Oficina de Redação em Língua Inglesa - Exercícios - Banco de Questões

Prévia do material em texto

Oficina de Redação em Língua Inglesa – Textos Técnicos - Exercícios. 
Exercício 1 – Aula 1. 
1 – Read the text below: 
The children will be walking to the cathedral and therefore will need to 
wear suitable footwear and a sun hat or raincoat, depending on the 
weather. 
► The highlighted element in the text conveys the semantic relation 
of: 
R = Result 
2 – "There is a time and place for everything". Consequently, this type 
of context involves the actual location, the time of day, the lighting, noise 
level and related factors. 
• We can consider the previous information to be related to a specific 
type of context. Which one? 
R = physical 
3 – Fill in the blank with the correct transitional word or phrase. 
_________ of the weather, the football game will be played tomorrow. 
R = regardless 
4 – Read the text below: 
Peter tried every means possible. However1, he2 could not steer the 
boat out of the storm. 
► The highlighted elements above exemplify, respectively, two 
cases of cohesion. Which ones? 
R = Lexical-Grammatical Cohesion (conjunction) and Grammatical 
Cohesion (personal) 
5 – It is one of the most obvious factors of communication, but it is also 
one of the most important, since it relates to the beliefs and values of a 
group. 
• What kind of context does the previous information refer to? 
R = cultural context 
6 – In the following short passage, pick out the transitional words and 
phrases that are used to provide cohesion. "Margaret Fuller often passes 
in one breath from forcible reasoning to dreamy vagueness; moreover, 
her unusually varied culture gives her great command of illustration. 
Mary Wollstonecraft, on the other hand, is nothing if not rational; she has 
no erudition, and her grave pages are lit up by no ray of fancy." 
R = moreover, on the other hand 
7 – Synonyms for the term CONTEXT would be: 
R = setting; situation; 
8 – This TYPE of CONTEXT "refers to the mood and emotions of the 
audience, as well as the speaker to a lesser extent. How the audience is 
feeling will have an impact on how the speaker's messages will be 
received, and how they should be delivered". 
• The previous citation best explains: 
R = a psychological context 
 
Exercício 2 – Aula 1. 
1 – This TYPE of CONTEXT "involves the expectation of the speaker 
and the audience in situations that happen regularly or have happened in 
the past". 
• The previous citation refers to: 
R = historical context 
2 – According to HALLIDAY & HASAN (1976), the ties that bind a 
discourse or a text together are called cohesive ties (links or devices), 
which include the following elements, EXCEPT: 
R = metaphors 
3 – "A sequence of paragraphs that represents an extended unit of 
speech; anything which conveys meaning through the use of signs 
and refers to anything which is capable of being read or interpreted; 
products of cultural codes, a coherent complex of signs from one or 
many sign systems". 
• The previous information defines a(n): 
R = text 
4 – In the following short passage, pick out the transitional words and 
phrases that are used to provide cohesion. "Very often I must wait weeks 
and weeks for what you call "inspiration." In the meantime I must sit with 
my quill pen poised in the air over a sheet of foolscap, in case the divine 
spark should come like a lightning bolt and knock me off my chair on to 
my head." 
R = in the meantime 
5 – "It concerns the ways in which the components of the textual world, 
i.e. the configuration of concepts and relations which underlie the surface 
text are mutually accessible and relevant." 
• Which STANDARD OF TEXTUALITY does the previous citation 
refer to? 
R = coherence 
6 – Which of the following is not related to the text context of Van dij VAN 
DIJK (1977)? 
R = A text is a heap of words without a link, which does not depend on a 
context to be understood. 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 2. 
1 – Select the choice that best represents the topic of the paragraph. 
"You've probably heard that older men die before older women virtually 
everywhere in the world. In the United States, women are expected to 
live an average of 80.4 years, while men live only 75.2 years. 
Sociologists attribute many factors to this trend. For example, men have 
higher testosterone levels than women, which may make men more 
likely to abuse alcohol and tobacco, drive aggressively, and engage in 
other life-threatening behaviors. Men also choose riskier types of work 
and become involved in wartime aggression, which are connected to 
men¿s decreased life expectancy. Studies also show that women are 
less likely to experience life-threatening illnesses and health problems 
than men are." 
R = men's life expectancy 
2 – Read the following paragraph and determine its topic and the stated 
main idea sentence: One of the big programming surprises of the 2002 
summer TV series was a show on the Fox Network called American Idol, 
a talent search that highlighted several aspiring performers. The final 
episode of the show garnered the biggest audience share among 18- to 
49-year olds that the network has ever had. Based on a British series 
called Pop Idol, American Idol is another in a long list of shows that the 
United States has imported. In fact, many popular U.S. TV shows 
originated overseas. These include the quiz shows Who Wants to Be A 
Millionaire and The Weakest Link, both also from Britain . Other 
examples include Survivor, imported from Sweden; Big Brother , based 
on a Dutch series of the same name; and TLC's Trading Spaces, based 
on the British series, Changing Rooms. 
R = TOPIC: popular U.S. TV shows. MAIN IDEA: These include the quiz 
shows Who Wants to Be A Millionaire and The Weakest Link, both also 
from Britain 
3 – Leia o texto a seguir: 
Entende-se que tal propriedade textual é marcada pelo traço de 
interpretabilidade. Por conseguinte, (1) ________________ diz respeito 
à construção do sentido textual, seja na perspectiva de produção pelo 
locutor, seja na recepção da codificação linguística pelo interlocutor. 
Assim sendo, (2) ____________________ trata da possiblidade, e 
mesmo da necessidade, de atribuição de sentido às produções textuais, 
condição básica para que essas produções sejam entendidas e 
assumidas como tais. Por fim, (3) _____________ engloba três 
domínios: o linguístico, o pragmático e o extralinguístico. 
(Adaptado de: Oliveira, 2010) 
► O texto acima faz referência a elemento fundamental para que os 
parágrafos de um texto sejam produzidos adequadamente. Com 
isso em mente, qual das opções a seguir completa os itens (1) e (2)? 
R = Coerência 
4 – According to VAN DIJK (1997), "this element is the person, place, 
object, or idea under discussion. It is the subject that the author has 
chosen to discuss, describe, or explain. Discovering this element is 
the first step in reading for meaning". 
• Considering the basic elements of a paragraph, what does the 
previous citation refer to? 
R = topic 
5 – Select the statement that best expresses the main idea. "People 
often refer to taxes in terms of their being much too high. In reality, they 
are probably even higher than you think, because in addition to the 
federal income tax we are now studying, there are many other Federal, 
State, and local taxes, including sales taxes, inheritance taxes, state 
income taxes, personal property taxes, real estate taxes, and others. 
These are just some of the most obvious ones." 
R = We pay more taxes than we may realize. 
6 – Dear Editor 
 
