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Livro - PDF/ls01.pdf
3
LESSON ONE
PRONOUNS
I – eu MY - meu, minha
YOU – você YOUR – seu , sua (você)
OBJECTS
BEER BROTHER
WATER SISTER
MILK FATHER
JUICE MOTHER
COFFEE FAMILY
WINE ENGLISH - inglês
FISH PORTUGUESE - português
MEAT
BRAZILIAN - brasileiro
4
VERBS
to EAT / ATE
I eat fish . I eat meat. You eat my fish.
to DRINK / DRANK
I drink beer. You drink juice.
to SPEAK / SPOKE
I speak English . You speak Portuguese.
to NEED / NEEDED precisar
ne i I need water. I need my fam I ed m lk. ily.
5
ITH com other.
e I eat fish AND meat.
I drink wine AND beer.
I need water AND milk.
QUALIFIERS
W – I speak WITH my m
I speak WITH you.
I speak WITH my family.
AND –
Qualificadores de When
NOW – agora I need my wine NOW.
I need to eat NOW.
NOW I need my mother.
TODAY - hoje I need to speak English TO DAY.
I need to eat fish TODAY.
A K YO o rigad
UR NAME?” – Qual é seu nome?
EXPRESSIONS
“TH N U” – b o
“ PLEASE” - por favor
“WHAT`S YO
“GOOD MORNING” – bom dia
“GOOD AFTERNOON” – boa tarde
“GOOD EVENING” – boa noite
“GOOD NIGHT” – boa noite
GRAMMAR
I need – preciso I need to speak – preciso falar
I speak – falo I need to eat – preciso comer
I eat - como I need to drink – preciso beber
NO INGLÊS SEMPRE USAMOS A PARTÍCULA “TO”
USAR DO ATOR ENTRE DOIS VERBOS
6
A E S F R M
er lis mas
formas encaixam. A habilidade de fazer
Estas estruturas são chamadas de
O aluno não precisa aprend tas completas das formas do idioma
sim a estrutura dentro do qual estas
substituições corretas é muito importante.
“FRAMES” ou “quadros”. Para a ir fa dade automática num dquir cili a língua é preciso
exercitar utilizando estes FRAM S E .
. . ortuguese.
water. I _______Portuguese with João.
ou.
er and father.
h.
I drink water_______you. You_______to eat meat
ister. You_______to drink milk and juice.
You_______to speak with your sister.
I EAT fish with Jane.
ed at. I_______meat with my family.
___milk. I_______fish and meat.
1 I DRINK beer. 2 I SPEAK English and P
I________
I________milk. I_______English with y
I________juice. I_______with my moth
3. I drink beer WITH you. 4. You NEED to speak Englis
I drink milk _________my s
I drink juice_________my family.
5. I need juice AND water. 6.
I ne fish______me
I need coffee____
need you______your sister. I_______meat today.
I
7. h TODAY. 8. I need my wine NOW. I need to speak Englis
I need to eat fish_____ eat____. __. I need my m
I need my mother_______. I need you_____.
I need meat and beer______. I need to speak____.
9. I eat meat with my family.
I drink wine and juice with my father.
I need to drink beer with my brother.
I need to speak English with you.
Livro - PDF/ls02.PDF
L E S S O N T W O
OBJECTS
CUP GIRL
GLASS BOY
TEA SON
HAM presunto DAUGHTER
CHEESE CHILDREN
BREAD GERMAN
VERBS
*TO WANT / WANTED - querer
I want ham. I want coffee. I want to eat.
TO PLAY / PLAYED - brincar – I want to play. I play with Bill.
tocar - I play piano. I play saxophone.
jogar - I play tennis. I play basketball.
TO WORK / WORKED - trabalhar
I work today. I work with you. I need to work.
TO SEE / SAW - ver
I see your son. You see my brother.
QUALIFIERS
TOMORROW – amanhã
A – um, uma, (a boy, a family, a cup)
BUT - mas
EXPRESSIONS HELLO - olá IN THE MORNING – de manhã
HI – oi IN THE AFTERNOON – ã tarde
GOOD BYE - tchau IN THE EVENING – à noite
“NICE TO MEET YOU” – “muito prazer em conhecê-lo”
EXCUSE ME - “com licença”
GRAMMAR Para formar o negativo no inglês, temos que usar o verbo
auxiliar “DO” e juntá-lo com a palavra negativa “NOT”e então “DO” +
“NOT” = “DON’T”.
I don’t want - não quero
I don’t work - não trabalho
I don’t see - não vejo
NÃO ESCREVER.
REPETIR CADA “FRAME”PELO MENOS 2 VEZES
E SEMPRE REVISAR “FRAMES”DE CADA LIÇÃO
- F R A M E S –
1. I SEE a cup. 2. I see a CUP OF COFFEE.
I_______a glass. I want a___________.
I_______a boy. I need a___________.
I________my sister. I drink a___________.
3. I WANT to eat. 4. I WANT to EAT bread.
I________to speak. I______to______cheese.
I________to drink. I______to______ham.
I________to work. I______to______fish.
5. You NEED to eat fish. 6. I WORK with you.
You_____to drink milk. I_______tomorrow.
You_____to speak English. I_______in the morning.
You_____to work tomorrow. I_______and play.
7. I DON’T WANT to work now. 8. I work WITH my brother.
I_____ _____to drink beer. I play_______my daughter.
I_____ _____to see your sister. I speak______my children.
I_____ _____to eat bread. I drink_______my brother.
9. I see a boy AND a girl. 10. You eat with YOUR father.
I see a mother____a father You drink with_____mother.
I see cheese_____ham with bread. You speak with_____children.
I see wine______beer. You work with______brother.
11. I need to play with MY daughter. 12. I eat IN THE MORNING.
I need to work with____daughter. I don’t play_____ ___ _______.
I need to speak with____daughter. I want to work_____ ___ _______.
I need to see______daughter. I speak German_____ ___ _______.
13. You want to work IN THE AFTERNOON.
You want to play____ ______ _________.
You want to drink beer____ ______ _________.
You want to speak_____ _______ _________.
14. I eat and drink IN THE EVENING.
I work and play____ _____ ________.
I see my family____ _____ ________.
I need milk____ _____ _________.
15. I need to
work today.
I want to play tomorrow.
I want to eat now.
I want to work in the morning.
Livro - PDF/LS03.pdf
L E S S O N T H R E E
PRONOUNS
HE - ele HIS – d’ele
SHE - ela HER - d ‘ela
IT - neutro ITS – d’ele, d’ela [coisas neut]
He wants to work. She needs to see. It needs to eat.
OBJECTS
FRIEND SCHOOL
MANAGER MOVIES
TEACHER CHURCH
BUG STORE
VERBS
TO SLEEP / SLEPT -
I sleep in the evening. I sleep with my son.
*TO LIKE / LIKED - gostar de
You don’t like to work. I like to eat cheese.
TO GO / WENT - ir
I go with you. I go tomorrow. She goes now.
TO STUDY / STUDIED
I study English. I study German with you.
QUALIFIERS
OR – ou NOR – nem
ONLY – só, somente THE – o,a,os,as [art. Def.]
TO - para [destino] FOR - para
AT - em
TO THE – à , ao [para+a, para+o]
AT THE - no, na [em+a, em+o]
Qualificadores de Where são verdes
EXPRESSIONS
WITH ME – comigo BY MYSELF – sozinho [eu]
“SORRY” desculpe BY YOURSELF –sozinho[você]
MORE OR LESS – mais ou menos
“MY NAME IS_____________”. – “Meu nome é___________.”
GRAMMAR – Para formar o interrogativo, mais uma vez usamos o verbo auxiliar
“DO” e posicionamos ele na frente do pronome.
Do you want?
Do you study?
Do I like fish?
Does he work?
* Does she need my car?
* A forma do verbo na 3 pessoa do
singular não tem a ver com o plural *
Para formar o plural, acrescentamos o som de “s” ou “z” no final do objeto.
The boy - o menino My friend – meu amigo
The boys - os meninos My friends – meus amigos
- F R A M E S –
1. I LIKE my teacher. 2. I SLEEP in the evening.
I_______my friend. I________by myself.
I_______my family. I need to_________.
I_______my manager. I want to___________now.
3. Do you study?
Do you__________English?
Do you__________Portuguese?
Do you like to__________?
Pergunta Resposta
4. Do you study OR work? 5. I don’t study NOR work
Do you want_______need? I don’t want________need.
Do you eat________drink? I don’t eat________drink.
Do you play_______study? I don’t play________study.
6. I like HER family. 7. I want to see HIS sister.
I like_________store. I want to work at_________store.
I like_________manager. I want to speak with_________son.
I like_________coffee. I want to drink with_________glass.
8. I study AT THE school. 9. Do you want to go TO THE church?
I work__________store. Do you need to go______store?
I drink__________bar. Do you like to go______movies?
I eat__________restaurant. Do you need to go______school?
10. I want to go TO THE movies. 11. DO you want the juice?
I want to go________school. ______you want the cup?
I like to go________church. ______you want the bread?
I need to go________store. ______you want the cheese?
12. DO YOU LIKE to work? 13. I ONLY work in the morning.
___________to sleep? I_______study with my sister.
___________to play? I_______like to eat.
___________to study? I_______work today.
14. He NEEDS a manager. 15. She WANTS a son and a daughter.
He_______a friend. She________a glass and a cup.
He_______a teacher. She________fish and meat.
He_______a father. She________only tea.
16. It LIKES to eat.
It_______to sleep.
It_______to play.
It_______to go with me.
PRACTICE P H R A S E S
1. I like to drink wine with my friends. Do you like to drink wine?
2. Sorry, but I like to drink beer. Only my father wants wine.
3. I need to work tomorrow, and I want to sleep now. Good night!
4. Do you want to go to the store in the evening? I work at the store!
5. I need to speak with my father today. Do you want to go with me?
6. I don’t want to go to the store by myself. I want to go with you.
7. Do you want to go to the church with my children tomorrow?
8. I don’t need to speak German. I only speak English.
9. I like to eat bread and cheese. Do you like to drink tea?
10. I want to drink a glass of water. Thanks, I need to go.
11. I want to speak only English with my teacher and my family.
Livro - PDF/LS04.pdf
L E S S O N F O U R
Pessoas que imitam facilmente tem uma grande vantagem em aprender uma
língua estrangeira. Mesmo assim algumas pessoas boas em imitar, ficam intimidados
quando tentam reproduzir sons estrangeiros, e suas habilidades naturais são inúteis.
Aprender uma língua necessita imitação cosciente. Isto quer dizer anotar com
cuidado coisas como: as posições dos lábios; a qualidade dos sons; a velocidade da
fala; a entonação da voz; o rítimo das senteças, e até gestos característicos. Imitar tais
aspectos pode parecer bobagem no inicio, mas é muito mais bobagem não fazer isto,
mesmo fazendo vários erros. Em geral nós temos que massacrar a língua antes de
dominá-la, e este processo tem que iniciar imediatamente.
Imitação tem três aspectos: 1) observação constante e intensa
2) se “jogar”dentro da imitação
3) treinamento contínuo
Se “jogar” dentro do “modo” da língua é muito importante. No início, adotar
conscientemente, hábitos completamente diferentes de falar pode parecer
terrivelmente embaraçoso, ou até doloroso. Não é uma coisa normal, e sentimos que
estamos ofendendo as pessoas pela maneira consciente que imitamos cada palavra e
gesto seu. Mas o que é esquisito para nós, não é para eles.
Treinamento contínuo é outra parte importante no processo de imitação. Após
pouco tempo esta imitação não parecerá mais estranho a nós. Na realidade ele se
sentirá muito natural, e inconscientemente adotamos novas “maneiras” de falar o
idioma estrangeiro.
14
SOUND STUDY
Um dos erros mais comuns em aprender uma língua é falhar em treinar ouvindo.
Só depois que aprendemos a sentar e escutar é que podemos ficar de pé e falar.
Nossa inabilidade de captar com os ouvidos a frase ou sentença complementar,
nos desanima. Ela vem com muita velocidade (numa média de três a cinco sílabas por
segundo). A única maneira de nos familiarizar com a forma acústica do idioma é de
escutar seletivamente um aspecto e depois um outro aspecto.
( 1 ) O TOM DA VOZ - Se o tom da voz levanta ou abaixa, ou fica nivelado
é
uma das primeiras coisas que uma criança percebe sobre uma língua,mas é
geralmente a última coisa que um adulto percebe. Uma criança quase inevitavelmente
usa a intonação correta mesmo quando está tagarelando. No adulto esta falta de
intonção é que o trai como estrangeiro quando ele fala o idioma não próprio. Sendo
isto como for OUVIR SELETIVAMENTE para a intonação é exatamente onde todos
devem começar a escutar uma língua estrangeira.
( 2 ) SONS ESTRANHOS – Quando estamos ouvindo seletivamente para as
variações dos tons, certos sons estranhos, vogais ou consoantes, vão nos atrair. Então
a próxima coisa que devemos fazer é escutar seletivamente estes sons estranhos. Se
um som é freqüente, devemos concentrar n’ele; apagando qualquer outra coisa da
mente e concentrando nas ocorrências dele. Quando alguém escuta com cuidado aos
sons estranhos, ele vai ver que está movendo sua língua, seu lábios e queixo, imitando
este som estranho. A nossa mente automaticamente faz com que os órgãos de falar se
movam na direção e tempo certo para reproduzir o som. Estas ligações entre ouvir e
falar são uma das razões pela importância de escutar.
15
Os sons de uma língua são a base de tudo nela, e os sons de cada língua são
distintos. Para nossa conveniência podemos dividir os sons em duas classes
tradicionais: 1) consoantes e 2) vogais.
As consoantes , na maior parte; interrompem o ar saindo dos pulmões com
vários pontos de articulação. Estes pontos são efeituados com movimentação de
órgãos do aparelho fonador:
pn – passagem nasal
L – lábios
d – dentes
a – região alveolar
O primeiro passo é rp – região palatal
Obter um quadro dos rv – região velar
Sons de cada sistema pl – ponto da língua
Para uma análise contrastiva l – língua
Cv – cordas vocais
INGLÊS
Bilabial
labiodental
dental
alveolar
palatal
velar
Oclusiva
Surda
sonora
P
b
t
d
k
g
fricativa
Surda
sonora
f
v
0
o
s
z h
africada
Surda
sonora
c
j
Sibilante
Surda
sonora
s
z
lateral
Sonora l
nasal
sonora m n n
16
16
PORTUGUÊS
bilabial labiodental Alvéolo
dental
palatal velar
Oclusiva Surda
sonora
p
b
t
d
k
g
Fricativa Surda
Sonora
f
v
s
z
h
sibilante Surda
Sonora
s
z
Lateral Sonora l
^
Nasal Sonora m n
~
n
vibrante sonora I n
O confronto dos quadros fonêmicos das duas línguas mostra que elas são diferentes
quanto ao seguinte:
(1 ) Um certo número de fonemas do mesmo tipo tem pontos de articulação
diferentes nas duas línguas; é o caso de [t, d, s, z, l, n] alveolares em inglês, e [t, d,s, z,
l, n, r] álveo-dentais em português.
( 2 ) O inglês tem consoantes que não ocorrem em português: th, h, ch, i, ng.
Lembramos que em produzir as vogais a corrente de ar egressa dos pulmões sem
encontrar nenhum obstáculo, então não há pontos de articulção, e sim regiões de
articulação. Os diferentes efeitos acústicos são obtidos pelo arredondamento ou
distensão dos lábios, associados a maior ou menor abertura da boca.
(as in me) (as in ball)
(as in day) (as in coat)
(as in bat) (as in two)
17
Estes diferentes efeitos acústicos também são obtidos com os movimentos efetuados
pela língua. O espaço aproximado onde esses movimentos se efetuam, ou seja onde a
língua adquire uma posição, é que classifica as vogais em anteriores, centrais e
posteriores e ainda em: baixas, médias e altas.
INGLÊS PORTUGUÊS
O confronto dos quadros fonêmicos das duas línguas par vogais mostra que
elas são diferentes quanto ao seguinte:
( 1 ) As vogais do inglês são estranhas ao nosso sistema fonológico
( 2 ) As semivogais do inglês não correm em português – Y, w, r
As vogais mais comuns: beat, bit, bet, bat, father, bought, boat, put, boot, but.
A E I O U
Comprido - Ei ii ái ou you
Curto - ah é e á uh
Ééé u
“A menor unidade marcadora de significado do sistema sonoro é o que chamamos de
FONEMA.” O simples conhecimento dos fonemas de uma língua estrangeira nos
possibilita a comunicação com falantes nativos, isto se dominamos a estrutura
fonética.
Quando ouvimos uma língua estrangeira, tendemos a pensar que os sons dessa
língua são os mesmos que os americanos pronunciam o “a” de maneira diferente, que
o “m” em alguns casos e igual, e etc. Trata-se na verdade, de dois sistemas sonoros
diferentes, que podem ter alguns sons muito parecidos.
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
O “a” em inglês, pode ter várias pronúncias. Eis as três mais comuns:
“a” = ei “a” = éé! “a” = ah
plane mad what
name bad war
fame band tall
game land talk
page rat fall
lady sad raw
baby that ball
“ai” = ei
sailor - pain - rain –
tailor - nail - rainbow –
tail - grain - paint –
mail - railroad - paid –
train - bait - brain -
pail - daily - main –
REVIEW
1) Idiomas são sistemas de sinalização complexos que separamos em
partes para melhor entender.
PRONOME
OBJETOS GRAMÁTICA
VERBOS
QUALIFICADORES
2) Pronomes até agora:
I MY FAMILY
YOU YOUR sister father
HE HIS brother daughter
SHE HER mother son
IT ITS
3) Formas negativas usam “DON’T”:
I don’t need. You don’t like.
I don’t want tea. You don’t need to work today.
* He doesn’t work. * It doesn’t like you.
4) Formas interrogativas usam “DO” antes do pronome:
Do you work? Do I need to go?
Do you like fish? Do you go to school?
* Does he drink beer? * Does she study
5) “A “ é o artigo indefinido - um, uma.
a boy a school
a girl a church
6) “THE” é o artigo definido - o, a, os, as
the boy the boys
the church the churches
o meu carro – my car (o inglês não usa do artigo
o meu filho – my son ** definido tanto como no
o filho dele – his son português)
a irmã dela – her sister
A preposição “TO” é para alguma direção.
I go to Rio.
I go to church.
You need to go to my store.
A preposição “FOR” não é para nenhum lugar.
I want to work for you.
I like to work for you.
I want a book for my son.
A preposição “AT” significa em.
I study at my school.
I work at his store.
Juntamos as preposições com o artigo definido “THE”.
I want to go to the school.
I need to speak to the boy.
Do you need to go to the store?
I work at the store.
I study at the school.
Do you drink at the bar?
Livro - PDF/LS05.pdf
L E S S O N F I V E
PRONOUNS
WE - nós OUR – nosso
YOU ALL– vocês (todos) YOUR – de vocês
THEY – eles, elas THEIR – deles, delas
We need to sleep. You all need to see. They like to study.
We don’t want ham. You all work in the evening. They need to work.
OBJECTS
TIME SOCCER (football)
WEEK BREAKFAST
BOOK LUNCH
CAR DINNER(denr)
TREE DOWNTOWN
WEEKEND SPANISH
WIFE HOUSE(haus)
HUSBAND HOME (houm)
MONEY AT HOME
VERBS
TO BUY/ BOUGHT(bái)(bat) – comprar
I buy fish and meat. Do you buy ham at the store?
TO SELL/ SOLD – vender
I sell books. Do you sell cars?
TO UNDERSTAND/ UNDERSTOOD – entender
I understand Spanish. I don’t understand you.
(has) TO HAVE/ HAD = got, got to “gotta” – ter, ter que
I have a brother. I have to work.
QUALIFIERS
Adjectivos são rosas
NEW – novo WHAT – o quê, quê
OLD – velho WHERE – onde
BIG – grande WHEN – quando
SMALL – pequeno THIS – this car, this book, this boy
SOME – algum, alguns THAT – that house, that store, that family
Qualificadores de Quantia são amarelos
EXPRESSIONS
HOW MUCH – quanto
HOW MANY – quantos
EVERYDAY – todos os dias
EVERY WEEK – toda semana
ON THE WEEKEND – no fim de semana
BUCK(bâc) – “pau” (dinheiro)
to “HAVE BREAKFAST” – tomar café da manhã
to “HAVE LUNCH” – almoçar
to “HAVE DINNER” – jantar
“YOU’RE WELCOME”- de nada
“SEE YOU LATER” (si ya leirar) – até mais tarde
“WHERE ARE YOU FROM?” – de onde você é?
GRAMMAR - MY – meu, minha (s) ITS – dele, dela (coisas, animais)
YOUR - seu, sua (s) OUR (âr) – nosso, nossa (s)
HIS- seu, sua (s) / dele YOUR – vosso, vossa (s) de vocês
HER – seu, sua (s) / dela THEIR – deles, delas
Qualidades em geral e o adjetivo,no inglês,sempre vem antes do substantivo.
BIG CAR – carro grande
OLD HOUSE – casa velha
SMALL GIRL – menina pequena
GOOD BOY - menino bom
REPETIR CADA” FRAME” PELO MENOS DUAS VEZES.
REVISAR SEMPRE
- F R A M E S –
1. WE need to work. 2. YOU ALL see the store.
_____want to sleep. _______ work today.
_____have a car. _______ have a friend.
_____sell fish. _______ speak English.
3. THEY want some ham. 4. We want OUR lunch.
_______want some bread. We like_____teacher.
_______need some fish. We see_____mother.
_______speak some German. We want_____money.
5. You all need YOUR books. 6. They like THEIR house.
You all need______cups. They like_______mother.
You all need______friends. They like_______sister.
You all need______home. They like_______church.
7. I BUY fish. 8. We want to SELL our house.
I_____my books. We need to______our car.
I_____lunch. We don’ t______animals.
I_____cars. We like to______to you.
9. Do you UNDERSTAND English. 10. I HAVE a sister. (got)
I only_______________Spanish. I_______a car. (got)
Does he_______________you. I_______a wife. (got)
We don’ t_______________. I_______a new son. (got)
11. I HAVE to work. (got) 12. I have a NEW home.
I_________a car. (got) I have a_______car.
I_________to go. (got) I have a_______friend.
I_________to sleep. (got) I have a_______wife.
13. He likes OLD cars. 14. Do you like BIG stores?
He likes______friends. Do you like_______cups?
He likes______books. Do you like_______houses?
He likes______homes. Do you like_______girls?
15. I want a SMALL tree. 16. I want SOME small trees.
I want a ________wife. I want______small glasses.
I want a_________house. I want _____big cars.
I want a_________glass. I want______big books.
17. WHAT do you buy? 18. WHERE do they work?
_______do you want? _______do they sleep?
_______do you need? _______do they play?
_______do you see? _______do they study?
19. WHEN do you have to work? 20. When do you have to sell THIS car?
_______does she have to study? When do you have to sell_____house?
_______do they have to sleep? When do you have to sell_____bread?
_______do I have to go? When do you have to sell_____cheese?
21. I want to buy THAT book. 22. When do we HAVE LUNCH?
I want to buy______glass. When do we__________with Bob?
I want to buy_______house. When do you want to_________?
I want to buy________car. Do you______ _______by yourself ?
23. Where do you want to HAVE DINNER? 24. I like to HAVE BREAKFAST.
Where does he want to______ ______? I need to _______________.
Where do they want to______ ______? I want to_______________.
Where do we want to______ _______? I only________ _________.
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. I want to speak with the manager. He doesn’t work today.
2. Where do you want to go tomorrow ? I need to go to the school.
3. I need to speak with your husband today. He needs to go to Rio.
4. What do you want to eat now? I don’t want to have lunch now.
5. Do you want to sell your car? I need to buy a new car.
6. When do you like to sleep? I don’t like to sleep in the afternoon.
7. I need to buy some fish. I like to eat fish and drink wine.
8. Where do you need to go this weekend? I want to go to the beach.
9. Do you have time to go with me to the store to buy some ham?
10. Do you need to drink water? I want a cup of tea, please.
11. I study French in the afternoon, and English in the evening.
12. I like to play with my children at the beach. We go on the weekend.
13. I want to work at the store with my brother. Do you want to work?
14. Do you go to the school by yourself, or with your sister?
15. Do you like to eat meat in the morning? I only eat bread cheese.
Livro - PDF/LS06.pdf
30
L E S S O N S I X
Crianças não se preocupam com declinações, conjugações, e subjetivos. Elas
apenas escutam, repetem, e juntam palavras que tenham ouvidos [muitas vezes com
erros, mas estes são corrigidos com mais tempo ouvindo]. Escutar é a base deste
rocesso de aprendizagem e juntar as palavras em diferentes combinações é o
sultado natural da pessoa comunicar seus objetivos e observações. O passo inicial
este processo é o que chamamos de OUVIR PASSIVAMENTE.
Sendo que, mesmo sem um esforço consciente as nossas mentes podem nos
judar bastante na aprendizagem de um idioma, devemos dar todas as oportunidades
ara nossas mentes trabalhar em com eficiência máxima. Fazemos isto da seguinte
1) Dar à mente bastante material para escutar
como gravações de palestras, o
dio, fitas e televisão.
2) Relaxar. Ansiedades até sobre aprender a língua dão um curto circuito na
mente.
É claro que poderão
sar algumas expressões mas para ter o beneficio total de “ouvir passivamente”, a
s.
to vo ê faz outras coisas. É uma boa técnica
jornal, ou brinca com
arecer ridículo, mas
s mais complicadas
música que tocou tantas vezes no rádio
Precisamos entender que todo som em toda língua estrangeira é um som
isso precisamos ter certeza de que
stamos reproduzindo estes sons adequadamente. Uma das melhores maneiras
bservar a produção dos sons é uma investigação cuidadosa da maneira que nós
p
re
n
a
p
maneira:
rá
3) Dar bastante tempo à mente. Muitas pessoas acham que devem estar
falando algo na língua estrangeira depois da primeira semana.
u
pessoa tem que deixar a mente fazer seu trabalho por alguns mese
4) Deixa a mente trabalhar enquan c
escutar uma gravação enquanto você faz a barba, come, lê o
seus filhos. Não é preciso sempre prestar atenção. Pode p
considera que é desta maneira que as pessoas decoram até a
musicas sem prestar atenção. Lembra daquela
que os vez enjoar?
