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Prévia do material em texto

VERBAL FORMS 
Present simple 
do / don’t / does / doesn’t 
Present continuous 
am / is / are … ing 
Present perfect 
has/have/hasn’t /haven’t past p 
 
I / you / we / they work. 
He / she / it works. 
 
I / you / we / they don’t work. 
He / she / it doesn’t work. 
 
Do I / you / we / they work? 
Does he / she / it work? 
 
 
I am working. 
You / we / they are working. 
He / she / it is working. 
 
I am not working. 
You / we / they aren’t working. 
He / she / it isn’t working. 
 
Am I working? 
Are you / we / they working? 
Is he / she working? 
 
 
I / you / we / they have worked. 
He / she / it has worked. 
 
I /you/we /they haven’t worked. 
He / she / it hasn’t worked. 
 
Have I / you / we / they worked? 
Has he / she / it worked? 
 
Past simple 
did / didn’t 
Past continuous 
was / were …ing 
Past perfect 
had / hadn’t… past part 
 
Regular: I / you / he / she / it / 
we / they worked 
Irregular: I / you / he / she / it / 
we / they spoke 
 
Ir/regular: I / you / he / she / it / 
we / they didn’t work / speak. 
 
Ir/regular: Did I / you / he / she / 
it / we / they work / speak? 
 
 
I / he / she / it was working. 
You / we / they were working. 
 
I / he / she / it wasn’t working. 
You / we / they weren’t working. 
 
Was I / he / she working? 
Were you / we / they working? 
 
 
I / you / he / she / it we / they 
had worked. 
 
I / you / he / she / it we / they 
hadn’t worked. 
 
Had I / you / he / she / it we / 
they worked? 
Future simple 
will / won’t 
Future continuous 
will / won’t be … ing 
Future perfect 
will / won’t have… past part 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
will work. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
won’t work. 
 
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they work? 
 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
will be working. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
won’t be working. 
 
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they be working? 
 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
will have worked. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
won’t have worked. 
 
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they have worked? 
 
Conditional simple 
would / wouldn’t 
Conditional continuous 
would / wouldn’t be … ing 
Conditional perfect 
would / wouldn’t have … past p 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
would work. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
wouldn’t work. 
 
Would I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they work? 
 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
would be working. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
wouldn’t be working. 
 
Would I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they be working? 
 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
would have worked. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
wouldn’t have worked. 
 
Would I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they have worked? 
 
 
SIMPLE TENSES CONTINUOUS TENSES PERFECT TENSES PASSIVE VOICE 
INFINITIVE as the base TO BE in the 
+ ING 
TO HAVE in the 
+ PAST 
PARTICIPLE 
TO BE + LEXICAL VERB 
• Presentè ∅, -(e)s • Present • Present in the same 
TENSE as 
THE VERB IN 
THE ACTIVE 
VOICE 
in the PAST 
PARTICIPLE 
• Pastè -ed	 • Past • Past 
• Futureèwill	 • Future • Future 
• Conditionalèwould	
	
• Conditional • Conditional 
Present simple 
do / don’t / does / doesn’t 
Present continuous 
am / is / are … ing 
Present perfect 
has/have/hasn’t /haven’t past 
participle 
Present simple 
I / you / we / they admire. 
He / she / it admires. 
 
I am working. 
You / we / they are painting. 
He / she / it is admiring. 
I / you / we / they have admired. 
He / she / it has admired. 
I / you / we / they are admired. 
He / she / it is admired. 
Past simple 
did / didn’t 
Past continuous 
was / were …ing 
Past perfect 
had / hadn’t… past participle 
Past simple 
Regular: I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they admired 
Irregular: I / you / he / she / it / we / 
they spoke 
I / he / she / it was painting. 
You / we / they were admiring. 
I / you / he / she / it we / they had 
admired. 
You / we / they were admired. 
I/ he / she / it was admired. 
Future simple 
will / won’t 
Future continuous 
will / won’t be … ing 
Future perfect 
will / won’t have… past participle 
Future continuous 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will 
admire. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will 
be admiring. 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will 
have admired. 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will 
be being admired. 
Conditional simple 
would / wouldn’t 
Conditional continuous 
would / wouldn’t be … ing 
Conditional perfect 
would / wouldn’t have … past 
participle 
Conditional perfect 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
would admire. 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
would be admiring. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
would have admired. 
 
I / you / he / she / it / we / they 
would have been admired. 
 
	
TALKING ABOUT TIME 
PREPOSITION USE EXAMPLES 
IN 
(periods) 
 
historical periods in the Renaissance 
centuries in the 20th century 
decades in the (early/ mid/ late) seventies, in the 1900s, in the teens 
years in 2003, in 1973 
seasons in (the) winter/ autumn/ spring/ summer, in the winter of 85 
months in March, in late September, in mid August, in early April 
certain parts of the day in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening 
random periods in five minutes, in two weeks, in three days, in a fortnight 
ON 
(days) 
days of the week 
day + part of the day 
on Monday/ Tuesday/ Wednesday/ Thursday/ Friday/ 
Saturday/ Sunday, on Saturday evening 
a special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th 
dates on 25th December, on Easter Sunday, on their anniversary, on 
his birthday, on Christmas day, on Christmas Eve, on New 
Year’s Eve, on New Year’s Day 
AT 
(times) 
part of the day at noon, at midday, at night, at midnight, at sunrise, at sunset 
time of day at 8 o'clock 
holidays at Christmas, at Easter, at New Year’s 
fixed phrases at weekends, at the weekend, at the end of the month, at the 
same time, at the beginning of February 
∅ this/ that/ these/ those 
some/ any 
next/ last 
this/ that weekend/ week/ month/ year, that day 
some day, any day you want, she’s coming any minute 
next Monday, last week, next year, last March, next winter 
after later than something. after school, after breakfast/ brunch/ lunch/ dinner, after work, 
after the film, after talking to you, after you watched the film 
before earlier than something. before Christmas, before having lunch, before you go to 
school, before you sat down, before going there 
ago how far something 
happened (in the past) 
20 years ago, 5 minutes ago, not long ago, a little while ago, a 
short time ago, three summers ago, two weeks ago 
between time that separates two 
points 
between Monday and Sunday, between Christmas and Easter, 
between June 12th and September 23rd 
by not later than a special 
time 
by Wednesday, by December 20th , by the end of the summer, 
by midnight 
by the time at some point before by the time we arrived, by the time he came back home 
during through the whole of an 
event 
during the holidays, during the exam, during the summer, 
during the protest, during the conference, during the match 
for period of time for three days, for five minutes, for two years, for two weeks 
since point of time since Monday, since 5:00, since I last saw you, since 2001 
from ... to 
from... till/until 
two points form a period from Monday to Thursday, from January till May, from 3:00 
until 23:00, from sunrise to sunset, from noon till midnight 
till/until no later than a special time till tomorrow, until Monday, till you call me, until I see you 
up to not more than up to 8 hours a day, up to now, up to then, up to 5 times 
within during a period of time within two weeks, within the next five minutes 
 