I am writing with regards to the article ''Is the TV Dead?'' that appeared in 
your newspaper on the 4th March. The author claimed that with the rise 
of the Internet, the TV was becoming less and less significant in our 
lives. 
I find it very difficult to agree with this view. The TV is still the main way 
most of us get our entertainment at home. It offers us the chanceto see 
top musical artists, great films and documentaries and occasionally, 
thanks to important televised events, it has the power to bring the whole 
nation and all ages together in a way the Internet never could. 
[...] 
 Yours sincerely 
Samantha Johnson 
 Why is the person writing this letter to the newspaper? 
R = to offer a different point of view 
7 – Leia o texto a seguir: 
Esta propriedade, uma das mais fundamentais para o estabelecimento 
da textualidade, diz respeito à unidade semântico-sintática que deve 
marcar a produção textual. Portanto, (1)________________ pode ser 
definida como o conjunto de estratégias de sequencialização 
responsável pelas ligações linguísticas relevantes entre os constituintes 
articulados do texto. Essas ligações podem ocorrer tanto no nível 
semântico, referentes aos sentidos veiculados, como no nível sintático, 
relativo às questões de ordenação desses constituintes. 
Consequentemente, (2) ____________________ obtém-se por 
intermédio da ativação do sistema léxico-gramatical. 
(Adaptado de: Oliveira, 2010) 
► O texto acima faz referência a elemento fundamental para que os 
parágrafos de um texto sejam redigidos adequadamente. Com isso 
em mente, qual das opções a seguir completa os itens (1) e (2)? 
R = Coesão 
8 – A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop a main 
thought, or idea, about a single topic. The structure of a paragraph is not 
complex. How many basic elements are there? 
R = 3 
 