Dominando sons estrangeiros
estrangeiro e é diferente do português. Por
e
o
tentamos reproduzir um som.
31
SOUND STUDY
Grupos Consonantais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
Vamos ver o problema das combinações fonotáticas, ou seja, as seqüências e
rupos de fonemas do inglês que são estranhos ao português. Em posição
g inicial, o
ortuguês não tem os seguintes grupos consonantais do inglês:
str
p
ike through thwart
twine shrew feud
swine stay cute
splash spy mute
squat smile beauty
ls im sky pure
spray snail view
qu ick scream dwell
32
***************************************************************************************************
Outro aspecto dos sons, que se resume em quatro pontos tão importantes que somam
50% de aprender um idioma:
1) CONTEXTO quando estamos numa conversação temos que saber o
assunto sobre o qual conversaremos ou estaremos
“por fora”.
2) RÍTMO temos que estar usando o ritmo correto do idioma
para poder captar e também transmitir as
“palavras chaves”.
3) PALAVRAS CHAVES numa frase ouvimos apenas as palavras chaves que nos
permiti entender a frase sem ouvir cada palavrinha. Estas
palavras chaves ocorrem onde temos a batida do ritmo. O
tom da voz também acompanha estas palavras chaves e
afeta a interpretação.
4) PENSAR EM INGLÊS com o contexto, ritmo, e palavras chaves todos
acontecendo em harmonia, podemos entender a
conversação e pensar em inglês.
Uma pessoa pode treinar “o pensar” na língua estrangeira fazendo
onversações imaginarias, compondo palestras, ou recordar o que tem ouvido ou lido
cabulário restrito, é muito importante experimentar
to usando as palavras e expressões da língua proposta.
icialmente pode parecer desesperançoso, mas, cada vez que uma palavra ou frase
mento deve prosseguir
os uma pessoa falando
lês, sem tentar traduzir
anto é preciso muita
com facilidade, sem
c
no idioma. Mesmo tendo um vo
formular o pensamen
In
de português entrar na mente, deve ser jogado fora, e o pensa
somente com as palavras e frases do inglês. Quando escutam
inglês, devemos nos esforçar em acompanhar pensando em ing
as palavras para o português. Isto é difícil de não fazer, port
concentração para evitar. A fala tem que fluir naturalmente e
contorções mentais.
33
“REVISAR É A CHAVE
PARA APRENDER”
SONS SEMELHANTES
aos semelhantes . Isto não se refere a semelhanças
Depois de ouvir seletivamente sons estranhos, devemos dirigir a nossa atenção
com sons no português, mas as
o do “P”e
ntre o
espondente entre o “T”e o “D”, e outro entre
e diferenças nas línguas são sistemáticas. Idiomas
zação muitos complexos, e tem que ser
sistemas ou não será possível lembrá-los.
s sons sem prestar atenção nas palavras ou seus
sentidos. Mas nós não queremos esperar e não é preciso. Podemos já notar
semelhanças em palavras.
seam theme
sick thick
song thong
sum thumb
face faith
pass path
semelhanças de sons da língua estrangeira. Estas semelhanças são as com
o “B”. Logo veremos que estas semelhanças são agrupadas como: um som e
“P” e o “B” provavelmente terá um som corr
os sons “K”e “G”. As semelhanças
são nada mais do que sistemas de sinali
Uma criança escuta somente o
SOUND EXERCISES
/s/ /th/
sin thin
sigh thigh
sink think
1) To SIN is bad. [pecar] 2) You don’t want to SINK. [afundar]
Too THIN is bad. [magro, fino] You don’t want to THINK. [pensar]
3) We want a SONG. [canção] you have? [soma]
We want a THONG. [correia]
5) Do you see the PASS?[passe]
4) What SUM do
What THUMB do you have? [polegar]
Do you see the PATH? [caminho, trilho]
34
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
“ch” “sh” “o”, “ou” = a
chair she mother
church shell brother
chase sheet some
cheese shine come
chicken sheep company
children shirt something
check shoe money
beach shampoo young
R E V I E
W
1) icado do sistema “A menor unidade marcadora de signif sonoro é o que chamamos
de FONEMA.”
2) Para dominar o sistema sonoro escutamos seletivamente os seguintes:
a de IMITAÇÃO consciente.
WE OUR
YOU YOUR
THEIR
Pronomes com
YOU
HIS
HER
ITS
OUR
YOU YOUR
THEIR
O TOM DA VOZ
SONS ESTRANHOS – consoantes e vogais
SONS SEMELHANTES – “sin” / “thin”
3) Aprender uma língua necessit
4) Pronomes novos:
THEY
pletos: I MY
YOUR
HE
SHE
IT
WE
THEY
35
5) A preposição “TO” = para alguém ou algum lugar tendo sentido de com destino:
I want to go to the store.
I have to speak to the manager.
6) A preposição “AT” – em algum lugar:
I study at the school.
I work at the big store.
I sleep at my house.
CONTEXTO; e acompanhando com o RITMO certo;
vamos poder captar as PALAVRAS CHAVES; e então poder entender e PENSAR em
inglês.
8) WHAT do you buy?
WHAT do you need?
7) Sabendo qual é o tema ou
WHAT does he want?
WHERE do you work?
WHERE are you from?
WHERE do you go on the weekend?
WHEN do you have lunch?
WHEN do they sleep?
WHEN do you got to go?
9) I want THIS book.
He likes THIS car.
S
I have THAT bike.
He needs THAT ham.
They go to THAT church.
Do you need THI money?
Livro - PDF/LS07.pdf
36
L E S S O N S E V E N
PARENTS
OBJECTS
ANIMAL
BOSS HORSE
WAITER CHICKEN
WAITRESS DOG
MAGAZINE CAT
NEWSPAPER BIRD
37
MONTH LETTER
BICYCLE/ BIKE NUMBER
PRONOUNS
“Pronomes Objetos”
SEE ME - me US – (âs) – nos
GIVE YOU – o , a [você] YOU ALL–os, as[vocês]
ele] THEM os,as[eles, elas]
You don’t want me
HELP
HIM – o [ -
NDE STAN U R D HER - a [ela]
IT – o, a [neutro]
. [me quer]
O PRONOME OBJETO I don’t see you. [o vejo]
SEGUE O VERBO I don’t want him. [o quero]
I don’t need her . [a preciso]
TO WRITE / WROTE
VERBS
I write books. She w s newspape
rite for a r.
AD TO READ / RE (rid) (réd)
You need to read this. He doesn’t like to read.
38
TO HELP / HELPED
Do you want to help me? Please, we need to help her!
(guêv) (geiv)
TO KNOW / KNEW - (nôo)saber, conhecer
I don’t know you. Do you know Spanish?
TO GIVE / GAVE
I want to give this to you. He wants to give money.
QUALIFIERS
THESE (these books, these cars) 1 – one 1 – first
cond THOSE (those things, those hams) 2 – two 2 – se
come ird HERE – aqui 3 – three 3 – th
go TH 4 – fourth ERE – lá , ali 4 – four
FROM - de (procedência) 5 – five 5 – fifth
cima de) 6 – six ON – em ( 6 – sixth
bre (por cima) 7 – seve OVER – so n 7 – seventh
8 – eight 8 – eighth
A CAR 9 – nine 9 – ninth
AN ANIMAL (anânémal) 10 – ten 10 – tenth
AN INDIAN
ABOUT – sobre, a respeito de , a cerca de, aproximadamente
WHY? – por quê?
BECAUSE – (bikáz) - porque
39
EXPRESSIONS
“THIS MORNING” - nesta manhã (in the morning)
“THIS AFTERNOON” – nesta tarde (in the afternoon)
“THIS EVENING” / “TONIGHT”- nesta noite (in the evening)
“WHAT DO YOU
(tráim t lern) – “Estou tentando aprender.”
THINK?” (about) - “O que você acha?”
“I’M TRYING TO LEARN.”-
GRAMMAR
O verbo dar – “to give”, funciona apenas para o ato de “entregar algo”,
s c mo n português: dar de frente com...;deu nas
OMO
HAV A CA . - T
HAV TO G T
NDO SAM S O
ERBO TEM
ou ceder, não de tantas forma o o
notícias...; deu nos búzios...; dar para agüentar...
O VERBO “HAVE”FUNCIONA C
POSSE E NECESSIDADE
[posse] I E R enho um carro.
[necessidade] I E O enho [que] ir. . -
I HAVE TO WORK. – Tenho [que] trabalhar.
QUA U O VERBO “KNOW” COM UM
OUTRO V OS QUE ACRESENTAR HOW
I KNOW YOUR FATHER - Conheço seu pai.
I KNOW HOW TO SPEAK ENGLISH – Sei [como] falar inglês.
40
LER CADA “FRAME”PELO MENOS 2 VEZES DESDE A LIÇÃO 01!
COMEÇA À LER COM MAIS VELOCIDADE.
. You like ME. 2. We need YOU.
_.
. I understand HIM. 4. I work with HER.
___.
___.
___
.
____. y.
1
He likes_______. Your father needs_______
She likes______. She needs_______.
They like______. It needs ______.
3
They understand_______. He works with____
We understand_______. We work with_____
She understands_______. You work with____ .
5. I like IT. 6. They see US play
He likes__ He sees _____pla
She likes_____. You see_____play.
. They like_____. She sees_____play
7. I speak with THEM. 8. They WRITE letters to me.
We speak with_______ You______numbers. for us.
She speaks with______. He______for a newspaper.
They speak with______. We don’t______to him.
. I READ the newspaper. 10. We need to HELP the boy. 9
You______the book. You have to______us today.
We want to________. I want to_______at home.
He______magazines. Do you_______your mother?
1. I don’t KNOW your name. 12. I want to GIVE you bread. 1
Do you_______her husband? I want to_______them water.
The waitress doesn’t____ n . He wants to______me a car. __E glish
The boss_______my brother. I want to_______ you a book.
3. I want to sell THESE books. 14. Do you see THOSE birds? 1
I want to sell_______cars. Do you see______dogs?
I want to sell_______cups. Do you see______bikes?
I want to sell_______houses. Do you see______cars?
41
15. I buy meat HERE. 16. My sister works THERE.
I sell books________. My wife studies_________.
I play soccer_______. helps__________.
I read books_______. My parents eat_________.
My son
17. I have a l
I have a letter______my friend e____indian.
I have a letter______your sister. I see____apple.
I have a letter______the boss. I see____ace.
(pergunta) (resposta)
9. WHY do you work? 20. BECAUSE I need to.
______do you study? _______I have to.
I like to.
etter FROM you. 18. I see AN animal.
. I se
1
______do you read? _______
______do you help? _______I want to.
21. They work at the THIRD house. 22. I want the SECOND book.
They play at the_______house. I want the_________cat.
They study at the______house. I
want the_________waitress.
23. We want to work THIS MORNING. 24. You have to go TH
We want to play______ _________. You have to help____ _________.
IS AFTERNOON.
_____ ________. We want to study_____ _________. You have to write
We want to read______ _________. You have to sell______ ________.
25. He works TONIGHT. 26. Do you KNOW HOW to read?
_____ _____to write?
He speaks__________. Do you_____ _____to work?
_ _____to buy?
He studies__________. Do you
He has dinner___________. Do you____
27. I like to speak ABOUT my family. 28. I have ABOUT three birds.
I like to speak_______the children. I know_______seven numbers.
I like to speak_______my work. I read________two books.
I like to speak_______money. I write________fi
ve letters.
____ ______ ______him?
29. WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT the boss?
_____ ___ ____ ______ ______this?
_____ ___ ____ ______ ______your work?
_____ ___
42
Leia cada frase concentrando no
rítimo, palavras chaves e pensando em inglês
SEM TRADUZIR.
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. I want to understand my friend, but I only speak English.
2. I have money today, but I don’t want to go. See you later.
3. Why do you read in the morning? I don’t have time in the evening.
4. When do you eat? I have lunch in the afternoon.
5. I like to speak English with my family. We don’t speak Portuguese.
6. How many books do you have about animals? I have four books.
7. I don’t eat at my home. I like to have dinner at the restaurant.
8. Where do you like to study? I only study at the school.
9. You don’t like to work at this store. Why do you work here?
10. We don’t have time to go to the store with you today.
11. Do you want to buy a newspaper with this money? I don’t read.
12. They want to write a letter this afternoon. Do y wou ant to elp? h
13. I buy two books every week. Do you sell books or magazines?
14. Do your friends go to the school with you? I go by myself.
15. Why do your children go to the movies only on the weekend?
VOLTE PARA NO 01 E TREIN O MÁXIMO A C M O
DE VELOCIDADE.
Livro - PDF/LS08.pdf
43
L E S S O N E I G H T
Há mais um aspecto na aprendizagem de um idioma em que ouvir é im
sendo ouvir a nós mesmos. Inconscientemente todos nós escutamos nossa
portante,
maneira
de falar. Assim podemos falar igual aos outros. A pessoa que fica surda perde este
poder de controle e em breve sua maneira de falar fica distorcida.
Primeiro controlamos os movimentos musculares que nos dão controle
constante. E segundo, controlamos os sons que saem da boca e nos dão controle
demorado. Este controle de nós mesmos necessita um esforço consciente. Sempre
devemos comparar nossa fala com o que ouvimos dos outros. Com esta comparação
cuidadosa com a maneira correta de falar, podemos ter bons resultados em pouc
tempo.
o
TUDY
upos Consonantais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
Aprender a falar uma língua é relativo a aprender a ouvi-la.
SOUND S
Gr
Vamos ver o problema dos grupos de fonemas do inglês que são estranhos ao
português em posição final de palavra. Em posição final os grupos consonantais de
palavras simples são:
mend trench burp
ant soft purse
mist grasp heart (hárt)
fence film serve
bold bulge fears [rz] (firz)
ox [ks] bulb marsh (mârch)
shelf welch [I bish] rth
sink fields [Idz] corpse
act kiln fi rst
change verb shirts (shêrts)
solve third prompt
belt surf b umps (bámps)
desk iceberg belch
kelp large triumph[mf]
false
church stops
milk park script
health pearl lens [nz]
shrimp storm next [kst]
44
In onaçt ão
Nenhuma língua é falada em monótono. Isto quer dizer que sempre há alguma
“modulação” da voz, e todas estas modificações ao padronizadas e adquirem certos
significados.
Dominar a intonação necessita muita paciência e determinação de imitar
constantemente. Até conseguirmos falar uma frase com sua intonação correta, não
será dita corretamente.
SOUND EXERCISES
“SONS SEMELHANTES”
h/
1) I see your TIES. [ gravatas ]
I your THIGHS. [ c
thanks
He is a TINKER. [ funileiro ] tinker thinker
tick thick
ticket thicket
tree three
true through
fate faith
/ t/ /t
tin thin
o thighs xas ] ties
tanks
2)
He is a THINKER. [ pensador ]
I have a FATE. [ destino ] 3)
I have a FAITH. [ crença, religião ]
4) Go to the FORT wall. [ for fort te ] fourth
Go to the FOURTH wall. [ quarta ]
th/ /f/ /
1) It’s a beautiful REEF. [ recife ] first thirst
It ‘s a beautiful WREATH.[guirlanda] fought (fat) thought
three free
2) I have FREE ticket fret threat s. [ de graça ]
I have THREE tickets. [ três ] ) thrill
) death
] uêf) with
) thin
(rif) wreath
frill (freil
deaf (déf
3) Come WITH me. [ com whiff (
fén Come WHIFF me. [ sentir cheiro ] fin (
reef
4) Are you DEAF? [ surdo ] LER E REPETIR AS COLUNAS,
Are you DEATH? [ a morte ] DEPOIS COMPA
RE AS DUAS
45
“A memória auditiva pode ser aprimorada tanto quanto
qualquer outra, e alguém aprendendo um idioma faz
bem em concentrar melhor neste fator”.
ow
that here
)
“ea” = i “ea” = é
breakfast
cream(crim) feather (féder) – pena (ave)
u e (mé
r (wé
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
“th” - (som sonoro) “h” – (espirado)
this h
the husband
then head (héd
there heart (hart)
mother hand
father happy
eat (it) bread (bréd)
meat (mít)
beat (bit) - bater dead – morto
clean (clin) deaf – surdo
easy (isi) meas r jar) – medida
neat weathe der) – tempo, clima
46
REVIEW
1) “pronome objeto”no inglês vem depois do verbo:
Do you know ME? Please, speak for US.
I don’t see YOU. I speak to YOU ALL today.
She helps HIM. I have to go with THEM.
He needs HER.
T.
2) GIVE – muito usado no imperativo e com o pronome objeto:
I like I
Give me the book! You don’t want to give your time.
I want to give you this. Give me that!
3) Nossos “qualifiers” THIS e THAT agora tem THESE e THOSE:
I like this
book. --- I like these books.
Do you see this bird? --- Do you see these birds?
I want this magazine. --- I want these magazines.
Give me that letter. --- Give me those letters.
I like that cat. --- I like those cats.
4) O verbo to know tem que ter “how” adicionado quando estamos falando em
saber “como” fazer algo.
to re
Do you KNOW HOW to speak English?
I KNOW HOW ad.
We want to KNOW HOW to go there.
5) I have to work IN THE MORNING . I have to work THIS MORNING.
Do you study IN THE AFTERNOON? Do you study THIS AFTERNOON?
I go there IN THE EVENING. (TONIGHT) I go there TONIGHT. (THIS EVENING)
6) Lugares ambíguos não recebem preposições.
I go downtown everyday. I want to go home now.
I work downtown. I need to go north.
Livro - PDF/LS09.pdf
47
L E S S O N N I N E
OFFICE
OBJECTS
BEANS (bínz)
APARTMENT RICE
WINDOW SALAD
DOOR APPLE
CITY PEAR
48
COUNTRY BANANA
TICKET – passagem, conta, FRUIT
EGG ingresso, multa
T - prova NEIGHBOREST (neibr) – vizinho(a)
ERBS
V
TO PREFER / PREFERRD ( prefér) – preferir
I prefer beans and rice. I prefer your office.
TO LIVE / LIVD (lêv) – morar
I live with them. I like to live here.
TO OPEN / OPEND - abrir
I need to open
(open the…)
the door. Please open the book.
TO CLOSE / CLOSD – fechar
I don’t want to c
(close the…)
lose the window.
TO TAKE / TOOK (têik) - pegar, to, from) tomar, levar. (
They want to take the boy to the school. Take it!
49
QUALIFIERS
11 le– e ven 30 - thiry
12 – twelve 40 - forty
13 – thirteen 50 - fifty
1 ourtee4 – f n 60 - sixty
15 – fifteen 70 - seventy
16 – sixteen 80 - eighty
1 eventee7 – s n 90 - ninety
18 – eighteen 100 - one hundred (hândrêd)
1 inetee9 – n n 200 - two hundred
2 wen0 - t ty (twentii) 1000 - one thousand
ALREADY (alrédi) – já
USUALLY (iujoli) – geralmente
n UNTIWhe L ( –ântíl) até (I work until two o’clock.)
BY – até (You need to come home by nine o’clock.)
THEN – depois, daí, então Palavras de COLA – and,but,then,because..
VERBOS CAN – poder (....)
AUXILIARES
1) I can read books in English.
2) He can go with us.
3) We can’t open the store tonight.
4) I can’t sleep!
5) Can I go with you?
50
**IMPORTANTE DOMINAR USO DE QUANTIDADES***
NO - nenhum, nenhuma, nada - negativa
SOME – algum, alguma, [alguns, algumas ] – afirmativo
How much ANY – algum, alguma (s) – interrogativo
How many nenhum, nenhumas - negativo
várias SEVERAL –
MORE – mais
LESS – menos
MUCH – muito (adj.) quantidades
MANY – muitos, vários (adj.) numero plural
“A LOT” – muito, “um monte”
“A LOT F O ” (a Lara) – muito (de) ... quantidades, e numeros
FEW – poucos numeros
A LITTLE – um pouco (de) quantidade
ANY MORE? A LOT MORE A LITTLE LESS
SOME MORE A LITTLE MORE A FEW LESS
MUCH MORE FEW MORE A LOT LESS
MANY MORE NO MORE MUCH LESS
NO LESS MANY LESS
VERY – muito super adj. obj. usar apenas com adjetivos.
VERY OLD VERY MANY Palavras TURBO
VERY BIG VERY FEW very, so, pretty, too…
VERY SMALL VERY GOOD
VERY MUCH
51
EXPRESSIONS
NOON – NOON – ao meio dia meio dia AT
NIGHT – noite AT NIGHT – à noite
T UP” – levantar-se
to “GE
“WHAT TIME IS IT?” Que horas são? –
!” - vamo ( et’s “LET’S GO s L work, study, eat…)
“I DON’T KNOW!” – Sei lá!
“TAKE YOUR TIME.” – Toma o tempo que precisar.
Para levar “TAKE OUT” –
“BY TOMORROW” – até amanhã
“BY 10:00” – até às 10:00
“BY THE TIME I GO.” – até a hora que eu for
AT HOME – em casa T S OL – na escola A CHO
AT CHURCH – na igreja – em paz AT PEACE
AT WORK – no trabalho T W – em guerra A AR
1:00 – “IT’S ONE O’CLOCK”
2:00 – “IT’S TWO O’CLOCK”
3:00 – “IT’S O’CLO K” THREE C
4:15 – “IT’S FOUR FIFTEEN”
5:30 – “IT’S FIVE THIRTY”
6:50 – “IT’S TEN TO SEVEN”/ “IT’S SIX FIFTY”
A.M. – 0:00 ... 12:00
P.M – 12:00 ... 24:00
RAMMAR
G
At what time? – à que hora?
I work at 8:00. – trabalho às 8:00
I sleep at 12:00. – durmo às 12:00
52
FRAMES
1. I PREFER salad. 2 . Do you LIVE here?
I ________beans. Do you ________downtown?
I ________the country. Do you ________ with Jim?
I ________fruit. Do you ________by yourself?
3. They want to OPEN the d 4. I CLOSE the office at 6:oor. 00.
They want to _______the wind I ________the store at 6:ow. 00.
They want to _______the store. I ________the book at 6:00.
They want to _______the book. I ________the door at 6:00.
. Do you want to TAKE the tickets? 6. I want to TAKE the test.
the boys? .
le?
car? .
5
Do you want to _______ You got to ______medicine
Do you want to _______the app They want to _______a taxi.
Do you want to _______the We want to ________a bath
7. I have ELEVEN books. 8. I see FORTY – FIVE bananas.
I have _______children. I see _________ap ples.
I have _______pears. I see _________dogs.
I have _______eggs. I see _________cats.
9. She needs TWO HUNDRED FIFTEEN tickets. 10. I ALREADY speak English.
She needs ________numbers. I _______ know your name.
She needs ________dollars. I ________know how to write.
She needs ________verbs. It’s ________ten o’clock.
53
1 I USUALLY work until 8: 1 I work UNTIL 3:00. 1. 00. 2.
I ________sleep until 8:00. I sleep ______3:00.
I ________ play until 8:00. I play ______3:00.
I ________study until 8 I study _____3:00. :00.
13. We need the book B 1 He studies, THEN he worksY noon. 4. .
We need the book _______this afternoon. He studies, ______ he plays.
We need the book _______ He studies, ______hthe time I go. e sleeps.
We need the book _____ He studies, ______he __tomorrow. reads.
15. She CAN work with us. 1 You CAN’T study here. 6.
She _______study with us. You ______ work here.
She _______play You ______ live here. with us.
She _______live w You ______sleep here. ith us.
17. I want SOME windows. 18. Do you want ANY letters?
I need _______ new windows. Do you need ______apples?
I like ______ city window Ds. o you have ______ time?
I have ______small win Ddows. o you see _______girls?
19. I don’t want ANY letters. 20. I have NO friends.
I don’t need _______apples. They eat ______apples.
I don’t have _______ time. You can see _____ birds.
21. I have LESS children. 22. I need MORE time.
He reads _____books. He sells _______books.
We need ______money. She studies_____in the morning.
54
(quantidades) (numeros)
23. He drinks MUCH coffee. 24. I have MANY friends.
He eats _____rice. They eat ______apples.
She sells _____ meat. You can see _____ birds.
____neighbors.
They take ______time. We know ___
25. ooks. He drinks A LOT OF coffee. 26. I read FEW b
______letters. He eats _____apples. He writes
ve______chickens. She sells _____ meat. We ha
The windows.
y see _____ birds. It needs ______
27. p until NOON. He drinks A LITTLE beer. 28. I slee
He works until _____. We want _______juice.
_____. I need ______ time. We get up at _
ve lunch at _____.
They have ______rice. They ha
29. GET UP. I work AT NIGHT. 30. I need to
__. He studies ________. They can’t ____ ___
______. They play ______. I sleep, then I _____
I can’t see ______. It’s time to ___ ____!
31. IT’S 7:15 here.
______ at that country.
______ in the morning.
______ now.
55
LEIA TREINANDO PRONÚNCIA RÁPIDA SEM TRADUZIR
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. Do you want to work with me today? Sorry, I don’t have time.
2. liI ke to speak English with my friends. We study on the weekend.
3. Do you want to buy my car? No thanks, I already have a car.
4. I don’t know where you work. I want to go there tomorrow.
5. I need to study for my test tomorrow. What time is it?
6. Do you want to go to the church with me tomorrow? I don’t know.
7. I need to speak with the manager of the bank about the money.
8. What do you know about this city? I don’t know a lot.
9. Where do you want to live? I prefer to live here.
10. I already read magazines in english, but I need to study more.
11. Do you want to buy my house? I already have a house.
12. What time do you like to have breakfast? Usually at 7:00.
13. I don’t know how to close the window. Can you help me?
14. I have some books to read tonight. She needs to write many letters.
15. How many books do you want to read this week? Only, about three.
Livro - PDF/LS10.pdf
56
L E S S O N T E N
As pessoas que não usam o que sabem não aprendem a falar. Mesmo os
NS ESTR N S”
alunos com dificuldades que usam o que sabem, e continuam tentando, quase sempre
aprendem a falar o idioma.
