S22.7
documentation, A38.3
industrial exhaust systems, A30.8
exhaust gas cleaning equipment, 
S25.29
laboratory HVAC equipment, A14.18
management
condition monitoring, A38.4
results-oriented maintenance, A38.1
system complexity, A38.3
manuals, A38.3
new technology, A38.5
responsibilities, A38.5
Outlets, air diffusion,
location, F33.15
performance, F33.9
selection, F33.15
Outpatient health care facilities, A7.12
Outside air, free cooling
cooling towers, S36.9
liquid chillers, S38.11
Outside air fraction, F27.8
Owning costs, A36.1
Oxygen
in aircraft cabins, A10.9
liquid, R38.3
recovery, R38.17
Ozone
absorption bands, F31.15
activated carbon air cleaner, A45.9
in aircraft cabins
catalytic converters, A10.7, 8
limits, A10.1
electronic air filters, S24.8
PAC. See Polycyclic aromatic compounds 
(PAC)
Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), 
A1.6; S46.5
Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), A1.6; 
S46.5
PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 
(PAH)
Paint, and moisture problems, F23.5
Panel heating and cooling, S6
(See also Radiant heating and cooling)
advantages, S6.1
air-heated/cooled panels, S6.19
capillary tube mats, S6.7
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
control, S6.20
cooling, S6.1
design, S6.6
calculations, S6.8
disadvantages, S6.2
electric heating systems, S6.16
ceiling, S6.16
floor, S6.18
wall, S6.18
heat flux
combined, S6.4
natural convection, S6.3
thermal radiation, S6.2
heating, S6.1
hybrid HVAC, S6.1
hydronic systems, S6.11
ceiling, S6.13
design considerations, S6.11
distribution and layout, S6.14
floor, S6.15
wall, S6.15
Paper
moisture content, A18.2
photographic, A20.1
storage, A20.3
Paper products facilities, A24
air conditioning, A24.2
conduction drying, A28.3
control rooms, A24.3
evaporative cooling, A51.8
finishing area, A24.3
machine area, A24.2
system selection, A24.4
testing laboratories, A24.3
Paraffins, R7.2
Parallel compressor systems, R46.14
Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), 
F9.4, 5
Pasteurization, R20.2
beverages, R26.6
dairy products, R20.2
eggs, R21.4, 10
juices, R25.4, 7
Peanuts, drying, A23.9; F11.13
Peclet number, F3.14
PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL)
Performance contracting, A40.2
Permafrost stabilization, R36.4
Permeability
air, F23.2
clothing, F8.8
vapor, F14.31
water vapor, F23.2
Permeance
air, F23.2
thickness, F14.31
water vapor, F23.2
Permissible exposure limits (PEL), F9.5
Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, 
A16.5
Phase-change materials, thermal storage of, 
A34.14, 19
Photographic materials, A20
processing and printing requirements, 
A20.1
storage, A20.1, 3
unprocessed materials, A20.1
Photovoltaic (PV) systems. See Solar energy
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
Physical properties of materials, F39
boiling points, F39.1, 2
density
liquids, F39.2
solids, F39.3
vapors, F39.1
emissivity of solids, F39.3
freezing points, F39.2
heat of fusion, F39.2
heat of vaporization, F39.2
solids, F39.3
specific heat
liquids, F39.2
solids, F39.3
vapors, F39.1, 2
thermal conductivity
solids, F39.3
vapors, F39.1
viscosity
liquids, F39.2
vapors, F39.1
Physiological principles, humans. (See also 
Comfort)
adaptation, F8.15
age, F8.15
body surface area (DuBois), F8.3
clothing, F8.8
cooling load, F30.3
DuBois equation, F8.3
energy balance, F8.2
heat stress, F8.20, 24
heat transfer coefficients
convective,F8.7
evaporative, F8.8
Lewis relation, F8.4
radiative, F8.7
hypothalamus, F8.1
hypothermia, F8.1
latent heat loss, F8.3, 10
mechanical efficiency, F8.6
metabolic rate, F8.6
respiratory heat loss, F8.4
seasonal rhythms, F8.16
sensible heat loss, F8.3
sex, F8.16
skin heat loss, F8.3, 5
skin wettedness, F8.20
thermal exchanges, F8.2
thermoregulation, F8.1
vasodilation, F8.1
Pigs. See Swine
Pipes, S41
(See also Piping)
buried, F25.18
heat transfer analysis, S11.10
codes, S41.6
cold springing, S11.17; S41.12
computer analysis, A39.7
copper tube, S41.1
expansion, S11.17
expansion bends, S41.11
expansion joints, S41.13
expansion loops, S41.11, 12
fluid flow, F2.1
freeze prevention, F24.14
heat transfer analysis, S11.9
insulation, F24.13; F26.9
hangers, F26.9
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.28 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
installation, F26.9
underground, F26.10
iron, S41.2
joining methods, S41.2, 5
plastic, F36.11; S41.8, 9
selection, S41.7
sizing, F36
ammonia systems capacity tables, R3.8, 9
fittings, F36.1, 7
fuel oil, F36.20
gas, F36.20
hydronic systems, F36.6; S12.15
air separation, F36.7
insulation and vapor retarders, R3.10
isolated line sections, R3.10
pressure drop equations, F36.1
refrigerant
halocarbon systems, R2.2
retail food store refrigeration, R46.13
service water, F36.9
cold water sizing procedure, F36.11
steam, F36.12
condensate return, F36.15
high-pressure, F36.15
low-pressure, F36.13
two-pipe systems, F36.15
valves, F36.1, 7; R3.8
water
fixture units, F36.9
flow rate limitations, F36.5
aging allowances, F36.6
erosion, F36.6
noise, F36.5
water hammer, F36.6
standards, fittings, S41.2
steel, S41.1
stress calculations, S41.7
supporting elements, S11.17; S41.10
underground, F24.14
Piping. (See also Pipes)
boilers, S10.3
capacity tables, R2.10–??
codes, S41.6
cooling towers, S13.2; S36.8
district heating and cooling
distribution system, S11.6
heat transfer, S11.9
insulation thickness, S11.16
geothermal energy systems, A32.9
heat carrying capacity, S12.3
hydronic snow melting, A50.11
insulation, R33.1
radiant panels, hydronic, S6.14
refrigerant
ammonia systems, R3.1
below-ambient, R33.1
carbon dioxide systems, R3.26
halocarbon systems, R2.1
insulation, R33.1
jacketing, R33.7
pipe preparation, R33.2
supports and hangers, R33.8
vapor retarders, R33.4
service hot water, A49.4
solar energy, A33.12; S33.3
sound
control, A47.42
transmission, A37.24
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
standards, S11.18; S41.6
system identification, F37.10
systems
ammonia refrigeration, R3.7
compressor piping, R3.10, 12
condenser and receiver piping, R3.14
evaporator piping, R3.18
carbon dioxide refrigeration, R3.26
halocarbon refrigeration
compressor, R2.24
defrost gas supply lines, R2.21
discharge lines, R2.19
double hot-gas risers, R2.19
draining prevention, R2.19
evaporator, R2.28
gas velocity, R2.1
hot-gas
(discharge) mufflers, R2.20
bypass, R2.34
insulation, R2.5
liquid cooler, flooded, R2.25, 26
location and arrangement, R2.5
minimum gas velocities, R2.19
oil transport up risers, R2.19
pressure drop, R2.2
refrigerant feed devices, R2.26
single riser and oil separator, R2.19
vibration and noise, R2.5
solar energy, A33.12; S33.8, 9
steam, S10.3, 5
water, S14.7
circuits, S12.8
distribution, S12.5
unit heaters, S31.7
vibration
control, A47.42
transmission, A37.24
Pitot tube, A37.2; F14.17
Places of assembly, A4
air conditioning, A4.2
air distribution, A4.2
air filtration, A4.1
air stratification, A4.2
arenas, A4.4
atriums, A4.8
auditoriums, A4.3
concert halls, A4.4
convention centers, A4.5
exhibition centers, A4.5
fairs, A4.8
gymnasiums, A4.5
houses of worship, A4.3
lighting loads, A4.1
mechanical equipment rooms, A4.3
movie theaters, A4.3
natatoriums, A4.5
playhouses, A4.3
precooling, A4.2
sound control, A4.1
space conditions, A4.1
stadiums, A4.4
temporary exhibit buildings, A4.8
vibration control, A4.1
Planes. See Aircraft
Plank’s equation, R10.7
Plant environments, A22.10; F10.15
air, F10.21
controlled environment rooms, A22.17
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
design, A22.10
energy balance, F10.15
greenhouses, A22.10
carbon dioxide enrichment, A22.15
cooling, A22.13
energy conservation, A22.16
evaporative cooling, A22.14
heating, A22.11; F10.15
heat loss calculation, A22.11
heat loss reduction, A22.16
humidity control, A22.14
photoperiod control, A22.16
shading, A22.13
site selection, A22.10
supplemental irradiance, A22.15; F10.20