Exercício 2 – Aula 2. 
1 – Read each paragraph and determine its topic and the stated main 
idea sentence: Passing fears are common in early childhood. Many 2- to 
4-year-olds are afraid of animals, especially dogs. By 6 years, children 
are more likely to be afraid of the dark. Other common fears are of 
thunderstorms, doctors, and imaginary creatures. 
R = TOPIC: passing fears - MAIN IDEA: Passing fears are common in 
early childhood. 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 3. 
1 – This Reading Strategy includes the following purposes: 
1) read shorter texts in order to extract specific information; 
2) include very close accurate reading for detail; 
3) grasp the details of a specific situation; 
4) understand each word, number or fact. 
• The previous purposes refer to ONE of the following Reading 
Strategies. Which one? 
R = intensive reading 
2 – You should: 
R = not worry about understanding each word when reading a novel in 
your free time. 
3 – According to Beale (2007), this technique is used when readers 
search for key words or ideas. In most cases, readers know what they 
are looking for, since they are usually concentrating on finding a 
particular answer. 
• We can infer the previous information relates to ONE of the 
following Reading Strategies. Which one? 
R = Scanning 
4 – According to Beale (2007), "this technique is applied by readers 
when they look over a text quickly to get a general idea of the subject-
matter (also called 'gist'). The reader is not interested in all the detail, 
getting the gist is enough". 
• The citation above can be related to the following Reading 
Strategy: 
R = skimming 
5 – People are NOT scanning a text effectively when they ________. 
R = read every word in a text 
6 – Read the text below: 
This reading strategy involves understanding what information, or what 
kind of information, we are looking for, locating it and then reading the 
relevant part carefully to get a full and detailed understanding. 
Sometimes, using this reading strategy also involves reading to see if 
information is contained in a text. In real life, we often only read parts of 
texts (the parts that provide the information we are interested in). For 
example, if we want to know what is on TV tonight, we will not look at the 
programmes listed in the TV listings for earlier in the day. In reading 
tasks in English exams, time pressure forces candidates to find 
information quickly so doing this helps in both real-life and exam 
situations. 
► The previous text provides an important concept. Which one? 
R = Scanning 
7 – People scan a text when they want to find ________ information. 
R = specific 
8 – Read the text below: 
It is the overall meaning, the core idea, of a spoken or written discourse. 
When taking a quick look at a written text to establish its genre and the 
main message its writer means to get across, we are reading to get the 
general idea of a text. This is also known synonymous of skimming. A 
text can provide readers with lots of clues that help readers quickly 
establish what it is about. These need not be just the words. A quick 
glance at the arrangement - densely written columns, for example - can 
tell us we are looking at a newspaper article, even when it is been 
reproduced in an exam paper. We also look for visuals or any other 
discrete discourse features to help us make informed predictions. 
► The previous text provides an important concept. Which one? 
R = Reading for gist/skimming 
 
Exercício 2 – Aula 3. 
1 – Choose the alternative which DOES NOT define properly the four 
types of reading skills: 
R = Scanning - used to find a general piece of information. 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 4. 
1 – Leia o texto a seguir: 
Argumentos que reforçam a unicidade desse tipo de texto dizem 
respeito à sua estrutura linguística, a sua construção enquanto código. 
Argumenta-se que as peculiaridades de cada língua, como a prosódia e 
o ritmo, reforçam a ideia de que, nesse tipo de texto, a língua significa 
por ela própria, além de, obviamente, dispor de elementos estéticos 
intrínsecos. 
► Roman Jackoson, em trabalho basilar sobre as funções da linguagem 
alerta para um tipo de função característica do tipo de texto mencionado 
acima. Qual das opções a seguir não se relaciona com o tipo de texto 
discutido pelo teórico? 
R = Textos técnicos 
2 – Regarding the differences between technical writing and literary 
writing, which alternative is INCORRECT? 
R = Technical writing makes use of figures of speeches whereas literary 
writing is to the point and straight forward. 
3 – What is the most important criteria for effective technical writing? 
R = Clarity 
4 – Read the text below: 
Some of the typical characteristics related to these types of texts include: 
a written base-form, though they may also be spoken; they enjoy high 
social prestige; they fulfil an aesthetic rather than an informational 
function, aiming to provoke emotions and/or entertain rather than 
influence or inform; finally, they have no real-world truth-value ¿ i.e. they 
are judged as fictional, whether fact-based or not. 
(Adapted from: Baker and Saldanha, 2009, p. 152) 
► The previous text highlights essential characteristics of a specific 
type of text we studied in our lessons. Which of the options below can 
be related to it? 
R = Literary texts 
5 – Between technical writing and literary writing there are some 
important differences. According to your study material what are the 
components that mark the difference between theses writings? 
R = Grammar, organization, style, design, development. 
6 – The following items are typical of Literary texts, EXCEPT: 
R = The intended audiences are academicians and experts 
7 – According to your studies, which of the following is not a 
proof reading technique? 
R = Use the computer¿s spell check ¿ remember, however, that a spell 
check will catch form if you mean from, to if you mean too, or except if 
you mean accept. 
8 – Which alternative does not represent an example of technical 
writing? 
R = novels 
 