SOUND STUDY
Grupos Consonantais de “SO A HO
existentes, criam outros
Os sufixos derivacionais, acrescidos a palavras já
grupos consonantais:
health sixth
width thousandth
tenth twelfth
fifth length
eighth (tth) warmth (rmpth)
fourth
O idioma tem que ser automático ou é inútil. Uma pessoa
que sempre tem que
ue estar na ponta da
ngua.
tatear pelas palavras, não aprendeu o idioma. Expressões tem q
lí
57
SOUND EXERCISES
/z/ /th/
n then
lies (laiz) lithe
athe
cythe
Do you want to CLOSE it? [fechar]
Do you want to CLOTHE it? [ vestir]
tama ho] you see it RISE? [ levantar]
That is my SCYTHE. [ foice] Can you see it WRITHE?[contorser]
uz)
r)
reed breathe
ead (rid) wreathe
seed (sid) seethe
fodder father
1) You need to READ it. [ler]
You need to WREATHE it. [ entrelaçar em guirlanda]
Ze
tease (tiiz) teethe
close (clôuz) clothe
boys b
breeze breathe
seize seethe
rise (raiz) writhe
size (saiz) s
1) Do you want to study ZEN? [Zen] 3)
Do you want to study, THEN? [então]
2) That is my SIZE. [ n 4) Can
/d/ /th/
dough (dou) though
den then
doze (do those
dare (dé there
broader brother
b
r
2) The animals BREED here. [ reproduzir-se]
The animals BREATHE here. [ respira]
3) My FODDER is old. [ração para animais]
My FATHER is old. [ pai]
58
PRON N
“ow” = au “ou” = au “ow = ou
clown our – nosso snow – neve
down – pa ch! – ai!, ui! low – baixo
town (t un ra row – remar
tower – to se – casa show – mostrar
power p e – camundongo window – janela
cow (cáu) – vaca found – achado
now (náu)
brown
how – como
wow (uáu
“o” = “oa” = ou
rope – orda boat (bout) – barco road (roud) – estrada
note – float (flôt) – boiar
hope – esperança go oath – juramento
joke (dhiók soup roast – assar
lone - solitário boast – ostentar load – carga
phone
pope –
U CIATION EXERCISES
(cláun) – palhaço
ra baixo ou
á ) – vila out – fo
rre hou
– oder mous
– agora round – redondo
(bráun) – marrom pound – libra
couch (cáut) – sofá
) – oba! shout (sháut) – gritar
ou
c
nota coat (cout) – casaco
goat ( ut) – cabra
) – piada soap ( ) – sabão
– fone
papa
59
R E V I E W
do estamos falando 1) O verbo to “KNOW” tem que ter HOW adicionado quan
em saber [ como] fazer algo:
I KNOW HOW to read.
W to speak English.
n’t KNOW HOW to write.
I want to TAKE the train.
AKE the bus.
They KNOW HO
I do
2) Temos o verbo TAKE:
She prefers to T
I want to TAKE you there.
They need to TAKE a bath.
) quecer:
3 A palavra THEN, é muito útil e fácil de es
Palavras de COLA (but, and, because, then, so..)
We study our homework, THEN we have dinner.
He works until 6:00, THEN he goes home.
4 O e u C) v rbo a xiliar AN:
afirmativo I know it CAN live here.
He CAN study with you.
negativo She CAN’T speak English.
They CAN’T go with us.
interrogativo CAN I play with John?
wn? CAN you take the bus downto
60
5) NO - nenhum, nenhuma
SOME – algum, alguma [alguns, algumas] – afirmativo
ANY – algum, alguma [ alguns, algumas] – interrogativo
nenhum, nenhuma – negativo
MORE – mais
LESS – menos
MUCH – muito (adj.) quantidades
MANY – muitos, vários (adj.) numeros
A LOT – muito
A LOT OF – muito (de) quantidades ou numeros
FEW – poucos numeros
A LITTLE – m pouco [de] quantidades u
) Qu ndo s trata
6 a e de horas ou tempo, usamos a preposição AT como à, às:
I go work AT 7:30 A.M.
He usually sleeps AT 10:00.
AT what time do you want to study?
AT what time can you study with me?
Livro - PDF/LS11.pdf
61
L E S S O N E L E V E N
SUNDAY – domingo ON – no, na SATURDAY – sábado
MONDAY – segunda-feira FRIDAY – sexta-feira
TUESDAY – terça-feira THURSDAY – quinta-feira
WEDNESDAY – quarta-feira
OBJECTS
VACATION MEETING
SWIMMING POOL CLASS
BEACH RELATIVES – parentes (KIN)
SAND THING – coisa
SEA [affirm.] SOMETHING – alguma coisa
alguma coisa?
NOTHING -
[int?] ANYTHING –
[neg.] ANYTHING – coisa alguma [nada]
nada
62
VERBS
TO START / STARTED – começar
When can you start? Let’s start the meeting.
TO COME / CAME - vir
Please, come here. What time do they come?
TO SAY / SAID – dizer
I need to say something. Do you want to say anything?
Y / STAYD – ficar TO STA
Please, can you stay here with me ? It doesn’t want to stay.
QUALIFIERS
P TY – linda, bonito RET
BEAUTIFUL – linda, bonito
HANDSOME – bonito, charmoso [só para homens]
GOO – D bom
BAD – mau
OLD – velho
NEW – novo, nova
qualidade YOUNG – novo, jovem (idade)
SMALL – pequeno
BIG – grande
HAPPY – feliz
SAD – triste
LONG – comprido
SHORT – curto
HOW – como em [dentro especificamente IN - ]
STILL - ainda [inicío ou meio de H – no, na [dentro do, dentro da frase] IN T E ]
YET – ainda [final de frase] T próximo (em ordem) NEX –
63
EXPRESSIONS
“BY BUS” - de ônibus
“BY CAR” – de carro
e avião
em
a pé
“MAYBE” – talvez
(Thank G
ME F
“BY PLANE” – d
“BY TRAIN” - de tr
“ON FOOT” –
“T. G. I. F.” – od Its Friday)
“WHAT IS THE NA O THAT?” – Qual o nome daquilo?
“ANYTHING ELSE?” – “Alguma coisa mais?”
“ANYTHING NEW?” - “Alguma novidade?”
“ANYWAY...” – “Seja o que for...”
“ANYHOW” – “De qualquer modo.”, “Como quer que seja.”
“ANYWHERE” – “Qualquer lugar.”
ATIVO TIVO?
I DON’T W N
YOU WANT. YOU DON’T WANT DO YOU WANT?
HE WANTS. HE DOESN’T WANT DOES HE WANT?
SHE NEEDS. SHE DOESN’T NEED. DOES SHE NEED?
IT HAS. IT DOESN’T HAVE. DOES IT HAVE?
WE DON’T
. YOU ALL O
THEY DO ’T NT?
GRAMMAR
AFFIRMATIVO NEG INTERROGA
I WANT. A T DO I WANT?
WE WANT. WANT. DO WE WANT?
YOU ALL WANT D N’T WANT. DO YOU ALL WANT?
THEY WANT. N WANT. DO THEY WA
64
MES
FRA
1 I go to church on SUNDAY. 2 I go work on MONDAY. . .
I see my family on _______. I work from ______to Friday.
I don’t work on _______. The children go to school on _______.
3. I sell a lot on TUESDAY. 4. I go the movies on FRIDAY.
They don’t have lunch on _______. He studies Spanish on _______.
He buys cheese only on _______. We like to eat fish on ________.
5 They go to club on SAT 6 Do you want to START the meetin. URDAY. . g?
I like to eat “feijoada” on _ Do you want to _______the clas_______. s?
He plays soccer on ______ Can you please _______the car? __.
. ith us. .
7 They need to COME w 8 What do you want to SAY?
He wants to _____ to the me Do you want to _____ anythingeting. ?
My sister likes to ______h Why
do you want to _____ere. _that?
Can you _______ with me? He doesn’t know what to ______.
9 I have to STAY at my work 1 I can see the PRETTY girls. . 0. .
I prefer to ______ at my home. I can see the _____tree.
We like to ______ there. I can see the _____beach.
She doesn’t like to ______with them. I can see the _____bird.
11. She is BEAUTIFUL. You have a HANDSOME father. 12.
My sister is _______. You have a ______brother.
Your swimming pool is _______. You have a ______son.
The sand here is ________. You have a ______husband.
65
13. He likes OLD cars. 14. We have a NEW magazine.
I buy _____books. We have a ____ swimming pool.
They sell _____ things. We have a ___ manager.
We have many _____ magazines. We have a ___ office.
15. He has a YOUNG wife. 16. I want to buy a SMALL car.
I see the _______ boy. She says she has a ______ apartment
We have a _______boss. Those boys prefer _____ girls.
They like _______dogs. We want that ______ cat.
the NEXT bus.
________do you like your fish? We want to see the _______show.
17. HOW do you study? 18. You need to take
________do you say that? I have to go on the ______train.
_city? ________does the baby sleep? Do you know the ______
19. I need to study YET. 20. I STILL need to study.
We have to work _____. We _____have to work.
Can you drink _____? Do you ______ drink wine?
Do they have time _____? Do the children ______have time?
21. She studies IN THE car. 22. I know a VERY old man.
I work ___ ____office. They have a _______young son.
He lives ___ ____house. He reads _______good books.
They play ___ _____sea. We prefer ________happy children.
23. I have VERY MANY friends. 24.We don’t need VERY MUCH time.
I read _______books. You don’t eat _______rice.
She has _______relatives. I don’t have ________money.
We give _______things. They want _______meat.
25. MAYBE he can stay with us. 26.They go to church BY CAR.
________it needs to eat. We come home BY BUS.
________she has to go home. I go to Miami BY PLANE.
________we can buy the car next week. She goes to her parents BY TRAIN.
66
RITM A Z E . O, R PIDE ,FLU NCIA
PHRASES
1. I want to go to the States next week. I need alot of money.
2. I don’t understand what you say. Can you speak Spanish?
3. Do you want to help the teacher? I don’t know what book he wants.
4. I like to go there with my neighbor, because she knows German.
5. I need to understand what you want, because I want to help you.
6. How do you go to school? I like to go by car, but I don’t have a car.
7. The children sleep until 7:00 everyday because of school.
8. Where do you have to go tonight? I gotta go to the office.
9. How many brothers and sisters do you have? Three brothers only.
10. He doesn’t want to stay here. He wants to go to the movies.
11. I go to the movies on the weekend, then I usually go home.
12. Do you understand me? I don’t know where you want to go.
13. I still don’t have the money to buy his bicycle. Do you have?
14. What magazines do you like to buy? I usually don’t buy magazines.
15. I need to help my wife in the kitchen. What time is it?
16. I like to have breakfast at 7:30. She has breakfast with me.
17. We usually buy the newspaper everyday but Monday. Do you understand?
18. Do you know how to play soccer? I only know how to play tennis.
19. Do you know how to read and write in English?
20. Sorry, I don’t have time to help you today. Maybe tomorrow.
Livro - PDF/LS12.pdf
67
L E S S O N T W E L V E
ominando Sons Estrangeiros
s do acento agudo no inglês, mesmo assim temos que
emorizar qual sílaba tem “batida. Este sistema arbitrária sobre a colocação da sílaba
aprendendo ler e escrever o inglês.
vo
D
Apesar de não usarmo
m
tônica torna-se muito difícil para quem está
Substanti Verbo
rebel to rebel
impact to impact
insult to insult
insert to insert
contest to contest
protest to protest
co nvert to convert
project to project
OUND STUDY
ntais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
pessoa singular do presente, em inglês,
to cria vários grupos consonantais. O “s” ou “es” tem o som /s/, /z/, ou /ez/ quando
ema surdo, sonoro, ou s,z,sh,ch,dge,
oughs melts bursts films
thinks robs resolves
asks begs disturbs
fts lisps falls boards
acts toasts comes curls
tempts lives harms
works rings burns
warps hold starves
S
Grupos consona
Adicionando o sufixo [s, es] da terceira
is
adicionado às palavras que terminam com um fon
respectivamente.
c
hopes
fits
li
re
engulfs
milks
helps s
Falar um idioma e tocar o piano são habilidades, e como qualquer perícia necessitam
de treinamento, sabendo que a pessoa vai cometer erros. Em fato errar e depois
corrigir os erros é a parte integral do processo de aprender.
68
S
OUND EXERCISES
Sons Semelhantes
/sh/ /ch/
cheap
t
sheep
sheet chea
ship chip COMPARE OS SONS
shoe chew
shop chop
chair
hin chin
cash
ash l
wish
. [carneiros]
share
s
catch
l atch
witch
1) These are SHEEP
These are CHEAP. [barato]
2) Do you want my SH
Do you want my CH
ARE? [parte]
AIR? [cadeira]
nela da perna]
T o]
/dj
jeer
Joyce
chest jest
choke joke
chin gin
char jar
chunk junk
choose jews
rich ridge
) The children CHEER. [aplaudir, torcer]
The children JEER. [zombar, escarnecer]
3) This is my SHIN. [ca
his is my CHIN. [queix
/ch/
cheer
choice
1
2) We don’t ha here. [ve a CHOICE escolha]
We don’t have a JO here. [Joyce] YCE
3) She doesn’t CHOKE. like it when I [engasgar]
She OKE . [fazer doesn’t like it when I J brincadeira]
69
/shj/ (João) /dj/
ion virgin
sion legion
this VERSION . [versão]
I don’t know this VIRGIN. [virgem]
to have PLEASURES. [prazeres]
We need to have PLEDGERS. [promissórias]
vers
pleasure pledger
le
1) I don’t know
2) We need
PARA PENSAR – “Toda língua segue suas róprias leis. p
Estamos estudando o que o idioma faz, não o por quê.”
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
“g”= dj “j” = dj
magician – mágico Jack – Jack
pigeon – pombo Joseph – José
bridge – ponte jam – geléia
large – grande Japan – Japão
gentle – pacífico jar – pote
general – general jail – prisão
G z – jazz
jeans
job – emprego
range – extensão just – só, apenas
erman – alemão jaz
engine – máquina jeans –
engineer – engenheiro
70
“i”= e
“i” = ai “i” = ur
like – gostar bird big
o sick
dirty brick – tijolo
light – luz, leve, clara birth – nasciment
right – certo
mind – mente first fish
five firm – firme dish – prato
milk child – criança, filho sir – senhor
b le third icyc English
th
It
give
bike skirt – saia wi
blind – cego shirt
side – lado flirt – coquetear,
kind – bondoso “flertar” live
pilot this
mile – milha
fine – bem
ripe – maduro
hina
ite – pipa
C
k
71
WR E V I E
) Os dias da semana tem que ser memorizados.
1
SUN DAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
DAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY.
THURS
eposição “ON” para no, *** usamos a pr na.
) O erbo
She CAN’T read English.
2 v auxiliar “CAN”:
I CAN go with you.
He CAN study in the evening. CAN my sister have a glass of water?
3) Quantidade: SOME – algum, alguma [s] – afirmativo
a – negativo
ANY - algum, alguma [s] – interrogativo
- nenhum, nenhum
NO - nenhum, nenhuma – negativo
MORE – mais
LESS – menos
MUCH - muito [adj.] quantidade
MANY – muitos, vários [adj.] numeros
A LOT - muito, um monte
A LOT OF - muito [de] quantidade e numeros
os FEW - poucos - numer
A LITTLE – um pouco [de] – quantidade
any more a lot more many less
some more a little more a little less
re a few more much less much mo
many more any less a few less
lot less
72
4) A palavra SOMETHING é usado apenas em frases
afirmativas:
I want to eat SOMETHING.
She needs SOMETHING.
5) A palavra ANYTHING é usado em frases interrogativas:
Do you want ANYTHING ?
Does it need ANYTHING ?
e também em frases negativas:
I don’t want ANYTHING.
6) YET sempre vem no final de frases:
I need to eat YET.
We need to say something YET.
7) STILL pode ser usado no início ou no meio de frases:
I STILL want to read your letter.
She knows Portuguese and she STILL speaks English.
8) Qualidade:
GOOD
BAD
STRONG – forte
WEAK (wik) – fraco
OLD
YOUNG
PRETTY (préti)
CHEAP (tchip)
EXPENSIVE
9) VERY + qualidade = TURBO QUALIDADE
VERY GOOD VERY CHEAP
VERY BAD E V RY EXPENSIVE (ekspénsev)
VERY STRONG VERY MUCH
VERY WEAK VERY MANY
VERY OLD VERY LITTLE
VERY YOUNG VERY FEW
VERY PRETTY
Livro - PDF/LS13.pdf
73
L E S S O N T H I R T E E N
OBJECTS
COMPANY TAPE
PHARMACY PARTY
JOB (diab) BRIDGE
KIDS INFORMATION
VERBS
TO VISIT / VISITED
I have to visit my family. She likes to visit us.
TO DO / DID – fazer [excutar]
I want to do my homework. What do you do there?
74
TO COOK / COOKED
My mother cooks very well. Can you cook beans?
TO FINISH / FINISHED (fênesh) – terminar
They want to finish the meeting. I can finish this.
TO MAKE / MADE (meik) – fazer[construir, confeccionar]
We know how to make a house. I can’t make lunch today.
QUALIFIERS
ALWAYS (aluêis) - sempre
NEVER - nunca
When DURING - durante
SOMETIMES - à vs ezes
ONE TIME - uma e v z
75
BEFORE – antes de
AFTER – (ééftr) – depois de
Where NEAR – perto de
FAR (fâr) - longe
FAR FROM – longe de (procedencia)
VERY WELL – muito bem
WHICH – qual, quais
SO – por isso, então, tão so cheap – tão barato
(so that) para que so good – tão bom
TURBO so many – tantos so much – tanto
so old – tão velho so far – tão longe
EXPRESSIONS
TIME – tempo, h ra, vez o
“MANY TIMES”- muitas vezes
“MUCH TIME” – muito tempo
“ON TIME” – pontualmente, na hora certa
“MIDNIGHT” – meia noite
“DAY AFTER TOMORROW” – depois de amanhã
to “DO TH
HE” – o
E DISHES” – lavar a louça
“HOW IS mo ele está? C
“HE IS FIN ” está bem. E - Ele
“HE IS MORE OR LESS” – Ele está mais ou menos.
“HE IS NOT Ele não está bem.
WELL” –
ARS ” - choran
“IN LOVE” - apaixonado
“IN BED”- na cama
PERSON” - pes
“IN TE do
“IN soalmente
“IN TIME” –
“IN TRO ol) – em apuros
à tempo
UBLE” (tráb
76
GRAMMAR TO BE – ser, estar
I AM I’M
YOU A YOU’RE
RE
HE IS HE’S
HE IS
IS
E
Negativo
S SHE’S
IT IT’S
WE ARE WE’RE
YOU ARE YOU’RE
THEY AR THEY’RE
= NOT interrogativo
I AM NOT. AM I...................?
YOU ARE NOT. ARE YOU..........?
HE IS NOT. IS HE.................?
SHE IS NOT. IS SHE.................?
IT IS NOT. IS IT...................?
WE ARE NOT. ARE WE............?
YOU ARE NOT. ARE YOU..........?
THEY ARE NOT. ARE THEY........?
77
A M E S F R
1 We want to VISIT you tomorrow. 2. I DO my hom. ework everyday.
can’t_______the job. Can________your parents? He says he
They need to________their friends. They don’t have anything to______.
He likes to_________Brazil. We don’t want to_____this anymore.
3 he can COOK very well. . S 4. We need to FINISH the job by this afternoon.
They usually_______the meat. They want to_______the meeting now.
I like to_______many things. I have to_______this book by Friday.
He wants to_______for you. Can you________this for me?
5. How do you MAKE the bread? 6. You need to go AFTER the girl.
Where do they________cheese? The bridge is ______the city.
I like to_______many things. My house is_______the pharmacy.
I need water to________the rice. Thursday comes______Wednesday.
7. The church is NEAR the store. 8. Maybe you are BEFORE me.
The car is ________the pharmacy. Usually they start________us.
My window is_______the door. I have to go home______9:00.
The fruit is_______the salad. I cook the meat_______the chicken.
9. ork.. I live FAR FROM here. 10. I ALWAYS do my homew
to cook. She works_____ _____her house. She_______likes
y. Take this_____ ______the city. We______need mone
prefer ham.
The bus is_____ ______the school. I don’t______
78
11. RING the week. They NEVER finish the book. 12. You have to come DU
the meeting. She________ goes to school on time I have to speak________
___the vacation. I ________ cook with wine. We have work ____
They _______study. She needs to study______the class.
13. I SOMETIMES like to go to the movies. 14. WHICH book do you want?
We _______go to the beach. _______ door do I close?
She _______buys pears for us. I don’t know________window to open.
__________they visit their relatives. ________fruit is more expensive?
15. I work a lot, SO I don’t go to school.
He needs
to study, ________he doesn’t play in the evening.
They don’t work, _________they don’t have much money.
We prefer the beach, _______we go there on Sunday.
16. He knows SO many people.
This house is _______ beautiful.
They work ________much.
The car is ________cheap.
79
PHRASES
1. I have many things to do today. I need to finish this now.
2. Do you want to stay at my apartment this weekend? I don’t know yet.
3. I want to visit my parents this week. They live near the church.
4. My father wants to sell his old car. He needs money for a vacation.
5. haI ve to do my homework before I go to the party tonight.
6. They don’t know how to cook very well. She wants to help them.
7. Do you know where Janet has a stor r stoe? He re is near downtown.
8. I have to take a test tomorrow, so I want to study a lot tonight.
9. Do you have time this weekend to go to the swimming pool with me?
10. She wants to finish the job before midnight, but I want go.
11. I usually go to Rio on my vacation. I always need a lot of money.
12. She cooks very well but she doesn’t know how to read nor write.
13. Do they want to sell their house? I don’t know anything about this.
14. I live with their brother. He works with my father at the bridge.
15. He doesn’t live downtown, so he has to go to work by train.
16. I don’t know how to do this. Do you want to help me after dinner?
17. Where does your neighbor usually have lunch? Sorry, I don’t know.
18. Do you know her parents? Her mother always makes good pizza.
19. How many magazines do you have with you? Do you want any more?
20. I need to sell my car because I want to buy a ticket to the States.
Livro - PDF/LS14.pdf
80
L E F E NS S O N O U R T E
is de “SONS E
SOUND STUDY – Grupos Consononta STRANHOS”
a ição de “s” ou formar o plural realiza-se igual a do morfema da terceira
A d “es” para
pessoa do singular que vimos antes:
muffs (máfs) nymphs [mfs] strengths
cats tenths surfs
wreaths banks (bênks) barks
widths scripts chirps
lifts masks bags
fifths wasps bells
facts fists (fêsts) beams
gulfs eighths [tths] wives [vz]
bulks texts [ s kingskst ]
gulps sixths [ksths] bulbs
eltsb twelfths folds
ealthsw attempts (atêmts) elms
OUND EXERCISES - Sons Semelhantes
S
/h/ / /
heel (hiil) eel
heat (hit) eat
heart (hârt) art
harm (hârm) arm
hear (híer) ear (ír)
his is
hold (hôld) old
air
hedge (héd) edge (éd)
hair (hér)
1) They want to eat the HEEL. [calcanhar] 2) We are at the HEDGE. [ cerca viva]
elétrico] They want to eat the EEL. [peixe We are at the EDGE. [beirada]
) You T it. [aquecer, esq
You can EAT it. [comer]
3 can HEA uentar]
81
/h/ /r/
hat (héét) rat
hole (hôl)
honey
heel
hope ôup)
(haid) ride (raid)
hay ray (rêi)
hear (híir) rear
hid rid (rêd)
hose rose
habit (héébet) rabbit (réébet)
ham ram (râm)
role
runny (râni)
reel
rope (r
hide
1) We don’t have any HOPE. [esperança] 2) Please, give me that HOSE. [mangueira]
We don’t have any ROPE. [corda] Please, give me that ROSE. [rosa]
3) Can you HIDE the bike? [esconder] 4) He has an old HABIT. [ hábito, vício]
Can you RIDE the bike? [andar de] He has an old RABBIT. [coelho]
/n/ /em/
kin (kên) king (kem)
sin (sên) sing (sem)
win (wên) wing (uiim)
hun (hân) hung (rá)
tan (téén) tang (tem)
thin thing
ran (réén) rang (rem)
bang (bem)
tongue
bung (bam)
1) N? [pecar]
? [cantar]
ban (béén)
ton (tân)
bun (bân)
He is my KIN. [parente] 2) Do you like to SI
He is my KING. [rei] Do you like to SING
3) BAN ão] 4) They have a TON. [tonelada]
ke the BAN ncada] They have a TONGUE. [língua]
We don’t like the . [proibiç
We don’t li G. [pá
82
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
O h nicial das palavras, em in ês, é pronunciado expirando levemente. “ ” i gl
have head – cabeça half
has hair – cabelo heart – coração
here hen – galinha help
house ham high – alto
tle” = tal “ble” = bal “gle” = gal “ple” = pal “dle” = dal
agreeable – agradável
sensible - sensato capable - capaz
ble - capaz little - pequeno possible - possível
oble - nobre candle - vela impossible – impossível
credible - incrível middle - meio
“o”, “ou” – a
“
angle - ângulo simple – simples
tangle - enrolar
a
n
in
some – mel compass - bússola honey
come double – dobro money - dinheiro
something –
comfort – co o
algo rough – rude, áspero monkey – macaco
nf rto tough – forte mother – mãe
color – cor touch – car from to
company - companhia love – amor
83
R E V I E W
) fazer1 O verbo to DO – no sentido e
DO this.
xecutar:
I don’t want to
She doesn’t DO anything in the morning.
2) O verbo to MAKE – fazer no sentido construir, fabricar:
How do you MAKE bread. I can’t MAKE pizza.