ventilation, A22.13
humidity, F10.20
lighting, F10.18
other facilities, A22.21
photoperiod control, A22.16; F10.20
plant growth chambers, A22.17
supplemental irradiance, A22.15; F10.19
temperature, F10.15
Plate heat exchangers (PHEs), S11.27
Plenums
construction, S16.4
mixing, S2.5
sound attenuation, A47.13
stratification in, A37.2
PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV)
Police stations, A8.1
Pollutant transport modeling. See 
Contaminants, indoor, concentration 
prediction
Pollution,
air, and combustion, F18.6, 13
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), F9.6
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), F9.6
Polydimethylsiloxane, F21.12
Ponds, spray, S36.6
Pope cell, F14.12
Positive positioners, F15.7
Potatoes
processed, R27.5
storage, A51.9
Poultry. (See also Animal environments; 
Chickens; Turkeys)
chilling, R18.1
decontamination, R18.4
freezing, R18.5
packaging, R18.7
processing, R18.1, 4
processing plant sanitation, R18.9
recommended environment, A22.9
refrigeration, retail, R18.10
storage, R18.10
tenderness control, R18.9
thawing, R18.11
Power-law airflow model, F34.14
Power plants, A25
buildings
oil pump, A25.8
oil storage, A25.8
steam generator, A25.4
turbine generator, A25.6
coal-handling facilities, A25.6, 9
cogeneration, S7.1
combined cycle, S7.35
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.29
combustion turbine areas, A25.8
control center, A25.8
cooling, A25.9
design criteria, A25.1
evaporative cooling, A51.8
fuel cells, S7.36
heating, A25.10
turbines
combustion, S7.8
steam, S7.13
ventilation, A25.3
rates, A25.2
PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD)
Prandtl number, F3.14
Precooling
buildings, A41.28
flowers, cut, R15.11
fruits and vegetables,
load calculation, R15.1
indirect evaporative, A51.3
places of assembly, A4.2
Predicted mean vote (PMV), F14.30
comfort, F8.17
Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F8.17
Preschools, A6.2
Pressure
absolute, F14.13
aircraft cabins, A10.2, 4, 6, 8
clean spaces, A16.14
differential
hospitals, A7.3, 4
readout, A37.13
differential, F14.13
dynamic, F14.13
gage, F14.13
measurement, A37.2; F14.13
sensors, F15.9
smoke control, A52.5, 9
stairwells, A52.9, 11
static control, A46.2; F14.13
steam systems, S10.4
units, F14.13
vacuum, F14.13
Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach 
equation)
correlations, F4.11
in plate heat exchangers, F4.13
pipe sizing, F36.1
two-phase fluid flow, F4.11
Pressure losses, district heating and cooling, 
S11.6
Printing plants, A18
air conditioning, A18.1
air filtration, A18.4
binding areas, A18.5
collotype printing rooms, A18.4
letterpress areas, A18.2
lithographic pressrooms, A18.3
paper moisture content control, A18.2
platemaking rooms, A18.2
relief printing areas, A18.2
rotogravure pressrooms, A18.4
salvage systems, A18.4
shipping areas, A18.5
ink drying, A28.3
Prisons, A8.1
Produce
desiccation, R11.1
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
deterioration rate, R11.1
display refrigerators, R46.8
Propane
commercial, F18.4
furnaces, residential, S28.8
Propylene glycol
coolants, secondary, F21.4
hydronic systems, S12.16
Psychrometers, F6.13
Psychrometrics, F6
air composition, F6.1
air handlers, S2.3
chart, F6.15
adiabatic mixing, F6.17
of water, F6.17
heat absorption and moisture gain, F6.18
moist air
cooling, F6.16
heating, F6.16
thermodynamic properties, F6.14
evaporative cooling systems, A51.1, 5, 10, 11
humidity parameters, F6.2
industrial drying, A28.1
moist air
standard atmosphere, U.S., F6.1
thermodynamic properties, F6.2, 14
transport properties, F6.19
viscosity, F6.19
perfect gas equations, F6.12
waterat saturation, thermodynamic 
properties, F6.2
PTACs. See Packaged terminal air 
conditioners (PTACs)
PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps 
(PTHPs)
Public buildings. See Commercial and public 
buildings
Pulldown load, R46.5
Pumps
centrifugal, S39
affinity laws, S39.7
antifreeze effect on, S12.17
arrangement, S39.10
compound, S12.6
pumping
distributed, S39.13
parallel, S12.6; S39.10
primary-secondary, S12.6; S39.12
series, S12.6; S39.11
variable-speed, S39.12
standby pump, S12.6; S39.12
two-speed motors, S39.12
casing, S39.2
cavitation, S39.9
commissioning, S39.14
construction, S39.1
efficiency, best efficiency point (BEP), 
S39.7
energy conservation, S39.13
impellers
operation, S39.2
trimming, S39.6, 7, 9
installation, S39.14
motors, S39.13
operation, S39.2, 14
performance
net positive suction, S39.9
operating point, S39.5
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
pump curves, S12.5; S39.3, 5
radial thrust, S39.9
selection, S39.10
types, S39.2
chilled-water, A41.2, 6, 16, 18
sequencing, A41.17, 20
condenser water, A41.6
as fluid flow indicators, A37.13
geothermal wells, A32.25
lineshaft, A32.8
submersible, A32.8
hydronic snow melting, A50.13
liquid overfeed systems, R1.5
solar energy systems, A33.12
systems
water, S12.5, S14.7
variable-speed, A41.8, 18
Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S38.11
Radiant heating,
beam heating design, S15.5
infrared,
beam heater design, S15.5
control, S15.4
efficiency, S15.4
electric, S15.2
energy conservation, S15.1
gas-fired, S15.1
indirect, S15.2
intensity, S15.1
maintenance, S15.5
oil-fired, S15.3
precautions, S15.4
reflectors, S15.4
terminology
angle factor, S15.5
effective radiant flux (ERF), S15.5
fixture efficiency, S15.4
pattern efficiency, S15.4
radiant flux distribution, S15.5
radiation-generating ratio, S15.4
Radiant heating and cooling, A53; S6.1; S29.4
(See also Panel heating and cooling)
applications, A53.8
asymmetry, A53.5
beam heating design, A53.4
control, A46.8
design, A53.2, 3
direct infrared, A53.1, 4, 8
equations, A53.2
floor reradiation, A53.5
infrared, A53.1, 4, 8
installation, A53.8
panels, A53.1, 8; S29.4; S32.6
applications, A53.1, 8
control, A46.8
heating, S29.4
hydronic systems, S32.6
radiation patterns, A53.5
snow-melting systems, A50.16
terminology
adjusted dry-bulb temperature, A53.1
ambient temperature, A53.1
effective radiant flux (ERF), A53.2
mean radiant temperature (MRT), A53.1; 
S6.1
operative temperature, A53.1
test instruments, A53.7
total space heating, A53.6
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.30 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
Radiant time series (RTS), F30.24
cooling load, F30.24
factors, F30.24
load calculations, nonresidential, F30.1
Radiation
atmospheric, A33.5
diffuse, F31.16, 37
electromagnetic, F9.15
ground-reflected, F31.16
optical waves, F9.16
radiant balance, F3.12
radio waves, F9.17
solar, A33.3
thermal, F3.1, 8; S6.1
angle factors, F3.10
blackbody, F3.1, 8
spectral emissive power, F3.8
display cases, R46.4
energy transfer, F3.8
exchange between surfaces, F3.11
in gases, F3.12
gray, F3.2, 8
heat transfer, F3.1
infrared, F31.17
Kirchoff’s law, F3.9
monochromatic emissive power, F3.8
nonblack, F3.8
transient, F3.3
Radiators, S32.1, 5
design, S32.3
nonstandard condition corrections, S32.3
types, S32.1
Radioactive gases, contaminants, F12.18
Radiometers, A53.7
Radio stations, A3.9
Radon,
 F9.9, 11, 16
control, A43.3; A45.9; F27.18
indoor concentrations, F12.16
Rail cars
air conditioning, A9.11
air distribution, A9.13
heaters, A9.13
vehicle types, A9.12
Railroad tunnels, ventilation
design, A13.22
diesel locomotive facilities, A13.24
equipment, A13.25
locomotive cooling requirements, A13.22
tunnel aerodynamics, A13.23
tunnel purge, A13.24
RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes 
(RANS) equation
Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit 
systems
Rayleigh number, F3.14
RC curves. See Room criteria (RC) curves
Receivers
ammonia refrigeration systems
high-pressure, R3.3
piping, R3.14
through-type, R3.15
halocarbon refrigerant, R2.21
liquid overfeed systems, R1.7
Recycling refrigerants, R8.3
Reflectance, thermal, F23.2
Reflectors, S15.4
Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F1.15
