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Data
 TechnologyDataTechnology
ChaptersChapters
What is big data? p. 031
3 The Role Of Social Media p. 45
2 Innovations p. 23
4 Social Media Impacts p. 64
5 Artificial Intelligence p. 79
6 AI Trends p. 100
7 Jobs and Technology p. 118
8 Grammar Guide p. 137
What is
Big Data
What is
Big Data
1
Chapter 1
4
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Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities
[At a coworking space] 
[Casey] 
Entering the job market and getting ahead demands lots of preparation, 
a keen eye for opportunities, and, most of all, the necessary courage to 
take them.
A lot has changed throughout the years. Some professions that used to 
exist are no longer a thing, and you can’t deny technology has played 
a huge part in these changes—especially the use of big data to define 
market trends and consumer behavior. 
In this series, we’ll go over the concept of big data as well as its impacts 
on innovation technology and the way that people do business and 
make money nowadays. We’ll also talk about how big data relates to 
artif icial intelligence and the consequences that may emerge from this 
kind of technology.
To do so, we’re going to count on some meaningful insights from our 
guests. Two of them will take part in this series since the f irst episode. 
Let me introduce them to you:
WHAT IS BIG DATA?
We are going to start exploring the world of data technology. Data technology, 
also called datatech or DT, is the technology connected to areas such as market 
or advertising technologies. The data technology sector includes solutions for 
data management, and products or services that are based on data generated 
by both humans and machines. Data technology is an emerging industry that 
uses artif icial intelligence, big data analysis, and machine-learning algorithms to 
improve business activities in many sectors, such as digital marketing, or business 
analysis.
In this chapter, you will learn how to introduce and describe people, things, and 
projects. You will also see some important vocabulary and grammar topics in 
order to make that happen. 
Now look at the script of: What is big data?
Part 1.
Video Script
Chapter 1 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
5
This is Keshav Malani, co-founder of Powr of You, an analytics platform 
that allows people to understand their online footprints and make 
money from their data.
Meet Richard Weyhrauch, founder of IBUKI, a company designed to be 
the leading source of linguistic data and software products that index, 
process, organize, and search unstructured data. 
So, let’s get started, shall we? 
When I say “big data,” what comes to your mind? 
[Keshav Malani] 
From my perspective, big data is extremely large amounts of data that 
can be used to uncover patterns about behavior, about business trends, 
trends in general about population. That’s where big data has been, and 
that’s where it is right now. 
Right now, we are actually generating a ton more data through things 
that we never did before. So, before, it was a lot of business transactions 
– when you are f iling your taxes, etc.– that was creating a lot of data set.
Now, as people, we are creating data on an ongoing basis. Throughout 
our phones, our social media… Every single second that you are doing 
something, that you’re moving, that you’re getting in your car, it’s 
generating data.
[Casey] 
Allow me to exemplify what Malani is saying—when you f ill out your 
income tax return, for instance, you need to provide some information 
about you: your full name, address, occupation, age, social security 
number, and the amount of money you make… All of that is data on you 
that you’re giving away just by doing something as trivial as paying your 
taxes.
And that’s just one example. The widespread use of the internet and 
social media has also taken a considerable part in this process.
So, when we say “big data,” are we really talking about something 
completely new? 
[Richard Weyhrauch]
So, in some ways, big data is a kind of an illusion, because there was 
always big data. Namely, everything you had… Just now you can have 
more. 
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Chapter 1 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
6
O QUE SÃO MEGADADOS?
[Em um espaço de coworking] 
[Casey] 
Ingressar e avançar no mercado de trabalho requer muito preparo, um 
olhar aguçado para oportunidades, e, mais do que tudo, a coragem 
necessária para aproveitá-las. 
Muito mudou ao longo dos anos. Algumas profissões que antes existiam 
já não existem mais, e não se pode negar que a tecnologia teve um 
papel enorme nessas mudanças – especialmente o uso de megadados 
para definir tendências de mercado e comportamento do consumidor. 
Nesta série, vamos ver o conceito de megadados, assim como seu 
impacto na tecnologia da inovação e na maneira como as pessoas 
fazem negócios e dinheiro hoje em dia. Nós também vamos falar sobre 
como os megadados estão ligados à inteligência artif icial e sobre as 
consequências que podem decorrer desse tipo de tecnologia.
[Casey]
You see? Big data has actually always been around, but we just haven’t 
taken a moment to acknowledge its existence. There wasn’t enough 
technology to deal with the amount of data that we generate on a daily 
basis. 
But there is now. And that means companies can use this data to better 
understand our behavior as consumers. 
So, what they do is, f irst, collect the data. Then, they store it and clean it 
up—by that, I mean they remove all the information that has nothing to 
do with their line of business or their objectives.
The next step is to verify the data that is left and analyze it to see if it’s 
valuable to their business. And let me tell you, it almost certainly is. 
In short, big data is all the information that we give away since we 
are born! We could also say that big data itself is not something new, 
but the way it has been used is. Companies have been exploring 
the potential of big data to help them better understand their line of 
business…and attract consumers.
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Chapter 1 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
7
Para isso, vamos contar com alguns insights signif icativos de nossos 
convidados. Dois deles vão participar dessa série desde o primeiro 
episódio; permita-me apresentá-los:
Este é Keshav Malani, co-fundador da Powr of You, uma plataforma 
analítica que ajuda as pessoas a entenderem sua pegada virtual e lucrar 
com os dados gerados.
Conheça Richard Weyhrauch, fundador da IBUKI, uma empresa feita 
para ser a maior fonte de dados linguísticos e produtos de software que 
indexam, processam, organizam e buscam dados desestruturados. 
Vamos começar? 
Quando eu digo “megadados”, no que você pensa? 
[Keshav Malani] 
Da minha perspectiva, megadados são quantidades extremamente 
grandes de dados que podem ser usados para descobrir padrões 
de comportamento, tendências de negócios, e tendências gerais da 
população. É aí que os megadados estiveram, e é aí que eles estão 
agora. 
Atualmente, estamos gerando muito mais dados por meio de coisas 
que nunca f izemos antes. Antes eram as transações negócios – quando 
você está preenchendo os formulários dos seus impostos, etc. – isso 
estava criando muitos conjuntos de dados. 