Exercício 2 – Aula 4. 
1 – In order to achieve conciseness, we should use short words (one and 
two syllable words). Match the words linking long words to their short 
version correspondent. 
1. Utilization ( ) feature 
2. Functionality ( ) previous 
3. Aforementioned ( ) mentioned 
4. Heretofore ( ) use 
R = 2 ¿ 4 ¿ 3 - 1 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 5. 
1– 1. Abbreviations ( ) Yours sincerely, Regards, 
2. Salutations ( ) Here is some blue sky thinking of you. 
3. Contractions ( ) I'm writing to see if you have... 
4. Jargon ( ) FYI (for your information) 
5. A formal ending ( ) Dear Mr. Webb 
R = 5 ¿ 4 ¿ 3 ¿ 1 ¿ 2 
2 – Which of the statements below can be used to describe a press 
release? 
R = Can be used to explain or apologise for a compan¿s action. 
3 – Upon reading the New York Times on a typical Sunday morning, 
you came across the following text: 
New York Times International Luxury Conference Adds More Star 
Speakers 
''Luxury Beyond Product'' welcomes Maureen Chiquet, Grayson Perry 
and Ariel Emanuel as keynote speakers 
LONDON, JUNE 1st, 2015 - The 15th New York Times International 
Luxury Conference which takes place at theTrianon Palace Versailles on 
November 17-18th, will bring together some of the most inspiring figures 
in luxury and fashion to discuss how brands forge deep bonds with 
consumers in today's luxury industry. 
Maureen Chiquet, Global C.E.O. of Chanel, Ariel Emanuel, Co-C.E.O. of 
WME | IMG and artist Grayson Perry are the latest additions to a stellar 
speaker line-up that already includes some of the major forces in the 
fashion and luxury industries, including Victoria Beckham, John Demsey 
(Group President, The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.), Michael Kowalski, 
Chairman (Tiffany & Co.) and Adrian Joffe, (C.E.O., Comme des 
Garçons International). 
Vanessa Friedman, Fashion Director, The New York Times, said, ''It's 
often from unexpected directions that the best new ideas come, and I am 
incredibly excited about the potential for strategic inspiration represented 
by our new speakers. All innovators and rule-breakers in their respective 
fields, be it luxury, entertainment and sports, or art, they will meet for the 
first time under the big tent of The New York Times in Versailles. That 
kind of cross-border conversation is really what paves the path of the 
future." 
• The text above is a good example of a(n): 
R = press release 
4 – According to your studies, which of the following is not a problem 
caused by emails? 
R = Email allows the writer and reader(s) to chat with each other online. 
5 – Consider the list below: 
I - Use formal language, in a specific stipulated format, for official 
purpose; 
II - Personal communication; 
III - No prescribed format, although there is a minimum structural layout; 
IV - Sentences are normally long and complex. 
V - Abbreviations and contractions must be avoided. 
► The items from the list related to FORMAL LETTERS/E-MAILS 
are: 
R = I, IV and V 
6 – Read the text below: 
To Whom It May Concern, 
It gives me great pleasure to recommend Sarah Morgan Silva for an MA 
in Education at the University of Sussex. I was Ms. Silva¿s professor of 
Teaching Methodologies in Portuguese as a Second Language for a 
semester in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (August-December 2015) and during 
that period, I had the chance to notice her great performance throughout 
the lectures. The course comprises a set of complex issues (i.e. 
approaches and methods, uses of some digital technologies as 
mediating tools, lesson planning, etc.), which demands a lot of 
dedication, focus, and several hours of hard work and Ms. 
Silva demonstrated both maturity and commitment to her studies. 
In relation to all classroom activities and assignments, Ms. Silva always 
did her work conscientiously, besides continuously seeking out additional 
information on how to become a better professional and education. She 
also had a great capacity for fulfilling her responsibilities in a variety of 
activities, always looking forward to succeeding in all assessments. 
Personally, I find Sarah Morgan Silva to be an intelligent, organized and 
articulate person, who is self-motivated and demonstrates great interest 
in educational issues. I strongly recommend her for the course 
aforementioned, and I am happy to amplify on any details if you wish. 
Yours faithfully, 
John Peterson 
► The previous text is an example of a/an: 
R = Recommendation letter/e-mail 
7 – Also known as a Career Statement, Career Profile, Personal Profile 
or Biography, a Personal Statement is a professional "about me" 
paragraph. A statement of purpose is designed to communicate: 
R = Writing abilities; connections between your past 
education/experiences and future goals; your philosophy of the field and 
why you are pursuing an opportunity in that area; what makes you 
unique and how you can add to the diversity of the program; how you 
can be an asset to the organization or the school, now. 
8 – It is very important to pay attention at some details when writing a 
personal statement. Which alternative does NOT present a feature to be 
followed? 
R = Be eloquent; 
 
Exercício 2 – Aula 5. 
1 – Upon surfing the Net, you came across the following type of text: 
 
 
"The U.S. Fund for UNICEF fights for the survival and development of 
the world's most vulnerable children and protects their basic human 
rights". 
 