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Refrigerant-control devices, R44
air conditioners, S45.6; S46.2
automobile air conditioners, A9.6
capillary tubes, R44.23
coolers, liquid, S37.5
heat pumps
system, S8.7
unitary, S45.9
lubricant separators, R44.22
pressure transducers, R44.4
sensors, R44.4
short tube restrictors, R44.30
switches
differential control, R44.2
float, R44.3
pressure control, R44.1
valves, control
check, R44.20
condenser pressure regulators, R44.14
condensing water regulators
operation, R44.20
year-round, R44.19
expansion
constant pressure, R44.11, 13
electric, R44.10
thermostatic, R44.5
float, R44.16
pressure relief devices, R44.21
solenoid, R44.17
suction pressure regulators, R44.14
Refrigerants, F19
absorption solutions, F20.1, 69
ammonia, F20.1, 34–35; R5.3
chemical reactions, R5.5
refrigeration system practices, R3.1
ammonia/water, F20.1, 69
analysis, R5.4
automobile air conditioners, A9.8
azeotropic, F1.6
bakeries, R28.7
carbon dioxide, F20.1, 38–39
refrigeration system practices, R3.26
cascade refrigeration systems, R39.3
CFC conversion, R7.27
compatibility with other materials, R5.8
database, R5.11
elastomers, R5.10
electrical insulation, R5.8
plastics, R5.10
compositional groups, R5.1
ammonia, R5.3
chlorofluorocarbons, R5.1
fluoroethanes, R5.3
fluoroethers, R5.3
fluoromethanes, R5.3
fluoropropanes, R5.3
hydrocarbons, R5.3
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, R5.1
hydrofluorocarbons, R5.3
computer analysis, A39.12
contaminants in, R6
generation by high temperature, R5.8
cryogenic fluids, F20.1, 54–67
electrical properties, F19.5
emissions, R8.1
environmental acceptability, R5.1
halocarbons, F20.1; R5.3
azeotropic blends, F20.1, 33
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
ethane series, F20.1, 10–21
flow rate, R2.1
hydrolysis, R5.5
methane series, F20.1, 2–3
propane series, F20.1, 25
refrigeration system practices, R2.1
thermal stability, R5.4
zeotropic blends, F20.1, 26–31
hydrocarbons, F20.1; R5.3
ethane, F20.1, 42–43
ethylene, F20.50–51
isobutane, F20.48–49
methane, F20.1, 40–41
n-butane, F20.1, 46–47
propane, F20.1, 44–45
propylene, F20.1, 52–53
leak detection, F19.7, R8.2; R45.4
lines
oil management, R2.10
sizing, R2.2
lithium bromide/water, F20.1, 69
lubricant solutions, R7.8
moisture in, R6.1
performance, F19.6
phaseout, F19.1
costs, A36.6
piping, R2.1
design, R33.1
insulation, R33.1
pressure drop
discharge lines, R2.5
liquid lines, R2.2
suction lines, R2.4
properties, F19.1; R5.1, 4
rail car air conditioning, A9.11
reclamation, R8.3
removing contaminants, R8.2
recovery, R8.2
recycling, R8.3
safety, F19.7
safety classifications, F19.2
sound velocity, F19.5
systems
chemistry, R5.1
lubricants, R7.1
thermodynamic properties
pressure-enthalpy diagrams, F20.1
saturated liquid and vapor data, F20.1
tabular data, F20.1
thermophysical properties, R3.26
transport properties, F20.1
water/steam, F20.1, 36–37
zeotropic, F1.6, 9
Refrigerant transfer units (RTU)
liquid chillers, S38.11
Refrigerated facilities, R14
air
circulation, R11.10
purification, R11.10
automated, R14.4, 15
construction, R14.4
controlled-atmosphere storage, R14.3
controls, R11.10
design
building configuration, R14.1
initial building considerations, R14.1
location, R14.1
shipping and receiving docks, R14.3
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.31
single-story structures, R14.2
specialized storage facilities, R14.3
stacking arrangement, R14.2
utility space, R14.3
freezers, R14.10
insulation, R14.12
load calculations, R13.1
refrigerated rooms, R14.4
refrigeration systems
condensate drains, R14.9
defrosting, R14.9
fan-coil units, R14.8
multiple installations, R14.10
unitary, R14.7
valves, R14.9
sanitation, R11.10
temperature pulldown, R14.15
vapor retarders, R14.5, 12
Refrigeration, F1.1
absorption cycle, F1.13 (See also 
Absorption)
air coolers, forced-circulation, R42.1
air transport,R32.3, 4
ammonia systems, R3
compressors
cooling, R3.11, 12
piping, R3.10, 12
types, R3.2
controls, R3.6
converting systems, R3.21
equipment, R3.2
evaporative condensers, R3.15
liquid recirculation (overfeed), R3.21, 
R3.22
lubricant management, R3.6
multistage systems, R3.20
piping, R3.7
safety, R3.25
system selection, R3.1
two-stage screw compressor, R3.20
valves, R3.8
vessels, R3.3
autocascade systems, R39.1
azeotropic mixture, F1.6
beverage plants, R26.11
biomedical applications, R40.1
breweries, R26.3
carbon dioxide systems, R3.26
cascade systems
compressors, R39.5
refrigerants, R39.4
chemical industry, R37.1, 2, 5
coefficient of performance (COP), F1.3, 13
compression cycles
Carnot cycle, F1.6, F1.7
Lorenz cycle, F1.9
multistage, F1.10
zeotropic mixture, F1.9
concrete, R36.1
condensers, cascade, R43.1
food
eggs and egg products, R21.1
fish, R19.1
vegetables, R24.1
food processing facilities, R27.1
banana ripening rooms, R23.5
control of microorganisms, R12.3
meat plants, R17.1
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
food service equipment, R47
fruits, fresh, R22.1; R23
halocarbon systems, R2
accessories, R2.28
heat exchangers, R2.28
lubricant management, R2.10
piping, R2.2
refrigerant receivers, R2.23
subcoolers, R2.29
valves, R2.10
heat reclaim, service water heating, A49.3, 21
ice rinks, R35.1
insulation, R33.1
liquid overfeed systems, R1.1
loads, R13.1; R27.3
low-temperature
autocascade systems, R39.1
cascade systems, R39.3
heat transfer, R39.9
material selection, R39.6
secondary coolants, R39.11
single-refrigerant systems, R39.2
lubricant coolers, R43.2
marine, R31
fishing vessels, R31.7
ships’ stores, R31.4
refrigerated-facility design, R14.1
retail food store systems, R46.12
secondary coolant systems, R4.1
applications, R4.5
coolant selection, R4.1
design
control valves, R4.2
expansion tanks, R4.3, 5
piping, R4.2
pulldown time, R4.4
storage tanks, R4.2
system costs, R4.5
soils, subsurface, R36.3, 4
systems
charging, factory, R45.4
chemical reactions, R5.4
component balancing, R43.1
contaminant control, R6
of moisture, R6.1
retrofitting, during, R6.9
copper plating, R5.7
dehydration, factory, R45.1
design balance points, R43.2
energy and mass balance, R43.3
evaluating system chemistry, R5.10
moisture in, R45.1
performance, R43.4
reactions, R5.7
testing, factory, R45.4
thermal storage, A34.5, 7, 19
ultralow-temperature, R39.1
wineries, R26.8
Refrigeration load, R13
(See also Load calculations)
calculations, air-and-water systems, S3.7
safety factor, R13.7
Refrigeration oils, R7
(See also Lubricants)
Refrigerators
commercial
blast, R47.3
energy efficiency, R47.7
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
freezers, R47.3
temperatures, R47.2
types, R47.1
cryocoolers, R38.11
food service, R47.1
household
absorption cycle, R41.8
cabinet construction, R48.3
defrosting, R48.6
design and construction, R48.1
efficiency, R48.1
ice makers, R48.3
refrigeration systems, R48.5
testing, R48.9
mortuary, R47.3
retail food store
display, A2.3; R46.1
storage, R46.11
walk-in, R47.3
Regulators. (See also Valves)
condenser pressure, R44.14
condensing water, R44.19
draft, S30.25
pressure, steam, S10.9
suction pressure, R44.14
Reporting
airflow modeling, F34.9
Reporting,
airflow modeling, 13
Residential systems, A1
air cleaners, S24.9
air leakage, F27.13
calculation, F27.21
climatic infiltration zones, F27.16
dehumidifiers, A1.5
duct construction, S16.2
equipment sizing, A1.2
forced-air systems
air outlets and returns, S9.3
selection, S9.10
controls, S9.3
design, S9.1, 3
distribution design, S9.7
ducts, S9.6
efficiency testing, S9.11
furnace, S28.1
heating performance
climate effect, S9.15
dynamic simulation model (HOUSE), 
S9.12
factors, S9.12
furnace
efficiency, S9.12
size effect, S9.16
type effect, S9.15
night setback effect, S9.15, 16
zone control, S9.9
furnaces, S28.1
gas burners, S26.1
heating and cooling systems, A1.1
humidifiers, S9.1; S20.5
kitchen ventilation, A31.19
load calculations, F29.1