Agora, como pessoas, estamos gerando dados de forma constante, por 
meio dos nossos telefones, das redes sociais… Cada segundo que você 
faz alguma coisa, que você se move, que você entra no seu carro, isso 
gera dados.
[Casey] 
Me permita dar um exemplo de o que o Malani está falando – quando 
você faz sua declaração de imposto de renda, você precisa fornecer 
alguns dados a seu respeito: seu nome completo, endereço, ocupação, 
idade, CPF, renda… Tudo isso são dados que você está fornecendo 
fazendo algo tão banal quanto pagar seus impostos.
Esse é apenas um exemplo. O uso generalizado da internet e das redes 
sociais também tem um papel considerável nesse processo.
Então, quando falamosde “megadados”, estamos realmente falando de 
algo completamente novo? 
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Chapter 1 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
8
[Richard Weyhrauch]
Em alguns aspectos, megadados são um tipo de ilusão, porque eles 
sempre existiram. Ou seja, tudo o que você tinha… Só que agora você 
pode ter ainda mais. 
[Casey]
Entendeu? Os megadados sempre existiram, mas nós não tínhamos 
parado para reconhecer a sua existência. Não existia tecnologia 
suficiente para lidar com a quantidade de dados que geramos 
cotidianamente. 
Mas hoje existe. Isso signif ica que empresas podem usar esses dados 
para entender melhor nosso comportamento como consumidores. 
Então, o que elas fazem é: primeiro, elas coletam os dados. Depois, 
armazenam e “limpam” – o que quero dizer com isso é que toda a 
informação que não tem a ver com os objetivos ou linha de negócios 
delas é removida.
O próximo passo é verif icar todos os dados que restaram e analisá-los 
para ver se eles são relevantes para os negócios dessas empresas. E 
deixa eu te falar, quase sempre são. 
Para resumir, megadados são todas as informações que fornecemos 
desde que nascemos! Poderíamos também dizer que os megadados 
não são algo novo em si, mas a maneira como eles são usados é. As 
empresas têm explorado o potencial dos megadados para ajudá-las a 
entender sua linha de negócios... e atrair clientes.
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Video Script VocabularyChapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
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9
After reading the script about data technology, you got an idea of the amount of information 
generated daily. So, it is quite clear how the evolution of technology has made this kind of 
information valuable to the business world.
In order to better understand this world, f irst we need to know some frequently used words 
and expressions that are common to this kind of environment.
Let’s start with the ones that collocate with the verb to make: 
TO MAKE
to make a profit
ter / obter lucro, lucrar
to make money
fazer / ganhar dinheiro
to make a deal
fazer um acordo
There are other frequently used expressions related to the business world, but 
this time with the verb to do. Have a look:
TO DO
to do business
fazer um negócio / negociar
to do a job
fazer um trabalho
Depending on the context, to make and to do can both mean to perform 
an action. However, in these expressions, to make and to do are not 
interchangeable, and they will be followed by specific complements. There is 
no rule to justify that; it is just as it is. 
There are more expressions that require specific verbs to make sense. Some 
others can even have different meanings depending on the verb that is being 
used.
Vocabulary
Part 2.
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10
That’s the case of the following examples with the verbs to have and to take. 
They are also pretty common in the corporate world:
TO TAKE
TO HAVE
to have a business
ter um negócio / uma empresa
to have an opportunity
ter uma oportunidade
to have a meeting
ter uma reunião
to take an opportunity
aceitar / aproveitar uma oportunidade
to take part in a meeting
participar de uma reunião
Speaking of differences, take a look at these words:
REUNION ≠ MEETING
reunion
reencontro
meeting
reunião
Note that a meeting is an occasion when people gather to discuss things and 
make decisions, which is something recurrent in the business world. Where as 
the noun reunion relates to the verb reunite, which means bringing people back 
together after a long time, usually friends and family. Be careful not to mix them up.
Another quite common verb in the English language, not only in the business world, 
is the verb to be. 
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You can also use the verb to be to introduce other people and talk about their 
profession. Take a look:
This is Keshav Malani.
Este é Keshav Malani.
Mr. Malani is the co-founder of Powr of You. 
O senhor Malani é o cofundador da empresa Powr of You.
It can be used to talk about yourself and your profession. For example:
My name is John Doe.
Meu nome é John Doe.
I am a lawyer.
Eu sou (um) advogado.
This is a neutral way of introducing people, and it can be used both in a 
corporate context and in a familiar one. Notice that we use Mr. followed by the 
last name of a man as a sign of respect.
If you are speaking before an audience or if it is a more formal occasion, you 
may introduce other people by saying:
Meet Richard Weyhrauch.
Conheça Richard Weyhrauch.
There is a difference in structure when you introduce one person and when you 
introduce more people at a time. Contrast:
This is Angela Green. Ms. Green is the sales manager. 
Esta é Angela Green. A senhora Green é a gerente de vendas. 
These are George Bennet and Samuel Brown. They are lawyers. 
Estes são George Bennet e Samuel Brown. Eles são advogados.
Note that you will use this is when introducing one person, because it is a 
singular construction. And you will use these are when you introduce more 
than one person, because it is a plural construction. Also, notice that we use Ms. 
followed by the last name of a woman to show respect.
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When introducing people in the work environment, it is common to mention their profession. Here is a list of 
some traditional ones:
PROFESSIONS / OCCUPATIONS
doctor
médico
engineer
engenheiro
teacher
professor
dentist
dentista
But there are also the ones that emerged thanks to the development of all kinds of technology, 
such as:
TECHNOLOGY-RELATED PROFESSIONS
data detective 
profissionais especializados em fazer 
triagem de megadados
user-experience designer
profissionais especializados em entender 
e melhorar a experiência do usuário com 
tecnologias ou serviços
app developer
desenvolvedor de aplicativos
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Age
Anna is 25 years old. / Anna is 25. 
Anna tem 25 anos de idade.
Our address is yet another piece of personal information that we can share. Take a look:
Anna lives on Maple Street, in Los Angeles. 