3) Qualidades: GOOD
BAD
STRONG
TURBO WEAK (wik)
OLD
VERY + YOUNG (yan)
PRETTY
UGLY
C AP (tchip) HE
ENSIVE EXP
4) Where: BEFORE AFTER NEAR FAR FROM
5) When: ALWAYS NEVER USUALLY SOMETIMES
DURING ONE TIME ON TIME BEFORE AFTER
6) A palavra TIME tem vários usos:
Tempo – I don’t have time. We have very little time.
H What time do you want to go? ora – What time is it?
Vez – I eat three times a day They go to church one time on Sunday.
7) WHAT – WHERE – WHEN – WHY – WHO – HOW
“HOW MUCH” - “HOW MANY”
8) Uma palavra que dá seqüência é SO.
I need money, SO I have to work.
We want to go, SO we have to buy the tickets.
9) SO também funciona como tão:
I am SO happy today. TURBO
This car is SO expensive.
Livro - PDF/LS15.pdf
84
L E S S O N F I F T E E N
OBJECTS
COUSIN (kâzn) - primo(a) CHRISTMAS
AID M EASTER (ístr)
TRIP – viagem DOCTOR
HO KITCHEN UR (áuor) – hora [60 min.]
DISHES
MINUTE – minuto
85
CUT TURKEY
ARM GAME - jogo
– aprender
I want to learn
VERBS
TO LURN / LURND
your name. He can learn the game.
TO WAK / WAKT andar, caminhar
I like to walk to the store. She can’t walk yet.
TO WASH / WASHT
You need to wash the car. She wants to wash the dog.
86
TO TAK / TAKT
I need to talk to you. They never talk with us.
HURT
TO HURT / ferir, machucar, doer
I d on’t want to hurt you. She hurts me.
QUALIFIERS
WHO – quem
Quando usamos WHO, o ve recebe o som “s” ou “z” como n
3ª pessoa do singular:
rbo a
WHO wants to work with me? Do you know WHO likes fish?
Comparativos
MORE (....) LESS (....) THAN THAN
( Big,
happy, tired, expensive, f ar...)
mais ( ) o menos ( )
eno (
s men (
o
a mais ( ) a menos ( )
os mais ( ).. de THE MOST (...) os m s ) ... de THE LEAST (...)
as mais ( ) a os )
GOOD (gôd) – bom BAD – mal
BETTER THAN – melhor qu WORSEe THAN – pior que
THE BEST – o melhor THE WORST – a pior
IMPORTANTE MEMORIZAR
87
EXPRESSIONS
“AT THE VERY WORST” – “no pior dos casos”
“A DAY” / “ PER DAY” – “por dia”
TIMES “A WEEK” / “ PER WEEK” – “por semana”
ês” “A MONTH” / PER MONTH” – “por m
“A YEAR” / “PER YEAR” – “por ano”
“FOR BREAKFAST” – “no café da manhã”
“FOR LUNCH” – “no almoço”
“FOR DINNER” – “na janta”
“HOW MUCH” – quanto [quantidade]
“HO
“W
“JU
GR
W MANY” – quantos [numeral]
AIT A MINUTE!” – “Espere um minuto!”
ST A MINUTE!” – “Só um minuto!”
AMMAR
BIG PARTY – festa grande
NEW STORE – loja nova
LITTLE GIRL – menina pequena
88
1. You need to LEARN the lesson. 2. We like to WALK to the church.
He never ________ to the beach. I can’t _______this.
I usDo they want to ______English? ually________ for two hours.
They never _________. e can _______ . Sh to your house
3. He needs to WASH the horse. 4. We need to TALK with you tomorrow.
They want to ________ their car. Can the baby ________?
You need to ________ your kitchen. Can she _________ to me?
The maid __________ the dishes I always______ to her at church.
5. I have a GOOD car. 6. They don’t want to HURT the animal.
I have a _______ wife. Sorry that I_______you.
We have a _______teacher. This cut doesn’t _____very much.
He has a ________job. I_______my arm in the game.
7. Do you know WHO likes turkey? 8. He has a BETTER car.
_________is your new doctor? You don’t have a _______wife.
_________washes the dishes for you? Our class is _____ than their class.
I don’t know _______does these things. Do you want to be a _______doctor?
9. She is the BEST maid. 10. He is a BAD teacher.
We are ______ friends. This is a _________time.
Who has the _______car? Don’t be a ________ boy.
This is the _________store. You don’t want a _______maid.
11. This car is WORSE than that car. 12. You are the WORST student.
Your cut is ______than my scrape. They have the ______job.
This year is _______than before. That is the _______trip.
She washes dishes______than I. My cousin is the _______boy.
89
13. I eat only two times A DAY. 14. HOW MUCH time do we have?
We study one time ________. _________fruit do you want to buy?
They go five times _________. _________meat do they want?
He drinks water four times ________. _________is this car?
15. HOW MANY children do you have? 16. I like eggs FOR BREAKFAST.
________ birds do you see? He eats meat FOR LUNCH.
Do you know______ girls are here? What do you want FOR DINNER.
_______ hours does this take? We want something __________.
PHRASES
1. I don’t know how to do this. Do you want to help me?
2. I don’t need to write to them this week. I can write next week.
3. He wants to go to the store with Sally, so he needs some money.
4. You need to wash he t dish s befe ore we can go to the movies.
5. Where can I learn to make those things? You have to go to the class.
6. I talk with my brother in Utah two times a month. He works there.
7. Do you know that maid? How many children does she have?
8. Our manager doesn’t live in this city. He lives in the country.
9. How much time do we have for this job? We don’t have a lot of time.
10. They don’t like to go to the swimming pool with their neighbors.
11. I take my kids to the beach two times per week. They always like this.
12. She doesn’t take her kids to school. They usually go by bus.
13. I want to buy this book for him. He likes to read these books.
14. Do you want to sell this tape to her? She says she needs a tape.
15. Where do you work? I don’t work, I only study. My wife works.
16. They want to give you a ticket to Disney World. They like you.
17. You can make anything but rice. We don’t like to eat rice.
18. You need to take them to the beach on Wednesday.
19. Our old neighbor never closes his windows. Maybe he wants to.
20. We don’t have any information about the test. It is very long.
Livro - PDF/LS16.pdf
90
X T E E NL E S S O N S I
SOUN TRANHOSD STUDY - Grupos Consonantais de “SONS ES
O passado e o particípio passado dos verbos regulares em inglês são formados pela
adição d] ao verbo.
Aqui ta onantais estranhos ao português:
[lsht]
crunched [ncht]
inced [nst]
rent
rag
rage
weed read
wide ride
rill
row
writ
1) You ) He is in the WEST room.(sala oeste)
You ROOM. (toalete)
3) Sh no an you see to WEED? (limpar mato)
She r)
de um morfema [-d] ou [-e
mbém se formam grupos cons
robbed [bd] world [rld] welched
begged [gd] armed [rmd]
enraged [djd] darned [rnd] m
formed [rmd] carved [rvd] linked [ngt]
/w/ /r/
west rest
went
wag
wage
weep reap
will
woe
wit
don’t need to WEEP. (chorar) 2
don’t need to REAP. (ceifar) He is in the REST
e t in the WILL. (testamento) 4) C is
is not in the RILL. (riacho) Can you see to READ? (le
91
RONUNCIATION EXERCISES -
A letra “u” , em inglês pode ser pronunciada de diversas maneiras.
“u” = a
P
much – muito cut – cortar
drum – tambor brush – escova
nut – noz ugly – feio
number sun – sol
under – embaixo de fun – divertimento
uncle – tio gun – arma de fogo
dumb – mudo truck – caminhão
duck – pato bus
mud – lama lunch
“u” = iu
union – união utensil - utensílio
universe accuse - acusar
university – (iunevírciti) pupil - aluno
unit – unidade muse - musa
–
usic fuel - combustível
use usar mule - besta
m
pure – puro excuse me
“u” = u “w” = W
blue – azul woman
stupid – bobo wear – v s e tir, usar
uit what fr
juice where
tube – tubo when
nutrition (nutríxén) why?
produce – produzir word - palavra
student – estudante wood - madeira
92
PARA PENSAR – Lembra que o inglês é um idioma estranho, e não nossa
língua “mãe”. Então as vezes é preciso (e válido) criar lembretes mentais, ou maçetes
para lembrar coisas problemáticas. Como para nós no inglês é difícil sempre de
lembrar PUXE sendo que PUSH em inglês é empurrar, e toda vez que chegamos
numa porta tem que lembrar.
REVIEW
1) Uma palavra que dá seqüência é SO.
I need money, SO I have to work.
to go, SO we have buy t
2) SO também funciona como tão
We want to he tickets.
:
I am SO happy today.
This car is SO expensive.
3) São três maneiras de dizer no natal ou na páscoa ou outra data:
ON Christmas / ON Easter / ON your birthday– no dia
AT Christm
FOR Christmas birthday – a razão por que
as / AT Easter / AT your birthday – no período
/ FOR Easter / FOR
your
4) A palavra TRIP é viagem. 5) Temos o verbo TO HURT:
O verbo TRAVEL é viajar. I HURT their dog.
I need to make a TRIP. She always HURTS me.
I need to TRAVEL.
6) WHO é quem e o verbo tem “s” n
WHO needs this book?
Do you know WHO wants to go?
o final:
7) Comparativos. GOOD BETTER THAN THE BEST
BAD WORSE THAN THE WORST
8) HOW MUCH – quanto [quantidade]
9) HOW MANY - quantos [numeral]
10) FOR BREAKFAST – no café
FOR LUNCH – no almoço FOR DINNER – na janta
11) No inglês a adjetivo vem antes do substantivo:
BIG BOY – menino grande
OLD HOUSE – casa velha
NEW STORE – loja nova
Treinar muito!
Livro - PDF/LS17.pdf
93
O N S E V E N T E E N L E S S
OBJECTS
UNCLE tio FOOD
AUNT – tia COOKIES
BOX CAKE
DESSERT CORNER
GARAGE ICE
94
BIRTHDAY ICE CREAM
FARM PINEAPPLE
ROAD AVOCADO
BUILDING ROAST
VERBS
EED / NEEDED I needed
N to finish this. She needed to go with us.
SPEAK / SPOKE I spoke to your father. They spoke at the meeting.
DRINK / DRANK He drank a lot tonight. We drank juice last night.
AT / ATE We ateE turkey for Christmas. They ate fish.
95
QUALIFIERS
ALREADY (alrédi) – já
ALL – todo, toda
EVERY – todo, cada
EACH - cada
YESTER DAY - ontem
LAST – último, passado
t
(las w ) eek
POOR – (pó ) rer - pob
RICH – (rêtch) - rico
SAD – triste
RIGHT – certo
WRONG – errado
WONDERFUL ravilhoso – ma
EXCITING - em n ocio ante
“SOFT DRINK” - refrigerante
EXPRESSIONS
“SODA” - refrigerante
“A LITTLE” (lê um pouco rol) –
“HOW LONG” – quanto tempo
“WHAT ABOUT...?” – que tal...?
nd) – O que aconteceu? “WHAT HAPPENED” (hépe
“DAY BEFORE YERTERDAY” - anteontem
“NIGHT BEFORE LAST” – anteontem à noite
I DIDN’T LIKE.
SHE DIDN’T WANT.
DID YOU GO ? – você foi?
LIKE ? - ele gostou ?
GRAMMAR
DID HE
96
- F R A M E S -
1. We NEEDED to study tonight. 2. She SPOKE to the manager .
I______with your father.
The girl______to them.
I________to go.
She________to help me.
They________their mother.
We______to your mother.
3. He DRANK beer at the party. 4. The kids ATE the food.
They________juice with their lunch. W e____the cookies in the kitchen.
I never________ coffee. Your sister_____all the cheese.
She________wine at the dinner. They______our dinner.
5. She ALREADY ate her dinner. 6. I know ALL your family.
They________can speak English. She knows____their birthdays.
It’s________ten o’clock. We ate____the cake.
The taxi is______here. Do you know____the names?
7. I go to school EVERY week. 8. I need the name of EACH boy in the class.
We study______ lesson. She already finished _____cake.
I know______corner of this city. He started ____ conversation.
They want to buy_____pineapple. They want to take one for_____daughter.
9. Did you go to work YESTERDAY? 10. I spoke LAST week.
Did she do her homework_________? She spoke_______year.
Did you go to the beach_________? They wanted to speak_____ night.
We didn’t close the store_________. He is the______boy.
11. I want to help my POOR friend. 12. I have a RICH uncle.
Can you see the ______children? We know a_____
_man.
This is a_______city. Frank is very________.
The teachers are very_______.
You have to be______to live there.
97
13. The teacher doesn’t like SAD students. 14. You need to do the RIGHT thing.
Today is a very_____day for us. He never does what is_____for him.
You don’t want to be____today. Do you know the______road to go?
I see my____mother. u didn’t buy the Yo _____ice cream.
15. Why di ou go the WRONG road? 16. I have WONDERFUL friendd y s.
This is the_______book. She has________parents.
They have the_______box. You have a________family.
That is the_______building. These are_______cookies.
17. They need to buy more SODA. 18. I need A LITTLE more time.
We like to drink_________. We still have_________food.
I drank_______ at the party. She only ate______dessert.
She doesn’t drink__________. It needed_________ice.
19. We DIDN’T like the new manager. 20.Do you know HOW LONG we’re here?
They______speak to us yet. I don’t know_____ ____it can take.
I_______do my homework. ___ ___do you know this girl?
She______want to go to the beach. __ ____can we stay?
2 WHAT HAPPENED at the bank y1. esterday?
Do you know__________here?
__________with your car?
I don’t know__________to him.
98
22. We didn’t work DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY.
She didn’t study___________.
Where did you go__________?
They drank beer___________.
23. DID they study with you?
______you know the boss?
_____she work yesterday?
P H R A S E S
1. I needed to talk with my uncle yesterday morning about the farm.
2. She spoke very much at my party. She spoke about her family.
3. I ate cookies, cake and pineapple for breakfast yesterday.
4. They drank all the juice at the school . ’t eat anythi gparty I didn n .
5. I already spoke with my boss on Mon b is bir daday a out h th y.
6. Did you eat anything before the class today? I ate some cake.
7. I have to go home now, because my o like to st h lf. son d esn’t ay by imse
8. We spoke with our parents about t ei iti p to New York.h r exc ng tri
9. I drank a glass of milk, because I didn’t want to have dinner.
10. Did you say to him why we didn’t go th y day? No, I didnere ester ’t.
11. How did you know where I lived? I n d k to y u t eede to tal o abou this.
12. Each year we learn more and more about his family.
13. Did you know that Frank wants to go to the movies with you?
14. My brother eats avocado for dessert. I always prefer ice cream.
15. Her boss didn’t like the coffee. She makes coffee every day.
16. Those children never come to any meetings. They live very far.
17. Why do you have to go now? Because I have to get up in the morning.
18. How many times a year do you go to visit your relatives?
19. What happened to your uncle day before yesterday? He drank a lot.
20. She says, she can’t understand why these are so expensive.
Livro - PDF/LS18.pdf
99
L E S S O N E I G H T E E N
U
SOUND ST DY -
Grupos consonontais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
Certos grupos consonontais em início de palavras, por serem estranhos
ao nosso sistema, acabão recebendo uma vogal de apoio – uma reação normal – mas
ue cria problemas: q
estate – patrimônia state - estado
espy - avistar spy - espionar, espião
espouse - desposar spouse -
cônjuge
esteem (estím) – respeito steam - vapor
estrange – afastar strange - estranho
Islam – islã slam – bater com força
SOUNDS EXERCISES
sons semelhantes
de superar. A produção correta dos alofon pode ser difícil
es
/b/ /p/
pear (per)
in
árvore)
Do you want the pill? (pílula) The PARK is very dark.(parque)
) We didn’t buy BEARS. (ursos) 4) She has an old BUN . (pãozinho)
We didn’t buy PEARS. (peras) She has an old PUN . (jogo de palavras)
) Can you see the BALL? (bola)
Can you see the PALL? (paleta)
bear
bin p
bay pay
bark park
bill pill
bun (bân) pun (pân)
bunch punch
bus pus (pâs)
beach (bitch) peach (pitch)
ball pall
) Do you want the bill? (conta) 2) The BARK is very dark.(casca de1
3
5
100
1) This is a very sad DALE. (vale) /d/ /t/
This is a very sad TALE. (conto) dame tame
deer (dír) tear (tir)
2) To drink is the DOOM of many. (destino) deem (dim) team (tim)
To drink is the TOMB of many. (túmulo) doll tall
dale tale
3) Give them more DIPS. (mergulhos) dare (dér) tear (tér)
Give them more TIPS. (dicas) den ten
duck tuck
4) I can see many DUCKS here. (patos) dent tent
I can see many TUCKS here. (pregas) dip (dêp) tip (têp)
doom tomb (t úm)
Dick (dêk) tick
/k/
/g/
1 That is a very small GAUGE. (bitola) goal (gôal) coal ) (cóal)
That is a very small CAGE. (gaiola) gall call
coat (côt)
)
ghost (gôst) coast
gash cash
goat (gôt)
2 She can’t see the GUARD. (guarda) gauge cage
She can’t see the CARD. (cartão)
3) He never sees the GHOST. ( fastama) gauze (gaz) cause (cáas)
He never sees the COAST. (litoral) gay kay (kei)
cold
guard (gárd) card (cárd)
gold
4) They always like to buy GOATS. (cobras)
They always like to buy COATS. (casacos)
101
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
A pronúncia do “ed” no final dos verbos regulares na forma do passado, pode ser feita
de três maneiras diferentes:
. 1 “ed”= id – sempre que o verbo terminar por ted ou ded , no passado, pronuncie o
ed:
to end – ended
(terminou) to paint – painted (pintou)
to start – started (começou) to rest – rested (descansou)
to want – wanted (desejou) to wait – waited (esperou)
to add – added (acrescentou) to last – lasted (durou)
to invent – invented to decide – decided (decidiu)
to pretend – pretended (fingiu)
2. “ed”= t - o ed é pronunciado t se vier depois de um som surdo como os sons k –
– –
talk (falo kiss – kissed (beijou)
to ask – asked (perguntou) to miss – missed (faltou)
to look – looked (olhou) to dance – danced (faltou)
to like – liked (gostou) to march – marched (marchou)
to stop – stopped (parou) to watch – watched (assistiu)
3. “ed”= d – o ed
p s sh – ch – f – th :
to talk – ed u) to
é pronunciado d depois de sons sonoros como os sons dos
cleaned (limpou)
to fill – filled (encheu) to explain – explained (explicou)
to call – called (chamou) to answer–answered (respondeu)
to cry – cried (chorou) to change – changed (trocou)
to show – showed (mostrou) to live – lived
“ee” = i “ea” = i
(ver) eat (comer)
bee (abelha) tea (chá)
tree (árvore) cream (creme)
need dream (sonho)
seed (semente) eagle (águia)
sleep team (time)
week meat
beet (beterraba) beat (bater)
t (pés) leave (partir)
vogais,b, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, z, th:
to play - played to clean –
see
fee
102
R E V I E W
1 HOW MUCH – qua) nto [não contável]
2) HOW MANY - quantos [contáveis]
3) FOR BREAKFAST - no café / FOR LUNCH – no almoço/ FOR DINNER – na janta
4) O adjetivo vem antes do substantivo:
RICH man OLD house NEW store
5) DESSERT – sobremesa / desert – deserto
6) BIRTHDAY – é dia de nascimento então só usa para quando alguém faz anos e
) O afirmativo
não uma empresa ou aniversário de casamento
7 no passado adiciona “ed” nos verbos regulares:
NEEDED WANTED LIKED
Verbos irregulares
tem suas formas próprias no passado:
ATE DRANK SAW SPOKE
8) O negativo e o interrogativo no passado muda apenas o verbo auxiliar DO para
DID:
I DIDN ‘T like the boss. We DIDN’T go to New York.
I don’t like the boss. We don’t go to New York.
DID you like the cake?
Do you like the cake?
9) ALL – todo, toda 10) EVERY – todo, toda
I work all week. I go to work every day.
They drank all the juice I speak to every girl at the party.
11) EACH - cada 12) I studied LAST week.
I have to study each book two times. She worked with me LAST Thursday.
They need to learn each expression.
Livro - PDF/LS19.pdf
103
L E S S O N N I N E T E E N
OBJECTS
NIECE (níss) – sobrinha HOLIDAY - feriado
NEPHEW (nêfiu) – sobrinho ANIVERSARY - aniversário
GRANDMOTHER ADVANTAGE - vantagem
GRANDFATHER DISADVANTAGE - desvantagem
WOMAN POST OFFICE - correio
MAN MUSEUM - museu
HUMAN BEING GYM
104
DENTIST FACTORY
JUDGE FIELD
CLERK PARK
GUITAR
TED
ted
VERBS
WANT / WAN
They wan to go with us. I wanted to see you.
SEE / SAW
She saw the pretty field. e W saw them yesterday.
WORK / WORKED
I worked all week. They worked for Bob.
LAYED PLAY / P
105
My kids played in the park. One time he played sax.
QUALIFIERS
SOON – logo, em breve
AGAIN – de novo, outra vez
BETWEEN – entre (dois pontos)
AMONG – entre (no meio de)
UNDER - embaixo de
OVER – por cima de
ACROSS – através (po ro do, cruzando) r cima, do out la
EXPRESSIONS
“ALL DAY” – o dia todo
“DAY AFTER DAY” – s a dia apó di
“NIGHT AFTE te pós noite R NIGHT” – noi a
“YEAR AFTER YEAR” – ano após ano
“HOUR AFTER HO ora após hora UR” – h
“SOONER OR LATER s cedo ou mais tarde ” – mai
“THE SOONER TH ” – quanto antes melhor E BETTER
“FOR SURE” – com certeza, certamente
“I’M SURE” – tenho certeza, estou certo que...
“I’M NOT SURE” – não tenho certeza
“to TAKE ADVANTAGE OF…” – aproveitar-se de
ESTA TEM QUE SER MEMORIZADO! – IMPORTANTISSIMO!
“THERE IS” – existe [singular] an at the door. There is a m
“THERE ARE” – existem [plur re three kids here. al] There a
“IS THERE?” – existe? Is there a dog in the car?
“ARE THERE?” – existem? Are there kids at this school?
106
EXSISTE / OBJET O / LUGAR
BANK MANAGER – gerente de banco
WHO ate? – quem comeu?
AN – CAN’T – poder [presente]
GRAMMAR
SOCCER GAME – jogo de futebol
ENGLISH TEACHER – professor de inglês
WHO needed? – quem precisou?
WHO spoke ? – quem falou?
WHO was? -quem era?
C
COULD – COULDN’T – poder [passado]
To BE (passado)
I WAS I WASN’T WAS I?
YOU WERE YOU WEREN’T WERE YOU?
HE WAS HE WASN’T WAS HE?
SHE WAS SHE WASN’T WAS SHE?
IT WAS IT WASN’T WAS IT?
REN’T WERE WE?
YOU ALL WERE YOU ALL WEREN’T WERE YOU ALL?
WE WERE WE WE
THEY WERE THEY WEREN’T WERE THEY?
107
- F R A M E S -
1. tore. They WANTED to see the animal. 2. We SAW you at the s
__me.
She______to speak with you. I______your sister yesterday.
He______to take the guitar. She says she ______
e car.
I______to study this afternoon. They ____ your cat in th
3. AYED at the park. I WORKED all week. 4. My kids PL
_____soccer all afternoon. They _____ for my father. They
She ______ in the kitchen yesterday. He _______ with them until 4:00.
before.
We _______ there last year. I never ______this
5. I want to eat SOON. 6. We want to travel AGAIN soon.
work ___. We need to go _______. You gotta do the home
____please?They have to sleep ________. Can you say that_
ts to work _______. He wants dessert ________. She wan
7. We are BETWEEN two beaches. 8. You are AMONG friends.
They are ________those buildings. The cats are _______the trees.
It’s _______ them. The field is _____ the factories.
The car is _____ me and you. He is ______ those that study.
9. Your book is UNDER the guitar. 10. Now we are OVER the building.
The man was ________ my car. The birds were ______the fields.
I can see the dog _______ the house. It’s _________ the new window.
The boy is _________ the tree. The window is ________ you.
11. The cat is ACROSS t LL DAY. he road. 12. I worked A
He goes ________ to the church. She didn’t want to study ______.
They live ________ the sea. They wanted to stay _________.
She walks __ ___ at the park. ____ the beach. We played _____
1 to study DAY AFTER DAY. 14. She studied NIGHT AFTER NIGHT. 3. I have
They worked ___________at the job. He is at the gym ____________.
____________ we see them play. I have to work _____________.
He plays guitar ____________. We go to school_____________.
108
1 16. I’M SURE that Joh5. He wants to see her HOUR AFTER HOUR. n wants to go.
_________ theyThey play the guitar _________________. want to help you.
________you can sThe human being lives _______________. tay here tonight.
__________he__________ the judge saw problems. saw the advantages.
1 T SURE we have time for this. They need to TAKE ADVAN7. I’M NO 18. TAGE of the job.
He wants to _____________ she needs a doctor. ___ of our time.
__________ of what I need to do. d. I want to _______ of this brea
You have to ________ of your tr__________ where my nephew is. ip.
1 IS a cat at the door. THERE’RE t9. THERE 20. hings in the museum.
______some pr______ some cake in the kitchen. oblems with my car.
_______five judges in this city. I know where ________a pretty park.
________ pineapple for dessert. I can’t see where_____ advantages.
21. IS THERE more juice? 22. ARE THERE any disadvantages?
________ any more coffee? _____children that need to go home?
________ time to see Jane? _______ many problems today?
________ a cat in the tree? _______ girls at the party?
23. I spoke with the BANK MANAGER. 24. WHO needs to go to the store?
We didn’t go to the SOCCER GAME. ____ understands the lesson?
She talked with the ENGLISH TEACHER. _____ is the dentist?
Did you see the POST OFFICE CLERK? Do you know ______ is here?