oil burners, S26.4
ventilation, F27.15
water heating, A49.9
Resistance, thermal, F3.2, 26; F23
(See also R-values)
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.32 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
contact, F3.26
of flat assembly, F23.2
of flat building components, F23.2
overall, F3.18
radiant panels, S6.6
surface film, F23.1
water vapor, F23.2
Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F14.6; 
F15.8
Resistivity, thermal, F23.1
Resource utilization factor (RUF), F17.5
Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R9.18
Restaurants
air balancing, A31.11
air conditioning, A3.4, 5
commercial and public buildings, A3.4
energy conservation, A31.14
kitchen ventilation, A31.1
service water heating, A49.11, 12, 15
Retail facilities, A2
air conditioning, A2.1
convenience centers, A2.6
department stores, A2.5
design considerations, A2.1
discount and big-box stores, A2.2
load determination, A2.1
malls, A2.7
multiple-use complexes, A2.7
refrigeration, R46.1, R47
shopping centers, A2.7
small stores, A2.1
supermarkets, A2.2
refrigerators, R46.1
service water heating, A49.12
Retrofit performance monitoring, A40.3
Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant 
control, R6.9
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 
equation, F34.3
Reynolds number, F2.3; F3.14
Rice, drying, A23.9; F11.13
RMS. See Root mean square (RMS)
Road tunnels, A13.1
carbon monoxide
allowable concentrations, A13.5
analyzers and recorders, A13.7, 8
computer analysis, A13.5
vehicle emissions, A13.5
ventilation
air quantities, A13.5
computer analysis, A13.5
controls, A13.7
ducts, A13.7
emergency, A13.1
air quantities, A13.5
enclosed facility, A13.1
enhancements, A13.5
equipment, A13.25
hybrid, A13.4
mechanical, A13.2
natural, A13.1
normal air quantities, A13.5
normal conditions, A13.1
pressure evaluation, A13.6
temporary, A13.1
Rodents, and farm crop storage, F11.8
Roof ponds, Legionella pneumophila control, 
A48.7
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Roofs
air movement, A43.6
insulation, A43.5; F24.3
membrane roof systems, F24.9
moisture control, A43.6; F24.9
radiant barriers, A43.6
R-values, F25.14
wall interface, A43.7
Room criterion (RC) curves, A47.27; F7.17
Mark II, A47.28
Root mean square (RMS), F14.1
Rotary vane compressors, S34.11
Rotative speed, F14.25
Roughness factors, ducts, F35.6
RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices 
(RTDs)
RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS)
RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU)
RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF)
Rusting, of building components, F23.5
R-values, F3; F23; F25; F26
(See also Resistance, thermal)
calculation, F3.2, 18
modified zone method, F25.13
overall lthermal resistances, F3.18
overall thermal resistances, F25.2
zone method, F25.12
ceilings, F25.14
masonry construction, F25.3
roofs, F25.14
steel frame construction, F25.10
wood frame construction, F25.2
Safety
air cleaners, A45.10; S24.12
automatic controls, A46.16
burners, S26.13
chemical plants, R37.2
cryogenic equipment, R38.28
electrical, A55.1
filters, air, S24.12
industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S25.29
nuclear facilities, A26.1
refrigerants, F19.2, F19.7
service water heating, A49.7
solar energy systems, A33.24
thermal insulation and fires, F26.4
thermal insulation for, F26.2
water systems, S14.9
wood stoves, S29.6
Safety showers, Legionella pneumophila control, 
A48.7
Sanitation
food production facilities, R12
control of microorganisms, R12.4
egg processing, R21.12
HACCP, R12.4
meat processing, R17.1
poultry processing, R18.9
regulations and standards, R12.5
refrigerated storage facilities, R11.10
Scale
control, A48.4
humidifiers, S20.4
service water systems, A49.7
water treatment, A48.4
Schneider system, R14.7
Schools
air conditioning, A6.3
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
service water heating, A49.17
elementary, A49.12
high schools, A49.12, 14
Seeds
drying, F11.13
storage, A23.12
Seismic restraint, A47.48; A54.1
anchor bolts, A54.12
design, A54.1
design calculations
examples, A54.13–19
static analysis, A54.2, 5
duct construction, S16.6
dynamic analysis, A54.2
installation problems,A54.19
snubbers, A54.12
terminology, A54.2
weld capacities, A54.12
Sensible heat
load calculations, F29; F30
psychrometrics, F6.18
ratio
coils, S21.6, 12–14
dehumidifiers, S47.1
refrigeration load, R13
room air conditioners, S46.2
small forced-air systems, S9.8
Sensors
automatic controls, F15.7, 9
location, A46.19
Separators, lubricant, R44.22
Service water heating, A49
codes, A49.21
cogeneration, S7.33
commercial and institutional, A49.10
corrosion, A49.7
design considerations, A49.7
distribution system
for commercial kitchens, A49.5
manifolding, A49.6
piping, A49.4
pressure differential, A49.4
return pump sizing, A49.4
two-temperature service, A49.5
geothermal energy, A32.11
indirect, A49.2, 21
industrial, A49.19
Legionella pneumophila, A49.8
pipe sizing, F36.9
requirements, A49.9
residential, A49.9
safety, A49.7
scale, A49.7
sizing water heaters
instantaneous and semi-instantaneous, 
A49.19
refrigerant-based, A49.21
storage heaters, A49.9, 12
solar energy, A33.13, 18, 25; A49.3
standards, A49.21
steam, S10.1
system planning, A49.1
terminology, A49.6
thermal storage, A34.8
water heating equipment
placement, A49.8
sizing, A49.9, 19, 21
types, A49.1
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.33
water quality, A49.7
SES. See Subway environment simulation 
(SES) program
Shading
coefficient, F31.38
devices, indoor, F31.54
fenestration, F31.2
Sheep, F10.9
Ship docks, A3.10
Ships
air conditioning
air distribution, A11.3, 4
controls, A11.3, 4
design criteria, A11.1, 3
equipment selection, A11.2, 4
systems, A11.2, 4
cargo holds, R31.2
cargo refrigeration, R31.1
coils, A11.4
ducts, A11.3
fish freezing, R31.8
fish refrigeration
icing, R19.1; R31.7
refrigerated seawater, R19.2; R31.8
merchant, A11.1
naval surface, A11.3
refrigerated stores, R31.4
refrigeration systems, R31.1
regulatory agencies, A11.3
Single-duct systems, all-air, S2.8
Skating rinks, R35.1
Skylights, and solar heat gain, F31.40
Slab heating, A50
Slab-on-grade foundations, A43.2
moisture control, A43.3
SLF. See Shade line factor (SLF)
SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR)
Smoke management, A52
acceptance testing, A52.17
atriums, A52.13
computer analysis, A52.12, 13
design
door-opening forces, A52.6
flow areas
airflow paths, A52.6
effective, A52.6
symmetry, A52.8
open doors, A52.8
pressure differences, A52.8
weather data, A52.8
duct design, F35.11
elevators, A52.11
hospitals, A7.5
large open spaces
plugholing, A52.16
plume, A52.14
prestratification layer, A52.16
smoke filling, A52.14, 15
steady clear height and upper layer 
exhaust, A52.15
steady fire, A52.13, 14
unsteady fire, A52.13, 15
zone fire models, A52.13
methods
airflow, A52.5
buoyancy, A52.6
compartmentation, A52.4, 9
dilution near fire, A52.5
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
pressurization, A52.5, 9, 11
remote dilution, A52.4
rapid-transit systems, A13.19
road tunnels, A13.5
smoke dampers, A52.8
smoke movement
buoyancy, A52.3
expansion, A52.3
HVAC systems, A52.4
stack effect, A52.2
wind, A52.3
stairwells
analysis, A52.10
compartmentation, A52.9
open doors, A52.11
pressurization, A52.11
pressurized, A52.9
zones, A52.12
Smudging air outlets, S17.2
Snow-melting systems, A50
back and edge heat losses, A50.6, 8
control, A50.10
electric system design
constant wattage systems, A50.15
electrical equipment, A50.13
gutters and downspouts, A50.17
heat flux, A50.13
idling, A50.18
heating elements, A50.13
infrared systems, A50.16
installation, A50.16
mineral insulated cable, A50.13
free area ratio, A50.1
freeze protection systems, A50.10, 17
heat balance, A50.1
heating requirement
annual operating data, A50.8
heat flux equations, A50.2
hydronic and electric, A50.1