Anna mora na Maple Street, em Los Angeles.
Name, occupation, age, and origin are personal information we can share. Look:
Origin
Anna is from São Paulo. 
Anna é de São Paulo.
ADDRESS
Notice that in the example we used the verb to live, not the verb to be. But we could also say:
Anna’s house is on Mapple Street, in Los Angeles. 
A casa de Anna é na Maple Street, em Los Angeles.
ADDRESS
competent
competente
ADJECTIVES
When introducing someone, or talking about them, it is pretty common to 
mention their characteristics. And to do so, you will need adjectives, such as:
responsible
responsável
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Here are some examples of how to use these adjectives in complete sentences:
George is a competent professional. 
George é um profissional competente.
He is extremely important to our company.
Ele é extremamente importante para a nossa empresa.
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determined
determinado
talented
talentoso
great
ótimo
Samuel is very talented. 
Samuel é muito talentoso.
He takes a considerable part in the decision-making process. 
Ele tem papel considerável no processo de tomada de decisão.
Angela is a great manager. 
Angela é uma gerente ótima.
She leads a big team in a responsible way. 
Ela comanda uma equipe grande com muita responsabilidade.
Sometimes, adjectives can have different meanings according to the context. 
It is the case of the adjective great. For example: 
Angela is a great manager. 
Angela is an excellent manager. 
Angela é uma gerente ótima.
Chapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar GrammarActivitiesVocabularyVideo Script
In this chapter, you saw frequently used verbs in the business 
environment, and learned how to talk about yourself, to introduce 
people, and to make basic descriptions.
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15
Here, great means the same as excellent. Now, contrast:
The product is a great success. 
The product is a huge / a big success. 
O produto é um grande sucesso.
In this case, great is the same as huge or big. Bear in mind that 
context makes all the difference when you are trying to make 
sense of a word.
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16
A
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word, according to the translation.
( 1 ) fazer um negócio / 
 negociar
( 2 ) fazer um trabalho
( 3 ) ter uma 
 oportunidade
( 4 ) fazer um acordo
( 5 ) fazer / ganhar 
 dinheiro
( 6 ) reencontro
( 7 ) 
( 8 ) ter um negócio / 
 uma empresa
( 9 ) participar de 
 uma reunião
( 10 ) reunião 
( 11 ) aceitar / 
 aproveitar uma 
 oportunidade
( 12 ) ter uma reunião
( ) to make a profit
( ) to have a meeting
( ) to make a deal
( ) to do business 
( ) to take an 
 opportunity
( ) to do a job
( ) to take part in a 
 meeting
( ) to have an 
 opportunity
( ) to make money
( ) to have a business 
( ) reunion
( ) meeting
a) The product is a success.
 O produto é um grande sucesso.
b) Angela is a manager. 
 Angela é uma gerente ótima.
 
c) Samuel is very .
 Samuel é muito talentoso.
d) She leads a in a responsible way. 
 Ela comanda uma equipe grande com muita responsabilidade.
e) George is a .
 George é um profissional competente. 
f) He takes a in the decision-making process. 
 Ele tem papel considerável no processo de tomada de decisão.
ter / obter lucro, lucrar
Part 3.
ActivitiesVocabulary
Vocabulary Activities GrammarChapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesVideo Script
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In this chapter, you will learn some important grammar topics to help you 
understand and communicate better in English. We will start with one of the 
most essential topics in the English language: the verb to be. 
The verb to be can be used in different contexts. A sentence in the simple 
present will follow this structure:
The verb to be is the most irregular verb in the English language, and it is important to learn its 
conjugations. They will change according to the subject of the sentence. 
There are three possible conjugations for the verb to be in the simple present: am, are, and is. 
Take a look:
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
I am a teacher.
Eu sou professor(a).
You are a student.
Você é um(a) aluno(a). 
He is a doctor.
Ele é médico.
She is an engineer. 
Ela é engenheira. 
It is a huge company. 
É uma empresa enorme. 
We are at a nice house. 
Nós estamos em uma casa legal. 
You are students.
Você são alunos(as). 
They are from California. 
Eles(as) são da Califórnia.
Subject + Verb To Be + Complement
Sujeito + Verbo To Be + Complemento
VERB TO BE 
Sentence structure
Part 4.
Grammar
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The verb to be is one of the most used verbs in the English language, and it is 
going to be used in a variety of situations. Take a look:
USES OF THE VERB TO BE
Occupation
Anna is an app developer.
Anna é uma desenvolvedora de aplicativos.
Origin
Anna is from São Paulo.
Anna é de São Paulo.
Age
Anna is 25 years old.
Anna tem 25 anos de idade.
The verb to be can be used with demonstrative pronouns to make introductions. 
For example:
This is Angela Green. 
Esta é Angela Green. 
These are George Bennet and Samuel Brown. 
Estes são George Bennet e Samuel Brown. 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS & VERB TO BE
Note that the demonstrative pronoun this refers to a singular noun. The 
corresponding conjugation of the verb to be will be is. On the other hand, the 
demonstrative pronoun these is used with plural nouns, and its corresponding 
conjugation of the verb to be is are. 
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Chapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesGrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script
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George and Samuel are lawyers. 
George e Samuel são advogados.
George is a competent professional. 
George é um profissional competente.
Nouns are words that give names to things, people, places, and animals. They 
can have a singular form and a plural form. Observe the nouns underlined in the 
following sentences: 
Note that, in English, the adjective comes before the noun it is describing.
Adjectives do not vary according to the word they are describing. That is: 
they do not have plural forms and they do not change according to gender; in 
other words, they stay the same whether they’re describing a feminine or a 
masculine noun. Check it out:
NOUNS
George is a competent professional. 
George é um professional competente.
Angela is a great manager.
Angela é uma gerente ótima.
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun. They qualify things, 
people, places, and animals. Let’s see how we place nouns and adjectives in a 
sentence:
ADJECTIVES
Samuel is very talented. 
 noun adjective
Samuel é muito talentoso.
ADJECTIVES & NOUNS
Angela is very talented. 
 noun adjective
Angela é muito talentosa.