FREQUENCY 
ADVERBS PHRASES 
Always 100% From time to time Every day/ week/ month/ year 
Usually 90% Once in a blue moon Every other day/ week/ month/ year 
Generally 80% Once in a while Day in, day out 
Normally 80% (Every)now and then/ again Not once 
Frequently 70% Every so often Once a day/ week/ month/ year 
Often 70% More often than not Twice a day 
Sometimes 50% At times Three times a month 
Occasionally 30% For good Five times a year 
Seldom 10% Forever Several times a day 
Hardly ever 5% Nevermore Once every two months 
Rarely 5% Any more Twice every three days 
Never 0% Any/ no longer Three times every two years 
 
 
OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF TIME 
Ahead of time As soon as possible At first At last 
At once At present At short notice At the latest 
At the same time (as) At this moment Back then By now 
By then Currently Early Eventually 
Finally For ages For now For the moment 
For the time being Formerly From now on From then on 
Immediately after In advance In due course In former times 
In the end In the last few (days) In the meantime In the meanwhile 
In the past In time Late Lately 
Nowadays On time Presently Previously 
Prior to Recently Right away / Straightaway Right before 
The day after tomorrow The day before yesterday The moment/ instant I saw you Then 
Three days in a row Today Tomorrow Too long 
Without delay Without further ado Without notice Yesterday 
 
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: AT, ON, IN OR NO PREPOSITION? 
____ any Sunday ____ (the) autumn ____ 2001 
____ every evening ____ 2nd February ____ a few minutes 
____ breakfast ____ all weekend ____ Christmas Day 
____ Christmas Eve ____ dawn ____ daybreak 
____ the day before yesterday ____ daylight ____ December 
____ December 25th ____ last Monday ____ dinner 
____ February 20th ____ weekends ____ two weeks´ time 
____ dinner time ____ Easter ____ the week after next 
____ January 28th ____ New Year’s Day ____ the day after tomorrow 
____ last Friday ____ lunch ____ midday 
____ last night ____ (the) spring ____ midnight 
____ Monday morning ____ that day ____ New Year 
____ night ____ (the) summer ____ tomorrow morning 
____ next Friday ____ noon ____ Saturday 
____ Saturday night ____ Wednesday afternoon ____ six o’clock 
____ sunrise ____ May 24th, 1673 ____ this evening 
____ the 21st century ____ the afternoon ____ yesterday 
____ the coming months ____ the early morning ____ yesterday night 
____ next Saturday ____ the evening ____ the Middle Ages 
____ Tuesday night ____ my wedding ____ 1976 
____ the near future ____ the week before last ____ (the) winter 
____ New Year’s Eve ____ the next few days ____ yesterday evening 
____ the weekend ____ two weeks ____ any day 
____ Thursday noon ____ last year ____ several years 
____ our anniversary ____ the morning ____ birthday 
____ patron saint’s day ____ Saint Valentine’s ____ Easter Sunday 
____ Ash Wednesday ____ Shrove Tuesday ____ Lent 
 
THE PRONUNCIATION OF -ED 
 
/t/ /d/ /Id/ 
after voiceless consonants 
except for /t/ 
after voiced sounds except for 
/d/ 
after /t/ or /d/ 
 /t/ started 
 /d/ ended 
/p/ helped /b/ described 
/f/ laughed /v/ loved 
/k/ worked /g/ tagged 
/s/ passed /z/ squeezed 
/ʧ/ watched /ʤ/ changed 
/ʃ/ washed 
/x/ boxed 
 /l/ failed 
 /m/ performed 
 /n/ listened 
 /r/ preferred 
 /ð/ bathed 
 vowel sounds: stayed, agreed 
 
PRACTICE: HOW DO YOU PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING VERBS? 
accepted 
admitted 
advised 
afforded 
agreed 
allowed 
answered 
appeared 
arrested 
arrived 
asked 
attacked 
attended 
baked 
bandaged 
bathed 
believed 
belonged 
bequeathed 
bowled 
boxed 
brushed 
burned 
buzzed 
called 
carried 
changed 
clammed 
clashed 
cleaned 
climbed 
closed 
collected 
complained 
connected 
considered 
contacted 
continued 
convinced 
cooked 
coughed 
counted 
covered 
cracked 
crashed 
created 
cried 
damaged 
danced 
decided 
defended 
demanded 
denied 
described 
died 
disagreed 
disappeared 
divided 
dressed 
dried 
drizzled 
dropped 
earned 
encouraged 
ended 
enjoyed 
entered 
escaped 
expanded 
expected 
explained 
explored 
exported 
fancied 
filled 
finished 
fixed 
flooded 
followed 
generated 
graduated 
guessed 
hailed 
happened 
hated 
helped 
hiked 
hoped 
hopped 
hunted 
hushed 
imagined 
included 
interviewed 
invented 
invited 
isolated 
jailed 
joked 
jumped 
kidnapped 
killed 
kissed 
knocked 
landed 
laughed 
listened 
lived 
locked 
looked 
loved 
measured 
missed 
mixed 
moved 
needed 
observed 
offered 
opened 
operated 
packed 
painted 
panicked 
passed 
performed 
picked 
planned 
planted 
played 
preferred 
presented 
pressed 
pretended 
printed 
pronounced 
protected 
provided 
pulled 
pushed 
rained 
reached 
realized 
received 
relaxed 
remembered 
rented 
repaired 
repeated 
respected 
rested 
returned 
revealed 
saved 
shared 
shaved 
shopped 
shouted 
showed 
signed 
skated 
slammed 
sleeted 
slipped 
smoked 
smoothed 
sneezed 
snowed 
squeezed 
stabbed 
started 
stayed 
stopped 
studied 
supported 
rejected 
talked 
taxed 
texted 
transferred 
travelled 
treated 
tried 
turned 
typed 
used 
visited 
voted 
waited 
walked 
wanted 
washed 
wasted 
watched 
welcomed 
whispered 
worked 
worried 
yawned 
 