load frequencies, A50.6
surface size, A50.6
transient heat flux, A50.6
weather data, A50.6
wind speed, A50.6
hydronic system design
components, A50.10
controls, A50.13
fluid heater, A50.12
heat transfer fluid, A50.10
piping, A50.11
pump selection, A50.13
thermal stress, A50.13
operating costs, A50.10
slab design, hydronic and electric, A50.8
snow detectors, A50.10
Snubbers, seismic, A54.12
Sodium chloride brines, F21.1
Soft drinks, R26.10
Soils. (See also Earth)
stabilization, R36.3, 4
temperature calculation, S11.9
thermal conductivity, F25.15; S11.8
Solar angle, determining, F31.15
Solar energy, A33; S33.1
active systems, A33.16, 17, 19
airflow, A33.25
collectors, A33.5, 6, 11, 25; S33.3
array design
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
piping, S33.9
shading factor, S33.10
concentrating, A33.8
construction
absorber plates, S33.5
glazing, S33.6
housing, S33.5
insulation, S33.7
manifolds, S33.5, 8
design and installation, A33.25
efficiency, A33.10
flat plate, A33.5, 6
glazing materials, A33.7
plates, A33.8
module design
piping, S33.8
thermal expansion, S33.9
velocity limits, S33.8
mounting, A33.23
performance, A33.9; S33.4
operational results, S33.5
steady conditions, S33.4
selection, S33.7
testing, S33.4
types, S33.3
constant, A33.1
control, A33.24, 26; S33.16
automatic temperature, S33.16
differential temperature controller, S33.17
hot-water dump, S33.18
over-temperature protection, S33.17
cooling systems, A33.16, 18, 26
absorption refrigeration, A33.18; S33.3, 7
sizing, A33.19
types, A33.16
design, installation, operation checklist, 
A33.25
design values, solar irradiation, A33.4
domestic hot water, A33.13, 25
equipment, S33.1
freeze protection, A33.24; S33.2, 18
heat exchangers, A33.12; S33.15
external, S33.16
freeze protection, S33.18
internal, S33.15
performance, S33.16
requirements, S33.15
heating systems, A33.16; A34.8
active, A33.16, 17
air, S33.1, 10, 11
components, A33.11
control, A33.13
design, S33.1
direct circulation, S33.2
drain-down, A33.14
hybrid, A33.16
indirect
circulation, S33.2
drainback, A33.14; S33.2
nonfreezing fluid, S33.2
water heating, A33.14
integral collector storage systems, 
A33.15; S33.3
liquid, S33.9, 11
freezing protection, S33.1
passive, A33.16
pool heating, A33.15
recirculation, A33.16
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.34 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
residential, A1.3
sizing, A33.19
thermosiphon, A33.14
heat pump systems, S8.4
hybrid systems, A33.16
hydraulics, A33.25
installation, A33.23
irradiation, A33.4
maintenance, A33.24
overheat protection, A33.24
passive systems, A33.16, 21
photovoltaic (PV) systems, A33.26; S33.18
quality and quantity, A33.1
radiation at earth’s surface, A33.3, 4
safety, A33.24
service water heating systems, A33.13, 18, 
25; A34.8; A49.3
combined with space heating, A33.18
sizing heating and cooling systems, A33.19
spectrum, A33.3
start-up procedure, A33.24
thermal storage systems, A33.11, 25
short circuiting, S33.14
sizing, S33.14
time, A33.1, 3
types, S33.14
uses, A33.25
Solar heat gain
calculation, F31.41
coefficient, F31.36
roof overhangs, F31.46
skylights, F31.40
Solar-load ratio (SLR), A33.21
Solar-optical glazing, F31.18
Solar radiation
daylighting, F31.1
flux, F31.13
optical properties, F31.17
Solar-thermal separation, F31.44
Solid fuel
burners, S26.9
coal, F18.7
coke, F18.10
Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A28.7
Soot, F18.16
Sorbents, F22.1
Sorption isotherm, F23.6
Sound, F7
(See also Noise)
air outlets, S17.2
bandwidths, F7.4
chillers, A47.10
combustion, F18.16
compressors, A47.10
computerized analysis, A39.7
cooling towers, S36.10
ducts, A47.7
loudness, F7.14
measurement, F14.27
basics, F7.5
instrumentation, A37.18; F7.4
level meter, F7.4
power, F7.2
pressure, F7.1
rating methods, A47.26
speed, F7.2
terminology
bandwidths, F7.8
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
controlling, F7.11
decibel, F7.1
frequency, F7.2
frequency spectrum, F7.15
intensity, F7.3
level, F7.1
loudness, F7.14
pressure, F7.1
quality, F7.14
wavelength, F7.2
testing, A37.18
time averaging, F7.4
transmission, A37.20; A47.20
humidity affecting, S20.2
paths, F7.9
typical sources, F7.10
unit heaters, S31.6
Sound control, A47; F7
acoustical design of HVAC systems, A47.1
air handlers, S2.7
A-weighted sound level (dBA), A47.27; 
F7.16
barriers, A47.35; F7.11
ceiling sound transmission,A47.33
chillers, A47.10
clean spaces, A16.15
cogeneration, S7.41
combustion turbines, S7.13
cooling towers, S36.11
data reliability, A47.1
design, A47.2, 36; F7.15
ducts, A47.7; S16.4
fiberglass liners, A47.20
sound attenuation, A47.13; F7.13
branch division, A47
end reflection loss, A47.19
insulated flexible, A47.16
plenums, A47.13
sheet metal, A47.14
silencers, A47.16
sound transmission, A47.20
enclosures, F7.13
engines, S7.7
engine test facilities, A15.4
equipment sound levels, A47.3
fans, A47.5, 5
fume hood duct design, A47.34
hotels and motels, A5.8
indoor sound rating, A47.26
insertion loss, A47.14
insulation, F23.17
mechanical equipment rooms, A47.31
noise criterion (NC) curves, A47.27; F7.16
outdoor
criteria, A47.31
equipment, A47.34
piping, A47.42, 42
places of assembly, A4.1
return air system sound transmission, A47.33
rooftop air handlers, A47.6
room criterion (RC) curves, A47.27, 28; 
F7.17
room sound correction, A47.25
standards, A47.50
terminology, F7.11
transmission loss, A47.21
troubleshooting, A37.20; A47.48
noise problems, A47.49
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, A47.5
Soybeans, drying, A23.7; F11.13
Specific heat
equation, F1.4
foods, R9.7
liquids, F39.2
materials, F39.1
Spot cooling
evaporative, A51.6
industrial environments, A29.2, 5; A51.6
makeup air units, S31.9
mines, A27.10
Spot heating, A53.4
Stack effect
duct design, F35.2
multizone airflow modeling, F34.14
smoke movement, A52.2
Stadiums, A4.4
Stainless steel boilers, S27.3
Stairwells, smoke control, A52.9
Standard atmosphere, U.S., F6.1
Standards, R49. (See also Codes)
air cleaners, S24.3, 5
air conditioners, S45
packaged terminal, S46.7
room, S46.4
unitary, S45.5, 6
boilers, S27.5
chimneys, fireplaces, and gas vents, S30.24, 
29
cogeneration, S7.50
condensers, S35
evaporative, S35.19
water-cooled, S35.7
coolers, liquid, S37.4
dehumidifiers, room, S47.3
duct construction, S16.1
commercial, S16.2
industrial, S16.4
residential, S16.2
electrical, A55.10
engines, S7.50
filters, air, S24.3, 5
furnaces, S28.10
heaters, S29.6, 7
heat pumps, S45
packaged terminal, S46.7
unitary, S45.5, 6
water-source, S45.11
indoor air quality (IAQ), F9.9
liquid chillers; S38.5
makeup air units, S31.9
motors, S40.1, 10, 13
nuclear facilities, A26.10
pipe fittings, S41.2
piping, S11.18; S41.6
service water heating, A49.21
sound control, A47.50
turbines, S7.50
vibration control, A47.50
Stanton number, F3.14
Static electricity and humidity, S20.2
Steam
psychrometric properties, F6.19
quality, S10.2
sources, S10.2
testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.15
thermophysical properties, F20.1, 36–37
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.35
Steam systems, S10
air, effects of, S10.2
boilers, S10.3; S27.1
classification, S10.2
cogeneration distribution, S7.31
coils, air-heating, S23.2
combined steam and water, S10.15
condensate removal, S10.6
drainage and return, S11.7
drip stations, S11.7
return pipes, S11.18
convection heating, S10.11
design, S10.2; S32.3
piping, S10.5
pressure, S10.4
distribution, S10.12
district heating and cooling, S11.18
district heating and cooling, S11.3, 18, 29
flash steam, S10.14
percentage, S10.2
flash tank, S10.14
gas, effects of, S10.2
generator buildings, A25.4
heat exchangers, S10.3
heating, A48.11
heat recovery
direct recovery, S10.15
flash steam, S10.14
waste heat boilers, S10.3
makeup air units, S31.9
one-pipe systems, S10.11; 1993 
Fundamentals, Chapter 33, pp. 18-19 (See 
explanation on first page of index.)