• The previous text is a good example of a(n): 
R = mission statement 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 6. 
1 – The following options are SYNONYMOUS of CRITICAL WRITING, 
EXCEPT: 
R = exclusive negative remark 
2 – Read the excerption below and answer: "The Devil's Company, a 
treat for lovers of historical fiction, sees the return of Benjamin Weaver in 
his third exciting romp through the varied and sometimes surreal 
landscape of 18th-century London. Weaver is an endearing protagonist, 
a former pugilist and investigator for hire whom we first met in David 
Liss's A Conspiracy of Paper (1999)." In just a few short lines, reviewer 
Frank Tallis has told us about the genre, setting, and main character of 
this novel. He concludes the favorable review by saying, "Historical 
fiction is mostly smoke and mirrors. Modern writers really don't know 
what it was like to live in the past¿no matter how much research they 
do¿so the success of the enterprise depends largely on creating a 
convincing illusion. Liss rises to this challenge with great skill in this 
accomplished, atmospheric and thoughtful novel." Frank Tallis, "A Bridge 
to 18th Century London" review of The Devil's Company, by David Liss, 
The Washington Post, July 9, 2009 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2009/07/08/AR2009070804089.html (accessed 
November 25, 2009) The paragraphs above were taken from a bigger 
text in which the the author let the readers know her judgment about a 
particular literary work. Choose the alternative that correctly classifies 
this kind of text : 
R = Review 
3 – Read the text below: 
In conclusion, the book succinctly addresses many pressing questions 
asked by both novices and experts in the field of SLA and could be a 
useful tool in an introductory SLA course. However, it is advisable that 
the book is not read without the guidance of someone very familiar with 
the field of SLA, since many of its claims and examples are not 
supported with empirical evidence and come across as contrary to the 
findings and beliefs of many of the currently and historically accepted 
schools of thought on SLA theory. All in all, it is a recommended source 
of information for those interested in SLA issues due to the structured 
format of the book. 
► The previous text is an example of a specific section in a book 
review. Which one? 
R = Recommendation 
4 – Read the text below: 
''The book 'Key Topics in Second Language Acquisition' is an 
introductory text divided into short chapters that on a systematized way 
focus on one of eight basic yet sometimes controversial topics in SLA, 
such as psycholinguistics, Critical Age Hypothesis, vocabulary 
acquisition, syntax, writing, motivation, research and pedagogy.'' 
► The previous text is an example of a specific section in a book 
review. Which one? 
R = Summary5 – Read the following excerption and answer: Losing Joe's Place by 
Gordon Korman book review by Mr. Klingensmith It's not often that one 
finds a novel as wacky and as full of unexpected surprises as Losing 
Joe's Place, a book by Gordon Korman. It is the story of Jason Cardone 
and his friends Ferguson "The Peach" Peach and Don "Mr. Wonderful" 
Champion, and a summer they spend in the big city of Toronto, 
subletting the totally cool bachelor apartment that belongs to Jason's 
brother, Joe. Joe's instructions to the three teenagers boil down to one 
main thing: DON'T GET EVICTED!! The story shows us just how hard it 
can be to follow this one simple direction. One great thing about the book 
is the way Korman developed the characters. Each person has a definite 
personality. The Peach is an engineering genius who needs to improve 
everything he sees. His "better than you are" attitude tends to get on 
everyone's nerves. Jason, our hero, seems to be allergic to work, and 
while his roommates spend the summer slaving away at a variety of jobs, 
Jason finds ways to avoid job interviews. At the same time, he becomes 
a genius in the kitchen, which helps him later on in the story. Mr. 
Plotnick, the boys' landlord and owner of the Olympiad Delicatessen, is 
one of the greediest and most annoying people you'll ever meet in a 
book, and the boys spend a lot of their time trying to find ways to get 
even with him. Perhaps one of the weirdest characters in the book is 
Rootbeer Racinette, a huge bearded giant who can chew a hole in an 
unpoppable truck tire and take a two-by-four in the stomach as hard as 
you'd care to swing it. Rootbeer spends the summer with the boys, taking 
turns getting the boys into and out of trouble (between bouts of 
Manchurian Bush Meditation and pursuing some of the strangest 
hobbies in the world).(¿) The paragraphs above were taken from a 
bigger text in which the the author let the readers know her judgment 
about a particular literary work. Choose the alternative that correctly 
classifies this kind of text : 
R = Review 
6 – Think about the main features of good descriptive writing. Which 
alternative should not be considered as a rule when you writing one: 
R = Be wordy as much as possible 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 7. 
1 – When summarizing a piece of literature it is best to start with: 
R = the conflict is, what moves the plot forward; 
2 – Read the text below: 
Abstract 
This paper presents the results of a novel survey of pupils in Greek 
schools regarding children¿s opinions and ideas about folktales, as part 
of their culture, communication practices and as an educational tool. The 
survey was conducted during the school year 2004-2005 by scholars 
representing different scientific fields and universities. The sample 
consists of a large number of participants and covers both urban and 
rural areas. The purpose of this paper is to explore the complex relation 
of children with the world of folktales as a means of reshaping through 
them the known world. Therefore, both the survey questionnaire and the 
subsequent results examine the role of folktales in children's cultural 
representations, family and intercultural relations and as part of the 
educational process. 
► The text above is commonly employed in academic reserarch papers. 
Bearing this information in mind, what is its function? 
R = Summarize and quickly inform readers on the overall content of the 
research paper. 
3 – The following items should be present in a SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY, 
EXCEPT: 
R = strong personal opinion 
4 – Read the text below: 
In this paper, the author first records, transcribes and then analyses a 
short extract from an English conversation between two native speakers. 
It aims to reveal that rules and features undoubtedly exist in people¿s 
daily speeches. Though they are quick and evanescent, speeches are 
more or less organized and structured. For this reason, both language 
learners and teachers should lay stress on rules and functions of spoken 
discourse. 
► The previous text is an example of a specific section in a 
scientific research paper. Which one? 
R = Abstract 
5 – What TYPE of text does the following exemplify? 
 
