LITERATURA INGLESA II

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Eugenics is the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities 
of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage. The 
improvement of the inborn qualities, or stock, of some human population, will alone be 
discussed here. (...) Persistence in setting forth the national importance of Eugenics. 
There are three stages to be passed through. Firstly it must be made familiar as an 
academic question, until its exact importance has been understood and accepted as a 
fact; Secondly it must be recognized as a subject whose practical development deserves 
serious consideration; and Thirdly it must be introduced into the national conscience, 
like a new religion. (GALTON, 1905, p. 45 ¿ 50) 
Source: GALTON, Francis. "Eugenics: its definition, scope and aims". 1905. 
Access in: https://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1905-socpapers-eugenics-
definition-scope-aims.pdf 
Relate the excerpt above, from an essay written by Sir Francis Galton, with the option 
that correctly points out the historical implications of eugenics. 
 
 
As a popular subject, eugenics was never taken seriously by the scientific 
community ¿ quickly fading away from political discussion only to reemerge in 
the Nazi regime. 
 
As an academic subject, eugenics feared that humanity¿s evolutionary path had 
led to a much-feared moment in which every person was equal to one another. 
 Eugenics improved the conditions of planetary inhabitance since it could predict 
the evolutionary traits of humanity. 
 As an academic subject, eugenics allowed certain scientific experiments, 
impeding ¿undesired¿ groups of individuals to procreate based on color, creed, 
gender. 
 
Eugenics reduced the differences between people, by claiming that it was a 
religious force organized by a messianic figure similar to Jesus. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:22:38 
 
Explicação: 
FEEDBACK: After achieving academic status, eugenics was much more difficult to debunk 
than it would have been if there were not so pious defenders of its thesis - that is to say, 
that it was possible to develop humans scientifically in order for them to be racially 
improved. Sir Francis Galton was one of its major defenders in the public and academic 
debate. Science allowed for many States worldwide to create structures similar to what 
later would become the Nazi concentration camps for experiments regarding eugenics to 
happen - the same is true for the cleansing of black people that happened during the 
interwar period in the United States, around the 1930s. 
 
 
2a 
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The fall of protecting class walls transformed the slumbering majorities behind all 
parties into one great unorganized, structureless mass of furious individuals who had 
nothing in common except their vague apprehension that the hopes of party members 
were doomed, that, consequently, the most respected, articulate and representative 
members of the community were fools and that all the powers that be were not so 
much evil as they were equally stupid and fraudulent. (ARENDT, 1962, p.315) 
Source: ARENDT, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism. Ohio: Meridian Books, 1962. 
 
After reading the excerpt above, mark the option indicating the correct set of 
affirmatives. 
I. The mass wars that occurred throughout the twentieth century helped totalitarian 
regimes to establish mass control. 
II. The mass of individuals mobilized by the Party were not intelligent and, peacefully, 
let themselves be ordered around. 
III. Ideologically, totalitarian regimes produced the equivalence between Nation and 
Party as best as they could through propaganda. 
 
 I, II and III. 
 
II a III, only. 
 
II, only. 
 I and III, only. 
 
I, only. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:22:48 
 
Explicação: 
FEEDBACK: The massive communication skills that totalitarian regimes such as Nazi 
Germany had, are known today, particularly, because of the impactful imagery they could 
provide with the result to produce in the general imagination of their citizens (and the 
world) of a successful State. Mass wars, in all their extent, highlighted how untruthful to the 
reality of the country those means of propaganda could actually be, resulting in distortion 
favoring the ruling Party. 
 
 
3a 
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The narrative strategy called stream-of-consciousness, much employed by modernist 
writers, tries to reproduce the free association of ideas within the mind of a character. 
The development of a field of knowledge greatly influenced this literary technique. Which 
is this field? 
 
 
 
Archetypes 
 Symbolic thought 
 
Mysticism 
 
Svolution theory 
 Psychoanalysis 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:22:51 
 
Explicação: 
The clinical method of psychoanalysis encompasses many practices, and free association is 
one of them. Fragments of memories emerge in the course of free association, giving an 
insight into the unconscious mind. The evolution theory, archetypes and mysticism are 
issues that might be present in the fictional texts but are not associated with the use of the 
stream-of-consciousness. 
 
 
 
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Allegory is used, in James Joyce¿s writings, as a literary device. In Dubliners, for 
instance, the city of Dublin is an allegory of paralysis. But what is allegorical literature? 
 
 
a type of literature that reflects about itself. 
 
a narrative that describes the setting and characters thoroughly. 
 
a narrative that expresses the feelings of a character. 
 a type of literature that is clear and explicit. 
 a symbolic narrative that reveals a non-explicit meaning. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:22:54 
 
Explicação: 
Allegorical literature refers to a symbolic narrative that conveys a meaning that is not 
explicit in the text. The understanding of this meaning depends on a process of 
interpretation from the part of the reader. A thorough description may be allegorical or not, 
because what characterizes allegory is the meaning that is not explicit but may be inferred 
by interpreting the fable or symbol. The narrative that expresses the feelings of a character 
is called impressionistic, a type of literature that is clear and explicit is the opposite of an 
allegorical text, and literature that reflects about itself is known as metafiction. 
 
 
5a 
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The romantic poet Samuel Coleridge used the phrase 'the suspension of disbelief' in 
1817 to account for the experience of the audience of literary works. What is the idea of 
'the suspension of disbelief'? 
 
 Feeling of incredulity when reading a text with supernatural events. 
 
Suspicion raised by reading a text which brings unreal characters. 
 