25. I COULD go to th 26. I COULDN’T stay at the hotel. e beach today.
ive us th mation. They _______ do their homework. She_______g e infor
We ________ have a wonderful time. He _______ sell his house.
You ___ We _______ unde nd our nie __ __ do the job by yourself. rsta ce.
2 They WERE at the party. . My car WAS very old. 7. 28
The ___ The horse _______ so big. y _ __ never on time.
The kids ______ always at school. My dog this m ______better orning.
109
The cookies ______ with Susan. His hou en lasse _______ op t night.
PHRASES
1. We don’t want to go to the States this year. We don’t have money.
2. I can’t go downtown with you today. I have to work all day.
3. He worked in my office until noon. Yes y, he P.M.terda worked until 3:00
4. Do you have time to take me to the post office this afternoon?
5. She never writes letters to he n She e. r gra dmother. doesn’t have tim
6. He likes to read to his kids t, the y sleep. at nigh n the
7. They want to come here at Christmas. They always come by train.
8. I need to go to the store again. I didn’t buy the things I needed.
9. I worked yesterday but I don’t work today. Today is a holiday.
10. My nephew likes to eat cak m ikes to play e and y niece l the guitar.
11. I need to go to the dentist this month. Do you know a good dentist?
12. M child the end. We g k. y ren like to play with me on week o to the par
13. Their niece wants to go to th ce bea h, but they have to work tomorrow.
Bob says he only likes cake.
15. Who opened the door? I don’t know. I couldn’t see.
14. Do you like to eat cookies?
16. I need to take my car downtown. There are many garages there.
17. They always want to do things that we don’t like to do.
18. They manager usually goes to his job by bus. Does he have a wife?.
19. When do you like to do your homework? Do you do it by yourself?
20. I have to go to the pharmacy. I was hurt by the animal.
Livro - PDF/LS20.pdf
110
L E S S O N E N T Y T W
S U O ND STUDY
onsonantais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”Fonemas C
Nessa orrência de certos fonemas
ncia, pois a tendência a se
em a utra palavra de significado
e:
brandy (brandi) – conhaque marca
cookie a
dusty – empoeirado dust – poeira
monkey – macaco monk - monge
patty (páti) – bolinho achatado pat – tapinha de leve
ready (rédi) – pronto red – vermelho
roomy (rumi) room – quarto, sala, espaço
study (stâdi) stud – tacha, prego, reprodutor
sunny (sâni) – enrolado sun – sol
tidy (taide) – arrumado tide – maré
coffee cough – those
forty (fórti) fort – forte
distribuição dos fonemas sendo a não-oc
em posição final, no português, cria dificuldades de pronú
acrescentar uma vogal de apoio dá orig uma o
diferent
brand –
cook – cozinheiro,
county (câunti) – condado count – contar
dirty – sujo dirt – terra, sujeira
111
SOUND ISES - Sons Semelhantes EXERC
/r/ /t/
ou know prop.) éuri) patty
ou know e prop.) Betty
tter
pettish
ttie
tic
y didn’t fin REL. (barril) petty
battle
rima) jetty
started th
/al/
he give y e same ROW? (file goal
Did he give you the same ROLE? foe foal
(papel, desempenho no teatro) bow bowl (boal)
mow mole (moal)
1) Do y HARRY? (nome parry (p
Do y HATTIE? (nom berry
bearer (bérer) be
2) We can see CAROL. (nome pro.) perish
We can see CATTLE. (gado) Harry Ha
Erick at
3) The ish the BAR perry
They didn’t finish the BATTLE. (batalha) barrel
Carol cattle
4) We started the PARRY. (defesa, em esg Jerry
We e PATTY. (bolinho)
/ou/
1) Did ou th ira) go
2) She wants to buy a new BOW. (arco) row
roll (roal)
She wants to buy a new BOWL. show shoal
tow toll
) My FOE can’t walk. (inimigo) sew (sou) soul (soal)
My FOAL can’t walk. (potrinho) hoe hole (hoal)
dough dole (doal)
3
4) I was near the HOE. (enxada)
I was near the HOLE. (buraco)
112
/ /i iu/ l/
ue (kíu) ill
chew (tiu) chill
few fill
hew hill
mew mill
ewe (íu) ill
1) You have to CUE the speaker. (dar sinal) 2) She needs to CHEW it. (mastigar)
You have to KILL the speaker. (matar) She needs to CHILL it. (esfriar)
/L seguido de consoante/
boat (bout) bolt (bôlt)
coat colt
code (côude) cold
goad (gôud) gold
hoed (rôude) hold
mode (môud) mold
ode (ôud) old
road rolled (rôuled)
c k
1) That’s a very old BOAT. (barco) 2) He wants to buy a new COAT. (casaco)
That’s a very old BOLT. (ferrolho) e wants to buy a new COLT. (potro) H
113
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES –
“ou” ‘/ “au” / “aw” = “ou” = au o
boundary – fronteira
ught – procurou ntar
ought – pen
ngar
r – hora
house
ud – alto-som
laundry –lavanderia lounge – sala de estar
ughty – travesso lousy – sem voltar
mountain – montanha
mouse – camundongo
Austrália mouth – boca
Austrian – austríaco out – fora
automatic outlaw – a fora-da-lei
a
auxiliary – auxiliar round – redondo
viu, serra
uch! –
a uta
brought – trouxe bound – limite
bought – comprou
so count – co
fought – lutou counsel – conselho
th sou doubt – dúvida
caught – pegou fountain – fonte
taught – ensinou ground – chão
haunted – assombrado grouch – resmu
sausage – salsicha hou
cause – causa
daughter lo
na
nought – zero
August – agosto
utomobile – automóvel outside – exterior
saw – south – sul
law – lei couch – sofá
raw – cru o ai!
brawn – forç br about
gout – artrite
114
“ow” = ou
“ow” = au “ou”
now would – low – baixo condicional
cow – vaca should – devia below – abaixo
how could – podia blow – soprar
wow! - oba bow – arco
o bowl – tijela
bowling – boliche
power – poder grow – crescer
towel – toalha mow cortar grama
town – vilarejo own – possuir
flower – flor row – fileira
owl – c ruja
tower – torre
115
R E V I E W
1) No passado verbos regulares + ed, mas faz 3 sons (éd) (t) (d)
) No passado verbos irregulares tem sua forma própria:
SPOKE ATE (êit) DRANK (draink) SAW
) O passado negativo
NEEDED (nided) PLAYED (pléid) LIKED (láikt)
2
3 e interrogativo troca “DO” por “DID”:
’T want to stay. DID you speak to her? We DIDN
She DIDN’T e the food. DID she say anything? lik
4) ALL – todo, toda
5) EVERY – todo, c ada
6) EACH – cada
7 s os GRAND para palavras como neto, avó, avô, neta etc...: ) U am
ANDSON
NDDAUGHTER
PARENTS GRANDCHILDREN
IECE
EPHEW ISTER
AUNT MOTHER DAUGHTER KIDS
) ANIVERSARY é aniversário de casamento ou empresas etc., passagem de ano.
0)BIRTHDAY é “dia de nascimento” só usado para celebrar o dia em que naceu.
1) O qualificador AGAIN é importante e frequentemente usado.
GRANDMOTHER GR
GRANDFATHER GRA
GRAND GRANDKIDS /
8) Para pessoas da família já temos:
COUSIN N FATHER BROTHER
UNCLE N SON S
9
1
1
12) ALL DAY – o dia todo EVERYDAY – todo dia
– There is a dog at the door.
IS THERE?
ARE THERE?
(kên) – CAN’T (kênt) – poder [presente]
13) THERE IS
THERE ARE – There are two boys at the door.
14) CAN
Livro - PDF/LS21.pdf
116
N’T – poder COULD – COULD [passado]
L E S S O N T W E N T Y
– O N E
JANUARY DECEMBER (dicémbr) (díenueri)
(nouvémbr) FEBRUARY (fébiuari)
MARCH (marte)
APRIL (eipról) SEPTEMBER (setémbr)
MAY (mêi) AUGUST (ágôst)
(diún) JULY
IN - em NOVEMBER
OCTOBER (aktôbr)
JUNE (diulái)
OBJECTS
RIVER MOTORCYCLE
BLOCK INSTRUMENT
CLUB PRICE
117
CIRCUS CUSTOMER (câstamr) – freguês
PO CLOWN (cláun) PCORN
VERBS
GO / WENT (wênt)
Last night I went to the circus. They went with me.
STUDY / STUDIED
Yesterday we studied a lot. She studied the lesson.
SLEEP / SLEPT (slépt)
I slept at their house. We slept in the car.
(láik) (láikt) LIKE / LIKED
My mother liked the new house. She liked the doors.
QUALIFIERS
EARLY (êrli) – cedo, adiantado
LATE (lêit) – tarde, atrasado
SLOW (slôu) – lento
(slôuli) – lentamente SLOWLY
MIDDLE OF(mêdol) – meio de
ALONG (alan) – junto, junto-a [ WITH]
TOGETHER – junto [duas partes] [WITH]
118
EXPRESSIONS
“TOMORROW MORNING” – amanhã de manhã
“DAY AFTER TOMORROW”- depois de amanhã
“NEXT WEEK”
“THERE IS NOT” / “THERE ISN’T” – não existe (singular)
“THERE ARE NOT” / “THERE AREN’T” – não existem (plural)
“THERE WAS” – existia (singular passado)
“THERE WERE” - existiam (plural passado)
“BY MYSELF” “BY ITSELF”
“BY OURSELVES” (baiârselvs)
“BY HIMSELF” “BY YOURSELVES” (baiôrselvs)
SELVES”
GR
Par
“BY YOURSELF” (baiôrseilf)
“BY HERSELF” “BY THEM
AMMAR
a formar o futuro usamos o verbo auxiliar “WILL”.
arn.
I go. They learn.
I WILL go. They WILL le
She studies It eats
She WILL study It WILL eat.
with me?
study.
y.
kids come?
T come.
WILL he go today? WILL they study
He WILL NOT go. They WILL NOT
He WON’T go. They WON’T stud
WILL you do this? WILL the
I WILL NOT do this. The kids WILL NO
I WON’T do this. The kids WON’T come.
119
- FRAMES -
. I visit my friends in JULY. 2. We needed to work in JANUARY.
1
We went to the beach in_________. I went to many parties in________.
She wants to come here in _______. They want to buy the car in_______.
My class finishes in ________. She doesn’t have school in ______.
3. WE WENT to the circus. 4. I STUDIED all night.
She ______ to the store. He ______ his verbs.
I _______ to his farm. We ______ the English book.
They ______ with us. They ______ at Oxford.
5. She SLEPT in the car. 6. She LIKED the dessert.
They ______ at the hotel. They ______ our food.
We ______ at their house. I ______ your family.
The dog ______ near my door. We _______ to talk with you.
7. I ha RLY. ve to sleep EA 8. The store closes LATE.
You need to work _______. My class finishes very ________.
We want to go there _______. The boy was _______ to school.
The ________. Your bus is ________ tod party finished ay.
9. The cars went SLOWLY. The car is in the MIDDLEof the road. 10.
Please speak ________! The animals are in the___of the city.
She opened the door _________. This is the ________of the trip.
I studied the letter
__________. I didn’t read the_______of the book.
11. She wants to go ALONG with you. 12. I don’t want to see them TOGETHER.
He needs to come ______ with us. The cat and the dog are __________.
I _________ with frienlike to study ds. You can make juice _______ with wine.
We traveled _________ the road. Jim and Sue live __________.
13. I have to work DAY AFTER TOMORROW.
We need to go there __________________.
He can finish by ___________________.
Do you want to travel ________________?
120
14. THERE ISN’T any time. 15.THERE AREN’T any students here.
They say ________ food. ______________more books.
____________ more ice. ______________any good movies.
In this house __________ a door. Did you know________customers?
16. We live BY OURSELVES. 17.THERE WERE many children.
We like to study ____________. I know _________ some cats.
We go to the park ____________. ____________ dogs in the garage.
We never p s. lay ____________. ____________ few fruit
18. She WILL eat the rice. 19. THERE WAS a boy here yesterday.
They _________ go with you. ___________a new building downtown.
I _________ need to sell this. ____________ something wrong.
He ________ need to know your name. ____________ a lot of pop corn to eat.
20. They WON’T go to the game.
He says he _________ finish the lesson.
e you again.
She ________ visit those customers.
W ___________ see
121
PHRASES
1. Why did you play soccer with your friends in the field?
2 I needed to help my wife, because the maid didn’t come to wo. rk today.
3. She didn’t open the windows, but she wanted to open the door.
4. I need to write to my customers this month. I didn’t write in May.
5. We didn’t go to the circus, because we didn’t have any money.
6. What did he say to you yesterday? We spoke about his family.
7 I don’t know why my cousin didn’t . have to work this last month.
8. It didn’t eat anything all this week. It’s not very well.
9. We didn’t finish the homework yet. Do you know how to do it?
10. I was at the bank with my sister. They didn’t have the money.
11. We saw you at the museum yesterday. Maybe we will see you again.
12. She didn’t have time to go to the dent this week. Sheist works a lot.
13. My niece went to Los Angeles last year. I want to go this year.
14. I want to take my kids to the circus. They always like the clowns.
15. He didn’t have anything to do this week, so he drank alot of beer.
16. I need to have a vacation soon. You don’t know how much I work.
17. She says there w s a chicken in the sa kitchen. I’m not ure.
18. We needed to finish the meeting before noon. What time is it now?
19. she wants to know who he is. Jane saw the handsome doctor, and now
20. Will you know the price of these guitars by next week?
Livro - PDF/LS22.pdf
122
L E S S O N T W E N T Y – T W O
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
Letras mudas
whole – todo, inteiro muscle (mâsal) – músculo
Christ mas often – freqüentemente
coul d should (shúd) - devia
hal f – metade talk (ták)
honest – honesto walk (wák)
honour (anr) – honra psalms (sálmz) – salmo
hour
n” = xan “tio
station - estação
position - posição
tion - invenção
ão
vacation -
nation (neixan) - nação
addition (adéixan) - adição
inven
relation - relaç
dedication - dedicação
férias
protection (protécxan) - proteção
reaction - reação
inflation (enflêixan) – inflação
Livro - PDF/LS23.pdf
123
L E S S O N T W E N T Y - T H R E E
BJECTS
O
MECHANIC WATCH
SECRETARY CLOCK
BUSINESSMAN TELEVISION
COP STREET
124
BUSINESS (bêznes) - n GAS egócio
STATION FLOWER
GAS STATION AIR – ar
VERBS
HAVE / HAD
I had a horse last year. We had to study English.
UNDERSTAND / UNDERSTOOD
I never understood that judge. She understood you.
SELL (sél) / SOLD
I sold my house. They sold their animals.
BUY / BOUGHT (bat)
We bought a new clock. He bought a television.
UALIFIERS
ALMOST (ólmôst) - quase
TOO – também (final de frase)
ALSO - também, incluido
Q
EVERYTHING – toda coisa, tudo
ALL – tudo ALONE – sozinho
125
XPRESSIONS
“MERRY CHRISTMAS!” - Feliza natal!
E
“HAPPY NEW YEAR!” – Feliz ano novo!
“HAPPY BIRTHDAY!” – Feliz aniversário!
“REALLY” – realmente, de verdade
“REALLY?” - é mesmo?
“ARE YOU MARRIED?” – “Você é casado?”
“
I’M SINGLE” - “Sou solteiro”
“SHE IS TIRED” - “Ela está cansada.”
“IT’S HOT - “Está quente”
GRAMMAR
WOULD - usado para formar o “condicional”
er.
They WOULD work with us for sure.
We WOULD like to see h
I WOULD visit more but I don’t have time.
She WOULD prefer to go there tomorrow. VERBOS AUXILIARES
DID DIDN’T
SHOULD – “dever” CAN CAN’T / COULD COULDN’T
You SHOULD finish your homework. WILL WON’T
DO DON’T /
He SHOULD sell his ca WOULD WOULDN’T r now.
She SHOULD never drink so much. SHOULD SHOULDN’T
I SHOULD take you to your house.
126
FRAMES
1) Yesterday he HAD to work. 2) I UNDERSTOOD the lesson.
We lems. ______turkey for Easter. She ________ their prob
She _______ to speak with you. We ________ your English.
I always have ______ to know a dentist. He ________ my letter.
3) That man SOLD his house. 4) We BOUGHT a new car.
Th They ______
Th wom
ose kids _______ magazines. __ a watch for her.
is an _______ her bike. I _______ tickets for the circus.
ese clocks are __________. He _____Th ____ his television downtown.
5) 6) I know how to read and write TOO. The train is ALMOST here.
It’s _______ ten o’clock. She sold her house _____.
They have ________ finished. They want to buy a car _____.
I ________ sold the car. He is a clown _____.
7) She ALSO visited a museum. 8) He bought EVERYTHING in the store.
We _____ need to go home. We saw _______ there was to see.
She reads ________ in the newspaper. They ______ sold their swimming pool.
Those horses are _____ expensive. They help him with ___________.
9 at was ALL there was to say. 10) Th ) The poor old lady was very ALONE.
I’m sure he doesn’t know ____ city. The girl spoke:”I’m so ________!”
We sold ____our animals. I was ________ with my problems.
Can you give me _____ of you? She doesn’t like to be ________ .
de tand you. 12) I like to give money. “REALLY?”
11) I REALLY want to un rs
You ________ talk a lot. She doesn’t like parties. “_________?”
He ________ knows how to write. He bought ten magazines. “________?”
Those birds are ________ from Burma. They were cops. “_________?”
127
13) That girl is very TIRED. 14) She WOULD prefer to write.
After the trip we were ______. I ________ never go there by myself.
ow that you’re _______. We______go,but we don’t have moneI kn y.
was ______ of his job. He _______ like to see you. He
1 ULD you sell your house? )Y HOULD always do your work. 5) WO 16 ou S
They _______ almost be finished. _______ they like to go along?
_______ he have to sell flowers? He ________give you the money today.
_______ you prefer more meat or fish? I________visit my relatives today.
this?
ar?
17) SHOULD you do that?
________ I know about
________ we buy this c
________ she read the letter?
Livro - PDF/LS24.pdf
128
L E S S O N TWENTY - FOUR
BJECTS O
PANTS (slacks) COUCH
SHIRT (shârt) LIVING ROOM – sala de estar
SHOES Mr. (mister) Wilson
DRESS rs. (missus) Wilson (Ms.Wilson) M
SKIRT iss Wilson (Ms. Wilson) M
GIRLFRIEND - namorada QUESTION
TRUCK (truak) BOYFRIEND – namorado
129
VERBS
to ASK / (AST)ASKED – perguntar, pedir (ASK FOR )
..OBJETOS …
He wa/nts to a!/sk a ion. I a/st quest for a dress.
to ANSWER / ANSWERED(rd) - responder
I couldn’t answer the question. She didn’t answer me.
to REMEMBER / REMEMBERED lembrar de (REMIND)
t emem er I didn’ r b her name. I don’t remember how.
to FORGET / FORGOT - esquecer de
You forgot my birthday I didn’t forget! the letter.
QUALIFIERS
qual, dos quais
a qual , as quais
WHO – quem
WHOSE – de quem, cujo, do
WHOM – que, quem ,
IF – se I WOULD visit more...if...
IF...........THEN...........
TIRED - cansado
WHOLE – todo, inteiro
ALL
EVERY / EACH
130
EXPRESSIONS
“WELCOME TO....” – bem vindo à... to PUT ON – vestir pants
“RIGHT AWAY” – imediatamente to TAKE OFF – tirar shoes
to GET ON - subir, entrar (work,play) PART TIME – meio período
to GET OFF – descer de , sair de FULL TIME – período integral
pois da pessoa ou
GRAMMAR
A forma do possessivo fazemos utilizando “ ’s ” de
coisa que está possuindo:
My sister’s car. Mr. Brown’s wife.
The church’s windows. The tired little boys’ shoes.
AM I?
SHE IS SHE’S NOT IS SHE?
IT IS IT’S NOT IS IT?
WE ARE WE’RE NOT ARE WE?
YOU ARE YOU’RE NOT ARE YOU?
THEY ARE THEY’RE NOT ARE THEY?
WAS WERE WILL BE CAN BE COULD BE SHOULD BE WOULD BE
TO BE
I AM I’M NOT
YOU ARE YOU’RE NOT ARE YOU?
HE IS HE’S NOT IS HE?
131
- F R A M E S –
1. I want to ASK something. 2. I never have time to ANSWER letters.
She likes to_____questions. Can you____________my questions?
to_______ his.
Can I________your name? I know you can_______the teacher.
Did you________the cop? I don’t know _t
3. I don’t REMEMBER this store. 4. She wants to GET OFF downtown.
Why did you_______the bike? Did you_________to buy ham?
We_______Mrs. Jones. They always_______the bus here.
I_______those shoes. He needs to______the building.
5. I don’t want to FORGET you. 6. WHOSE are these shoes?
Did you_______where you live? I don’t know______dresses those are.
They always________to study. _____telephone number do you
need?
I didn’t______to go to the museum. _______truck is near the bike?
7. To WHOM did you speak? 8. I don’t know IF we should do this.
With______does she want to start? She’d know____ they went home .
I liked the girl________I saw. We’ll ask____he came tonight.
___you work, then you will have
money.
We asked him_______he forgot.
9. The children are very TIRED. 10. I worked the WHOLE day.
After the game we were_______. My girlfriend studied______week.
The teacher is_______of class. We talked the______trip.
132
The students are________of the teacher. I want to know
the_______question.
11. The kids like to play ALL day. 12. WELCOME TO our home.
I sold ____the shoes. ____________Brazil.
I don’t want _____ of them. ________my new store.
We ____went with my parents. ____________the game.
13. I need to go RIGHT AWAY. 14. I have to GET ON the bus now.
She needed to buy the dress_______. They want to________this train.
We want to go__________. Did he________the plane?
He answered the question_________. Can I_______your horse?
15. She wants to TAKE OFF her shoes. 16. I need to PUT ON my shirt.
They need to________the dishes. They need to_______their shoes.
I didn’t ________the new shirt. We want to______our pants.
Did you_______the dress I like? I saw him_______his pants.
17. Do I always have to REMIND you?
Please_______me about the game tomorrow.
This paper is to________you of the test.
I usually have to_______them to buy pants.
133
PRACTICE PHRASES
1 e en h ch, I talked to my father about. Wh n I w t to t e bea the car problem.
2 a n e y last night. What did you drink? . I dr nk wi e at th part
him. 3. John lives together with his sister. I asked Mr. Jones about
4. I didn’t eat rice and beans for dinner yesterday. I only ate salad.
5. Did you see the birds in the garden? They are very happy today.
6. Mrs. Johnson lives in that apartment building. She works at the bank.
7. Did you play the new game with your children? Did you know how to play?
8. Last week I visited my cousin at the beach. I slept on his couch.
9. I like to study when I am at home. My sister and I study together.
10. I understand your problem with the maid. She never gets up on time.
11. Whose house is that one on the corner? Maybe it’s the judge’s house.
12. Who is her boyfriend? He’s my cousin Frank. Where does he live?
1 o o can finish the whole test in just one hour. 3. I d n’t kn w if I
14. Mr. Perry works downtown in the old bank building. He is a clerk.
15. Did you go to the store by yourself? Did you go by bus or by car?
16. Do you know who is in the living room? It’s your uncle Jack.
17. I don’t know if they will remember how to go to the park.
18. I bought a d for me to go to arty tonigh new ress the p t.
Mrs. on’s W ll I ha19. Who can answer (missus) Anders question? i ve to answer it?
20. We need to get off this train right away! There is a problem.
Livro - PDF/LS25-28.PDF
L E S S O N TWENTY - FIVE
OBJECTS
STRANGER – estranho (pessoa) MEAL (míel) - refeição
FOREIGNER – estrangeiro FRIES (fráis)
NATIONALITY – nacionalidade HAMBURGER
COAT PEACH
BAG DESIRE (desáire) – desejo, vontade
CAMERA NEWS - notícias
FURNITURE - mobília, móveis OPPORTUNITY - oportunidade
PIANO CAN
HEALTH – saúde
VERBS
to STOP (stáp) / STOPPED(stapt) – parar
I can’t stop the car. He’ll have to stop the meeting.
to DRIVE / DROVE (dróuve) – ir de carro, dirigir, pilotar, impulsionar
We drove to the store. I don’t know how to drive.
to WAIT (to wêit) / WAITED – esperar
We had to wait for the bus. I don’t like to wait.
to LAUGH (to láf) / LAUGHED(láft)(laugh at) rir, dar gargalhada
We all laughed at the party. You never laugh.
QUALIFIERS
SICK (sic) - doente
FAST – rápido , ligeiro
STRANGE – estranho (adj.)
SPECIAL - especial
SILLY – tolo , bobo, ridículo
AGO – atrás (tempo)
SINCE – desde, desde que, sendo que
WHILE (as) - enquanto
AS – como, conforme
LIKE – como, do mesmo modo, parecido
CLOSE TO – perto de
EXPRESSIONS
“AS USUAL” – “como sempre”
“NEVER MIND” – “não importa”, “esquece”
“ALL RIGHT” – “certo”, “está bem”
“WELL,...” – “Bem,....”
AS.....AS – tão.......como
NOT AS...... AS – não tão..... como
“AS SOON AS” – assim que
“WHAT’S JOHN LIKE?” - como é João?
“WHAT DOES HE LOOK LIKE?” – qual é a aparência dele
to Be SICK – estar doente
to FEEL SICK – se sentir doente
to Be ABLE TO - poder, estar em condições de
GRAMMAR
WILL BE + Adj. WILL BE + ABLE TO
- Will be fun - Will be able to work
- Will be happy - Will be able to go
WILL NOT BE
SHOULD BE WOULD BE CAN BE COULD BE
SHOULDN’T BE WOUDN’T BE CAN’T BE COULDN’T BE
FRAMES
1. We had to STOP the party. 2. I didn’t know to DRIVE.
The horse didn’t want to _______. She can _____my car if she wants to.
I have to _______ at the bank. We ___ to the beach every afternoon.
He didn’t _______ the meeting. Which car do you _______?