piping
distribution, S10.5
Hartford loop, S10.3
inlet orifices, S10.12
return, S10.3, 6
sizing, F36.12
supply, S10.3, 5, 12
terminal equipment, S10.6
temperature control, S10.13
terminal equipment
forced-convection, S10.11
natural convection, S10.11
units, S32.1
piping design, S10.6
radiant panel, S10.11
traps, S10.7
turbines, S7.13
two-pipe systems, S10.12
unit
heaters, S31.4
ventilators, S31.1
valves
pressure-reducing, S10.9
safety, S10.9
temperature control, S10.13
water, effects of, S10.2
Steam traps, S10.7
Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F3.1, 8
Stevens’ law, F13.3
Stirling cycle, R38.14
Stokers, S26.9
types, S26.10
Storage
apples, A51.9; R22.1, 3
controlled atmosphere, R22.1, 3
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
bakery ingredients, R28.1
candy, R29.5
carbon dioxide, R26.12
citrus, A51.9; R23.3
cold, facility design, R14.1
compressed gases, A14.8
controlled-atmosphere (CA), R14.3
cryogenic fluids, R38.26
desiccant dehumidification, S22.8
high-pressure, S22.11
design, refrigerated-facility, R14.1
eggs, R21.5
farm crops, A23.9; F11.1
fish
fresh, R19.3
frozen, R19.7
flowers, cut, R11.12
food, canned or dried, R11.11
fruit
dried, R29.7
fresh, R22.1
furs and fabrics, R11.11
ice, R34.4
meat products, frozen, R17.16
milk, R20.4
nursery stock, R11.12
nuts, R29.7
photographic materials, A20.3, 4
unprocessed, A20.1
potatoes, A51.9
poultry products, R18.10
refrigerated-facility design, R14.1
seeds, A23.12; R11.13
tanks, secondary coolant systems, R4.2
vegetables, R24.3
dried, R29.7
wine, R26.10
wood products, A24.2
Stoves, heating, S29.5
Stratification
of air
in places of assembly, A4.2
in plenums, A37.2
of water, in thermal storage tanks, A34.10
Stroboscopes, F14.25
Subcoolers
condensers, S35
evaporative, S35.18
water-cooled, S35.5
two-stage, R2.29
Subway environment simulation (SES) 
program, A13.5
Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit 
systems)
car air conditioning, A9.12
station air conditioning, A13.20
ventilation, A13.17
Suction risers, R3.24
Sulfur content, fuel oils, F18.6
Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R38.5
Supervisory control, A41
air-handling systems
air distribution, A41.2
sequencing, A41.26
set point reset, A41.27
boilers, optimizing, A41.3
building temperature set point
night setback recovery, A41.28
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
precooling, A41.28
chilled-water pumps, A41.6, 16, 18
chillers
load distribution, A41.21
sequencing, A41.6, 21, 23
computerized, A39.14
cooling systems without storage, A41.5
cooling tower fans, A41.8, 12
cool thermal storage systems, A41.29
ice storage control optimization, A41.37
forecasting energy requirements, A41.31, 32
optimization methods
dynamic, A41.36
static, A41.33
system based, A41.34
performance measures, A41.2
Supply air outlets, S17.1. (See also Air outlets)
Surface effect. See Coanda effect
Surface transportation
automobiles, A9.1
buses, A9.9
environmental control, A9.1
fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.13
rail cars, A9.11
Surface water heat pump (SWHP)
heat exchanger, S45.10
subset of GSHPs, A32.14
Sustainability, F17.2
SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs)
SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP)
Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
dehumidifiers, S47.4
solar heating, A33.15
water chemistry, A4.7
water heating for, A49.18
Swine
growth, F10.10
heat and moisture production, F10.11
recommended environment, A22.7
reproduction, F10.11
Symbols, F37
Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F9.5
Tachometers, F14.25
Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R4.2
Television studios, A3.9
Temperature
ambient, A53.1
animal environments, F10.3
changeover, S3.7, 9
dew-point, F6.12, 13
dry-bulb
adjusted, A53.1
effective, A51.5; F8.19
humid operative, F8.20
mean radiant, A53.1; F8.10; F14.29; S6.1
measurement, F14.4
odors affected by, F13.2
operative, A53.1
plane radiant, F8.11; F14.29
plant environments, F10.15
radiant asymmetry, F8.11
sensors, F15.8
sol-air, F30.26
vertical differences, F8.14
wet-bulb, F6.12, 13
globe, F8.20
wet-globe, F8.21
wind chill index, F8.21
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.36 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
Temperature-controlled transport, R30.1
Temperature index, S20.2
Terminal units, A46.9; S2.7; S17.7
air distribution, S2.7, 11
boxes
reheat, A46.9; S2.11
variable-air-volume (VAV), A47.6
ceiling induction, S17.8
constant volume, S2.11
dual-duct, S17.8
dump, S17.8
fan-coil, S3.2
fan-powered, A46.9; S2.11; S17.8
humidifiers, S2.12
induction, A46.9; S2.11; S3.2
reheat, S17.7
steam systems, S10.11
throttling, S2.11variable-air-volume (VAV), S2.11
Testing
air cleaners, A45.12; S24.3
air conditioners, packaged terminal, S46.7
air leakage, fan pressurization, F27.12
clean spaces, A16.5
compressors
centrifugal, S34.30
positive-displacement, S34.4
condensers, S35
evaporative, S35.19
water-cooled, S35.7
cooling towers, A37.15; S36.15
desiccant dehumidification for, S22.10, 11
duct efficiency, S9.11
fans, S18.4
filters, air, S24.3
heaters, S29.7
heat pumps
packaged terminal air conditioners 
(PTACs), S46.7
water-source, S45.11
industrial exhaust systems, A30.7
radiant heating system, A53.7
refrigeration systems
leak detection, R45.4
performance testing, R45.5
refrigerators, household, R48.9
smoke control systems, A52.17
solar collectors, S33.4
sound
instrumentation, A37.18
procedure, A37.19
transmission problems, A37.20, 24
vibration
equipment, A37.22
instrumentation, A37.21
isolators, A37.21; A47.49
piping transmission, A37.24
procedure, A37.21
Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also 
Balancing)
air diffusers, A37.2
air distribution systems, A37.3
reporting results, A37.5
airflow measurement, A37.2
balancing procedure, A37.5
central plant chilled-water systems, A37.14
cooling towers, A37.15
dampers, F35.15
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
design considerations, A37.1
dual-duct systems, A37.3
duct design, F35.13
energy audit field survey, A37.17
fluid flow measurement, A37.12
HVAC systems, A37.1
hydronic systems, A37.6
heat transfer vs. flow, A37.6, 7
water-side balancing
instrumentation, A37.8
proportional method, A37.10
rated differential method, A37.11
sizing balancing valves, A37.8
temperature difference method, A37.9
total heat transfer method, A37.11
induction systems, A37.5
instruments, A37.3
sound transmission problems, A37.20, 24
steam distribution systems, A37.15
temperature controls, A37.16
terminology, A37.1
variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, A37.5
TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature 
differential method with time averaging 
(TETD/TA)
Textile processing plants, A19
air conditioning design
air cleaning, A19.5, 6
air distribution, A19.5
collector systems, A19.5
health considerations, A19.6
energy conservation, A19.6
fabric making, A19.3
fiber making, A19.1
yarn making, A19.1
TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM)
Theaters, A4.3
Thermal
bridges, building envelopes, A43.8
mass, of buildings, A43.11
(See also Building thermal mass)
Thermal and moisture control, F23.1; F24.1
Thermal and water vapor transmission data, 
F25.1
Thermal bridges; F23.4
Thermal comfort. See Comfort
Thermal control, F23
terminology, F23.1
Thermal diffusivity, F23.1
Thermal emittance, F23.2
Thermal properties of food, R9
Thermal resistivity, F23.1
Thermal storage
water systems, medium/high temp., S14.9
Thermal storage, A34
applications, A34.3
benefits, A34.2
building mass, A34.17
cogeneration, S7.35
commissioning, A34.20
controls, A34.4, 20
sequence, A34.4
strategies, A41.29
cool storage, A34.1, 5, 7; A41.2
district heating and cooling, A34.9; S11.3
economics, A34.2
electrically charged storage, A34.15
brick storage heaters, A34.8, 15
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
central furnace, A34.16
heat pump boosters, A34.16
room units, A34.8, 15
underfloor heat, A34.17
water heaters, A34.9, 16
heat storage, A34.1, 8, 15
ice, R34.3
ice storage, A34.1, 11
charging and discharging, A41.29
control optimization, A41.37
encapsulated ice, A34.13, 19
harvesting system, A34.13, 19, 20
ice on coil, A34.11, 12, 18
piping, A34.14
slurries, A34.14
tank insulation, A34.15
industrial refrigeration, A34.7
installation, A34.18
insulation, A34.11, 15, 19
latent energy change, A34.11
maintenance, A34.18, 20
media, A34.1, 9
off-peak
air conditioning, A34.5
heating, A34.8
operation, A34.4, 5, 18
phase-change materials, A34.14, 19
piping, A34.19, 20
ice storage, A34.14
process cooling, A34.7
refrigeration system, A34.5, 7, 19
retrofits, A34.7