The sensation of being entrapped in a narrative that is unbelievable. 
 
Readers feel in doubt and question the veracity of the plot and narrative. 
 Readers believe in what they are reading, as if it was reality. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:22:56 
 
Explicação: 
Right answer: Readers believe in what they are reading, as if it was reality. 
Feedback: It means that you read a text as if it was real; you believe in it. Suspicion, 
incredulity, perception of being entrapped and feeling doubts are the opposite of 
'suspension of disbelief'. 
 
 
6a 
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A.S. Byatt is one of the most influential female authors of the late twentieth century 
and early twenty-first century. Byatt's works are usually studied from the perspective of 
postmodernism. In general, her fiction favors the questioning of reality. A crucial 
postmodern feature in Byatt' novels that serves to assist in such deconstruction of 
reality is intertextuality. In general, this technique is characterized by: 
 
 
discussing how fiction can be seen as independent from reality. 
 establishing connections and references to other works.relating postmodernism to a more female sensibility in writing. 
 
investigating how texts are defined by the gender of their authors. 
 discussing aspects related to the marginalization of women. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:22:59 
 
Explicação: 
Right answer: establishing connections and references to other works. 
Feedback: Intertextuality is a literary feature in which a work of fiction alludes to other 
texts, authors and styles, showing how literature is highly referential. It is, then, as a 
literary feature, neither related to discussing aspects of the marginalization of women, nor 
to investigating how texts are defined by their author's gender. It does not relate 
postmodernism to a more female sensibility in writing and it does not discuss how fiction is 
independent from reality. As a feature, though, it helps deconstructs ingrained prejudices. 
 
 
7a 
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Which sad issue was worsened by the Industrial Revolution in England? 
 
 
Lack of schools. 
 Government debt. 
 
Lack of farmers. 
 
Poor harvests. 
 Social inequality. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:23:00 
 
Explicação: 
The Industrial Revolution created fortunes but also increased the exploitation of workers, 
who were insufficiently paid and had to live in slums in the overcrowded growing industrial 
cities. The government strived at the time, agrarian products continued to be grown and 
sold, and the number of schools was not significantly affected by industrialization. 
 
 
8a 
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In Scott's novels, the historical characters have less importance in the narrative than the 
ordinary ones, because he wanted to: 
 
 inspire his readers to study those historical events and figures moved by 
curiosity. 
 
accomplish a comic effect, since the readers know the importance of those 
figures. 
 
criticize the historical characters portraying their secondary importance in the 
event. 
 show how social forces led to a historical event and affect common people¿s 
lives. 
 
relativize the importance of those historical characters and even discredit 
them. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:23:02 
 
Explicação: 
In Scott's historical novels, historical events and characters are present in the background, 
because the author wanted to show how common people¿s lives are affected by those 
events, that were a result of social forces and tensions in place in a particular period and 
region. Thus, Scott's intent was not criticizing, relativizing or discrediting those historical 
figures, but drawing attention to the common people whom social forces acted upon. 
Common people¿s lives are not in History books or official accounts of historical events, and 
it is their stories that Scott want to show, and that is why he uses types, or, in other words, 
characters that represent a group of people of a certain social class and cultural identity. 
The comic effect is not linked to the minor importance of the historical figure in the 
development of the plot, as well as the curiosity aroused by the novel; however, both 
situations might occur after reading the novel. 
 
 
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Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Heights was published the same year Charlotte Brontë 
published Jane Eyre. The two novels, however, are very different both in form and 
content. Choose the alternative that explains why Emily Brontë¿s novel stands out: 
 
 Because of its emotional force as well as unprecedented, sophisticated 
narrative. 
 Because it was incomprehensible to most. 
 
Because Heathcliff is a self-made man. 
 
Because it was an easy read and a favorite in the 1840s. 
 
Because it told a positive tale. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:23:03 
 
Explicação: 
Wuthering Heights was actually met with dislike by the 1840s readers. It was 
incomprehensible to most and it did not tell a positive tale. Even though Heathcliff is a clear 
example of self-made man, being a dark-skinned, and morally ambiguous character meant 
that the novel provided an alternative to the getting on discourse, which assumed that only 
white men were allowed to be self-made men. Because it contradicted the readers¿ 
expectations it was not well liked at the time. However, two things make the novel stand 
out and remain relevant for more contemporary readers: its emotional force as well as 
unprecedented sophisticated narrative. 
 
 
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In chapter VII, Victor Frankenstein announces: 
"Two years had now nearly elapsed since the night on which he first received life; and 
was this his first crime? Alas! I had turned loose into the world a depraved wretch, 
whose delight was in carnage and misery; had he not murdered my brother?" 
Source: SHELLEY, Mary. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometeus. Project Gutenberg. 
March 13, 2013 
Why is Victor¿s perception about the creature not entirely correct? 
 
 Because it was not really a depraved wretch. 
 Because the creature was never actually alive. 
 
Because the creature did not kill his brother. 
 
Because he mistook it for another being. 
 
Because he did not actually create the creature. 
Respondido em 18/05/2022 08:23:05 
 
Explicação: 
Even though Victor Frankenstein sees the creature as a "depraved wretch", the creature, in 
fact, was not always a revenge-seeking being. When it was first created it was amicable 
and loving and like all beings just wanted to be loved. The constant rejections made him 
loathe his creator, Victor Frankenstein, and pursue revenge. The creature then was alive, it 
was created by Victor whose brother it killed. The alternative that states why Victor¿s 
perception was incorrect is: because it was not really a depraved wretch.