3. I don’t want to WAIT for the bus. 4. He doesn’t usually like to LAUGH.
She didn’t ________ for me yesterday. Sometimes we ______ at the clowns.
Why can’t you _______ for your sister? I never see her ________.
5. I am very SICK today. 6. It is a FAST horse.
We are very _______ today. You have a _______ camera.
They’re very _______ today. We aren’t very _______.
She’s very ________ today. You shouldn’t drive ______.
7. I know a STRANGE man. 8. Saturday will be SPECIAL for us.
She spoke to the ________ woman. I made a _______ meal for you.
We like to read ________ books. She bought a ________ bag.
Your brother is very ______. You are a very ______ person.
9. My sister is a SILLY girl. 10. She had the party two weeks AGO.
That’s a _______ question. We went to Japan one year ________.
We all say _______ things. I bought this furniture one day _______.
He bought a _______ coat. You had the opportunity three hours____.
11.SINCE when do you work here? 12. I work WHILE they study.
I work here _______ last year. Can you see ________ you sleep?
He has to wait ______ he’s late. You should work______ you can.
We have no news ______yesterday. I drive_____ he sleeps.
13.The job finished AS you wanted. 14.You shouldn’t drive LIKE he drives.
She is ______a new baby. They need to speak ____she speaks.
Do you see things ______I see them? They play _____children.
We live ______a big family. He talks ______ a foreigner.
15.I live CLOSE TO your house. 16.The game WILL BE very fast.
She is _______the door. She ___happy to go home.
My house is_______the park. I know the books ______new.
We are_______the shopping center. If we wait we ______ late.
17.Tomorrow he WILL BE ABLE TO go home.
Now we _______________finish our work.
Soon they _______________start classes.
He says we____________ stop at the gas station.
18. They WON’T BE ABLE TO work.
You _________________stay.
We __________________help.
I ____________________wait.
PHRASES
1. I needed to take my daughter to the dentist this morning.
2. He didn’t learn how to work with the truck nor with the bus.
3. I want to write a letter to the newspaper. Do you want to help me?
4. She doesn’t like to talk to strangers on the street.
5. I drank beer and now I am sick. My wife isn’t home to help me.
6. We laughed all afternoon. Mr. Johnson is a very silly man.
7. The maid washes the windows every Friday. She’s not married.
8. The teacher needs to understand better my son. He’s not able to study.
9. I opened a can of peaches for them. Last night they ate with us.
10. I finished my lesson before her. She is not very fast.
11. She read in the magazine about our country. She liked the news.
12. I want to cook a special meal for my parents. They like fish.
13. I sold my furniture because I want to go to the States this year.
14. She works while I study. She is very happy with her new job.
15. Did you buy the cake for you neighbor? How is she today?
16. What time did you come home from the soccer game last Thursday.
17. Do you live close to downtown? No, I live on the beach.
18. I always visit my friends on Wednesday. We like to drink beer.
19. I want to play but I need to work. That’s very strange.
20. Did you talk with the stranger? I spoke with him one hour ago.
LESSON TWENTY-SIX
OBJECTS
EXERCISE WALL
BARBECUE BED
SANDWICH JACKET
FILM MEN
AIRPORT WEMEN
PILOT (páilet) BALL
http://images.google.com.br/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cards-n-collectables.co.uk/filmcells/images/filmcells.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cards-n-collectables.co.uk/filmcells/film.htm&h=320&w=180&sz=23&tbnid=_U-VmQzVZ3QJ:&tbnh=112&tbnw=63&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfilm%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8
ZOO END – fim
ROOM DRIVER
TOWEL ACCIDENT
ROSE BABY
VERBS
to LOSE / LOST - perder, ficar sem (objeto, competição)
Did you lose your books? They lost the game.
to MEAN / MEANT - significar, querer dizer, pretender, tencionar
Do you understand what I mean? What do you mean?
to CHOOSE / CHOSE - escolher (choice)
He chose his friend. I’ll always choose you.
to FIND (faind) / FOUND - achar - descobrir (“to FIND OUT”)
I need to find a restroom. Did you “find out” where she lives?
QUALIFIERS
BEHIND – atrás de NICE – bom, bonito, agradável
UNDER – debaixo, embaixo de, sob DELICIOUS - delicioso
NEXT TO - junto a, ao lado de SMART – esperto, inteligente
WITHOUT - sem DIFFICULT – difícil HARD - duro
UGLY – feio EASY - fácil
FUNNY – engraçado SO – então, por isso, tão
EXPRESSIONS
“CONGRATULATIONS” – parabéns
“SO FAR” – até agora
“ON PURPOSE” – proprositadamente
to “LIE DOWN” – deitar-se
“LOST AND FOUND” - achados e perdidos
“Are you in Rio?... I MEAN São Paulo?” – quer dizer
GRAMMAR
TOO FAR – longe demais
TURBO
TOO BIG – grande demais INTONAÇÃO
TOO SLOW – lento demais
TOO MUCH – demais (quantidade)
TOO MANY - demais (contáveis)
MANAGER – gerente SINGER - cantos
BUYER – comprador CARRIER - carregador
TEACHER - ensinador PLAYER - jogador
Em inglês formamos gerúndios e particípios com o sufixo – ING nos verbos.
I’M READING – estou lendo
YOU’RE HELPING – você está ajudando {1} TEMPO CONTÍNUO
HE’S SLEEPING – ele está dormindo
SHE’S COOKING – ela está cozinhando To BE + ( )ING
IT’S STARTING – está começando
WE’RE SELLING – estamos vendendo
YOU’RE LEARNING – vocês estão aprendendo
THEY’RE CHOOSING – eles estão escolhendo
A WALKING DOLL – uma boneca andante.
A WORKING MOTHER – uma mãe trabalhadora. {2} ( )ING = ****
A SLEEPING BABY – um bebê adormecido.
{3}
To walk = walking WALKING IS GOOD EXERCISE – andar é bom exercício.
To work = working WORKING IS DIFFICULT TO LIKE – trabalhar é difícil de gostar.
To drink = drinking DRINKING TOO MUCH ISN’T GOOD – beber demais não é bom.
HE STARTED WORKING – Ele comçou a trabalhar.
I STARTED PLAYING – Comecei a jogar. {4} start,begin,finish,stop,quit ( )ING
THEY FINISHED DOING – Eles terminaram de fazer.
No inglês usamos a forma do “perfeito” ou na forma simples ou progressiva, para expressar uma
ação que começou no passado e ainda continua no presente:
O presente “perfeito” no inglês é formado com o presente do verbo HAVE usado com o
particípio do verbo principal.
He has lived here for a year.
- Faz / Há um ano que ele mora aqui.
I have been studying French for three months.
- Faz / Há três meses que estou estudando francês.
I haven’t spoken English for a long time.
- Faz / Há muito tempo que não falo inglês.
I have gone to California one time a year during these last five years.
- Tenho ido a Califórnia uma vez por ano durante estes últimos cinco anos.
Have you seen my new car?
- Você já viu meu carro novo?
PARTICÍPIO USO #2
BE + particípio
- This is done. This can’t be eaten.
- He will be finished. They should be paid.
- It was bought. It wouldn’t be understood
.
SHOULD BE
WOULD BE
CAN BE
COULD BE
F R A M E S
1. Did you LOSE your books? 2. I MEAN to visit you this week.
I don’t want to ________this jacket. What do you______?
How did you _________your shoes? She always says what she_______.
He never _________ the ball. Does this _______I have to leave?
3. You need to CHOOSE which ball. 4. Where did you FIND that rose?
Can I _______the next film? We couldn’t ________the airport.
I _______ to stop participating. They didn’t ________the pilot yet.
You have to ________a towel. I can never _____time for exercise.
5. Your jacket is BEHIND the door. 6. Your book is UNDER the piano.
The room is ________that wall. The baby isn’t _______the bed.
The towels are ________the bed. There is something _______here.
My car isn’t _________this store. They live _______the bridge.
7. The towel is NEXT TO the bag. 8.This horse is very FAST.
The stranger is ______the window. Your car is very________.
The men are ________the truck. He plays piano________.
The airport isn’t _______the zoo. That foreigner speaks ______.
9. She bought an UGLY dog. 10. That movie is very FUNNY.
They have a very ________house. The clown at the circus is ______.
They only found _______furniture. We laughed at the ______stranger.
He says many _______things. He is a _________waiter.
11. She is a very NICE girl. 12. This meal is DELICIOUS.
You have _____ parents. The sandwich is __________.
This is a _____ room. We had a _______ barbecue.
You should be a _____ son. Peaches are__________.
13. Your dog is SMART. 14. This test is very DIFFICULT.
She said the boy is______. Her name is ______ to say.
I have _______ children. It’s ______ to choose.
A pilot has to be_______. The game is very_______.
15. This book is EASY to study. 16. You are really SO special.
It’s _______ to find my house. This train is ____ fast.
It’s ________ to lose the game. Those birds are _____ ugly.
More film is ________ to buy. Your kids are ______ nice.
17.The airport is TOO far. 18.You are LEARNING English.
This building is _____old. She is SPEAKING with her father.
Our work is _____ difficult. Are you LIVING with your family?
This book is ____ strange. They are CHOOSING a new player.
19. He HAS LIVED here for a month.
They __________ here for years.
I __________ here since 1987.
She ________ in this city many years.
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. We went to a party on the farm last Sunday. We had barbecue for lunch.
2. You should be studying with that student. He knows everything.
3. She never had the opportunity to study, so she won’t be able to read.
4. The waitress asked if we are foreigners. “Well, we aren’t from here”.
5. The accident happened because the student driver didn’t know English.
6. The whole class said goodbye. Sooner or later they will come again.
7. I ’m sorry I didn’t go to your mother’s birthday party.
8. I have never gone to the States, but I will be going in a few months.
9. He said there are no opportunities for him here. I really don’t think so.
10. I always forget your name. Never mind, it’s a difficult name to remember.
11. They read and wrote some letters while I slept. She likes to write.
12. I asked Jon. “Have you seen if the sandwiches are behind the couch?”
13. We will not be having class next week because of the holiday.
14. You didn’t understand what I meant. We shouldn’t be waiting here.
15. I haven’t had time to do exercises this week. I’ve been working.
16. There is a buyer for your house on 4th street. Do you still want to sell?
17. I meant to close the office windows but I forgot. Could you do it?
18. Janet is very happy. She has waited for her birthday all year.
19. Mary’s health is very good. She has been walking 3 Km, a day.
20. I have gone to California one time a year during these last five years.
21. Congratulations, you cook very well. You should open a restaurant.
22. Your son is very smart. You should talk to him about his new lesson.
23. I’m drinking too much, my health is not very good. Let’s go to the doctor.
24. It’s already twelve o’clock. We will be late to lunch for sure.
25. The driver didn’t take the new couch to my office downtown.
LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN
Nos primeiros módulos concentramos nosso estudo de línguas dentro do contexto dos
SONS. Sons semelhantes e diferentes. O tom da voz e o ritmo também fazem parte desta
primeira base.
Agora nestes últimos módulos vamos concentrar em mais fases importantes na
aprendizagem do inglês, que são:
- Juntando MORFEMAS para formular palavras;
- Juntando palavras para formar sentenças e cláusulas;
- Os significados dos morfemas, palavras
e as combinações destas palavras.
LANGUAGE STUDY –
“MORFEMAS” – Formas
Morfemas são as menores partes individuais de um idioma que tem significado. Morfemas podem
ser uma palavra inteira ou parte de uma palavra. A palavra “CAT” por exemplo é um morfema
singular. Não pode ser dividido em partes significativas. Porém, a palavra “CATS” se dispõe de
dois morfemas – a palavra cat significando um quadrúpede da família “felidae”, - e o “s” que
significa plural. Este “s” não é usado sozinho em conversa normal, não sendo então uma palavra,
porém, sendo uma parte com significado das palavras CATS, BOOKS, BOYS etc., sendo então
um morfema.Línguas são muito diferentes na maneira em que juntem e agrupem morfemas.
Observações críticas sobre morfemas e a maneira que são combinados para formar palavras
pode ser muito útil para quem está aprendendo inglês. Por outro lado, não devemos substituir
saber sobre o idioma por realmente conhecer o idioma. Procedimentos analíticos são ajudas
básicas, permitirão ao aluno evitar muitos erros e facilitarão seu progresso rápido.
CONTEXT – RYTHM – INTONATION – THINKING
- Animal Babies –
Many baby animals – lions and elephants and turtles and thousands of others – look much
like their fathers and mothers. But many do not. A baby butterfly looks more like a worm than like
a grown-up butterfly. Baby starfish do not have five arms. Oysters when first hatched do not have
shells. Baby toads look very much like fish. Ants, bees, and jellyfish are other animals that change
greatly in looks while they grow up.
Some baby animals weigh millions of times as much as other baby animals. The biggest
baby of all is a baby blue whale. It weighs more than a grown-up elephant.
A horse usually has only one colt at a time. A cow usually has only one calf. One baby at a time is
the rule with elephants, kangaroos, and many other animals. Dogs and cats and pigs usually have
several babies at a time. So do turtles and many others. And some animals have hundreds or
even thousands of babies at a time. A cod fish can lay a million eggs. Not all of them will hatch.
But usually thousands of them do. Only a few live long enough to grow up. Tiny cod are good food
for bigger fish.
Some baby animals are well cared for by their parents. Some are not taken care of at all. A
baby robin would not live long if its parents did not protect it and bring food to it. A baby turtle, on
the other hand, can take care of itself as soon as it comes from its shell.
Some animal babies grow up fast. A hamster is naked and helpless when it is first born. But
baby hamsters grow so fast that a hamster can have babies of its own when it is only two months
old. An elephant, however, stays a baby for two or three years.
Baby animals many times have special names. Baby butterflies and moths are called
caterpillars. Baby toads and frogs are called tadpoles. The list gives the names of some other
baby animals.
BEAR - cub KANGAROO – joey ELEPHANT – calf SWAN– cygnet
CAT – kitten LION – cub FOX – cub TIGER – cub
COW – calf MOOSE – calf GOAT – kid TURKEY – poult
DEER – fawn OYSTER (oíster) – spat HORSE – colt WHALE – calf
DOG – puppy SEAL – pup DUCK – duckling SHEEP – lamb
OBJECTS
FLIGHT – vôo WEATHER
PASSENGER CLOTHES
COOK PURSE
MAILMAN MOVIE
MENU FLOOR
BOTTLE PAPER
BOWL PHONE
GRAPES ENVELOPE
TOMATO STAPLER
FAULT – culpa, falta
VERBS
to RUN / RAN correr, administrar, andar, funcionar,
concorrer
He wants to run to the store. I can’t run this store.
to LISTEN / LISTEND (to, for) – escutar
I don’t want to listen to you. He wants to listen for you.
to PLAN / PLANND – planejar
I plannd to study Spanish next. I didn’t plan anything.
to GET (guet) / GOT (gat) – obter, pegar, conseguir, ficar….
Where did you get that? I got it at the museum.
QUALIFIERS
(to be) COLD – frio
(to be) COOL – refrescante
(to be) RELIGIOUS – religioso
PINK – cor-de-rosa
(to be) READY – pronto
(to be) BRAZILIAN – brasileiro
(to be) AMERICAN – americano
to ARRIVE(airáiv) – chegar HAPPY (hápi) – feliz
ARRIVAL (airával) – chegada HAPPINESS (hapines) – felicidade
to SURVIVE (survaiv) – sobreviver SOFT (sóft) – suave
SURVIVAL (survaival) – sobrevivência SOFTNESS (sóftness) – suavidade
to ATTEND (atend) – atender, freqüentar COMPLEX(compéx)– complicado
ATTENDANCE (atêndans) – comparência COMPLEXITY – complexidade
ACCORD (acórd) – acordo ABLE(êbol) – apto
ACCORDANCE (acórdans) – concordância ABILITY (abíliti) – aptidão
to FLATTER (fláter) – lisonjear REAL (rial) – real
FLATTERY (flátori) – lisonja REALISM (rialism) – realismo
to BREAK (brêik) – quebrar DYNAMIC (dainâmic) – dinâmico
BREAKAGE (brêikedi) – quebradeira DYNAMTICISM – dinamismo
EXPRESSIONS
“WHOSE FAULT IS IT?” – De quem é a culpa?
to “FALL ASLEEP” – adormecer
to “GO TO BED” – ir dormir
to “TRY ON” – experimentar (roupa)
to “GET SICK” – ficar doente
to “GET WELL” – ficar bem
to “GET OLD”– ficar velho
to “GET MARRIED” – casar-se
to “GET HURT” – ficar machucado
to “GET BLAMED” – ser acusado
“YES, OF COURSE” – sim, é claro
“NO, OF COURSE NOT” – não, é claro que não
“AT LEAST” – pelo menos
“GREAT!” – ótimo!
“HURRY” !! – depressa!!
“IT’S RAINING” – está chovendo. “IT’S SNOWING” – está nevando
“IS IT RAINING?” – está chovendo? “IS IT SNOWING?” - está nevando?
“IT’S NOT RAINING” – não está chovendo “IT’S NOT SNOWING” – não está nevando
GRAMMAR to BE (passado)
I WAS I WASN’T WAS IT?
YOU WERE YOU WEREN’T WERE YOU?
HE WAS HE WASN’T WAS HE?
SHE WAS SHE WASN’T WAS SHE?
IT WAS IT WASN’T WAS IT?
WE WERE WE WEREN’T WERE WE?
YOU WERE YOU WEREN’T WERE YOU?
THEY WERE THEY WEREN’T WERE THEY?
FRAMES
1. The kids like to RUN. 2. He wants to RUN the company.
I saw him ________ across the field. She doesn’t like to ____ the factory.
We usually ______ in the morning. You will ______ this office.
She needs to ______ to the store. I need to_____ my business by myself.
3. I want to LISTEN to the man. 4. We need to LISTEN FOR the train.
You have to ______ to me. You should ____ _____ your bus.
They never _______ to us. I have to ______ ______ the mailman.
We want to _______ to the radio. Can you _____ ______ the phone?
5. I need to PLAN the party. 6. I want to GET a new car.
Did you ______ anything for tomorrow? Where did you ______ you shoes?
How can we ______ anything? They went to _______ ice cream.
He doesn’t _______ to study here. I never _______ the menu.
7. We didn’t GET TO go. 8. I ate a COLD sandwich.
Did you ____ ____ see the judge? We like to drink _______ beer.
When do you ____ ____ be a pilot? She prefers ________ weather.
You always ___ ___ have what you want. The kitchen floor is ______.
9. The water was COOL. 10. Are you READY to go?
Do you have any _____ rooms? The movie is ______ to see.
Yesterday was a _____ day. Can you be ______ at 8:00?
Today the weather is ______. He is never _______.
11. I like BRAZILIAN
food. 12. I WAS at the bank.
We bought some ______ grapes. I know she ______ with him.
He has a _______ wife. He ______ eating a ham sandwich.
They want a _______ cook. It _____ sleeping on the floor.
13. We never WERE in Texas. 14. It WASN’T raining in Madrid.
They ______ at your house. She ______ saying anything.
Where _______ you yesterday? He ______ at church Sunday
______ they in the car? I ______ by myself at the movies.
PHRASES
1. How many apples did you get? Only five, where is the bowl?
2. The new maid comes here everyday. She doesn’t live with us.
3. My flight is here. I’m traveling to Chicago to visit my relatives.
4. He wants to take his kids to the zoo. They will stay until 4:00.
5. It’s getting late. What time do you plan to make dinner?
6. Their daughter cooks very well. We went to her house last Sunday.
7. When will you finish your homework? I plan to finish tomorrow.
8. Where did you buy those pants? I bought them in Miami last year.
9. I wouldn’t know anything about this if you hadn’t said something.
10. They started working late yesterday. After the job they went to run.
11. I didn’t have the opportunity to try on the new dress you bought for me.
12. We finished planning our party for this Saturday. Listen to this.
13. I should have talked to him yesterday, but I didn’t have time.
14. Do you know where we could get an envelope for my letter? Yes, of course!
15. How can you listen to that music? The animals are running.
16. The mailman stopped when the dog ran after him. He’s ready for anything.
17. My family is very religious, but they still have faults.
18. The waiter asked which wine we’d prefer.
19. I saw two foreigners trying on Brazilian clothes when I was downtown.
20. We have waited too many years to buy a new house. Now we will buy it.
LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT
LANGUAGE STUDY –
“MORFEMAS” – Formas
Tipos de Morfemas
Cada morfema numa língua tem vária características baseado no seu relacionamento
distribucional com os outros morfemas; na base destas diferenças, morfemas podem ser
classificados de várias formas:
a) morfemas “livres” e “limitados” – certos morfemas podem ser pronunciados
sozinhos, enquanto outros morfemas sempre ocorrem ligados a outro morfema. Por isso:
morfemas que podem ocorrer sozinhos são chamados de formas “livres”; morfemas que não
ocorrem sozinhos são chamados de formas “limitadas”.
b) “Raízes” e “Afixos” – num passo mais adiante com um tipo de classificação similar é
de distinguir “raízes” e “afixos”. Em geral “raízes” são morfemas singulares que levam o sentido
básico da palavra; uma “raiz” é a base da palavra. “Raízes” podem ser livres ou limitados. “Afixos”
são morfemas limitados que correm com “raízes” e que mudam o significado da “raiz” de alguma
forma. Vários tipos de “afixos” acontecem dependendo da maneira que ocorrem com as “raízes”;
prefixos precedendo as “raízes” e sufixos seguindo as “raízes”:
prefixos raiz sufixo
un true
un happy
in valid
cat s
slow ly
accord ance
OBJECTS
SLEEVE (slív) COURSE (córss) – curso, percurso
GLASSES SCHEDULE - agenda, tabela de
SUNGLASSES horários
CONTACT LENSES IDEA (aidía) – idéia
BATTERY EXPERIENCE - experiência
T. V. (tivi) – FLAVOR – sabor
PACKAGE GARDEN
LADY COLLEGE – faculdade
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BANKER banqueiro HOSPITAL – hospital
OCCUPATION - ocupação ANGER - raiva
DOCUMENT TRY - tentativa
VERBS
to TRY / TRIED – experimentar, tentar
I want to try the rice. He tried to do his homework.
to MEET / MET – encontrar, reunir-se, conhecer
We have to meet the bus. Where did you meet Jane?
to LIE / LIED – mentir
I think he usually lies. You shouldn’t lie.
to CHANGE / CHANGED – mudar, trocar, alterar
I want to change my clothes. They changed the teachers.
QUALIFIERS
PAIR – par
pair of shoes
pair of pants
FAVORITE – favorito, predileto
SERIOUS – sério
ANGRY – com raiva
EVEN – sequer, até mesmo
NOT EVEN – nem sequer, nem mesmo
GOOD – bom
BETTER THAN – melhor que
THE BEST – o melhor
BAD – mau
WORSE THAN – pior que
THE WORST – o pior
EXPRESSIONS - BEHIND SHEDULE – atrasado
“I THINK SO” – acho que sim
“I DON’T THINK SO” – acho que não
“I DO, TOO” – eu (faço), também I (can,will,did,should...),too.
“I DON’T EITHER” – eu também não I (can’t,didn’t,won’t...),either.
“BY THE WAY” - a propósito
“YOUNG LADY” – moça
“YOUNG MAN” – moço
SKY CAP - carregador de mala (aeroporto)
BAGGAGE CARRIER – carregador de mala (aeroporto, hotel)
BELL HOP – carregador de mala (hotel)
BELL BOY – carregador de mala (hotel)
“I’M IN A HURRY” – estou com pressa
to BE IN A HURRY – estar com pressa
to BE HUNGRY – estar com fome
to BE THIRSTY – estar com sede
to BE TIRED – estar cansado
to BE AFRAID (afrêid) – estar com medo
to BE SORRY FOR – estar com pena de
to BE SLEEPY – estar com sono, sonolento
to “HAVE A HEADACHE” – estar com dor de cabeça
to “HAVE A SORE THROAT” – estar com dor de garganta
to “HAVE A STOMACHACHE” (stomaquik) – estar com dor de barriga
GRAMMAR
BEAUTY (bíuti) – beleza FLAME (flêim) – chama
to BEAUTIFY (biutifái) – embelezar to INFLAME – inflamar
JUSTICE (gíostice) – justiça DEAR (díer) – querida, amada
to JUSTIFY (giostifái) – justificar to ENDEAR – fazer-se estimado
LIQUID (líquid) – líquido HARD (hârd) – duro
to LIQUIDIFY (liquídifai) – liquidificar to HARDEN – endurecer
IDOL (aidôl) – ídolo LIGHT – leve
to IDOLIZE (aidoláis) – idolatrar to LIGHTEN – aliviar o peso
PHILOSOPHY (filósofi) – filosofia EQUAL – igual
to PHILOSOPHIZE (filósofaiz) – filosofar to EQUALIZE (ícolaiz) – igualar
JOY (diói) – gozo
to ENJOY – gozar, desfrutar
SUN – sol
SUNNY – ensolarado
FUN (fan) – divertido
FUNNY – engraçado
FRIEND – amigo
FRIENDLY (frêndli) – amigável
ANGER – raiva
ANGRILY – furiosamente
BOY – menino
BOYISH (boich) – com jeito de menino
SICK – doente
SICKISH – com jeito doente
PIG – porco
PIGGISH – com jeito de porco
CUBE – cubo
CUBIC – cúbico
PERIOD (períod) – período
PERIODIC (periádic) – periódico
FRAMES
1. You need to TRY to eat. 2. She TRIED make bread.
They want to ______ the turkey. We ____to do our homework.
Can I ______ your swimming pool? He _____ to start the car.
Don’t ______ to run from me. They have______to find work.
3. Where can we MEET you? 4. We MET the judge on Monday.
I want to _____ your sister.
They ______ in the park.
He needs to ______ with us. She ______ him last year.
Did you _____ the boss? I ______ her at a party
5. You should never LIE. 6. They LIED about my car.
I don’t like to _______. He _____ if he said that.
The man didn’t ______ about this. We ___about the document.