SOME COMMON COLLOCATIONS 
GO / COME … ING 
Sport and leisure activities we do outdoors, without a 
fixed beginning or end. 
GO / COME FOR 
=, but the activity is casual 
and probably rather short. 
DO 
Activities that require 
specific (indoor) facilities 
DO 
Household chores or 
housework 
(night)clubbing kayaking a bath aerobics some housework 
(rock) climbing parachuting a drink athletics the cleaning 
(wind)surfing partying a drive boxing the cooking 
backpacking rafting a jog exercise the shopping 
ballooning running a meal gymnastics the dishes/ washing-up 
bird/ whale watching sailing a pee indoor cycling the dusting 
bungee jumping scuba-diving a ride judo the ironing 
camping (grocery/ window) shopping a run karate the washing / the laundry 
canoeing sightseeing a shower kickboxing the gardening 
caroling skateboarding a swim martial arts the hoovering 
cycling (ice) skating a walk Pilates the vacuuming 
dancing skiing a hike pole vaulting the vacuum cleaning 
drinking skydiving GO ON spinning DO SOME + ING 
Emphasizes an activity golfing snowboarding a cruise sports 
fishing sledding a date taekwondo catching up 
fruit-picking snorkeling a day trip weightlifting concert-going 
hiking/ trekking swimming a diet yoga cooking 
horse-riding trick-or-treating a hike DO 
An activity 
decorating 
hunting walking an adventure gardening 
jogging waterskiing an errand (run an errand) the exercise / an activity painting 
PLAY 
Sports where a ball or something similar is used 
an expedition to the homework / a project reading/ writing 
a picnic the job singing 
handball ice/ field hockey a shopping spree a course shopping 
baseball rugby a trip a degree / a diploma studying 
basketball squash holiday some work swimming 
cricket (table) tennis stage an errand theatre-going 
football / soccer volleyball strike one’s hair / one’s nails walking 
OTHER VERBS TO TALK ABOUT HOUSEHOLD CHORES 
Cook Water the plants Sweep the floor Wash the car Fold the clothes 
Bake Mow the lawn Mop the floor Tidy / Clean up your room Feed the cat 
Roast Wash the dishes Vacuum/ hover the floor Make the bed Walk the dog 
Boil Rinse the dishes Set the table Dust the shelves Clean the windows 
Fry Dry the dishes Clear the table Hang out the washing Repair the garage door 
Grill (Un)load the dishwasher Take out the rubbish Iron the clothes Lock the door 
 
MAKE 
Emphasizes a product 
HAVE HAVE 
symptoms 
TAKE 
a boat/ house/ shelf a baby a phone call (receive) a cold a break 
a cake/ a sandwich a bad day a picnic a bad cough a chance / no chances 
a pot of tea / coffee a bath a problem with a sore throata class in 
a comment a break a quarrel sore eyes a course in 
a complaint a chat a rest sore feet a photo 
a decision a conversation a ride sore muscles an aspirin/ antibiotics/ pills 
a fuss a dance a shave a side stitch an exam 
a generalization a day off a shower a temperature a bus/ train/ taxi/ flight 
a guess a disagreement a sleep an allergy a risk / great risks 
a journey/ a trip/ a tour a discussion a swim a headache a seat 
a list a dream a talk a toothache care of 
a mistake a drink a taste stomach ache charge of 
a noise/ a sound a fight a try backache interest in 
a phone call a game of tennis a wash earache notes 
a plan a go a word with somebody chills offence at 
a choice a good flight an accident diarrhea responsibility for 
a promise / promises a good journey an argument tendinitis someone’s place 
a request a good time an operation a pain in the… someone’s temperature 
a speech a good trip difficulty (in) … -ing a wound to time to + infinitive 
a statement a haircut fun/ a good time an injury to turns 
a suggestion a holiday a meal a cut/ cuts on… BE 
a visit a look breakfast a blister cold 
an apology / no apologies a meeting brunch a scrape hot 
an appointment a nap / a sleep/ a lie-down lunch a scratch warm 
an arrangement a nice evening tea a bruise on… hungry 
an attempt a party dinner a rash thirsty 
an excuse trouble supper CATCH sleepy 
a meal OTHER HEALTH-RELATED VERBS a ball jealous 
breakfast/ lunch/ dinner Injure Cut a cold scared 
improvements Bruise Tear the flu twenty years old 
research Fracture/ break/ crack Swell somebody’s attention two metres tall 
PUT ON/ TAKE OFF Sprain Cough/ Sneeze somebody’s eye one hundred metres long 
one’s clothes/ shoes Twist Spread/ transmit X a bus/ train/ plane fifty centimetres wide 
a bandage/ plaster on Wound Pass X on to sb a fire five metres deep 
a plaster cast on Scrape Prescribe a thief three hundred feet high 
 
PROCESSES 
 
GET + ADJECTIVE 
Get accustomed to Get alarmed 
Get angry with Get better 
Get bored Get close / closer to 
Get close to Get cloudy / cloudy 
Get cold / colder Get confused 
Get cool Get crowded 
Get dark Get depressed 
Get dirty /dirtier Get distant 
Get divorced Get dizzy 
Get dressed Get drunk 
Get dry Get engaged 
Get excited Get excited 
Get fat / fatter Get frustrated 
Get hot / hotter Get hungry 
Get impatient with Get involved 
Get jealous Get lost 
Get mad / madder Get married 
Get near Get nervous about 
Get noisy Get old / older 
Get passionate about Get pregnant 
Get ready for Get rich 
Get serious Get sick /sicker 
Get silent Get sleepy 
Get thin / thinner Get thirsty 
Get tired Get upset 
Get used to Get warm/ warner 
Get well Get wet/ soaked 
Get windy Get worried 
 
GO + ADJECTIVE 
Go bald Go bankrupt 
Go blank Go blind 
Go broke Go crazy 
Go deaf Go flat 
Go from bad to worse Go grey 
Go lame Go missing 
Go mute Go pale 
Go red/ blue/ green… Go senile 
Go silent Go stale 
Go unnoticed Go wrong 
 