They are very talented.
 noun adjective
Eles são muito talentosos.
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You have seen a number of contexts in which we can use the verb to be. 
But this is not the only verb there is. To form sentences with other verbs, you will use the same 
general structure you will use with the verb to be, and that is subject + verb + complement.
Conjugating other verbs in the simple present is simpler than doing it with the verb to be. In the 
aff irmative form, the verb remains in the base form – which is the infinitive form without the 
particle to. The only difference happens in the third person singular, in which you will add -S to 
the end of the verb. 
Observe the next examples to understand it better:
I have an important meeting in an hour.
Eu tenho uma reunião importante em uma hora.
They make big money selling microchips. 
Eles ganham muito dinheiro vendendo microchips. 
We do a good job together. 
Nós fazemos um bom trabalho juntos.
He takes a considerable part in the decision-making process. 
Ele participa de modo considerável no processo de tomada de decisão. 
She leads a big team in a responsible way. 
Ela comanda uma equipe grande de uma maneira responsável.
In this chapter, you learned how to use the verb to be and the other verbs in 
the affirmative form of the simple present. You also learned about adjectives 
and nouns. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the 
Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Adjectives Page 138
Nouns Page 160
Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 205Simple Present – Verb To Be Page 211
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Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
1. I a teacher.
2. You a student.
3. He a doctor.
4. She an engineer. 
5. It a huge company. 
6. We at a nice house. 
7. You students.
8. They from California. 
A. Complete the table with the correct form of the verb to be:
B. Fill in the blanks with the missing adjectives and nouns, according to the translation: 
1. I have an in an hour.
 Eu tenho uma reunião importante em uma hora.
2. She leads a in a responsible way. 
 Ela equipe grande de uma maneira responsável.
3. They make selling microchips. 
 Eles ganham muito dinheiro vendendo microchips. 
4. He takes a part in the decision-making process. 
 Ele participa de modo considerável no processo de tomada de decisão.
5. We do a together. 
 Nós fazemos um bom trabalho juntos.
22
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Notes
6. Angela is a .
 Angela é uma gerente ótima.
1. important meeting
2. big / huge team
3. big money 
4. considerable 
5. good job
6. great manager
1. am 
2. are 
3. is 
4. is
5. is
6. are
7. are
8. are
Activity A – AnswersActivity B – Answers
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InnovationsInnovations
2
Chapter 2
24
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Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities
[Casey] 
[On the phone, at a coworking space] 
Yeah, it sounds great. Yeah, that’s perfect! I was just thinking that same 
thing. Yeah…oh, hey, I gotta go. Okay, bye.
[Casey hangs up the phone and changes place]
In the previous episode, we saw a general concept of big data and its 
potential value to businesses. Now, it’s time to take a step further and 
go through some of its practical applications. 
Our guest Mark Zawacki will help us get started. 
One important big data application is to make some innovations 
possible, such as Uber, Airbnb, and even Google. 
[Mark Zawacki] 
All of those have huge, huge big data engines in them in terms of how 
they’re used. 
You know, if you think about the complexity of routing multiple riders 
together in an eff icient way, in getting them all to their destinations… 
that’s a pretty complex, a reasonably complex mathematical problem 
that is solved with big data.
[Casey]
As passengers keep using the app, it’s possible, for example, to pick up 
the most common destinations and cross them with the times at which 
people generally use the service. That information will define prices and 
how many cars they need to make available at certain places to cover 
the users’ needs. 
INNOVATIONS
In this chapter, you are going to see the difference between verbs, nouns, and 
adjectives. You will learn how to describe people and see more about the simple 
present of all verbs. 
Now look at the script of: Innovations.
Part 1.
Video Script
Chapter 2 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
25
That takes us to another benefit companies can get from big data. They 
can use it to improve user experience—which is important because the 
more satisf ied users feel with a specif ic device or technology, the more 
they will tend to use it, and eventually even depend on it. 
But there’s another big data application that is much more aggressive 
when it comes to making profits. 
[Keshav Malani]
You’re trying to understand, from people’s behavior, do they have a 
propensity to buy a certain product? Okay, so, before, what you would 
do is: you would look at a table, “Okay, are my sales going up or down?” 
On big data, you’re not just doing this on a couple of stores, you can 
expand this out to the entire nation, and then you can expand this out 
globally. 
I need to predict what’s going to happen in order to make sure that my 
prices, when I go to market, are pretty stable. Because consumers are 
not going to handle f ive dollars, then ten dollars, then two dollars. That’s 
not going to happen. So, you need a lot of the predictability that comes 
along with big data and analytical abilities behind that to be able to 
really kind of drive your business decisions.
[Casey] 
That is, companies can use all that information to analyze which cities 
or even countries are more inclined to buy their products. They can even 
compare costs and probability of profit to decide if it’s worth expanding 
their market into this or that place. Advertising strategies can be defined 
based on big data analysis. Richard Weyhrauch gives us an example to 
illustrate that. 
[Richard Weyhrauch]
There are people who price things higher because of the fact that they 
know that certain persons are likely to buy that thing, so they price that 
higher, not lower. 
In other words, by knowing that this person buys this kind of shampoo, 
then your website, when you look at it to buy it, well, that has a higher 
price than someone who doesn’t buy it, and you are trying to attract 
them to buy it. So, there are companies that do that very aggressively.
[Casey] 
As you can see, big data analysis has a significant impact on companies’ 
decision-making processes. The fact that now it’s possible to handle this 
information in an intelligible way changes business transactions for good. 
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INOVAÇÕES
[Casey] 
[No telefone, em um espaço de coworking] 
Ah, isso soa ótimo! Sim, está perfeito! Eu estava pensando na mesma 
coisa. É... oh, escuta. Eu tenho que ir. Ok, tchau! 
[Casey desliga o telefone e muda de lugar]
No episódio anterior, vimos o conceito de megadados e seu potencial 
valor para os negócios. Agora é o momento de dar um passo além e ver 
suas aplicações práticas. 
Nosso convidado, Mark Zawacki, vai nos ajudar a começar.
Uma importante aplicação dos megadados é tornar algumas inovações 
– como o Uber, o Airbnb e até o Google – possíveis. 
