GCWT matematica GCWT

Prévia do material em texto

A) He argues that death is irrelevant to the pursuit of authenticity. 
B) He posits that an awareness of mortality prompts individuals to confront their existence 
and make authentic choices, thus emphasizing the significance of individual freedom. 
C) He believes that authenticity is solely determined by societal norms. 
D) He claims that being-toward-death leads to despair and inauthenticity. 
E) He asserts that individuals can ignore their mortality and still achieve authenticity. 
Correct option: B) 
Explanation: Heidegger's notion of "being-toward-death" emphasizes that acknowledging 
mortality compels individuals to confront their existence, leading to authentic choices and 
a deeper understanding of freedom. 
 
43) The philosophical inquiry into the nature of justice has been significantly influenced by 
theorists like John Rawls and Robert Nozick. How does Nozick's entitlement theory 
contrast with Rawls's theory of justice as fairness, particularly concerning the distribution 
of wealth and resources? 
A) Nozick argues that wealth should be distributed equally among all individuals. 
B) Rawls emphasizes historical context in determining justice, while Nozick prioritizes 
individual rights and entitlement over historical injustices. 
C) Nozick contends that individuals are entitled to their holdings as long as they were 
acquired justly, rejecting any distributive justice framework that seeks to correct 
inequalities. 
D) Both theorists agree on the necessity of redistributing wealth for social welfare. 
E) Nozick believes that justice is irrelevant to discussions of wealth distribution altogether. 
Correct option: C) 
Explanation: Nozick's entitlement theory emphasizes individual rights and the legitimacy 
of holdings, arguing against redistributive justice, while Rawls's theory seeks to address 
inequalities and promote fairness. 
 
44) The philosophical exploration of the nature of consciousness has been a central 
theme in the works of philosophers like Daniel Dennett and Thomas Nagel. How does 
Dennett's functionalist perspective on consciousness challenge traditional Cartesian 
views of the mind, particularly concerning the relationship between mental states and 
physical processes? 
A) He asserts that consciousness is purely a mystical experience without physical 
correlates. 
B) He posits that mental states should be understood solely through introspection. 
C) He argues that consciousness can be explained through functional processes and 
systems, challenging the dualist perspective that separates mind and body. 
D) He believes that physical processes have no bearing on mental states. 
E) He claims that consciousness is an illusion that should be disregarded. 
Correct option: C) 
Explanation: Dennett's functionalist approach challenges Cartesian dualism by asserting 
that consciousness arises from functional processes rather than being a separate mental 
substance. 
 
45) The philosophical discourse surrounding the nature of morality has been significantly 
influenced by thinkers like Aristotle and John Stuart Mill. How does Aristotle's virtue ethics, 
focusing on character and the cultivation of virtues, differ from Mill's utilitarian ethics, 
which emphasizes the consequences of actions? 
A) Aristotle believes that moral actions should be judged solely by their outcomes. 
B) Mill posits that character is irrelevant to moral considerations, while Aristotle 
emphasizes the importance of virtue and moral character in ethical decision-making. 
C) Aristotle's ethics prioritize individual happiness over collective well-being, while Mill's 
ethics prioritize the greatest happiness principle. 
D) Both ethical frameworks agree on the importance of virtue as the foundation of moral 
action. 
E) Mill dismisses virtues as unnecessary for ethical considerations. 
Correct option: B) 
Explanation: Aristotle's virtue ethics emphasizes the development of moral character and 
virtues as central to ethical decision-making, contrasting with Mill's utilitarian focus on the 
outcomes of actions. 
 
46) The philosophical inquiry into the nature of language has been significantly influenced 
by thinkers like Ludwig Wittgenstein and Noam Chomsky. How does Wittgenstein's later 
work on language games challenge traditional linguistic theories that emphasize fixed 
meanings and structures? 
A) He argues that language is entirely arbitrary and lacks meaning. 
B) He posits that meanings are determined solely by individual usage, independent of 
social context. 
C) He suggests that meaning is fluid and context-dependent, arising from the various ways 
language is used in different situations rather than adhering to fixed definitions. 
D) He believes that language is purely a representational tool without social implications. 
E) He claims that all language is inherently ambiguous and lacks coherence. 
Correct option: C) 
Explanation: Wittgenstein's concept of language games emphasizes that the meaning of 
words is determined by their use in specific contexts, challenging traditional notions of 
fixed meanings and structures in language. 
 
47) The philosophical exploration of the nature of identity has been profoundly influenced 
by thinkers like John Locke and David Hume. How does Locke's theory of personal identity, 
based on consciousness and memory, differ from Hume's bundle theory, which sees 
identity as a collection of perceptions? 
A) Locke posits that identity is fixed and unchanging, while Hume believes it is entirely 
subjective. 
B) Hume asserts that identity is based on a continuous stream of consciousness, while 
Locke emphasizes the role of memory in establishing personal identity over time. 
C) Locke believes that personal identity is irrelevant to moral responsibility, whereas 
Hume sees it as central to ethical considerations. 
D) Both thinkers agree that identity is solely a social construct. 
E) Locke's theory prioritizes physical continuity, while Hume's theory emphasizes 
psychological continuity. 
Correct option: B) 
Explanation: Locke's theory of personal identity emphasizes the continuity of 
consciousness and memory, while Hume's bundle theory argues that identity is merely a 
collection of perceptions without a stable core. 
 
48) The philosophical inquiry into the nature of evil has been significantly influenced by 
thinkers like Immanuel Kant and Hannah Arendt. How does Kant's moral philosophy, 
centered around duty and the categorical imperative, contrast with Arendt's notion of the 
"banality of evil," particularly regarding the motivations behind immoral actions? 
A) Kant believes that all evil actions are motivated by malice, while Arendt argues that 
ordinary individuals can commit evil without malicious intent. 
B) Arendt affirms the necessity of strict moral laws, while Kant emphasizes the importance 
of individual discretion. 
C) Kant's ethics focus on the consequences of actions, while Arendt's concept of evil is 
tied to systemic issues and uncritical thought that lead to moral failings. 
D) Both philosophers agree that evil arises from extreme ideological beliefs. 
E) Kant's philosophy rejects the notion of moral responsibility, while Arendt emphasizes it. 
Correct option: A)