 1 
PHRASAL VERBS 
Verb Meaning Example 
ask around 
call around 
ask many people the same 
question 
I asked around but nobody has seen my 
wallet. 
blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed into 
the fence. 
break down stop functioning (vehicle, 
machine) 
Our car broke down at the side of the 
highway in the snowstorm. 
break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room to 
rescue the children. 
break up end a relationship Jim and I broke up before I moved to Paris. 
break out escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the 
guards weren't looking. 
bring someone down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down. 
bring someone up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after my 
parents died. 
call someone back return a phone call I called the company back but the offices 
were closed for the weekend. 
calm down relax after being angry You are still mad. You need to calm down 
before you drive the car. 
catch up with get to the same point as 
someone else 
You'll have to run faster than that if you want 
to catch up with Marty. 
check in arrive and register at a hotel or 
airport 
We will get the hotel keys when we check 
in. 
check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel before 
11:00 AM. 
check so/ sth out look at carefully, investigate The company checks out all the newbies. 
cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good 
news. 
cheer someone up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up. 
come across something find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I was 
tidying the closet. 
come from somewhere originate in The art of origami comes from Asia. 
count on so/ sth rely on I am counting on you to keep the secret. 
cross something out draw a line through Please cross out this word. 
dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant. We have to dress up. 
drop so/ sth off take so/sth somewhere and 
leave them/it there 
I have to drop my sister off at work before I 
come over. 
eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out. 
end up eventually reach/do/decide We ended up renting a movie instead of 
going to the theatre. 
fall down fall to the ground The picture that you hung up last night fell 
down this morning. 
figure something out understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano and 
the bookshelf in this room. 
fill something in to write information in blanks (Br) Please fill in the form with your name, 
address, and phone number. 
find (something) out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a 
secret, but Samantha found it out. 
get along/on (well) like each other I was surprised how well my new girlfriend 
and my sister got along/on. 
 2 
get away go on a vacation We worked so hard this year that we had to 
get away for a week. 
get together meet (usually for social reasons) Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend. 
get on with 
 
continue doing something after 
an interruption 
I have to get on with homework. 
get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my exam. 
get in/ into 
 
jump into a car, taxi… She got into the taxi and disappeared. 
get out of 
 
jump out of a car, taxi… She got out of the taxi and greeted 
everybody. 
get on/ onto 
 
board a train, plane, bus, plane… My parents got onto the train and left. 
get off 
 
leave a train, place, bus, plane… Then they got off in Paris. 
give something away give something to someone for 
free 
The library was giving away old books on 
Friday. 
give something back return a borrowed item I have to give these skates back to Franz 
before his hockey game. 
give in reluctantly stop fighting or 
arguing 
My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, 
but he finally gave in. 
give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st. 
give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so I 
gave up. 
go ahead start, proceed Please go ahead and eat before the food 
gets cold. 
go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my lunch. 
go on 
 
continue or persevere I can’t go on living like this. 
go out leave home to go on a social 
event 
We're going out for dinner tonight. 
go out with someone date Jesse has been going out with Luke since 
they met last winter. 
go over something review Please go over your answers before you 
submit your test. 
grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a 
fireman. 
hand something down give something used to someone 
else 
I handed my old comic books down to my 
little cousin. 
hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday. 
hand something out to distribute to a groupof people We will hand out the invitations at the door. 
hang on wait a short time (informal) Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes! 
hang out spend time relaxing (informal) Instead of going to the party we are just 
going to hang out at my place. 
hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he hung up. 
hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I look for him. 
keep on doing something continue doing Keep on reading, please. 
let someone down fail to support or help, disappoint Don't let me down this time. 
let someone in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to 
school? 
look after so/ sth take care of I have to look after my sick grandmother. 
 3 
look down on someone think less of, consider inferior Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your 
dad has looked down on me. 
look for so/ sth try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding. 
look forward to something be excited about the future I'm looking forward to the Christmas break. 
look into something investigate We are going to look into the price of 
snowboards today. 
look something up search and find information in a 
reference book or database 
We can look her phone number up on the 
Internet. 
look up to someone have a lot of respect for My little sister has always looked up to me. 
make something up invent, lie about something Josie made up an excuse and left. 
make up for compensate for a problem The money can’t make up for all the 
inconvenience we experienced. 
pass away die His uncle passed away last night. 
pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly 
lady passed out. 
pay for something be punished for doing something 
bad 
That bully will pay for being mean to my little 
brother. 
pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try on. 
point so/ sth out indicate with your finger I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by. 
put something down put what you are holding on a 
surface or floor 
You can put the groceries down on the 
kitchen counter. 
put someone down insult, make someone feel stupid The students put the substitute teacher 
down because his pants were too short. 
put one’s name down register to do something She put their name down for yoga classes. 
put something off postpone We put off our trip until January. 
put something out extinguish The neighbours put the fire out before the 
firemen arrived. 
put something together assemble I have to put the crib together before the 
baby arrives. 
put up with 
someone/something 
tolerate I don't think I can put up with three small 
children in the car. 
put something on put clothing/accessories on your 
body 
Don't forget to put on your new earrings for 
the party. 
run into so/ sth meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the mall. 
run over so/ sth drive a vehicle over so/ sth I ran over your bicycle in the driveway. 
run over/through 
something 
rehearse, review Let's run over/through these lines one 
more time before the show. 
run away leave unexpectedly, escape The child ran away from home and has 
been missing for three days. 
run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my 
hair with soap. 
send something back return (usually by mail) My letter got sent back to me because I 
used the wrong stamp. 
set off (for) start a journey They set off for Paris. 
set out (on) start a journey They set out on a journey/ trip/ adventure… 
set something up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the 
president of the company. 
shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I decide 
on these boots. 
show off act extra special for people He always shows off on his skateboard 
 4 
 
watching (usually boastfully) 
sleep over stay somewhere for the night 
(informal) 
You should sleep over tonight if the weather 
is too bad to drive home. 
sort something out organize, resolve a problem We need to sort the bills out before the first 
of the month. 
switch something off stop the energy flow, turn off The light's too bright. Could you switch it 
off. 
switch something on start the energy flow, turn on We heard the news as soon as we switched 
on the car radio. 
take after someone resemble a family member I take after my mother. We are both 
impatient. 
take something back return an item I have to take our new TV back because it 
doesn't work. 
take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes. 
take something off remove something (usually 
clothing) 
Take off your socks and shoes and come in 
the lake! 
take something out remove from a place or thing Can you take the garbage out to the street 
for me? 
take someone out pay for someone to go 
somewhere with you 
My grandparents took us out for dinner and 
a movie. 
throw something away dispose of We threw our old furniture away when we 
won the lottery. 
turn something down decrease the volume or strength 
(heat, light etc) 
Please turn the TV down while the guests 
are here. 
turn something down refuse I turned the job down because I don't want 
to move. 
turn something off stop the energy flow, switch off Your mother wants you to turn the TV off 
and come for dinner. 
turn something on start the energy, switch on It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights 
on. 
turn something up increase the volume or strength 
(heat, light etc) 
Can you turn the music up? This is my 
favourite song. 
turn up / show up appear suddenly Our cat turned up after we put posters up all 
over the neighbourhood. 
try something on sample clothing I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't 
think they will fit. 
use something up finish the supply The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we 
need to buy some more. 
warm up prepare body for exercise I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I 
go for a run. 
wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore off before I got to 
the party. 
work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week. 
work out be successful Our plan worked out fine. 
work something out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost before 
we buy the house. 
	