"National Security Justifies Censorship" 
by Roger S. Thomas 
Introduction 
 The article "National Security Justifies Censorship" by Elmo R. 
Zumwalt and James G. Zumwalt, appears in Censorship, a book in the 
Opposing Viewpoints Series. The article asserts that information that is 
secret and vital to the security of the nation should not be released to the 
press. The arguments made by Zumwalt Senior and Junior are 
summarized below. 
Brief analysis 
 Although many journalists contend that the First Amendment 
guarantees unrestricted printing freedom, the authors believe the press 
has gained more power than the framers of the Constitution foresaw and 
therefore neglected to install safe guards that would protect national 
security. According to the authors, the power of the media has gone far 
past what the constitutional framers expected; consequently, several 
acts since the writing of the Constitution have been implemented to deal 
with the lack of protection regarding national security. The authors 
continue to affirm that even though significant risk exists when 
confidential information is released to the press, this danger has 
remained unresolved by the courts. 
 The authors cite an example to prove this point. The CIA during 
the Reagan administration recognized Muhamar Quadaffi as a known 
terrorist and a potential threat to national security in a classified 
document. The Washington Post somehow had the document disclosed 
to them, and they soon published the information. Several months after 
the operation had been abandoned, the CIA found Quadaffi responsible 
for the bombing of a West Berlin discotheque. Military action had to be 
taken because of the earlier release of the classified document. The 
operation incurred military casualties. 
 The authors then offer a two-part solution: (1) make the publication 
of classified information a punishable offense, and (2) incorporate a 
"code of ethics" into media guidelines that safeguards national 
security. The paper ends by discussing how ethics are the responsibility 
of good journalism. 
Conclusion 
 Elmo R. Zumwalt and James G. Zumwalt assert that the media 
are overpowered and the national security is underprotected. They 
believe that the government and the media must take steps to assure a 
disaster does not occur. 
R = summary 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 8. 
1 – Choose the sentence that best fills the blank in the paragraph. 
It is important to dress right for an interview because that critical first 
impression is all you will be able to give. ___________. While image is 
not everything, it is important. 
R = One key is to wear clothes to the interview that reflect the job you 
want 
2 – The following TEXT is a good example of a(n): 
 
 
 