[Mark Zawacki] 
Todos eles têm imensos, imensos mecanismos de megadados, em 
termos de como eles são utilizados. 
Se você pensar sobre a complexidade de agrupar múltiplos 
passageiros de maneira eficiente, fazendo com que todos cheguem 
aos seus destinos… É bastante complexo, é um problema matemático 
razoavelmente complexo, que é resolvido com megadados.
[Casey]
Portanto, na medida em que os passageiros continuam usando o 
aplicativo, é possível, por exemplo, coletar os destinos mais comuns 
e ligá-los aos horários em que as pessoas mais usam o serviço. 
Essa informação vai definir os preços e quantos carros precisam ser 
disponibilizados em certas regiões para atender às necessidades dos 
usuários. 
Isso nos leva a outro benefício que as empresas podem obter dos 
megadados: melhorar a experiência do usuário – o que é importante, 
porque quanto mais satisfeitos os usuários se sentem com um certo 
dispositivo ou uma tecnologia específ ica, mais eles tendem a usá-la e, 
possivelmente, até a depender dela. 
Mas existe outra aplicação dos megadados que é muito mais agressiva 
quando se trata de obter lucro. 
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27
[Keshav Malani]
Você está tentando entender, de acordo com o comportamento das 
pessoas: elas têm propensão a comprar um certo produto? OK, isso é o 
que você faria antes: você olharia para uma tabela: “OK, minhas vendas 
estão aumentando ou diminuindo”. Com os megadados, você não faz 
isso apenas em algumas lojas, você pode expandir isso para o país 
inteiro, e, depois, pode expandir isso globalmente. 
Eu preciso prever o que vai acontecer para garantir que, quando eu 
entrar no mercado, meus preços sejam bastante estáveis. Porque os 
consumidores não vão lidar com cinco dólares, depois dez dólares, 
depois dois dólares. Isso não vai acontecer. Por isso, você precisa 
da considerável previsibilidade decorrente dos megadados e das 
habilidades analíticaspor trás disso, para realmente orientar suas 
decisões de negócios.
[Casey] 
Ou seja: as empresas podem usar toda essa informação para analisar 
quais cidades ou até quais países estão mais propensos a comprar os 
seus produtos. Elas podem até comparar custos e probabilidade de 
lucro para decidir se vale a pena expandir o mercado delas para esse ou 
aquele lugar. Estratégias de publicidade podem ser definidas com base 
na análise de megadados. O Richard Weyhrauch nos dá um exemplo 
para ilustrar isso. 
[Richard Weyhrauch]
Há pessoas que cobram mais caro por algo por saberem que algumas 
pessoas tendem a comprar essa coisa; portanto, elas cobram preços 
mais altos, não mais baixos.
Em outras palavras, sabendo que essa pessoa compra esse tipo de 
xampu, então, no seu site, quando você entra nele para comprar o 
xampu, bem, ele está com o preço mais alto do que o site de uma 
pessoa que não compra o xampu, e você está tentando atraí-la para 
comprá-lo. Existem empresas que fazem isso agressivamente. 
[Casey] 
Como você pode ver, a análise de megadados tem um impacto 
signif icativo nos processos de tomada de decisão das empresas. O 
fato de que agora é possível lidar com essa informação de uma forma 
inteligível muda as transações de negócios para sempre.
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28
You have already learned a little bit about big data’s importance and its applicability in the current 
market. You have also seen how big data inf luences costs, price, and value. Let’s have a look at 
these concepts:
So, this is how it works:
Data analysis helps to define prices. 
A análise de dados ajuda a definir preços. 
Companies can compare costs and the probability of profit. 
As empresas podem comparar custos e a probabilidade de lucro. 
Big data has a potential value to business. 
Megadados têm um valor potencial para os negócios.
Cost
The amount of money a company spends to produce a certain product or offer a service.
Price
The amount of money consumers pay for a product or service. From the company’s 
perspective, the price includes the costs and the profit markup.
Value
The level of satisfaction a customer has toward a product or service. This concept can’t 
be quantified in a general way because it tends to vary from one customer to the other. 
These concepts of price, costs, and value make a reference to the business 
world. In other contexts, these words can be either interchangeable or even carry 
completely different meanings. 
So, it is important not only to understand the difference between these concepts 
in a corporate environment, but also their use in some expressions in English. 
Vocabulary
Part 2.
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The expression at a cost conveys the idea that something comes at an expense, not 
in a f inancial sense, but as a relatively bad consequence of a choice. For example:
Mary has a great job, but at a cost. She doesn’t have vacation breaks. 
Mary tem um ótimo emprego, mas com um custo. Ela não tem períodos de férias.
In the previous example, at a price suggests that imported goods are actually expensive, that 
is, they cost a lot of money. So, the context is necessarily f inancial. Notice that the word goods, 
with an S in the end, is the same as products. It does not refer to the adjective good. 
There is also the expression to pay the price, which means dealing with a negative 
consequence of a situation. In this case, it has nothing to do with paying something with money. 
Observe the example:
But, if you change the word cost for price, it completely changes the idea. Observe:
It’s possible to buy imported goods at the supermarket, but at a price! 
É possível comprar produtos importados no supermercado, mas isso tem um preço!
Mary pays the price of not having vacation breaks. 
Mary paga o preço por não ter períodos de férias.
However, if we use the verb pay with the noun cost as a complement, the idea 
changes completely. Observe: 
The company pays the costs of shipping. 
A empresa arca com os custos do frete.
In this case, we are referring to the actual payment of 
f inancial costs involving the shipping of a product. 
Depending on the context, the word cost can be used as 
a verb. And you will use it to ask about price. You will say: 
A frequently used synonym for that 
question is: 
How much does it cost? 
Quando custa isso?
How much is it? 
Quanto é?
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Some other expressions carry the word value, and they can also be used in 
contexts other than the f inancial one. 
For instance, we can talk about sentimental value, which refers to personal or 
emotional feelings one might give for something, even though it may have little 
monetary value. Someone could say, for example:
Value (noun)
That house has sentimental value for me. 
Aquela casa tem um valor sentimental para mim.