VERBS	FOLLOWED	BY	ING/	(TO)	INFINITIVE	
VERB	+	-ING	OR		
TO	INFINITIVE	
VERB	+	-ING	 VERB	+	(NOT)	TO	
INFINITIVE	
VERB+OBJECT+(NOT)	TO	
INFINITIVE	
VERB	+	INFINITIVE	
usually	likes	and	preferences	 1)	–ING	and	then	2)	VERB	 1)	VERB	and	then	2)	TO	
INFINITIVE	
like	 enjoy	 agree	 ask	 let	
love	 admit	 afford	 She	asked	me	to	leave	 They	let	me	go	out	
hate	 finish	 decide	 want	 make	
prefer	 miss	 expect	 I	want	him	to	come	with	me	 She	made	me	call	them	
begin	 remember		 hope	 offer	 had	better		
start	 forget	 learn	 They	offered	me	to	stay	 You’d	better	start	studying	
continue	 regret	 manage	 invite	 would	rather	
bother	 stop	 offer	 We	invited	him	to	come	 I’d	rather	swim	that	run	
	 go	on		 promise	 tell	 would	sooner	
	 give	up	 want	 She	told	him	to	jump	 I’d	sooner	jump	off	a	cliff	than…	
	 feel	like	 would	like/	love/	hate/	prefer	 expect	 might	as	well	
	 look	forward	to	 plan	 He	expected	me	to	go	 We	might	as	well	begin	
	 try	(probar)	 remember	 help	 needn’t	
	 practice	 forget	 I	helped	them	(to)	move	 You	needn’t	get	up	early	
	 avoid	 regret	 persuade	 hear	
	 fancy	 stop	 He	persuaded	me	to	leave	 I	didn’t	hear	him	fall/falling	
	 mind	 try	(intentar)	 need	 see	
	 suggest	 seem	 I	need	him	to	clean	the	kitchen	 I	didn’t	see	him	fall/	falling	
	 recommend	 	 advise	 	
	 risk	 	 He	advised	me	to	read	it	 	
	 imagine	 	 allow	 	
	 	 	 She	allowed	me	to	read	it	 	
	 	 	 encourage		 	
	 	 	 He	encouraged	me	to	write	 	
	 	 	 force	 	
	 	 	 They	forced	me	to	break	 	
	 	 	 remind	 	
	 	 	 He	reminded	me	to	bring…	 	
MODALS 
	
	 	
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE 
+ INFINITIVE (without to) 
simple: study 
 
 
continuous: be studying 
 
 
perfect: have studied 
CAN CAN’T / CANNOT CAN SHE…? 
COULD COULDN’T COULD YOU…? 
MAY MAY NOT MAY I…? 
MIGHT MIGHT NOT MIGHT I…? 
MUST MUSTN’T MUST HE…? 
SHOULD SHOULDN’T SHOULD WE…? 
OUGHT TO OUGHTN’TTO (archaic) --------------------- 
HAVE TO DON’T/ DOESN’T HAVE TO DOES HE HAVE TO…? 
MODALS (except have to) CANNOT BE INSTEAD THEY USE OTHER VERBS BUT THE INFINITIVE CAN BE 
In the infinitive: 
✗*to can, *to must, *to should 
✗*I will can. *I’m going to must *I have to can. 
CAN→ BE ABLE TO 
MUST→HAVE TO 
✓ I will be able to... I’m going to be able to… 
✓ I will have to. I’m going to have to… 
Simple 
She should study. 
They may/ might work. 
In the gerund: 
✗*canning, *musting, *shoulding 
✗ NO continuous forms: *He is musting work. 
------------------------------------------------ 
Continuous. 
She should be studying. 
They may/ might be working. 
In the p. participle: 
✗*canned, *musted, *shoulded 
✗*I have musted. *He will have canned. 
CAN→ BEEN ABLE TO 
MUST→HAD TO 
✓ I have had to… 
✓ He will have been able to… 
Perfect 
She should have studied. 
They may/ might have worked. 
	
PROBABILITY POTENTIALITY 
 MAY 75% MIGHT 50% COULD 50% CAN 
FUTURE It may (not) rain. 
There may be a problem. 
He may (not) go to class. 
It might (not) rain. 
There might (not) be a problem. 
He might (not) go to class. 
It could rain. 
There could be a problem. 
*He could not go to the party (ability) 
It can be really hot in August. 
Mary can be really stubborn. 
Children can be cruel sometimes. 
PRESENT It may (not) be raining. 
He may (not) be going to… 
It might (not) be raining. 
He might (not) be going to… 
It could be raining. 
He could be going to… 
DEDUCTION 
CAN / MUSTN’T 
PAST It may (not) have rained. 
He may (not) have gone to… 
It might (not) have rained. 
He might (not) have gone to… 
It could have rained. 
He could have gone to… 
He must be working. 
He can’t be working now. 
	
OBLIGATION (PRESENT) 
INTERNAL OBLIGATION→MUST (the speaker is the person who imposes 
the obligation –whether on him or herself or another person) 
• Doctor: You must stop smoking. Your lungs are awful. 
• Student: I must go now. I have a lot of things to do. 
NEGATIVE OBLIGATION OR PROHIBITION→MUSTN’T (it works for both 
internal and external obligation) 
• Doctor: You mustn’t. Your lungs are awful. 
• Student: I mustn’t waste any more time. I have things to do. 
• Librarian: You mustn’t speak so loud. This is a library. 
• Patient: I mustn’t smoke. My doctor says my lungs are awful. 
• Reader: We mustn’t speak this loud or the librarian will tell us off. 
EXTERNAL OBLIGATION→HAVE/HAS TO ((the speaker is not the person 
that imposes the obligation, but someone else, an authority, the law…) 
• Patient: I have to stop smoking. I have to go to class. 
• Reader: We have to keep quiet or the librarian will tell us off. 
 ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION→ DON’T/ DOESN’T HAVE TO (it’s not 
necessary, you don’t need to, you needn’t…) 
• Student: I don’t have to go to class today. I finished the course. 
• Reader: You don’t have to whisper. We’re out of the library now. 
• Doctor: He doesn’t have to take these pills but he must stop smoking. 
	