Bioartificial Rat Arm Grown in Lab Could Be Precursor to 
Transplantable Limbs 
BY JESSICA FIRGER 6/5/15 AT 1:13 PM 
It looks like something out of a creepy sci-fi film but it may be the future 
of the prosthetics industry. Researchers at Massachusetts General 
Hospital were able to grow a bioartificial rat¿s limb. The technique could 
help scientists grow limbs that are suitable for human transplantation. 
The prosthesis contains all the tissue typically found in a rodent¿s leg, 
including bone, cartilage, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments and nerves. 
To grow the limb, the scientists applied a bioengineering technique 
known as decellularization that has already been used to create tissue of 
various organs such as kidneys, livers, hearts and lungs. Researchers 
stripped living cells from donor tissue with detergent solution and then 
repopulated the remainingtissue with the same type of cells. They spent 
a week removing the leftover cellular debris and harvested muscle and 
vascular cells in separate petri dishes. Next, they cultured the forearm in 
a bioreactor, injected vascular and muscle cells into the limb and left it to 
grow for five days. Electric stimulation helped encourage more muscle 
growth. 
Two weeks later, researchers removed the bioprosthetic from the 
machine and tested it. Direct electric stimulation caused contractions in 
the muscle fibers. Once the limb was transplanted to the recipient animal 
its vascular system filled with blood. With the aid of electric stimulation 
the muscles still moved. 
There are currently more than 1.5 million people in U.S. missing limbs 
and who could benefit from this research, should the process work for 
humans. Though robotic prostheses made from plastics, metal and other 
industrial materials have vastly improved in recent years, they still have 
their limitations. A majority of mechanical prostheses are clunky and still 
have a restricted range of motion. 
This is the first time the technique has been used to grow a body part 
composed of many kinds of tissue. The researchers, who published their 
paper online this week in the journal Biomaterials, also say they were 
able to complete the first step of the decellularization process on baboon 
arms but haven¿t yet finished the project. However, this achievement 
indicates the technique may eventually work for human limbs. 
R = article 
3 – Read the text below: 
Besides, almost everyone learns to speak, but not necessarily to write. 
Therefore, the importance of speaking leads us to think how people 
communicate with each other by talking. 
► The previous information refers to a specific technique employed 
when writing articles. Which one? 
R = Linking words/phrases 
4 – READ the text below: 
TOPIC: THIS HOUSE WOULD BAN 'HOMEWORK': 
Homework is a task (often called an assignment) set by teachers for 
students to do outside normal lessons - usually at home in the evening. 
Schools have been setting homework in developed countries for over a 
century, but until the past few decades usually only older students had to 
do it. More recently younger students have also been given homework 
by their primary or elementary schools. In England the government does 
not make schools give homework but it does set guidelines. Five year 
olds are expected to do an hour a week, increasing to three hours a 
week at 11 and ten hours or more a week at 16. American studies report 
the amount of homework being set for younger students doubling over 
the past twenty-five years or so, although some doubt these findings. 
Speaker 01 - Group A: Homework has little educational worth and adds 
nothing to the time spent in school. Some schools and some countries 
don't bother with homework at all, and their results do not seem to suffer 
from it. Studies show that homework adds nothing to standardised test 
scores for primary/ elementary pupils. 
Speaker 02 - Group B: I strognly disagree with you. In our point of 
view, ... 
R = debate 
5 – The following elements MUST be present in a BOOK REPORT, 
EXCEPT: 
R = scientifc and empirical information 
6 – Choose the answer that best develops the topic sentence. 
Being computer literate has become important in today's job market. 
R = People without computer proficiency will end up with lower paying 
employment because computers have become the backbone of today's 
economy. 
7 – Read the text below: 
Speech, which is the primary and universal method of communication, 
plays a far more important role in our lives than the other way, writing. 
This is probably because most people speak much more than they write. 
► The highlighted element refers to a specific technique employed 
when writing articles. Which one? 
R = The use of pronouns/reference words 
8 – The following TEXT is a good example of a(n): 
 