7. I want to CHANGE the word. 8.The college CHANGED my schedule.
He always has to _______ the battery. She ____the idea of the show.
I need to _____ my glasses. How I think has _______.
Can I ______ my course? He is a _______ man.
9. I have a PAIR of sunglasses. 10. This is my FAVORITE music.
She bought a _____ of shoes. These are my _______ friends.
I need a new ______ of pants. This is his ______ ice cream flavor. It has a
_____ of batteries. That’s our ______ T.V. program.
11. We have a SERIOUS problem. 12. I don’t usually get ANGRY.
Mr. Jones is ______ today. She is always ______.
Your cut is _____. Please, don’t be ______.
Their job is ______ . My girlfriend is very _____.
13. They EVEN need a new kitchen. 14. You’re NOT EVEN ready to go.
He wants _____ more money. She’s ____ _____ at home.
She didn’t ______ speak to me. They’re _____ ____ studying.
We don’t _____ know his address. I’m _____ _____ angry.
15. I had GOOD time at the party. 16.We were IN A HURRY to finish.
She has a _____ doctor. I’m ______ to change colleges.
You bought a ______ car. He’s ______ to meet the girls.
He is a ______ boss. They are never __________.
17. These ideas are BETTER THAN your ideas.
You can remember things _______ ____ I can.
I read ______ _____ I write.
She cooks ______ _____ she washes dishes.
PHRASES
1. I have to leave now. It’s late and I have been trying to go home.
2. My daughter needs to buy a new dress, because she has a party tomorrow.
3. I will meet you at the station. Great, buy they changed my schedule.
4. Mr. Sanchez always asks about his pretty nieces when he visits Brazil.
5. I’m studying English three times a week, because I want to learn fast.
6. I didn’t understand anything that he said. What about you?
7. I don’t know what I want to do now. I finished reading this book.
8. The bell boy tried, but he couldn’t carry my bag. I laughed a lot.
9. When I have time, I like to play volleyball with my neighbors.
10. Her happiness is real. I don’t understand what you mean.
11. If you don’t get ready soon, we won’t be there on time.
12. I stayed there until three-thirty, then I had to go to the bank.
13. Difficult questions always make me sleepy. They’re not easy to answer.
14. I was talking to him about business while they washed my car.
15. I took my son to the doctor. The doctor says he needs glasses.
16. If he has so much experience, then I don’t know why he works here yet.
17. My kids are great. I want to help them while they are still in college.
18. Your daughter is always studying. She’s the best student in class.
19. It was raining very much while I was talking to him on the phone.
20. Mr. Jones couldn’t meet us tonight, so I have changed our planning.
Livro - PDF/LS29-31.PDF
L E S S O N TWENTY-NINE
LANGUAGE STUDY –
MORFEMAS – Formas
Além das distinções entre “raízes” e “não- raízes” (uma diferença de distribuição)
precisamos notar certas outras diferenças entre morfemas baseado no relacionamento dos
morfemas entre si. Estas diferenças são entre morfemas aditivos, multiplicativos,
substituíveis, e subtrativos.
Morfemas aditivos – são os mais comuns. Nestes estão incluídos “raízes” e “afixos”,
chamamos estes de aditivos porque são adicionados uns aos outros. Por exemplo raízes
adicionadas à raízes: blackbird, kingfish, bellhop.
Morfemas multiplicativos – são raízes que são repetidos:
tut-tut, choo-choo, put-put.
Morfemas substituíveis – como seu nome implica, substituem partes de outros morfemas.
Destes o inglês tem muitos. Por exemplo o plural de TOOTH (dente) é TEETH. Para fazer o
plural neste caso o som de “u” é substituído por um morfema substituível “iy”:
plural – objeto – verbo
foot / feet sheath – to sheathe
mouse (máus) / mice (mais) wreath – to wreathe
louse / lice (lais) teeth – to teethe
man / men safe (sêif) – to save
woman / women strife (stráif) – to strive
thief – to thieve
advice – to advise
house (háus) – to house
OBJECTS
CLASSROOM SIGN - placa, sinal
NOTEBOOK KEYS
SUITCASE MESSAGE – recado
BLANKET LIFE – vida
PILLOW ATTENTION – atenção
BOOTS ADDRESS
TOYS HIGH SCHOOL – 2O Grau
FRIDGE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ginásio
VERBS
to THINK / THOUGHT – pensar, achar (que)
I need to think about this test. He doesn’t think.
to SHOP / SHOPPED - fazer compras
We shopped all day. They were shopping for shirts.
to LOOK / LOOKED (like) – parecer
(for) – procurar
(at) – olhar
He looks like a clown. They looked for you. Look here!
to LEAVE / LEFT – deixar, partir, sair
You left your kids downtown. Can I leave this here?
QUALIFIERS
UP – para cima, cima BLUE – azul
DOWN – para baixo, abaixo RED (réd) – vermelho
ACROSS – através GREEN – verde
TRUE (trúu) – verdadeira, real, verídico YELLOW (iélou) – amarelo
FALSE(fáls) – falso, enganoso, errôneo ORANGE (ôrandi) – alaranjado
BUSY – ocupado BLACK (blék) – preto
OTHER – outro WHITE (wáit) – branco
ANOTHER – um outro, uma outra GRAY (grei) – cinzento
BOTH – ambos BROWN – marrom, castanho
AWAY (awêi) – embora, pra lá PURPLE (pôrpol) – roxo
KIND (káind) – tipo SILVER (sílver) – prateado
ON – sobre, em cima GOLDEN (gôlden) – dourado
EXPRESSIONS
APPLE TREE
PEACH TREE
FRUIT TREE
LUGGAGE (lâgadh) / BAGGAGE (bâgadh) – bagagem
EVERYBODY – todos, todo o mundo
“GO AWAY!”, “STAY AWAY”, “RUN AWAY”
to PAY ATTENTION - prestar atenção
to HANG UP (HUNG UP) – pendurar, desligar o telefone
PROBABLY - provavelmente
to STAND UP (standâp) – ficar em pé
to SIT DOWN –sentar-se
to GET DOWN – descer
“I WISH!” (wích) – quem dera!
“FROM NOW ON” – daqui em diante
“ALL OF A SUDDEN” – repentinamente
“SUDDENLY” – repentinamente
“GIVE MY REGARDS TO ...” - dê minhas lembranças à...
“FOR EXAMPLE” (exâmpol) – por exemplo
“SEE YOU LATER” – até mais tarde
- FRAMES -
1. I need to THINK about this. 2. I THOUGHT you went home.
They _____ I did this. They _____ we had finished.
I _____ you should go. We ___ they were going along.
You should ______ in English. She _____ much about life.
3. I like to SHOP. 4. We SHOPPED in all the stores.
You need money to ____. They ______ in the morning.
They’ll _____ with us. I _____ with my kids.
She has to ______ for a book. She always _______ here.
5. I think you LOOK LIKE a clown.
6. She LOOKED FOR her shoes.
You _____my sister. We ______ a new house.
They don’t ______ friends. I ______ the baby’s bottle.
He ______ a cop. They _____ my son.
7. She didn’t LOOK AT me. 8. He always LEAVES at 9:00.
They want to ____ __ the bridge. We want to _______ soon.
Did you ____ __ the message? I have to ______ you now.
I have to ___ __ my notebook. They don’t want to ______.
9. I LEFT my shirt in your car. 10. I looked ACROSS the street.
We _____ our books at school. We went ______ the field.
They ______ the city after lunch. The cat ran ______ the garden.
She ______ me her address. They didn’t go _____ the river.
11. This is a TRUE mailman. 12. I’m very BUSY today.
Your message was not ______. She was _______ yesterday.
I need the _______ idea. You are always too ______.
Is that ______ what he said? He likes to be _____.
13. I want ANOTHER soda. 14. He is in THE OTHER classroom.
He has ____ girlfriend. I sold ______ bed.
They need _______ teacher. She is _______ sister.
We bought ______ car. I am in _____ city.
15. I knew BOTH parents. 16. You have to go AWAY.
We saw _______ movies. I need to take this toy ______.
I bought ______ dresses. The children ran ______.
She has ______ suitcases. She gave ______ my new pants.
17. What KIND of car do you have?
There is only one _______ of ice cream.
I bought two ______ of notebooks.
She sells many _______ of toys.
PHRASES
1. I think that New York City is beautiful. I went there last year.
2. I want to visit my parents next Sunday. They live in the country.
3. John left early this morning because he is working in another city.
4. They thought we had left the party very early but we were still there.
5. Give my regards to your uncle. I don’t have is address to write him.
6. I didn’t plan my schedule for last week because I went to Rio on business.
7. I think the stranger lied about the weather. It’s not snowing here.
8. There are too many children needing to go to Jr. high school.
9. I didn’t read the letter yet, but I want to read it after dinner.
10. Suddenly the skycap stopped. He was very tired.
11. Those people are looking for you. I don’t want them to find me.
12. My mother finished her work, and now she wants to stay here for a week.
13. I need to take my coat downtown to be washed. Who washes your clothes?
14. We didn’t travel last night because Peter drank too much.
15. The high school teacher lost all his keys. Everybody looked for them.
16. There are some ladies waiting to speak with you about this problem.
17. By the way, did you remember to take some blankets for the trip?
18. That kid said the answer was false. The teacher asked another question.
19. We don’t have time to finish our shopping today. See you later.
20. I haven’t looked at a book in years. I really should read more.
LESSON THIRTY
LANGUAGE STUDY-
Morfemas – Significados
A definição de “morfema” incluiu a frase “partes significativas”. Há um
relacionamento entre o significado e as formas do idioma. Nas línguas, as formas não
podem ser separadas dos seus significados. Não seria interessante e nem proveitoso estudar
apenas os sons de um idioma sem qualquer consideração pelos seus significados. O sistema
de significados de um idioma não poderá ser analisado à parte de suas formas e a
distribuição das mesmas... Não há significado sem formas.
Por isso consideramos estas duas partes – forma e significado – inseparável. O
fato de um idioma ser um sistema formal é indiscutível. Mas o idioma é também comunicação;
um sistema de comunicação com o relacionamento “forma-significado” para sua base.
Toda língua é um sistema de símbolos extremamente complexo, tão complexo que uma
descrição minuciosa de qualquer um levaria uma vida inteira de estudo por um lingüista
profissional.
Precisamos lembrar que há muitas ambigüidades e distinções obscuras dentro do
inglês. Muitos dos contrastes de forma no inglês parecem muito inconsistentes. Distinções
minuciosas dos significados não deveriam nos desanimar nem fazer com que imaginemos
que a pessoa falando está inconsistente. Em fato eles devem nos estimular a dominá-los
como uma maneira de falar eficientemente com as pessoas no inglês.
OBJECTS
DESK
DRAWER
CUPBOARD (kâbrd)
BATHROOM, RESTROOM
SHOWER (sháuer)
BEDROOM
CHINESE (tiániz)
FACT (fect) – fato
KNOWLEDGE – sabedoria, conhecimento
GATE
SEAT BELT
SONG – canção, uma música
TIP (têp) – gorteja, dica, ponta
GENTLEMAN (diêntelman) – cavalheiro, senhor
“Ladies and gentlemen...!”
SUIT (sut) – terno, traje bathing suit
TIE (tái)
WALLET
RIDE - carona
VERBS
to PAY / PAID (pêid) – pagar
Did you pay the maid? He didn’t pay us.
to WEAR / WORE – usar (roupa), vestir
I want to wear this dress. What should I wear?
to SING / SANG – cantar
He sings in the bathroom. I like to sing.
to PUT / PUT – por, colocar
Where did you put the box? I put it in the car.
to STAND / STOOD – estar de pé. erger-se, levantar-se, estar em posição
vertical, por de pé, suportar, agüentar.
We can stand next to the wall. He will stand soon.
to RIDE (ráid) / RODE (rôud) – montar, andar de, andar em
Can I ride your horse? We want to ride your bike.
to ALLOW (aláu) / ALLOWED (aláud)
to LET / LET (lét): deixar, permitir
to PERMIT (prmêt) / PERMITTED (prmêted)
Is that permitted? I can let you do this. Why did you allow this?
QUALIFIERS
THROUGH – através de, pelo meio de, por
UNDER (ândr) – em baixo de, debaixo
BESIDE - do lado, ao lado
ON – seguindo em frente.“Go on”, “Pass on”, “Roll on”, “From now on”….
EXPRESSIONS
EVERYBODY (évribari) – todos, todo o mundo
EVERYONE (évriwan) – todos, todo o mundo
SOMEONE (sâmwan) – alguém
ANYONE – alguém (interrogativo, negativo)
NO ONE (nôwan) – ninguém
PAYBACK – acerto de contas, vingança
BROKE (brôuk) – liso, sem dinheiro
IN FRONT OF – em frente de
to “GIVE A RIDE” – dar carona
to “TURN OFF” (to trnóf) – desligar
to “TURN ON” (to trnon) – ligar
HOWEVER – de qualquer modo WHOEVER – qualquer pessoa
WHEREVER – de qualquer lugar WHICHEVER – quaisquer
WHATEVER – qualquer coisa WHENEVER - qualquer hora
“NEXTDOOR NEIGHBORS” - os vizinhos do lado
“HAVE A NICE DAY” – “tenha um bom dia”
“EVERY OTHER DAY” – “dia sim, dia não”
“HOW OLD ARE YOU?” – “Quantos anos você tem?”
“HOW OLD IS SHE?” – “Quantos anos ela tem?”
“SHE’S FIFTEEN.” – “Ela tem quinze.”
“I’M TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OLD.” - “Tenho vinte e cinco anos de idade.”
GRAMMAR “HAD BETTER” – deve (com conseqüências)
- “She had better go.”
(Had + better verbo .) - “You had better (‘dbetter) stop!”
- “The students (‘dbetter) go early.”
“ ‘DBETTER ” Immediate Future
** SEMI-VERBO AUX.** “I’m going to study.”
“GONNA” “She’s not going to (gonna) go.”
To be (Going + to verbo .) “What are you (gonna) wear?”
“What are we (gonna) do?”
- FRAMES -
1. We have to PAY the bill. 2. I think he PAID them.
I want to _____ the ticket. I _____ for my bedroom.
You don’t have to ______ more. Do you think he ______.
Can you ____ this for me? She _____ for the suit.
3. Can I WEAR this shirt? 4. She WORE a pink dress.
You can _____ anything. We ____ our boots.
I usually ______ a suit. They _____ nothing in bed.
Are you gonna ______ a tie? I _____ those pants yesterday.
5. He SINGS in the bathroom. 6. You SANG at my party, remember?
We think she _____ at church. She _____ at the club every night.
She _____ soprano. She said they _____ sometimes.
He always _______ the “blues”. They ______ our song.
7. You have PUT the facts on paper. 8. We were STANDING at the station.
Where do you want to ____ the desk? He is _____ near door.
What did you _____ in your cupboards? I’m ________ under the bridge.
Where did you _____ the wallet? Why are you _____ here?
9. They STOOD with me. 10. I can’t STAND this anymore!
I _____ your bike there. She couldn’t _____ the neighbors.
He _____ on the chair. We can’t ______ the manager.
We ______ at the bank for hours. He will have to_____the headache.
11. Can I RIDE your motorcycle? 12. He RODE the horse.
Do you want to _____ my horse, too? We _____ the train downtown.
Where did you learn to ______ a bike? I think she ____ on a bus.
I always _____ in the morning. They _____ with us.
13. Who PERMITED this? 14. He won’t ALLOW us to go through.
He _____ us to see. She doesn’t _____ any parties.
When am I ______ to leave? Will he ______ you to wear that?
They _____ the tragedy. I do what the law ______.
15. Will your mother LET you go? 16. The chair is BESIDE the bed.
We ______ our dog come in. Are you ______the church?
I _____ them go to the movies. The horse ran ______ the truck.
Your father won’t _______ you do that. It’s ________ you!.
17. I worked THROUGH the night. 18. They live UNDER the bridge.
You can’t see _____ a wall. We are ____ the 2nd floor.
They went ____ the tunnel. She was ____ water.
I slept ____ the show. It’s _____ the desk.
19. She’s not GOING to go. 20. She HAD BETTER pay her sister.
Tonight, I’m GONNA study. You ‘DBETTER stop!
What are you GONNA wear? I ‘DBETTER go.
Do you know what you’re GONNA say? The meeting ‘DBETTER finish soon.
PHRASES
1. My sister doesn’t like to wash the dishes, but she likes to cook.
2. She wanted to wear her new red blouse next week. Are you going with her?
3. I need to take my two sons to the doctor. Both got sick last night.
4. I shopped for a suit and tie, but then I bought only a shirt.
5. We shouldn’t allow those sick children to be together with the others.
6. I’m going to take along both kinds of soda. Do you prefer another soda?
7. My sister is learning how to sing with my cousin. I don’t like to sing
8. Did you remember the tip? No I only paid the waiter for the meal.
9. You didn’t understand what I meant. Is the newspaper on the couch?
10. Does your mother cook well? What kinds of food do you like to eat?
11. She said she didn’t know how to go home from where she was.
12. They opened the window, because it was very hot in the bedroom.
13. How much money does he already have for the trip? He ‘dbetter have more.
14. How could you allow him to do this? I don’t know how to help him.
15. Is she waiting for a taxi? Does she want a ride?
16. Where did you put the wine? I put it in the fridge to get cold.
17. She already finished her homework and now she is playing in the park.
18. I thought I saw someone driving your car. By the way, where’s the key?
19. You ‘dbetter not go in there. Do you know what you are going to find?
20. Our maid was at the gate. She was riding a green bicycle.
LESSON THIRTY - ONE
LANGUAGE STUDY-
MORFEMAS – Significados Principais
A ciência de significados se baseia em alguns princípios importantes e definitivos,
os quais devemos entender se iremos descobrir os significados dos morfemas, palavras e
frases. Muitos destes princípios são conexos e alguns são relacionados a outros.
1. Não há sinônimos exatos numa língua. O que queremos dizer é que não há duas
palavras que são completamente equivalentes em seus significados. Por exemplo, as
palavras “TRUTH” (verdade), e “VERITY” (verdade). Podemos dizer “he spoke the
truth”, mas nunca diríamos “he spoke the verity”. Nem no inglês e em nenhum outro
idioma acharemos palavras completamente idênticas.
2. Não há equivalência exata entre idiomas. Temos que aprender que cada palavra em
cada língua tem seu próprio significado especial e que nós não podemos presumir que
as duas línguas têm quaisquer detalhes que concordam. Uma das maiores dificuldades
vem de presumir que palavras parecidas com o português têm o mesmo significado.
3. Ambigüidades ocorrem em todas as línguas. Nenhum idioma é perfeito, nem
mesmo o grego. O hábito de construir piadas (em inglês puns) sobre aparências entre
palavras é quase universal.
4. Historicamente – todas as línguas vão mudando os significados de algumas palavras.
“Kid” – filhote de cabra – começou a ser usado como filhos nossos porque parecem
como “cabritinhos”. A palavra “gay” antes significava apenas “alegre, p’ra cima”.
5. As formas tem “áreas” de significados. Estamos muito acostumados em pensar nas
palavras tendo pontos específicos de significado, enquanto devemos tratá-las como
áreas de significado. Algumas áreas são extensas enquanto outras são muito restritas,
mas todas são áreas. A palavra LOVE por exemplo tem muitas áreas de significado:
I love my wife, I love to do it, I love apples, I love the way you laugh.
6. As palavras revelam diferenças culturais. Isto é natural porque as palavras
simbolizam os traços da cultura. Em fato não podemos entender a língua de um povo
sem também entender sua cultura.
Uma vez que a pessoa reconhece que a cada palavra de um idioma tem sua
história especial e área de significado, ela evitará muitos erros sérios que vem de
ignorância ou negligência. As palavras não devem ser traduzidas literalmente do inglês
para o português.
OBJECTS
THOUGHT AMUSEMENT PARK
LETTER CLOSET
HUMOR – humor NAPKIN
JUSTICE HAT
CONCERT GIFT / PRESENT
STADIUM KISS
REPORTER MARRIAGE (ato)
INTERVIEW – entrevista WEDDING (evento)
STORY – estória, conto BRIDE - noiva
HISTORY – história BRIDEGROOM – noivo (fiancé)
ELECTRICITY – GARTER
SOUP(súp) RING
SOAP VOWS – votos
VERBS
to TELL / TOLD - contar, narrar
I’m gonna tell you about it. He told us his story.
to PARTICIPATE / PARTICIPATED – participar
He didn’t participate in the meeting. We participated.
to SIGN / SIGND (saind) – assinar
I didn’t sign the document. Did you sign your name?
to BORROW / BORROWD – pedir emprestado (FROM)
Can I borrow your bike? He borrowed Jane’s hat.
to LEND / LENT – emprestar (TO)
The bank wouldn’t lend me more money. I lent my suit to him.
to DIRTY / DIRTID – sujar
She dirtied my new floor. I didn’t dirty your car.
to CLEAN (clin) / CLEAND – limpar
Did you clean your room? I have to clean the kitchen.
QUALIFIERS
BEHIND – atrás de SUN – sol
INSIDE – dentro SHADE – sombra
OUTSIDE - fora SHADOW – sombra
DIRTY – sujo SUNNY – ensolarado
CLEAN – limpo SHADY – escuro, sombrio
WRONG – errado BRIGHT – claro, brilhoso
RIGHT – certo AGAINST – contra
HEALTHY – saudável FULL – cheio
WISE – sábio EMPTY - vazío
EXPRESSIONS
ONE – um tal, um certo, um SUMMER – verão
this one FALL – outono
which one WINTER – inverno
any one SPRING – primavera
the big one
ONE PERSON – uma pessoa
TWO PERSONS - duas pessoas
TWO PEOPLE – duas pessoas
INTENTIONAL – intencional
UNINTENTIONAL – não intencional
PARKING LOT – estacionamento
PARKING SPACE – estacionamento, vaga
to“TURN IN TO” – tornar-se
“I’M AFRAID” – tenho medo, receio
“GO BACK” – volte para lá!
“COME BACK”- volte para cá!
“MADE IN THE SHADE” – fácil, sem problema
to “HAVE TO DO WITH” – ter a ver com
to “HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH” – ter nada a ver com
to “TAKE TURNS” – alternar, ir por vez
GRAMMAR
HE IS OLD – Ele é velho.
I AM OLDER THAN PETER – sou mais velho que Peter.
JOHN IS THE OLDEST – John é o mais velho.
SHE IS HAPPY – Ela é feliz.
JANE IS HAPPIER THAN MARY – Jane está mais feliz que Mary.
JANE IS THE HAPPIEST – Jane é a mais feliz.
PEGGY IS BEAUTIFUL – Peggy é linda.
SUSAN IS MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN BETH – Susan é mais linda que Beth.
SUSAN IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL – Susan é a mais linda.
o mais ( ) o menos ( )
a mais ( ) MORE a menos ( ) LESS
os mais ( ) ... de THE MOST os menos ( ) ... de THE LEAST
as mais ( ) as menos ( )
Letters of the Alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
FRAMES
1. He wants to PARTICIPATE tonight. 2. They PARTICIPATED in the show.
I didn’t _______ in the meeting. She ________ in the interview.
Do you want to _________ in the wedding? I had ________ in the story.
We have to __________ in the game. He ___________ in writing the book.
3. Did you SIGN the document? 4. They SIGNED the vows.
I can’t _______ this paper. I have _______ your passport.
Will you ________ your name? They _________ all their names.
How did you ________ it? She _________ that yesterday.
5. Can I BORROW this? 6. They could LEND their time.
Did she ________ your car? I can’t _______ any more money.
We need to _________ a napkin. She’ll _______ her apartment.
She always _________ from him. Jim wants to ______ his suit.
7. Did you TELL her? 8. She TOLD me what happened.
He wants to ______ a story. They ______ where he was.
What can you _____ me? I think he ______ his mother.
There is nothing to ______. We ______ stories all night.
9. She will DIRTY her dress. 10. They DIRTIED their hands.
Did you _______ the floor? He ________ my new car.
I don’t want to _______ this. The cat ________ the new couch.
You shouldn’t _______ your shoes. You ________ the present.
11. Please CLEAN your room. 12. We CLEANED the church.
Can you _______ my glasses? They never _______ their garage.
I want to ________ the closet. I _________ your ball with soap.
He needs to ________his face. He ________ his floor.
13. We were BEHIND the stadium. 14.The animals are INSIDE the corral.
He is ________ the reporter. My book was _______ your car.
It’s _________ the door. They are _______ the building.
I am _________ you. It was _______ our garage.
15. There are few WISE men. 16. Your car is DIRTY.
Is that ______ to do? This field is _____.
Older people are usually _____. Our windows are _____.
That’s a ______ answer. She has _____ napkins.
17. What a CLEAN boy! 18. This is the WRONG store.
It was a _______ job. You made the _______ cake.
Their closet looks _______. I bought the ________ shoes.
Her boyfriend is very ______. I chose the ________ feature.
19. You are always RIGHT. 20. My uncle is very WEALTHY.
I have the _______ story. Everyone wants to be ________.
You have to know the ________ people. I know a ________ businesswoman.
What’s the _______ time? She chose the ________ husband.
21. This meal is very HEALTHY. 22. We are living OUTSIDE the city.
They have a _________ baby. They put the soap______ the cart.
You look very _________. Your tie is _________ your coat.
My animals are all _________. The dishes are______ the cupboard.
23. Their glasses are FULL. 24. They are AGAINST the project.
My car is _____. I put the gift ________ the wall.
The streets are ______ of people. He ran _________ the clock.
The stadium is _____ tonight. She is _________ marriage.
25. The sun is very BRIGHT. 26. They are in the SUN.
Your face is _______. I left my dog in the _______.
That color is ________. The ______hurts my eyes.
You have a ________ kitchen. I want to stay in the ______.
27. Put the baby in the SHADE. 28. Today is a SUNNY day.
I prefer the ________. This is a ______ city.
We had the meal in the _________. Yesterday had ______afternoon.
I hung up my clothes in the _________. We visited a ______ field.
29. Which ONE do you want? 30.It will TURN INTO something special.
I will take any ______ that there is. They can ____ ____ flowers.