Note that in the previous example, value is being used as a noun. But it can also 
be used as a verb. Take a look: 
Value (verb)
The CEO values Jane for her hard work. 
O CEO valoriza a Jane pelo seu trabalho árduo.
You can also notice that, in this sentence, the verb value is conjugated in the third person 
singular in the simple present. That’s why it becomes values, with an S in the end. 
There is yet another expression that we can say to refer to the value of things. Take a look: 
Some consumers change brands when there is a sale. Sometimes it’s worth it! 
Alguns consumidores mudam de marca quando tem promoção. Às vezes vale a pena! 
The expression be worth it is used to say that you gain something from an action. In the 
previous example, people gain from changing brands during a sale. Notice that the word worth 
is an adjective; that’s why it is followed by the complement it. 
As you could see with the word value, sometimes the same word can be used as a noun or a 
verb. This is quite common in the English language. 
Let’s see another case:
Experience (noun)
Companies use big data to improve user experience. 
As empresas usam megadados para melhorar a experiência do usuário.
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Experience (verb)
Companies experience an increase in productivity when the employees are satisfied. 
Empresas experienciam um aumento de produtividade quando os funcionários estão satisfeitos.
In the f irst example, experience is a noun, whereas in the second one it is a verb.
Check out another example:
Impact (noun)
Big data analysis has an impact on decision-making processes.
A análise de megadados tem um impacto sobre os processos de tomada de decisão. 
Impact (verb)
High prices impact sales. 
Preços altos impactam vendas.
In the f irst example you have just seen in the previous box, the noun impact is 
used with the verb to have. We say: to have an impact on. The preposition for 
this expression is on. However, when using impact as a verb it will not require a 
preposition in its complement. 
There is another case in which the verb have will be necessary when using the 
noun instead of the verb. Check this out:
Tend (verb)
People tend to buy products on sale. 
As pessoas tendem a comprar produtos em promoção.
Tendency (noun)
People have a tendency to buy products on sale. 
As pessoas têm uma tendência a comprar produtos em promoção.
Notice that, in this case, besides adding the verb have to say have a tendency, 
you also need to make a change in the verb tend to turn it into a noun – it 
becomes tendency.
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There are many cases in which we have to make alterations in the verb to form the noun. 
Here is another example:
Improve (verb)
Companies usebig data to improve user experience. 
As empresas usam megadados para melhorar a experiência do usuário. 
Improvement (noun)
Thanks to big data, it’s possible to achieve an improvement in user experience.
Graças aos megadados, é possível atingir uma melhoria na experiência do usuário.
Note that we add the suffix -MENT to transform the verb improve into the noun 
improvement. 
Verbs express actions, and nouns are names given to things, people, animals, 
and places. 
And what about adjectives? As we saw in chapter 1, adjectives describe or 
qualify things. It is also possible to form adjectives from nouns. 
Let’s take the verb improve, for instance. The noun is improvement, and a 
possible derived adjective is improved. Watch how we use it in a sentence:
Improved (adjective)
The product shows an improved performance in user experience. 
O produto mostra um desempenho melhorado em experiência do usuário.
In the previous example, the adjective improved is used to describe the performance outcome of 
the product. 
Let’s check out another example:
Develop (verb)
 Data analysis helps companies develop market strategies. 
 A análise de megadados ajuda as empresas a desenvolver estratégias de mercado.
 Development (noun)
 The development of market strategies is one of the company’s goals. 
 O desenvolvimento de estratégias de mercado é um dos objetivos da empresa. 
 Developed (adjective)
 The company has a developed market strategy. 
 A empresa tem uma estratégia de mercado desenvolvida.
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Now you know some common expressions with the words cost, value, 
and price, as well as some differences between verbs, nouns, and 
adjectives.
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Note that to form the noun development, you have to add the suffix -MENT to the verb develop. The derived 
adjective will be developed.
As you can see, there are many cases of nouns and adjectives derived from verbs. Here is a list of some 
common ones that may emerge in a corporate environment:
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE
to inform 
informar
information
informação 
informed 
informado 
to consider
considerar
consideration 
consideração
considerable
considerável
to decide
decidir
decision
decisão 
decided
decidido
to understand
entender
understanding 
entendimento
understood
entendido
to predict 
prever
predictability
previsibilidade
predictable
previsível
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or expression according to the translation:
( 1 ) entendido
( 2 ) melhorado
( 3 ) informação
( 4 ) melhorar
( 5 ) desenvolvido
( 6 ) entender
( 7 ) informado
( 8 ) desenvolver
( 9 ) entendimento
( 10 ) informar 
( 11 ) melhoria
( 12 ) desenvolvimento
( ) to improve
( ) to develop
( ) to inform
( ) to understand
( ) improvement
( ) development
( ) information
( ) understanding
( ) improved
( ) developed 
( ) informed
( ) understood
1. Data analysis helps to define . 
 A análise de dados ajuda a definir preços. 
2. Companies can compare and the probability of profit. 
 Empresas podem comparar custos e a probabilidade de lucro. 
3. Big data has a potential to business. 
 Os megadados têm valor potencial para os negócios. 
4. Mary has a great job, but . She doesn’t have vacation breaks. 
 Mary tem um ótimo emprego, mas com um custo. Ela não tem períodos de férias. 
5. It’s possible to buy imported goods at the supermarket, but !
 É possível comprar produtos importados no supermercado, mas isso tem um preço!
6. Mary of not having vacation breaks. 
 Mary paga o preço por não ter períodos de férias.
Part 3.
ActivitiesVocabulary
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In this part of the chapter, you will learn how to use the simple present of the verb 
to be and of other verbs. You will also learn the subject pronouns.
You already know that to form affirmative sentences with the verb to be in the 
simple present, we follow the structure subject + verb to be + complement. 
For example:
Here, you have the subject Mary followed by the verb to be and the complement. 
Notice that the subject is a proper noun, and it refers to the third person singular, 
that’s why the verb to be is conjugated as is. 
You could replace the noun with a subject pronoun. Since Mary is a woman, and just 
one woman, you will use the subject pronoun she. So, you will have the sentence:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
She is a manager.
Ela é uma gerente.