ABILITY (PRESENT, PAST, CONDITIONAL) 
ABILITY IN THE 
PRESENT 
→can + I can play the guitar. 
+ I can meet you there. 
→can’t - I can’t play the guitar. 
- I can’t meet you there. 
GENERAL ABILITY 
IN THE PAST 
→could + When I was younger I could run for 
hours without getting tired. 
→couldn’t - When I was younger I couldn’t run 
without getting extremely tired. 
SPECIFIC ABILITY 
IN THE PAST 
→was/ were able to + Yesterday I was able to run for more 
than an hour with my new trainers. 
→couldn’t 
→wasn’t/weren’t able to 
- I was so tired so I wasn’t able to/ 
couldn’t run for more than 5 minutes. 
HYPOTHETICAL 
ABILITY 
→could 
→would be able to 
+ I could/ would be able to run faster if 
I were wearing my trainers. 
→couldn’t 
→wouldn’t be able to 
- I couldn’t/ wouldn’t be able to run 
faster if I were wearing my trainers. 
FU
TU
R
E 
PLANS 
Schedules 
èPresent simple 
• The plane takes off / lands at 10:00 
am. 
• The movie starts at 6:30. 
On-the-spot / spontaneous 
plans made at the moment of 
speaking, threats, offers, 
promises 
èWill 
A: I can’t find a taxi to get to the airport. 
B: Don’t worry. I’ll take you. 
 
A: I can’t open the door. 
B: Wait. I’ll open it for you. 
 
A: There isn’t any milk left… I’ll go to 
the supermarket. 
Intentions, non-spontaneous 
plans èBe going to 
• For my next birthday, I’m going to 
have a fancy dress party at home. 
• Next summer, I’m going to travel to 
Sweden. I’ve heard it’s a beautiful 
country to visit in summer. 
Arrangements (a plan or 
preparation for a future event) èPresent continuous 
• I’m having a party in my apartment 
at 9:00 next Saturday. Do you want 
to come? 
• He’s travelling to Sweden on Friday. 
PREDICTIONS 
Based on present evidence 
that points to a particular 
logical outcome 
èBe going to 
• Oh, no! It’s raining and we don’t have 
umbrellas. We’re going to get 
soaking wet! 
• Manchester scored 10 goals and the 
match will finish in a minute. 
Manchester is going to win. 
Based on your opinion, past 
experience… 
èWill 
• Manchester plays Liverpool on 
Sunday. I think/ hope/ suppose 
Liverpool will win. 
	
ADJECTIVES 
GRADABLE VERSUS NON-GRADABLE ADJECTIVES 
a bit, slightly, fairly, quite, rather, 
very, really, extremely + 
really, absolutely, completely, 
totally, utterly + 
a bit, slightly, fairly, quite, rather, 
very, really, extremely + 
really, absolutely, completely, 
totally, utterly + 
GRADABLE NON-GRADABLE GRADABLE NON-GRADABLE 
good great/ excellent surprised astonished 
bad horrible/ awful tired exhausted 
cold freezing wet soaking 
hot boiling old ancient 
big enormous/ huge important essential 
small tiny funny hilarious 
scared terrified tasty delicious 
clean spotless clever brilliant 
dirty filthy beautiful gorgeous 
happy ecstatic sure certain 
sad miserable hungry starving/ ravenous 
interesting fascinating angry furious 
	
ADJECTIVES	ENDING	IN	–ING	AND	-ED	
VERB	 -ING	
causes	emotion	
-ED	
experiences	emotion	
VERB	 -ING	
causes	emotion	
-ED	
experiences	emotion	
AMAZE	 amazing	 amazed	 FRUSTRATE	 frustrating	 frustrated	
AMUSE	 amusing	 amused	 SATISFY	 satisfying	 satisfied	
ANNOY	 annoying	 annoyed	 SHOCK	 shocking	 shocked	
BORE	 boring	 bored	 DISGUST	 disgusting	 disgusted	
CONFUSE	 confusing	 confused	 DISAPPOINT	 disappointing	 disappointed	
EXCITE	 exciting	 exciting	 EMBARRASS	 embarrassing		 embarrassed		
FASCINATE	 fascinating	 fascinated	 INTEREST	 interesting	 interested	
FRIGHTEN	 frightening	 frightened	 TERRIFY	 terrifying	 terrified	
SURPRISE	 surprising	 surprised	 TIRE	 tiring	 tired	
	
ORDER	OF	ADJECTIVES	BEFORE	NOUNS	
OPINION	 DIMENSION	 AGE	 SHAPE	 COLOUR	 ORIGIN	 MATERIAL	
NOUN	
interesting	
boring	
beautiful	
fantastic	
big	
thin	
long	
short	
new	
old	
ancient	
modern	
square	
round	
curly	
straight	
red	
blond	
brown	
black	
French	
British	
Italian	
Canadian	
wooden	
leather	
woollen	
plastic	
	
COMPARISON 
 COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 
EQUALITY 
 
AS … AS… (tan… como…) 
He’s as old as me. His sister is as tall as 
him. 
 
____ 
INFERIORITY 
 
LESS… THAN… (menos… que…) 
He’s less enthusiastic than her. 
 
THE LEAST… (el/ la/ los/ las menos…) 
He’s the least enthusiastic person I know. 
SUPERIORITY 
 
 
One-syllable adjectives 
-ER… THAN… 
tall –taller than… 
small –smaller than… 
big – bigger than… 
late –later than… 
shy –shyer/ shier than… 
THE –EST… 
tall –the tallest 
small –the smallest 
big – the biggest 
late –the latest 
shy –the shyest/ shiest than… 
Two-syllable adjectives 
-ER… THAN… 
-y: silly –sillier 
-er: clever –cleverer 
-le: simple –simpler 
-ow: narrow –narrower 
THE –EST… 
-y: silly –the silliest 
-er: clever –the cleverest 
-le: simple –the simplest 
-ow: narrow –the narrowest 
Two-syllable adjectives with other endings 
MORE… THAN… 
Modern –more modern than… 
Complete –more complete than… 
THE MOST… 
Modern –the most modern… 
Complete –the most complete… 
Adjectives composed of three or moresyllables 
MORE… THAN… 
Interesting –more interesting than… 
Fascinating –more fascinating than… 
THE MOST… 
Interesting –the most interesting… 
Fascinating –the most fascinating… 
IRREGULAR 
Good / Well –better than… 
Bad –worse than… 
Far –further/ farther than… 
Many/ much –more than… 
Little –less than… 
Good / Well –the best 
Bad –the worst 
Far –the furthest/ farthest 
Many/ much –the most 
Little –the least 
EXPRESSIONS WITH COMPARATIVES 
He started speaking faster and faster. 
They are getting more and more nervous. 
The older the wiser. 
The more famous the more superficial. 
1. Sticky 2. Available 3. Adventurous 4. Annoyed 5. Annoying 
6. Fashionable 7. Dusty 8. Scared 9. Excited 10. Empty 
11. Amazing 12. Yellow 13. Fast 14. Large 15. Pretty 
16. Angry 17. Crowded 18. Gentle 19. Long 20. Quiet 
21. Beautiful 22. Cold 23. Fat 24. Short 25. Spicy 
26. Boring 27. Thirsty 28. Fair 29. Dark 30. Straight 
31. Busy 32. Exciting 33. Handsome 34. Wonderful 35. Sweet 
36. Clean 37. Expensive 38. Friendly 39. Modern 40. Talented 
41. Clever 42. Far 43. Healthy 44. Fashionable 45. Tall 
46. Comfortable 47. Wise 48. Fit 49. Public 50. Thin 
51. Deep 52. Ancient 53. Early 54. Late 55. Soon 
56. Famous 57. Lazy 58. Happy 59. Kind 60. Nice 
61. Hungry 62. Curly 63. Good 64. Narrow 65. Tasty 
66. Jealous 67. Courageous 68. Brave 69. Nervous 70. Hollow 
71. Light 72. Moderate 73. Slow 74. Dirty 75. Wide 
76. Noisy 77. Narrow 78. Old 79. Polite 80. Tiring 
81. Old 82. Young 83. Slim 84. Small 85. Able 
86. Shallow 87. Low 88. Lively 89. Dry 90. Careful 
	