Will this ______ be good? She wants to ____ ____ a lady.
I prefer the blue _____. He’s gonna ____ ____ a monster.
31. They didn’t want to TAKE TURNS
You should always ______ ________.
With many people you have to ______ _______.
Can I _____ ______ with you?
PHRASES
1. I looked at her while she looked at the dirty couch. I cleaned the couch.
2. I saw your dog in the street. The children were afraid of your dog.
3. Did you take the gift to your aunt? She liked it very much.
4. I need to clean my closet, then my house inside and outside.
5. I thought that you were working at night. You’re going to be wealthy.
6. Would you like to try on another dress? This one is very beautiful.
7. She remembered to buy the soap. I knew she was going to buy it today.
8. Did you like the soup last night? I was so good the restaurant was full.
9. I paid the telephone bill and now I don’t have money for the ice cream.
10. Where did you put the keys? I left them on the table. Didn’t you see?
11. Is her bicycle in the car? I put it inside the garage.
12. Jack borrowed a coat for the interview. His was at the cleaners.
13. John is telling a story. It’s one about learning to participate in life.
14. A popular story is usually easy to tell. Can you remember one?
15. That information is easy to get. All that you need is enough money.
16. Sooner or later you’ll have to borrow something from someone.
17. I can’t lend any more money to you. You still haven’t paid me.
18. Jane wanted to have nothing more to do with her boyfriend.
19. He started reading when he was five years old. I think he will be smart.
20. Is it very far to where you live? Never mind, we’ll go by car.
Livro - PDF/LS32-34.PDF
LESSON THIRTY-TWO
LANGUAGE STUDY
“MORFEMAS” – Categorias de Significados
As línguas são diferentes na variedade de significados distintos como também na
maneira particular em que estas variedades são divididas por categoria. Algumas das
categorias de significados que o aluno de inglês deve se preocupar são estas:
Número - muitas línguas mostram uma diferença entre números singulares (um) e plurais (mais
do que um);
Pessoa – no inglês temos indicadores de “pessoas” tais como, o possessivo, sujeitos ou
objetos do verbo, como classes separadas de palavras chamadas “pronome”. Dentro dos
grupos de indicadores de “pessoas” (pronomes ou afixos) as línguas são diferentes na maneira
que separam os referentes de “pessoas” de acordo com variedade dos quais são destacados 1a
pessoa, 2a pessoa e 3a pessoa e também na maneira que dividem gênero masculino, feminino,
etc.
Gênero – masculino, feminino, neutro.
Tempo – temos o “passado”, o “presente” e o “futuro”, que poderemos sub-dividir para remoto,
perto e regular. Tensos relativos definem o tempo em relação a outros tempos ie.: o tenso
“perfeito”, referindo-se a alguma ação do passado em relação ao presente.
Voz – a voz indica o relacionamento dos participantes da ação. No inglês, tais relacionamentos
são indicados na forma da frase. Contrastes da voz tem alguns dos seguintes:
ativo - John hit the ball.
passivo - Bill was hit.
reflexivo - John hit himself.
transitivo - John hit Bill.
intransitivo - John ran.
OBJECTS
LIGHT RESEARCH pesquisa
DARKNESS COST (cóst)
WAY (wêi) WARNING
GOVERNMENT REQUEST (riqüest) – pedido (ORDER)
WINNER RUG
LOSER CARPET
FUTURE BUTCHER
SOURCE – fonte (de onde vem) CANDY
LAUNDRY (lândri) – lavanderia TRASH(tréch)
KNIFE
VERBS
to PRACTICE (práctes) / PRACTICED – praticar, treinar
You need to practice playing your guitar.
to SHOW / SHOWED (chóud) – mostrar
I want to show you my new car. He showed us his cut.
to FEEL (fil) / FELT(félt) – sentir-se, sentir no toque, passar a mão
How do you feel? I can feel the hot water.
to FIX / FIXED (fikst) - concertar
My brother can fix your car. I fixed it!
to ARRIVE (arráiv) / ARRIVED (arráivd) – chegar
He will arrive at 9:00. They arrived last night.
to SAVE (sêiv) / SAVED (sêivd) – salvar, poupar, reservar
Save the rainforest! You have to save your ticket.
to ARRANGE(arénd) / ARRANGED – arrumar, combinar, arranjar
He didn’t arrange for your meeting. Please, arrange this.
QUALIFIERS
FANTASTIC (fentástic) – fantástico
BORING (bórin) – tedioso, sem graça
STRONG – forte
WEAK (wik) – fraco
EMPTY (êmpti) – vazio
WITHOUT – sem
USEFUL (iúsifol) – útil
CAREFUL (kerifol) – cuidadoso, tendo cuidado
FORGETFUL (forguétfol) – esquecido
LIGHT (lai) – claro, leve
DARK (dark) – escuro
WEIRD (wírd) – esquisito, estranho
BADLY (bédli) – (com jeito) ruim
SADLY (sedli) – tristemente
CAREFULLY (kérifoli) – cuidadosamente
STRANGELY (strêngili) – estranhamente
EASILY (isili) – facilmente
HAPPILY (hépili) – felizmente
STRONGLY (strôngli) – fortemente
EXPRESSIONS
DIFFERENT THAN – diferente de
SAME AS – mesmo que, igual à
ONCE IN A WHILE (uancenawáil) – de vez em quando
USED TO – costumava
DRIVER’S LICENSE (dráiverláicens) – carteira de habilitação
“ON THE OTHER HAND” – por outro lado
“YOU DRIVE ME CRAZY” – você me deixa louco
“YOU DRIVE ME UP THE WALL”-v. me faz subir as paredes
to SAVE MONEY – poupar dinheiro
to BE NERVOUS – estar nervoso ( to Get nervous)
to BE CALM – estar calmo (to Get calm)
to BE USED TO – ser / estar acostumado à (to Get used to)
“WHERE DO YOU COME FROM?” – De onde você vem?
“WHERE ARE YOU FROM?” – De onde você é?
“I COME FROM LOS ANGELES.” – Venho de Los Angeles.
“I’M FROM DALLAS.” – Sou de Dallas.
- FRAMES –
1. They PRATICE in the field. 2. I have PRATICED my English.
I have to ________ yet. They ________ in my room.
We __________ everyday. The band _________ all night.
Can you ___________ with me? He _______ speaking Spanish.
3. I want to SHOW you my car. 4. She SHOWED me her horse.
Can I _______this to her? They _____ us their new baby.
I need to ________ you the future. The butcher _____ all the meat.
He didn’t ________the trash. He ________ us the way home.
5. Do you FEEL better? 6. The box FELT empty.
Can you _____my hand? I _______ her soft face.
I didn’t ______ at home. They _______ different than me.
She ______ tired. We all ______ strangely light.
7. I want to FIX my house. 8. They FIXED my glasses.
Did he ______ the car? The boy _______ his bike.
You didn’t _______ it! My brother _______ my camera.
He can ______ anything. She _______ my old dress.
9. When will you ARRIVE? 10. They ARRIVED last night.
I ___________ in the morning. We _________ on this flight.
Can we __________ at 8:00? He ___________ late as usual.
They should __________ soon. I _________ without my candy.
11. I need to SAVE today’s paper. 12. I SAVED a candy for you.
________ the rainforest! He ________ my research.
Can you ________ my seat? We _______ the best until last.
I will _________ your letter. The warning ________ his life.
13. I will ARRANGE your documents. 14. Who ARRANGED my bedroom?
You should ________ your things. She __________ the napkins.
Could you ________ an interview? I ___________ your schedule.
She needs to _________ her closet. They _________ a bus for our trip.
15. He told a FANTASTIC story. 16. The meeting was very BORING.
You are a ___________ maid. We listened to the ______speaker.
Your research is ___________. Her party is never _______.
The future will be ___________. His humor was too _______.
17. I gave her a STRONG kiss. 18. Your story is very WEAK.
You have a ________ personality. The electricity is _______ today.
She bought _______ horses. They have a _______ government.
The sun was very _______ . He is a _______person.
19. The room was EMPTY. 20. This is a WEIRD story.
This bottle is _______ . They are a ________ family.
Your head is _______ . She has a _________ bird.
I want an _______ box. You talk _________ .
21. I’m WITHOUT any money. 22. The knife is very USEFUL.
You’re __________ reason. She is a ________ person.
They are __________ the kids. I always give _______ presents. We’re
___________ time. Electricity is _________ .
23. Please, be CAREFUL! 24. This judge is very FORGETFUL.
You are never ________. Children are always ________.
He is a _____________ driver. You shouldn’t be so _________.
You’re not ____________ enough. She is a ____________ reporter.
25. The classroom is very LIGHT. 26. I like the color DARK green.
His humor is always _______ . Those windows are all ______ .
We carried the ________ closet. This room is too ______ to see.
I bought a ________ jacket. The weather is very _______ .
PHRASES
1. I drove the car yesterday,
because my wife doesn’t drive yet.
2. We arrived late at the circus on Saturday. The clowns had already left.
3. Don’t forget to close the door. It’s cold and dark outside.
4. The cost of this swimming pool is the same as that one. Really?
5. He doesn’t remember the way because he went there at night.
6. They listened to the girl’s request, but neither one of the judges spoke.
7. He didn’t pay the bill. I think that he left his wallet at home.
8. I don’t remember which day he came. Did he come on Monday or Sunday?
9. He gave her the keys but she wanted a kiss. I think she was right.
10. She arranged the beautiful flowers on the table. It’s almost time for dinner.
11. I forgot to take clothes to the laundry. I even lost the ticket.
12. Their research is going to answer many questions about the universe.
13. When you drive, you have to be careful or you will have an accident.
14. I waited for you all day. Where were you? Why are you so late?
15. The manager arranged for us to stay in the shade because the sun was hot.
16. I was practicing all afternoon because I want to be a good player.
17. He left at 2:30. He went to the airport to meet his brother’s flight.
18. Everyone wants to know the source to be healthy, wealthy and wise.
19. There was a warning on the bottle. This made me feel nervous.
20. You will be a winner if you have the right ticket. I lost it.
LESSON THIRTY-THREE
LANGUAGE STUDY
“SINTAXE” – Juntando as Palavras
Muitos alunos de inglês conseguem dominar as formas das palavras do inglês, pelo
menos aquelas palavras que ocorrem com mais freqüência, mas alguns nunca aprendem a
juntar as palavras em frases naturais. Usam as palavras, mas o “sintaxe” (o arranjo e ordem das
palavras) está completamente “abrasileirado”. Mesmo com uma pronuncia boa muitas vezes
demonstramos nosso lado brasileiro com o “tradução ismo” que fica evidente na nossa maneira
de falar inglês. É verdade que uma pronuncia ruim nos marca como estrangeiros, mas tendo
uma ordem de palavras desordenada construções incorretas será mais irritante ainda para
quem é nativo do inglês. Em nenhum língua são as palavras restritas a uma ordem apenas.
Não podemos esperar que as distinções de um idioma podem ser completamente
paralelas às de um outro idioma; na verdade relativamente poucos paralelismos ocorrem de
verdade sendo que as diferentes categorias são tão numerosas. Nossa tarefa é de descobrir os
tipos de distinções que o inglês faz e examinar todas as possibilidades de usar tais contrastes
na nossa própria maneira de falar inglês.
As línguas não são apenas diferentes no tamanho médio das palavras mas também
são diferentes no tamanho médio das sentenças. Para entender corretamente os arranjos
difíceis nas construções de sinstaxe, precisamos considerar as características de tais arranjos.
A ordem é um dos traços mais importantes de um arranjo e é usado para marcar muitos
relacionamentos significantes. Por exemplo, no inglês, geralmente distinguimos entre sujeitos e
objetos apenas por ordem: John likes Sue., Sue likes John.
Em alguns casos, no português, a mesma palavra numa ordem diferente terá um significado
diferente. Por exemplo a palavra “pobre” pode significar – sem sorte – quando usado antes de
um substantivo, e – sem dinheiro – quando vem seguindo o substantivo. Por exemplo:
“A pobre mulher” - “A mulher pobre”
Nós temos a tendência de relaxar a nossa atenção ao detalhe da ordem das palavras
quando achamos que o nosso “inglês” pode ser entendido parcialmente mesmo quando
empregamos a ordem errada das palavras. Este é um erro triste, porque não apenas impede
nosso domínio do inglês mas também nos impede de adquirir fluência natural e impede as
pessoas de entender completamente e apreciar o que nos temos para dizer. Não há nada que
irrita mais o ouvinte do que a ordem errada das palavras.
OBJECTS
FRIDGE (frídh)
GROCERIES (grôuchoriz) – suprimentos alimentícios
PIE (pai)
PIECE (píice) – pedaço
ADVICE (edvaice) – conselho
BELT (bélt) – cinto, correia
SOLUTION (saluchan) - solução
MAIL BOX
DIRECTIONS (dirékchans) – direções, instruções
AD (ed) – anúncio, publicação
FEVER ( fíver) – febre
POPULATION
ERROR ( éror) – erro
EDUCATION
GUTTER – sargeta
SQUARE
VERBS
to KEEP (kip) / KEPT (képt) – guardar, manter, continuar, ficar com
I keep my hats in my closet. He keeps arriving late.
to PUSH (pôx) / PUSHED (pôxt)
You should not push people. Please, don’t push .
to PULL ( pôl) / PULLED (pôld) – puxar, arrastar
Can you pull my car? They didn’t pull the door.
to INVITE (envait) / INVITED (envairéd) – convidar
Did you invite them ? They invited us to their wedding.
to BELIEVE (bliv) / BELIEVED (blivd) – acreditar, crer
Do you believe me? I can’t believe this story.
to CALL ( cál) / CALLED (cáld) – telefonar para, chamar
Jack called me yesterday. Did you call your sister?
QUALIFIERS
OVER – acima de, sobre, terminado PRIVATE (práivet) – privado
REASONABLE (rísonabal) – razoável WILD (waild) – selvagem
UNKNOWN ( anáun) – desconhecido TAME (têim) – manso , domado
PUBLIC (pablic) – público
EXPRESSIONS
“WHAT’S THE MATTER?” – o que há, qual é o problema?
“IN THE MEANTIME” – entretanto, no entanto
“ FINE WITH ME” – por mim tudo bem
“FIRST I... THEN I...”- primeiro eu... depois eu...
“IF I... THEN I...” – se eu... então eu...
to GET RID OF – livrar-se de
THERE USED TO BE – havia, costumava ter
THERE WAS - houve
THERE IS – há
FRONT ROOM – sala da frente BACK ROOM – sala de trás
FRONT WINDOW – janela da frente BACK WINDOW – janela de trás
FRONT SEAT – assento da frente BACK SEAT – assento de trás
FRONT WALL – parede da frente BACK WALL – parede de trás
FRAMES
1. Did you KEEP the ring? 2. I KEPT all the letters you wrote.
You_____this. They_____talking the whole night.
They______calling. She_____the money.
Where do you______the bread? We_____the children at our house.
3. Could you PUSH my car? 4. He was PUSHED into the gutter.
I never______people. She________the little boy.
Did you______your bike? I______the fridge into the corner.
They always_______. They_______me through the door.
5. Will you PULL a tooth? 6. I PULLED his bicycle.
She likes to______hair. They______him from the gutter.
They can _______ our boat. She _______her driver’s license.
They will _______ the rug We ________our desk together.
7. I have to INVITE my friends. 8. I INVITED your uncle.
Who did you _______? She ________ me to her wedding.
How could you ________ him? I was ________ to the meeting.
Will you _________ your family? They_____Bill to be a member.
9. I can never BELIEVE you. 10. I always BELIEVED her.
Can you _________ this? They _________ the ad.
I don’t __________ your story. We ________ his strange story.
You had better _________ it. He _________ in my project.
11. Did you CALL your sister? 12. She CALLED me at my office.
When can you ______ me? They _______ at midnight.
I will ________ for the waiter. John ________ me yesterday.
What do you _______ this? He was _______ “Mr. Fantastic”.
13. Our plane is OVER the city. 14.Your cost is not REASONABLE.
I’m _______ the wall. You have to be ____________.
The party is _________.
She is never ___________.
Is the meeting ________? Please, be ____________.
15. These books are UNKNOWN. 16. This is a PUBLIC park.
This was __________ to me. They are at a _________ meeting.
His history is __________. He loves the _________.
It’s _________ if he went there. I am a _________ man.
17. This is a PRIVATE road. 18. Those are WILD horses.
His life is very ________. She bought some______animals.
We are in _________property. We found many_______flowers.
They have a ___________ driver. These chickens are ________.
19. THERE USED TO BE a church here.
I know where _____ _____ __ ___ a park.
____ _____ __ ___ time to everything.
____ ____ __ ___a secretary in this office.
PHRASES
1. I left my purse in your house. I think you left it at the snack bar.
2. The kids were neither hungry nor thirsty after playing.
3. Did you invite Jane to travel with us? I invited her but she can’t go.
4. I couldn’t believe when she called me last month. She never calls.
5. Let’s go shopping. First I have to close the back door.
6. The taxi driver was helping the old lady with her groceries.
7. Mike called me because he wanted me to help him push his car.
8. Our teacher needs to come to our party. Why don’t you invite him?
9. They can never believe his stories, because they always have errors.
10. What are they doing in the rain? They’re pulling their toys.
11. I called you because I need your help. I’m a little sick today.
12. Did you keep the directions that came with the new camera?
13. This course is unknown to many people. I had no knowledge of it.
14. My mother made a delicious pie for my niece. Do you want a piece?
15. He had better call the telephone company about the last bill.
16. Yesterday I got a reasonable tip from a very wealthy customer.
17. My nephew called me two months ago. I really don’t know where he is now.
18. The children wanted to keep the wild bird. They found it yesterday.
19. If you don’t get rid of these ugly shoes I can’t buy a new pair.
20. Could you please put the groceries in the fridge? I have a fever.
LESSON THIRTY-FOUR
LANGUAGE STUDY
“SINTAXE” – Tipos de Unidades de Sintaxe
Ao examinar a maneira que palavras são juntadas e as funções que elas realizam,
precisamos ter alguma noção dos tipos de palavras e das combinações delas.
Por exemplo, no inglês temos uma classe grande de palavras que chamamos de
“partículas” que são apenas morfemas singulares. Mesmo assim na sintaxe precisamos
diferenciar entre elas. Algumas são classificadas como preposições – in, by, with, at, of –
outras são conjunções ou para introduzir cláusulas pos-posição – and, but, or, for – ou para
introduzir cláusulas de pre e pos-posição – when, because, while, as – e ainda outras como as
interjeições – ouch!, oh!, wow!, great!
Também precisamos olhar os tipos de combinações que ocorrem e como estes
funcionam dentro do inglês, porque há restrições em relação às palavras que podem ser
usadas. Por exemplo, podemos colocar um número de tipos de palavras na frente de
substantivos como: adjetivo – good man, substantivo – gold ring, ou advérbio – following
statement.
“SINTAXE” – Descobrindo as Estruturas
As primeiras observações sobre a estrutura do sintaxe acontecem quando
começamos expandir os “frames” para frases e cláusulas. Precisamos anotar: 1) a ordem das
palavras; 2) os relacionamentos das palavras, e 3) os tipos de palavras que podem ser
combinados. Estas observações tem que ser confirmadas. Pode não ser possível fazer uma
análise detalhada da sintaxe, mas há certos tipos de detalhe que precisamos observar:
1. O tamanho médio das sentenças.
2. As maneiras que as cláusulas são combinadas.
3. A ordem das coisas principais da sentença como verbo, sujt. obj.
4. Os tipos de construções que podem constituir sentenças e aqueles que
geralmente não constituam sentenças.
Vacilar entre palavras numa sentença não é tão ruim quanto parar no meio de uma
palavra para descobrir o final correto. Mesmo assim, todos os traços do inglês têm que vir à ser
perfeitamente automáticos. Não é possível dominar os detalhes do sintaxe sem praticar
ouvindo o inglês e treinar, reconhecer e produzir expressões antes não encontradas.
Precisamos ficar tão acostumados em perceber expressões que ao falar começamos a nos
expressar automaticamente através destes modelos de frase naturais.
OBJECTS
EMPLOYER (emplóier) – empregador, patrão
EMPLOYEE (emplói) – empregado
MOMENT (môment) – momento
THEATER
PLACE (plêic) – lugar
FAVOR (feiver) – favor
LEISURE (líger) – lazer
SUITCASE
SHIP (chêp)
BOAT (bôut)
VERBS
to ACCEPT / ACCEPTED – aceitar
He didn’t accept the job. I accepted the gift.
to OWE/ OWED – dever
You owe me some money. I don’t like to owe.
to RENT / RENTED – alugar
How much is the room to rent? Are you renting now?
to RECEIVE / RECEIVED – receber
Can you receive this package? I didn’t receive anything.
to GO OUT / WENT OUT – sair
When do you want to go out? I want to go out with you.
to ORDER / ORDERED – ordenar, mandar, encomendar
I want to order a dress. You can’t order things here. Let’s order!
to SHAVE / SHAVED – barbear, raspar
I need to shave. Can you shave this ice?
to PROMISE / PROMISED – prometer
He promised to come. I don’t want to promise anything.
to CUT / CUT – cortar
Can you cut the paper? He wants to cut his hair.
QUALIFIERS
SOMEBODY – alguém
ANYBODY – alguém, ninguém ( interrogativo, negativo)
NOBODY – ninguém (negativo)
ENOUGH – bastante, suficiente
NOT ENOUGH
MILLION – milhão
HALF – metade
QUARTER – quarto
MUST - deve (indica a autoridade do falante mas é basicamente
igual à “should” e “have to”)
Adicionando o sufixo en:
HARD ( hárd) – duro to HARDEN – endurecer
SOFT (saft) – maçio to SOFTEN (sófen) – amaçiar
RIPE (ráip) – maduro to RIPEN – madurar
SICK (sêk) – doente to SICKEN – adoeçer
GOLD (gôld) – ouro GOLDEN – dourado
WOOD (wôd) – madeira WOODEN – de madeira
EXPRESSIONS
FORTUNATELY (fórtnateli) - felizmente
UNFORTUNATELY (ânfortnateli) – infelizmente
DISHWASHER (dêshwacher) – lavador de pratos, louça
ONE AND A HALF – um e meio
“I DOUBT IT!”- “Duvido!”
IN LAWS (en lás) – parentes de casamento
MOTHER IN LAW - sogra
FATHER IN LAW – sogro
SON IN LAW – genro
DAUGHTER IN LAW – nora
BROTHER IN LAW – cunhado
SISTER IN LAW – cunhada
GRAMMAR
1. He swims. 10. He will have swum.
2. He swam. 11. He will be swimming.
3. He will swim. 12. He has been swimming.
4. He could swim. 13. He had been swimming.
5. He might swim. 14. He will have been swimming.
6. He has swum. 15. He could not have been swimming.
7. He had swum. 16. He was not swimming.
8. He is swimming. 17. He has not swum.
9. He was swimming. 18. He would not have swum.
FRAMES
1. Will you ACCEPT this? 2.She ACCEPTED me in her house.
I ________ the job. They ________ what we planned.
Can we _________ his idea? He _________ the present.
I can’t __________ your story. I think they ______ the money.
3. You OWE me money. 4. I OWED Frank a big favor.
I don’t _____ anything. She never _____ them any money.
Can I
______ you? They ______ us their tickets.
She ______ her life to him. He said I ____ this month’s rent.
5. I want to RENT an apartment. 6.She RENTED the house on the corner.
Can I _________ this house? I ______ a tuxedo for the wedding.
She only wants to ______ a cheap place. He ________ a boat for the day.
Will you ______ or buy this year? We _____ the theater for the show.
7. Did you RECEIVE my letters? 8. I RECEIVED my diploma.
Can he _______ me now? She _______ the package.
When did you _________ the money? Sadly we _________ the news.
I never ________ any presents. They _________ my message.
9. Do you want to GO OUT? 10. He WENT OUT that door.
Can you ________ tonight? We _________ to the country.
She didn’t __________ with me. Katia ______ with Mário.
He can’t __________ yet. The cat _________ the windows.
11. I want to ORDER a dress. 12.They ORDERED the wine for the party.
He can’t ________ us to leave. She ________ the books.
We are ready to _________. Have you already ___________?
What will you ____________? I ________ fish for dinner.
13. I need to SHAVE. 14. He never SHAVED before.
Can he _________ in your bathroom? I ________ just this morning.
She wants to __________ her legs. The car _______ through the gate.
Will he ________ his head? She _________ under her arms.
15. I can’t PROMISE anything. 16. We PROMISED to visit them.
Will you ___________? You ________ you would help me.
He didn’t _________ to buy it. I never ________ that.
I _________ to do it. He did what he had ___________.
17. I CUT my finger last night.
They _______ the cake.
She _________ my hair.
That ________ my time in half.
PHRASES
1. What time did you call me on Tuesday? I called you at noon.
2. Please, give me a piece of cake. Do you want a napkin, too?
3. I took my daughter to the doctor. She had a fever two days ago.
4. He didn’t know what to do with his car after the accident.
5. She saw my brother in law walking on the street with his girlfriend.
6. I forgot what I wanted to say. Who did you invite to the party?
7. I took my car to be washed. It was very dirty and took hours to clean.
8. I read the ad that you put in the newspaper. What did you think?
9. Would you like to have dinner with us? I would like to, thank you.
10. Do you think he will arrive in time for the meeting? I think so.
11. Would you do me a favor, please? I need someone to help with this box.
12. Will you be at my party? When does it start? It will start at 9:00.
13. I can’t forget to go out with my wife on Tuesday. It’s her birthday.
14. Will you take the kids to the amusement park? I don’t know yet.
15. I went to the airport, but unfortunately Mike had already left.
16. Will you take anybody with you on the boat? I’m not sure yet.
17. We got up when the mailman arrived this morning. We slept until late.
18. Jane answers all the letters that she receives from her boyfriend.
19. Excuse me, what did you ask me? I asked what you would like to order.
20. Will you have enough time to do this? I really can’t promise anything.Mais conteúdos dessa disciplina
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