Mary is a manager.
Mary é uma gerente. 
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE 
Affirmative form
As you can see, we simply replace the noun with the subject pronoun. The rest of 
the sentence does not suffer any modif ications.
Check out this other example:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Peter and Jack are co-workers. 
Peter e Jack são colegas de trabalho.
They are co-workers. 
Eles são colegas de trabalho.
Part 4.
Grammar
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It’s a pleasure to work with you. 
É um prazer trabalhar com você. 
It’s possible to buy imported goods at the supermarket. 
É possível comprar produtos importados no supermercado.
SUBJECT PRONOUN IT
Here, we have the proper nouns Peter and Jack. To replace them with a subject 
pronoun, since Peter and Jack are two people, you will use they. Observe, once 
more, that nothing else changes in the sentence when we use the pronoun. 
The subject pronoun replaces a noun when it is the subject of the sentence so as 
to avoid repetitions in the discourse. Therefore, it refers to a noun that is clear in the 
context. Observe the following example:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Mary is a manager. She is from New York. 
Mary é uma gerente. Ela é de Nova York.
The subject pronoun she refers back to the noun Mary mentioned in the f irst 
sentence. Let’s see another one:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
I have a new computer. It’s great.
Eu tenho um computador novo. Ele é ótimo.
It is clear that the subject pronoun it in the second sentence refers back to the 
noun computer in the f irst sentence. 
However, there is one case in which the subject pronoun it will not refer back 
to a noun. It happens when the subject pronoun it is used to refer to a whole 
situation, for example. In this case, it is called impersonal pronoun. Have a look 
at these sentences: 
In both previous sentences, the subject pronoun it is simply there to represent a 
situation: in the first sentence, it represents the situation of working with someone. 
In the second sentence, it refers to the situation of being possible to buy imported 
goods. Also, observe that the verb to be is contracted with it in both sentences. 
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She is from New York. 
She’s from New York.
Ela é de Nova York. 
The contraction between the subject pronouns and the verb to be quite is 
common, not only with the pronoun it. So, we can say: I’m, you’re, he’s, she’s, 
it’s, we’re, and they’re. For example:
VERB TO BE & SUBJECT PRONOUNS
However, you cannot contract the verb with a proper noun. So, you cannot say:
Mary’s from New York. 
Mary é de Nova York.
Now,let’s check out the negative form. All we have to do to form the negative is 
add not after the verb to be:
She is not from New York. 
Ela não é de Nova York. 
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE 
Negative form
In the negative form, it is possible to contract the verb either with the subject, or 
with the particle not. Observe:
She isn’t from New York. 
She’s not from New York. 
Ela não é de Nova York.
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE 
Negative form
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You can use these two kinds of contractions – the pronoun with the verb to be 
or the particle not with the verb to be – with all subject pronouns, except for one. 
When the subject is I, we can either say I am not, with no contractions, or say I’m 
not, contracting the subject pronoun with the verb to be. 
The option of contracting the conjugation am with the particle not actually exists 
– it is ain’t. However, this is not standard English, so it is not considered correct 
by many people. Even though you may see or hear it in colloquial conversations, 
lyrics, and songs, it is extremely informal, and you should definitely avoid it in 
formal situations.
Still on rules of contractions, do not contract the verb with a noun in the negative 
form either. So, do not say:
Mary’s not from New York. 
Mary não é de Nova York. 
Peter and Jack are not co-workers.
Peter and Jack aren’t co-workers. 
Peter e Jack não são colegas de trabalho. 
They aren’t co-workers. 
They’re not co-workers. 
Eles não são colegas de trabalho. 
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE 
Negative form
Let’s have a look at another example:
It is worth mentioning that the negative non-contracted form sounds more 
emphatic than the contracted ones.
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Is she from New York? 
Ela é de Nova York? 
Are they co-workers? 
Eles são colegas de trabalho?
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE 
Interrogative form
For the interrogative form of the verb to be, all you have to do is invert the 
order of the subject and the verb to be in the sentence. That means you are 
going to start the sentence with the verb. Check it out:
Affirmative form:
 SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + COMPLEMENT
 sujeito + verbo to be + complemento
Negative form: 
 SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + NOT + COMPLEMENT
 sujeito + verbo to be + not + complemento 
Interrogative form:
 VERB TO BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT
 verbo to be + sujeito + complemento 
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE 
Sentence structures
So, as you can see, there is little variation in the structure of sentences with the verb 
to be in the simple present. In short, we have the following sentence structures:
In chapter 1, we saw that, even though the sentence structure of the affirmative 
is the same, the conjugation of the other verbs in the simple present is different 
from the conjugation of the verb TO BE. Let’s start by reviewing that.
Take a look at the following example:
Consumers buy products on sale. 
Os consumidores compram produtos em promoção.
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
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The subject is consumers, followed by the verb in the base form, that is, the 
infinitive without the particle to. Notice that the word consumers corresponds to 
the third person plural.
Now, if we have a subject that corresponds to the third person singular – he, 
she, or it –, you will need to make a small alteration to the verb. Look: 
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Data analysis helps define prices. 
A análise de dados ajuda a definir preços.
The subject of the sentence is data analysis. It corresponds to the pronoun IT, 
the third person singular. That’s why you will need to add -S to the verb. The 
rest of the sentence is the complement.
Depending on the ending of the verb in its base form, the alteration may be a bit 
bigger than just adding the -S. For example, the verb watch ends in -CH, so we 
need to add -ES, and it will become watches. The verb try, on the other hand, 
loses the Y and gets an -IES, becoming tries. 
Now, there is a particular verb that does not follow these rules, even though it 
changes quite a lot. Pay attention to this:
Big data has a potential value to business. 
Big data haves a potential value to business.
Megadados têm valor potencial para os negócios. 
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
As you can see, the verb have becomes has in the third person singular in the 
simple present. The conjugation haves does not exist. 
In order to form the negative and the interrogative forms of the other verbs in 
the simple present, we are going to need an auxiliary verb. And the auxiliary verb 
for the simple present is do.