JOBS AND PROFESSIONS 
What do you do? What do you do for a living? What’s your job? What’s your dream job/ career? 
Do you work or are you a student? To apply for a job. To hand in one’s resume/ CV.
1. actor 2. advisor 
3. animal carer 4. assistant 
5. author 6. banker 
7. barber 8. beekeeper 
9. bricklayer 10. builder 
11. bus driver 12. butcher 
13. cattle farmer 14. chef 
15. chief executive 16. civil servant 
17. coach 18. computer scientist 
19. consul 20. cook 
21. craftsman 22. dentist 
23. detective 24. director 
25. doctor 26. economist 
27. electrician 28. estate agent 
29. film director 30. fisherman 
31. flight attendant 32. gardener 
33. greengrocer 34. gynecologist 
35. head teacher 36. jeweler 
37. judge 38. lecturer 
39. makeup artist 40. masseur /masseuse 
41. meteorologist 42. miner 
43. news presenter 44. nun 
45. nutritionist 46. optician 
47. pastor 48. pest controller 
49. pharmacist 50. physicist 
51. plumber 52. police officer 
53. porter 54. priest 
55. prison officer 56. psychiatrist 
57. rabbi 58. refuse collector 
59. sailor 60. scientist 
61. sculptor 62. secretary 
63. shepherd 64. shop assistant 
65. solicitor 66. tailor 
67. teacher 68. telephone operator 
69. travel agent 70. TV presenter 
71. waiter 72. watchmaker 
73. writer 74. accountant 
75. actress 76. ambassador 
77. architect 78. athlete 
79. baker 80. bar person 
81. beautician 82. blacksmith 
83. broker 84. bullfighter 
85. business executive 86. carpenter 
87. chauffeur 88. chemist 
89. child carer 90. clerk 
91. company director 92. confectionery maker 
93. cook 94. decorator 
95. designer 96. dietician 
97. dispensing chemist 98. doctor 
99. cleaner 100. housewife 
101. househusband 102. editor 
103. engineer 104. farmer 
105. fire fighter 106. fishmonger 
107. forensic scientist 108. general practitioner 
109. greengrocer 110. hairdresser 
111. house painter 112. ironmonger 
113. journalist 114. lawyer 
115. magician 116. manager 
117. mechanic 118. military man 
119. musician 120. newsagent 
121. nurse 122. odd job man 
123. painter 124. personal assistant 
125. pet carer 126. photographer 
127. pilot 128. poet 
129. politician 130. postman 
131. printer 132. professor 
133. psychologist 134. receptionist 
135. researcher 136. salesperson 
137. seamstress 138. security guard 
139. shoemaker 140. soldier 
141. surgeon 142. taxi driver 
143. technician 144. tobacconist 
145. TV cameraman 146. vet 
147. waitress 148. welder 
 
RELATIVE CLAUSES 
ANTECEDENT DEFINING CLAUSES NON-DEFINING CLAUSES 
PERSON WHO/ THAT 
• The boy who/ that knocked on the door used to be my friend. 
• The girl (who/ that) I saw in the department story was Linda. 
• Jane wasn’t the lady (who/ that) he talked to last night. 
 
, WHO… 
• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride 
his mountain bike. 
• Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theories. 
OBJECT WHICH/ THAT 
• I’m going to wear the skirt which/that is hanging in the closet. 
• I’m going to wear the skirt (which/that) I bought in London. 
• I’m going to wear the skirt (which/that) you’re looking at. 
 
, WHICH… 
• My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving 
soon from Frankfurt to London. 
• The hail, which is unusual in July, destroyed the roof. 
POSSESSIVE WHOSE 
• Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? 
• They live in a house whose roof is full of holes. 
• That’s the lady whose son I’m waiting for. 
 
, WHOSE… 
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, 
started a fire in the classroom. 
• My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor. 
 
PLACE WHERE 
• Let's go to a country where the sun always shines. 
• This is the place where I lost my earring. 
• The restaurant where we had dinner is nice. 
, WHERE… 
• I've just come back from London, where John lives. 
• Buckingham Palace, where the Queen of England lives, is in 
the centre of London. 
 
TIME WHEN 
• The day when I first met you had been horrible. 
• Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong! 
• There are times when I feel so lonely. 
 
, WHEN… 
• 2000, when I graduated, was the best year of my life. 
• We went to the cinema on Monday, when we saw Peter in the 
city centre. 
REASON THE REASON WHY 
• The reason why I came here today is not important. 
• The great weather is the reason why I moved here. 
• That is reason why I’m late. 
 
 
, WHICH IS WHY… 
• Grammar is interesting, which is why I study it. 
• My roommate is a slob, which is why I want to move out. 
• He loves reading, which is why he has so many books. 
A WHOLE IDEA 
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
, WHICH… 
• Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise. 
• She didn’t study for the exam, cheated and then lied about the 
mark, which her parents were not happy about. 
 