solar energy systems, A33.11, 16, 25; A34.8; 
S33.3, 11
terminology, A34.1
water storage, A34.9, 18
aquifers, A34.9
performance, A34.10
tank insulation, A34.11; S33.13
temperature range, A34.9
thermal stratification, A34.10
water heaters, A34.9, 16
water treatment, A34.20
Thermistors, R44.4
Thermocouples, R44.4
Thermodynamics, F1.1
absorption refrigeration cycles, F1.13
bubble point, F1.5
compressed liquid, F1.2
compression refrigeration cycles, F1.6
cooling and freezing of foods, R10.1
cycle, F1.2
dew point, F1.6
dry saturated vapor, F1.2
enthalpy, F1.4
entropy, F1.4
equations of state, F1.3
laws, F1.2
liquid, F1.2
multicomponent systems, F1.5
phase equilibria, F1.5
principles, F1.1
process, F1.2
properties, F1.2
calculation, F1.4
zeotropic mixture, F1.9
pure substance, F1.2
refrigeration cycle analysis, F1.3
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.37
saturated
liquid, F1.2
vapor, F1.2
subcooled liquid, F1.2
superheated vapor, F1.2
terminology, F1.1
vapor, F1.2
Thermometers, F14.5
black globe, A53.7
error sources, F14.5
infrared
radiometers, A53.7; F14.9
thermography, F14.10
liquid-in-glass, F14.5
resistance
semiconductors, F14.7
temperature devices (RTDs), F14.6
thermistors, F14.6
thermocouples, F14.8
Thermopile, F14.9; F15.4; R36.4; S26.12
Thermosiphons
heat exchangers, S44.14
solar energy systems, A33.14
Thermostats
heater control, S29.2, 4
heating/cooling, F15.10
location, A46.19
types, F15.10
Three-pipe distribution, S3.5
Tobacco, drying, F11.14
Tobacco smoke
contaminants, A45.1; F12.2, 17
environmental (ETS), F9.6
Tollbooths
air quality criteria, A13.8
ventilation, A13.9, 25
Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R30. (See 
also Cargo containers)
Transducers, pneumatic pressure, F15.9
Transmittance, thermal, F23.1
of flat building component, F23.4
thermal bridging, F23.4
hot-box method, F23.4
Transmitters, pneumatic pressure, F15.9
Transpiration, R9.19
Transportation centers
commercial and public buildings, A3.9
ventilation, A13.14, 17
Transport properties of refrigerants, F20.1
Traps
ammonia refrigeration systems
liquid, R3.17
liquid level indicators, R3.5
purge units, R3.5
suction accumulator, R3.4
vertical suction, R3.4
steam systems, S10.7
thermostatic, S10.7
Trigeneration, S7
Trucks, refrigerated, R30. (See also Cargo 
containers)
Tuning automatic control systems, F15.16
Turbines, S7
codes, S7.50
combustion, S7.8, 45
Brayton cycle, S7.9
components, S7.9
controls, S7.11
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
dual-shaft, S7.9
emissions, S7.13
evaporative cooling applications, S7.11
exhaust gas systems, S7.10
fuels, S7.9
heat recovery, S7.25
inlet air cooling (CTIAC), S7.10
instruments, S7.11
lubrication, S7.10
maintenance, S7.13
noise control, S7.13
performance, S7.12
single-shaft, S7.9
split-shaft, S7.9
starting systems, S7.10
thermal output, S7.20
engine test facilities, gas, A15.3
expansion, S7.38; S38.1
gas, S7.9
evaporative cooling, A51.7
microturbines S7.8
standards, S7.50
steam
applications, S7.45
axial flow, S7.13
economics, S7.19
heat recovery
extraction turbines, S7.26
noncondensing turbines, S7.26
maintenance, S7.19
performance, S7.16
thermal output, S7.21
Turbochargers
heat recovery, S7.23
supercharger engines, S7.6
Turbulence
modeling, F34.3
identification, F34.10
Turbulent flow, fluids, F2.3
Turkeys. (See also Animal environments; 
Poultry)
growth, F10.12
heat and moisture production, F10.14
reproduction, F10.14
Turndown ratio, design capacity, S12.3
Two-pipe systems, S3.8; S12.12
air-to-transmission ratio, S3.8
central ventilation, S3.8
changeover temperature, S3.9
chilled-water, S12.12
electric heat, S3.10
fan-coil systems, S3.5
nonchangeover design, S3.10
steam convection heating, S10.12
zoning, S3.10
U-factor
center-of-glass, F31.4
doors, F25.14; F31.11
edge-of-glass, F31.4
fenestration products, F31.6
frame, F31.4
thermal transmittance, F31.4
windows, F25.14
Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S24.7; 
S25.2
Uncertainty analysis
measurement, A40.11, 13
precision uncertainty, F14.3
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
sources, F14.3
systematic uncertainty, F14.3
statistical regression,A40.13
Unitary systems, S5.3; S45
floor-by-floor systems, S5.6
heat pumps, S5.2; S45.1, 8, 10
outdoor equipment, S5.7
room-by-room systems, S5.3
self-contained, S5.6
split systems, S5.5; S45.1
through-the-wall, S5.2
window-mounted, S5.2
Unit heaters. See Heaters
Units and conversions, F38.1
Unit ventilators, S31.1
Utility interfacing, electric, S7.28
Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R15.9
Validation, of airflow modeling, F34.9, 10, 17
Valves, S42
(See also Regulators)
actuators, S42.5
ammonia refrigeration systems
control, R3.8
float control, R3.19
relief, R3.10
solenoid, R3.10
stop, R3.8
authority, S42.8
automatic, S42.5
actuators, S42.5
applications, S42.9
control, F15.4
computerized, S42.6
expansion, S21.2
flow characteristics, S42.7
sizing, S42.8
types, S42.6
backflow-prevention devices, S42.13
balancing, S42.10
sizing, A37.8
body styles, S42.3
cavitation, S42.2
check, R44.20; S42.13
compressors, reciprocating, S34.7
condensing-pressure-regulating, R44.14
constant-pressure expansion, R44.13
control valves, F2.7
coefficient, F2.9
discharge bypass, R44.15
expansion
constant-pressure, R44.11, 13
electric, R44.10
thermostatic, R44.5
float control, R44.16
flow coefficient, S42.2, 9
geothermal energy, A32.9
halocarbon refrigeration systems
equivalent lengths, R2.10
float control, R2.26
hydronic systems
control, S12.10
safety relief, S12.13
manual, S42.3
selection, S42.3
materials, S42.1
multiple-purpose, S42.10
noise, S42.2
pressure drop, F36.1, 7
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.38 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
pressure-reducing makeup water, S42.13
pressure relief, S42.11
safety, R44.21
ratings, S42.1
refrigerant control, R44.5
regulating and throttling, R44.10
safety, S42.11
solar energy systems, A33.12
solenoid, R44.17; S42.6
steam system, S10.9, 13
stop-check, S42.13
suction pressure regulating, R44.14
thermostatic, S10.13; S42.12
water hammer, S42.2
zone control, S10.13
Vapor pressure, F39.2
Vapor retarders, F26.8
jackets, F26.8
all-service, F26.8
Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, A37.4
all-air
dual-duct, S2.9
single-duct, S2.8
versus constant air volume (CAV), A14.12
control, A41.2, 27
diversity, A37.4
dual-duct systems, S2.9
duct static pressure control, A46.2
fan
selection, A47.5
sequencing, A46.3
unstable operation, A46.3
humidity control, S20.8
museums, libraries, and archives, A21.12
pressure-dependent systems, A37.4
pressure-independent systems, A37.4
return fan static control, A46.3
single-duct, S2.8
sound control, A47.5
static pressure control, A37.4
static pressure reset, A41.27
system types, A37.5
terminal boxes, A46.9; A47.6
testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.4
variable-speed drives, S40.8
Variable-speed drives, S40.8
carrier frequencies
effect on drive ratings, S40.11
effect on motor noise, S40.10
conductor impedance, S40.8
control, S40.8
harmonic disturbances, S40.11
load side, S40.12
motors, S40.10
impedance, S40.8
pulse width modulation, S40.8
transistors, S40.8
voltage waveform distortion, S40.11
VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
Vegetables, R24
air transport, R32.1
cooling, R15.1
deterioration rate, R11.1
display refrigerators, R46.8
dried, storage, R29.7
frozen, R27.3
misters and Legionella pneumophila control, 
A48.7
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
refrigeration, R24.1
storage, R24.3
thermal properties, R9.1
transport, R24.2
Vehicles
ac- or dc-powered, transit, A9.12
design, R30.1
equipment attachment provisions, R30.3
sanitation, R30.3
temperature-controlled, R30.1
use, R30.9
Velocity, measurement, F14.15
Vena contracta, F2.4
Vending machines, R47.5
Ventilation, F27
age of air, F27.4
air change effectiveness, F27.4
aircraft, A10.1, 4
air exchange rate, F27.3, 10
airflow, F27.2
animal environments, A22.5
bus garages, A13.12
bus terminals, A13.14
cargo containers, R30.5
climatic infiltration zones, F27.16
dilution, A29.2; A45.4
displacement, F33.10; S2.10
design, F33.11
driving mechanisms, F27.10
effectiveness, F27.4
engine test facilities, A15.1
forced, F27.1
gaseous contaminant control, A45.4
greenhouses, A22.13
health care facilities, A7.1
hospitals, A7.2
nursing homes, A7.13
outpatient, A7.12
indoor air quality (IAQ), F27.9
industrial environments, A29
exhaust systems, A30.1
in-room terminal systems, S3.5
kitchens, A31
laboratories, A14.8
leakage function, F27.12
mechanical, F27.1
mines, A27
natatoriums, A4.6
natural
airflow, F27.1, 10
guidelines, F27.11