THE BONDWOMAN'S NARRATIVE 
In her novel The Bondwoman's Narrative, Hannah Crafts beautifully 
describes the experiences and eventual flight to freedom of a slave 
woman. Though written in the 1850s, this novel was not published until 
2002, probably because it was a novel rather than a nonfiction account. 
Nonfiction slave narratives were in great demand by the Abolitionists 
prior to the Civil War, but they feared fictionalized accounts because 
Southerners would simply call them lies. But fiction has weapons - 
weapons often lacking in nonfiction - to promulgate truth even more 
forcefully. One of these weapons is symbolism. Hannah Crafts uses 
events, objects, and people symbolically in her story to drive home the 
evils of slavery. 
In certainly the funniest moment of the story, one of Crafts' mistresses - a 
vain, manipulative woman named Mrs. Wheeler - applies some face 
powder to make herself look younger, then immediately sniffs some 
smelling salts. This combination causes her face to turn black, and she 
suffers a severe public humiliation. The likelihood of such a chemical 
reaction is nearly nil, but that is unimportant. Equally affecting in a 
different way is Crafts¿ use of the linden tree, which symbolically 
dominates the plantation (appropriately named Lindendale) where Crafts 
grew up. Long ago, under an earlier master (an ancestor to Crafts' 
current master), many slaves had been tied to its trunk and whipped. 
But the most far-reaching of Crafts' symbolic devices is the character of 
Mr. Trappe. The name is an immediate clue that this character means 
more than he first seems, and indeed, Mr. Trappe's appearances in the 
book herald calamity for the heroine. When Crafts first meets Trappe, he 
is the attorney and guardian for her kind new mistress (whom the master 
of Lindendale Plantation has married), and he knows an unfortunate 
secret: the mistress is actually the daughter of a slave. His use of this 
information will eventually kill the mistress and her husband. At this 
stage, Trappe does have an important role in the plot, as he is the 
motivation for Crafts to flee her first home. But after this, Trappe pops up 
in unlikely places, always right before or right after Crafts has been sold 
to another household. In his last appearance, Crafts sees him in 
Washington D.C., but only for a moment on the street, right after her 
purchase by the Wheelers. By now, he has absolutely no plot function. If 
this is not clear enough to indicate his symbolic role, immediately after 
attaining her freedom Crafts learns that Trappe has been murdered. 
Trappe is the trap of slavery. 
Unquestionably, The Bondwoman's Narrative could not have stood up to 
antebellum Southern nitpicking for absolute fact. It could, and does, 
stand up to scrutiny for emotional honesty and truthfully describing 
slavery and its effects. The cold-hearted Mr. Trappe - 
dressed∈seedyblack,'with 
large white fingers,' a keenblackeye,'andsharp angular features' (Crafts, 
37 and 63) - creates a visceral reaction in the reader with an efficiency 
which an essay on slavery would be hard-pressed to equal. The same is 
true of the creaking, moaning linden tree, a voice for all those who 
suffered at it, and Mrs. Wheeler's accident with its visual irony. Crafts 
uses symbolism beautifully to encapsulate broad, abstract ideas in 
concrete images the reader can easily picture. In doing so, she brings us 
closer to the world of one slave woman, and could have opened the eyes 
of many people to slavery, if only she had been read so long ago. 
R = book report 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 9. 
1 – Choose the alternative that correctly completes the following 
question: In a debate, matter is____________. 
R = Matter is what you say ¿ the arguments you make and the evidence 
you show to support them. It doesn¿t matter how well you speak, if it 
isn¿t solid it won¿t stand up to counter arguments. Make sure you¿ve 
thought aboutall the arguments against you ¿ if you don¿t, your 
opponents will! 
2 – Choose the alternative that correctly answers the following question: 
What is Debating? 
R = A debate is not structured argument. Two sides speak alternately for 
and against a particular contention usually based on a topical issue. 
Each person is allocated a time they are allowed to speak for and any 
interjections are carefully controlled. The subject of the dispute is often 
prearranged so you may find yourself having to support opinions with 
which you do not normally agree. You may also have to argue as part of 
a team, being careful not to contradict what others on your side have 
said. 
3 – Read the text below: 
"Predicting the arguments your opponents will be using, which will 
empower you to counter and discredit what they have said." 
► The previous information refers to an essencial technique we should 
all master in order to succeed in a debate. Which one? 
R = Anticipation 
4 – Read the text below: 
"Combine the structure of the arguments that you will use with a 
convincing style and delivery in order to establish your credibility as a 
public speaker." 
► The previous information refers to an essencial technique we should 
all master in order to succeed in a debate. Which one? 
R = Rhetoric 
5 – The following items are said to be ESSENTIAL in order to be 
successful at a DEBATE, EXCEPT: 
R = reading texts out loud 
 
Exercício 1 – Aula 10. 
1 – Thinking about the differences between SEMINARS and 
LECTURES, read the statements below and choose the alternative that 
CORRECTLY specifies it it has to do with SEMINARS (S) or LECTURES 
(L). 
- It is a monologue that is delivered by a single person, usually a 
professor. 
- The students who are the presenters and the professor has only a 
limited role. 
- The professor dictates and the students take notes. 
- The professor does not have as much of a role as he just oversees or 
guides the class. 
- The subjects are widely discussed. 
R = L-S-L-S-S 
2 – A seminar is, generally, a form of academic instruction, either at an 
academic institution or offered by a commercial or professional 
organization. Check the option that does not relate to this concept. 
R = is for a wide audience, so it is essential to attract and retain the 
readers¿ attention. 
3 – Read the text below: 
A (1) ___________ is a speech read or delivered before an audience or 
class, especially for instruction or to set forth some subject. For example: 
a (2) _____________ on Picasso's paintings. (3) A ____________ 
is generally delivered to much larger groups of students - whole subject 
year groups, sometimes, perhaps 150 students. If a (4) ______________ 
is, say, on Dickens, it might contain bits of his life history, dates, 
contemporary reception of his work by critics and readers, an overview of 
his career, themes on which he concentrated, critics who have written on 
him, and how he is now received. A (5) _____________ is when a 
professor or teacher stands in front of a large class and just gives the 
information that is required by the students. 
► Based on the information presented in the text, which of the 
items below fillls in blanks (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) adequately? 
R = Lecture 
4 – Read the alternative below and choose the one that correctly defines 
SEMINAR. 
R = It is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution 
or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the 
function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, 
focusing each time on some particular subject, in which everyone 
present is requested to participate. 
5 – SEMINARS can create the following opportunities, EXCEPT: 
R = create misunderstandings. 
6 – LOOK at the image below: 
 
The image conveys the message of an important activity typical of 
academic institutions: seminars. A seminar has the function of bringing 
together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing each time on 
some particular subject, in which everyone present is requested to 
actively participate. Seminars can also create specific opportunities. 
► Which of the items below is NOT related to the opportunites 
seminar may offer? 
R = Focus on a single topic as many times as possible.