	
QUESTION WORDS 
WHO WHAT … LIKE 
WHOSE WHAT KIND OF… 
WHAT WHY 
WHICH HOW OLD 
WHEN HOW TALL / HEAVY… 
WHERE HOW WIDE 
HOW HOW FAR 
HOW MANY HOW LONG 
HOW MUCH HOW FAST 
1. ______ is your name? Claudia. 2. ______? I can't hear you. 
3. ______ do you like? I like Peter. 4. ______ is the weather______? It’s rainy and cold. 
5. ______ do you like? I like chocolate. 6. ______ is this? This is John. 
7. ______ is this? This is a rubber. 8. ______ turn is it? It’s my turn. 
9. ______can you drive in this area? 10. ______ is opening the door? Paul is. 
11. ______ is Mary? She’s at school. 12. ______is there? About 5 litres. 
13. ______ time is it? It’s 5 o’clock. 14. ______ are you? I’m ten years old. 
15. ______is the table? About 20 kilos. 16. ______ have you worked here? For about 5 years. 
17. ______person is she? She’s polite and kind. 18. ______ is the chocolate? 50 cents. 
19. ______ are you? I’m fine, thank you. And you? 20. ______ is your favourite actor? Johnny Depp. 
21. ______ sports do you play? Football and tennis. 22. ______is the table? About 3 metres. 
23. ______ is today’s date? It’s 19th January, 2012. 24. ______ is this jacket? It’s Claudia’s. 
25. ______ studies Russian? Me! 26. ______is the shelf? It’s 50 centimetres. 
27. ______ do you study Russian? Because I like itvery much. 
28. ______ does he do at weekends? He studies and he 
plays the piano. 
29. ______ is your rubber? It’s in my pencil case. 30. ______ the cat? It’s under the chair? 
31. ______ time does the class begin? It starts at 4:00. 32. ______ do you go to school? In the mornings. 
33. ______is your brother? Almost 2 metres. 34. Open your books. ______ page? 
35. ______ do you go to the club? On Friday 
afternoon. 
36. ______ do you like, the blue or the red one? I prefer 
the red one. 
37. ______ is the rubber? The rubber is 1 dollar. 38. ______ cars are there? There are three cars. 
39. ______ book do we need, the Student’s Book or 
the Workbook? 
40. ______ is your brother ______? My brother’s tall & 
funny. 
41. ______ does it cost? It costs 5 euros. 42. ______ money do you have? I have 25 dollars. 
43. ______ brothers and sisters have you got? I’ve got 
two brothers and three sisters. 
44. ______was the weather ______? It’s quite sunny. 
45. ______juice do you want? Half a glass. 46. ______ is your mother like? My mother is tall. She has 
got blue eyes and black hair. 
47. ______ is your favourite book? Matilda. 48. ______ is the weather _____ in July? It’s sunny & hot. 
49. ______ do you go to school? By bus. 50. ______ do you live? I live in Granada. 
51. ______are there? There are about 20 52. ______ from the centre do you live? 
53. ______is he ______? He’s tall and red-haired. 54. ______ is your father like? My father is short, young 
and strong. 
55. ______ car is this? I think it’s the mayor’s. 56. ______is the park from the town? About 50 kilometres. 
57. ______ is the yo-yo? The yo-yo is 2 dollars. 58. ______carrots has the bunny eaten? 20! 
 
REPORTED	SPEECH	
	
BACKSHIFTING	WITH	TENSES	
PRESENT		 PAST		 PAST	PERFECT	 =	
• Simple		 • Simple	 • Simple	 =	
• Continuous	 • Continuous	 • Continuous	 =	
• Perfect	 • Perfect	 • Perfect	 =	
	
FUTURE	 CONDITIONAL	 =	
• Simple		 • Simple		 =	
• Continuous	 • Continuous	 =	
• Perfect	 • Perfect	 =	
	
	
BACKSHIFTING	WITH	MODALS	
Must	 Had	to	 Had	had	to	 =	
Can	 Could		 =	 	
Can	 Was/	were	able	to	 Had	been	able	to	 =	
May	(probability)	 Might	 =	 	
May	(permission)	 Could	 	 	
Should	 =	 	 	
Ought	to	 =	 	 	
	
	
BACKSHIFTING	WITH	DEICTICS	
This	/	these	 That/	those	
I/	we	 He/	she/	they	
My/	our	 His/	her/	our	
Mine	/	ours	 His/	hers/	theirs	
Me	/	us	 Him/	her/	them	
Go	 Come	
Take	 Bring	
Here	 There	
Now	 Then	
Today	
This	week/	month/	year	
That	day	
That	week/	month/	year	
Yesterday	
Last	week/	month/	year	
The	previous	day		/	The	day	before	
The	previous	week/	month/	year		
The	week/	month/	year	before	
Tomorrow	
Next	week/	month/	year	
The	next	day		/	The	following	day	
The	next	week/	month/	year		
The	following	week/	month/	year	
The	day	before	yesterday	 Two	days	before		
The	day	after	tomorrow	 In	two	days’	time	/	two	days	later	
One	day/	week/	month/	year	ago	 One	day/	week/	month/	year	before	
In	an	hour/	week/	month/	year	 One	hour/	week/	month/	year	later	
	
	 	
REPORTING	STATEMENTS	
	
SAID	TO	
TOLD		
Noun	phrase/	
Object	pronoun	
me	
you	
him	
her	
us	
them	
(THAT)	 BACKSHIFTING	
D:	The	party	will	be	here	tomorrow.	
R:	3	weeks	ago	he	said	to	me	that	the	
party	would	be	there	the	following	
day.		
	
D:	This	is	going	to	be	a	good	film.	
R:	A	week	ago	he	told	me	that	was	
going	to	be	a	good	film.	
	
	
REPORTING	COMMANDS	
	
TOLD/	
ASKED	
Noun	phrase/	
Object	pronoun	
me	
you	
him	
her	
us	
them	
(NOT)	TO	 INFINITIVE	
D:	Stay	silent.		
R:	She	told	them	to	stay	silent.		
	
D:	Can/	could	you	leave	the	room,	please?		
R:	They	asked	us	to	leave	the	room.	
	
D:	Don’t	lie	to	him.		
R:	He	told	him	not	to	lie	to	him.	
	
	
REPORTING	QUESTIONS	
	
YES/	NO	QUESTIONS	 WH-WORD	QUESTIONS	
[Somebody]	asked		 Noun	phrase/	
Object	pronoun	
me	
you	
him	
her	
us	
them	
	
IF	 [Somebody]	asked		 Noun	phrase/	
Object	pronoun	
me	
you	
him	
her	
us	
them	
WH-WORD	
Question	in	the	AFFIRMATIVE	order	+	BACKSHIFTING	
D:	Do	you	like	this	brand	of	chocolate?	
R:	She	asked	me	if	I	liked	that	brand	of	
chocolate.	
	
How	old	are	you	now?	
He	asked	me	how	old	I	was	then.	
D:	Have	they	seen	Peter	this	week?	
R:	She	asked	us	if	they	had	seen	Peter	that	week.	
	
	
How	many	oranges	did	you	eat	yesterday?	
He	asked	my	parents	how	many	oranges	they	had	
eaten	the	day	before.		
D:	Can	she	swim	well	here?	
R:	She	asked	Peter	if	she	could	swim	well	there.	
	
	
Where	did	she	live	three	years	ago?	
He	asked	me	where	she	had	lived	three	years	before.