stack effect, F27.11
wind, F27.10
nuclear facilities, A26.4
odor dilution, F13.5
parking garages, A13.9
power plants, A25.3
railroad tunnels, A13.21
rapid-transit systems, A13.17
residential, F27.15
road tunnels, A13.1
roof ventilators, A29.3
ships, A11.1
terminology, F27.1
thermal loads, F27.9
tollbooths, A13.8
unidirectional, F33.12
warm/humid climates, F24.8
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
wind effect on, F16.7
Ventilators
roof, A29.3
unit, S31
capacity, S31.1
control, A46.11; S31.3
location, S31.3
selection, S31.3
types, S31.1
Venting
furnaces, S28.2
gas appliances, S30.19
oil-fired appliances, S30.20
Verification, of airflow modeling, F34.9, 10, 17
Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.3
Vibration, F7.19
compressors
centrifugal, S34.32
positive-displacement, S34.3
scroll, S34.24
single-screw, S34.16
critical speeds, S18.8
health effects, F9.13
measurement, F14.28
accelerometer, F7.21
instrumentation, A37.21
testing, A37.21
Vibration control, A47
air handlers, S2.7
chillers, A47.12
clean spaces, A16.15
cogeneration, S7.41
criteria, A47.40
data reliability, A47.1
ducts, A47.48
engines, S7.7
equipment vibration, A37.22
analysis, A37.23
fans, S18.9
floor flexibility, A47.49
isolators
noise, A47.39
resonance, A47.50
specifications, A47.41
testing, A37.21; A47.49
piping
connectors
expansion joint or arched, A47.47
flexible, A47.42
hose, A47.42
noise, A47.42
resilient hangers and supports, A47.42
places of assembly, A4.1
resonance, A47.49
seismic restraint, A47.48; A54.1
standards, A47.50
troubleshooting, A37.23; A47.48
Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat 
release rate, A27.3
Viscosity, F2.1
fuel oils, F18.5
lubricants, R7.5
modeling, F34.10
moist air, F6.19
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), F9.8
contaminants, A45.1
Voltage, A55.1
Volume ratio, compressors
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
Composite Index I.39
rotary vane, S34.11
single-screw, S34.14
twin-screw, S34.18
VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT)
Walls, A43.3
acoustic insulation, F23.17
airflow retarders, A43.5
glass block, F31.40
insulation, exterior, A43.4
masonry construction, A43.4; F24.2
moisture control, A43.4
panelized, A43.4
residential, A43.3
roof interface
air leakage, A43.7
moisture control, A43.8
steel frame construction, F24.2
window interface, A43.7
wood frame construction, A43.3; F24.1
Warehouses, A3.11
Water
boiler thermal models, F32.14
coils, S21.2
air-heating, S23.2
coolers, R26.11
distribution, S4.4; S12.5, S14.7
central plants, S11.4
district heating and cooling, S11.18
fan-coil systems, S3.5
filtration, A48.7
hammer, F36.6
pipe stress, S11.6
heating
geothermal energy systems, A32.11
solar energy systems, A33.13
water treatment for, A48.10
humidifier supply, S20.4
properties, A48.1, S14.2
references, F6.19
refrigerant, F20.1, 36–37
in refrigerant systems. See Moisture, in 
refrigerant systems
systems, pipe sizing, F36.5
thermal storage systems, A34.9, 18
vapor. (See also Moisture)
control, F23.2
flow, F23.2, 7
and heat flow, F23.5
pressure, saturation, F23.8
resistance, F23.2
retarders; F24.8
condensation, S20.2
heating climates, F24.5
mixed climates, F24.7
refrigerant piping insulation, R33.4
refrigerated facilities, R14.5, 12
warm/humid climates, F24.8
terminology, F23.2
transmission, F25.1
Water/lithium bromide absorption
components, R41.1
control, R41.6
double-effect chillers, R41.3
maintenance, R41.7
operation, R41.6
single-effect chillers, R41.2
single-effect heat transformers, R41.3
terminology, R41.1
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Water heaters
blending injection, A49.3
boilers (indirect),A49.21
circulating tank, A49.3
combination, A49.3
electric, A49.2
gas-fired, A49.1, 2
heat pump, S45.3
indirect, A49.2, 21
instantaneous, A49.2, 3, 19
oil-fired, A49.1
placement, A49.8
refrigeration heat reclaim, A49.3, 21
semi-instantaneous, A49.3, 19
sizing, A49.9, 19, 21
solar energy, A49.3
storage, A49.1, 2, 9
terminology, A49.6
types
oil-fired, A49. A49.2
usable hot-water storage, A49.8
waste heat recovery, A49.3
Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S45.10
Water systems
closed, S14.1
hot-water
medium/high-temperature,
air-heating coils, S14.8
boilers, S14.2
cascade systems, S14.6
circulating pumps, S14.7
control, S14.8
design, S14.2
direct-contact heaters, S14.6
direct-fired generators, S14.2
distribution, S14.7
expansion tanks, S14.4
heat exchangers, S14.8
piping design, S14.7
pressurization, S14.4
safety, S14.9
space heating, S14.8
thermal storage, S14.9
water treatment, S14.9
Water systems, S12
air elimination, S12.14
antifreeze, S12.16
precautions, S12.17
capacity control, S12.9
chilled-water, S12.1, 11
cogeneration distribution, S7.31
district heating and cooling, S11.19, 31
closed, S12.1
components, S12.2
condenser water, S13.1
closed, S13.3
once-through, S13.1
open cooling tower, S13.1
air and vapor precautions, S13.2
freeze protection, S13.3
piping, S13.2
water treatment, S13.2
overpressure precautions, S13.3
systems, S13.1
water economizer, S13.3
control valve sizing, S12.10
Darcy-Weisbach equation, S39.4
district heating and cooling, S11.3
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
dual-temperature (DTW), S12.1, 12
equipment layout, S12.15
expansion tanks
functions of, S12.3, 7
sizing equations, S12.4
fill water, S12.13
four-pipe, S12.13
freeze prevention, S12.15
hot-water
boilers, S27.1
cogeneration distribution, S7.32
district heating and cooling, S11.29
high-temperature (HTW), S12.1
loads, S12.2
low-temperature (LTW), S12.1
design considerations, S12.8; S32.3
heating systems, S12.10
loads, S12.2
nonresidential, S12.10
terminal equipment, S32.1
medium- and high-temperature, S12.1
medium-temperature (MTW), S12.2
loads, S12.2
loads, S12.2
makeup, S12.13
open, S12.1; S13.1
pipe sizing, S12.15
piping, S12.8
water distributuion, S12.5
pressure drop determination, S12.15; S39.4
pumps, S39.1
pump curves, S12.5; S39.3
pumping
compound, S12.6
distributed, S39.13
parallel, S12.6; S39.10
primary-secondary, S12.6; S39.12
series, S12.6; S39.11
variable-speed, S39.12
standby pump, S12.6; S39.12
two-speed motors, S39.12
safety relief valves, S12.13
steam and, combined, S10.15
temperature classifications, S12.1
turndown ratio, S12.3
two-pipe, S12.12
Water treatment, A48
air washers, A48.9; S19.8
biological control, A48.5
Legionella pneumophila, A48.6
boilers, A48.10
brine systems, A48.10
closed recirculating systems, A48.10
condensers, evaporative, S35.18
condenser water, S13.2
cooling towers, A48.4, 8; S36.13
corrosion control, A48.2, 9
evaporative coolers, S19.8
filtration, A48.7
fundamentals, A48.1
heating systems, A48.10
ice makers, A48.7, 9
medium/high-temperature systems, S14.9
once-through systems, A48.9
open recirculating systems, A48.9
scale control, A48.4
sprayed coil units, A48.9
steam and condensate systems, A48.11
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
I.40 2006 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration (SI)
terminology, A48.11
thermal storage, A34.20
Water vapor retarders, F23.18
Water wells, A32.4
Weather data. (See also Climate)
design conditions, F28.1
calculation, F28.4
cooling, F28.5
dehumidification, F28.5
heating, F28.5
relationships, F28.4
residential infiltration zones, F27.16
sources, F28.3
Welding sheet metal, S16.6
Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat 
stress, A29.4
Wheat, F11.13
Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S44.10
Whirlpools and spas
R = 2006 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fund
Legionella pneumophila control, A48.7
service water heating, A49.19
Wien’s displacement law, F3.8
Wind. (See also Climate; Weather data)
data sources, F16.6
effect on
chimneys, S30.3, 27
smoke movement, A52.3
system operation, F16.7
pressure, F16.3
Wind chill index, F8.21
Windows. (See also Fenestration)
air leakage, A43.7; F31.56
heat transfer, A43.6
moisture control, A43.7
solar gain, A43.6; F31.13, 36
U-factors, F25.14; F31.4, 6
wall interface, A43.7
Wind restraint design, A54.20
amentals S = 2004 HVAC Systems and
minimum design wind load, A54.21
Wineries
refrigeration, R26.8
temperature control
fermentation, R26.9
storage, R26.10
wine production, R26.8
Wood construction, and moisture, F23.5
dimensional changes, F23.6
Wood products facilities, A24.1
evaporative cooling, A51.8
process area, A24.1
storage, A24.2
Wood pulp, A24.2
Wood stoves, S29.5
World Wide Web (WWW), A39.16
WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP)
WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW)
Xenon, R38.17
 Equipment A = 2003 HVAC Applications
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