With that in mind, take a look at the following structures: 
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Sentence structures
Affirmative form:
SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + COMPLEMENT
sujeito + verbo principal + complemento
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Negative form:
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB DO + NOT + MAIN VERB + COMPLEMENT
sujeito + verbo auxiliar do + not + verbo principal + complemento
Interrogative form:
AUXILIARY VERB DO + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + COMPLEMENT
verbo auxiliar do + sujeito + verbo principal + complemento
These are the general structures to form sentences in the simple present for all 
verbs, except for the verb to be.
For example: 
 Affirmative form: 
 Consumers buy products on sale. 
 Os consumidores compram produtos na promoção.
 Negative form: 
 Consumers do not buy / don’t buy products on sale. 
 Os consumidores não compram produtos na promoção.
 Interrogative form: 
 Do consumers buy products on sale?
 Os consumidores compram produtos em promoção?
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Observe that, in the negative form, it is possible to contract do with not – it 
becomes don’t.
As you can conclude from the previous examples, the conjugation of the main 
verb is the same as its base form. 
The only exception regarding the main verb is in the affirmative form for subjects 
in the third person singular: as a general rule, we add -S to the main verb.
When it comes to the auxiliary verb do in both negative and interrogative forms, 
it will remain the same for all subjects, except for the third person singular. 
In such cases, it will become does.
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In this chapter, you reviewed the affirmative form of the simple present and 
learned how to use the negative and interrogative forms of the verb to be and 
other verbs. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the 
Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
 Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 205
 Simple Present – Verb To Be Page 211
 Spelling Rules – Third Person Present Page 215
 Subject Pronouns Page 217
Observe the following examples with the subjects in the third person singular:
 Affirmative form: 
 Big data analysis helps define prices. 
 A análise de megadados ajuda a definir preços. 
 Negative form: 
 Big data analysis does not help / doesn’t help define prices.
 A análise de megadados não ajuda a definir preços. 
 Interrogative form: 
 Does big data analysis help define prices? 
 A análise de megadados ajuda a definir preços?
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Observe that, in the negative form, the auxiliary verb is conjugated as does, and 
it can be contracted with the particle not – it becomes doesn’t. Note, too, that 
the main verb will remain in its base form for both negative and interrogative 
sentences. It will be conjugated just in the affirmative form, in which help 
becomes helps.
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Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammarAffirmative
I (1) an engineer.
He (3) an engineer.
We’re engineers.
They (6) engineers.
Negative
I (2) an engineer.
He (4) an engineer.
We (5) engineers.
They (7) engineers.
 Interrogative
 Am I an engineer?
 Is he an engineer?
 Are we engineers?
 (8) engineers?
A. Complete the table with the right form of the verb to be:
B. Fill in the blanks with the missing verbs:
1. I a new computer. It’s great.
 Eu tenho um computador novo. Ele é ótimo.
2. Big data analysis define prices. 
 A análise de megadados não ajuda a definir preços.
3. she from New York? 
 Ela é de Nova York?
4. consumers products on sale?
 Os consumidores compram produtos em promoção?
5. Consumers products on sale. 
 Os consumidores compram produtos em promoção.
44
Chapter 2 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities
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Notes
1. have
2. doesn’t help / 
does not help 
3. Is
4. Do / buy
5. buy
6. are not / aren’t 
1. am 
2. am not 
3. is 
4. is not / isn’t 
5. are not / aren’t 
6. are
7. are not / aren’t 
8. Are they
Activity A – AnswersActivity B – Answers
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44
6. They co-workers. 
 Eles não são colegas de trabalho.
The
Role of
Social Media
The
Role of
Social Media
3
Chapter 3
46
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Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities
[Casey] 
So far, we’ve seen a general concept of big data and how it affects 
businesses in practical terms. 
At this point, you might be asking yourself: “Where do companies get 
that amount of information about people’s choices and preferences?” 
The main answer to that question is social media. 
If someone had access to all of your social media accounts, what 
conclusions would they be able to draw about you? 
Maybe they would get to know your family through your pics, or f ind 
out where you went during your last vacation. Or maybe they would see 
you’ve been willing to buy a bedside table based on the ads that appear 
on your Facebook page. 
But wait… How does Facebook know you want to get that table if you’ve 
only Googled about it? Did these platforms exchange any info about 
your wishes? 
Or maybe, to make things even stranger, you’ve just TALKED ABOUT it 
to a friend, and the minute you go online, these ads start f illing up your 
smartphone screen? How is that even possible? I’ll tell you how: due to 
all the big data footprints we leave behind just by being online. 
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about your preferences, likes and dislikes 
on your social media profiles. You will also see some important vocabulary and 
grammar topics to help you communicate better in English. 
Now look at the script of: The Role Of Social Media.
Part 1.
Video Script
Chapter 3 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
47
[Keshav Malani]
Social media… so, every time you make a post, every time you like 
something, the fact that you’re even on there, and you’re scrolling 
through your newsfeed, that’s all generating bits of data. And then, 
behind there, if you’re seeing an ad, did you react to that ad? Did you 
pause on the ad? All of that is data. Are you using your phone? Which 
apps are you using? That’s generating data. When you’re walking 
around, your phone is picking up what location you’re going to. 
So, all those things are kind of instances of data, but then, beyond that, 
you have: “Hey, I posted a picture of myself.” Those are memories that 
you’re putting out there. You can scan your old photos as well. So, these 
are all your past memories, as well as your kind of experiences that 
you’re having now. All of that data is getting put into algorithms and 
big data machines, essentially, of f iguring out who you are as a person, 
what you did, and using that to predict what you will do. And what you 
want. What are your desires and your needs? And to, then, be able to 
cater advertising accordingly, and products accordingly to that.
People, you and I, are putting all this data out there, and companies 
make billions from it. And some of them are giving us something in 
return. So we use Facebook for free or Gmail for free. So, we’re getting 
that service in return for our data. But behind the scenes, you have 
analytics companies and data brokers, who are also monetizing this data 
for billions still. 
What are they picking up that is worth that much? It’s the signals about 
us. They know what we’re going to do and why we’re going to do it 
better than anybody else. 
[Casey]
Can you see how big a role social media plays when it comes to 
generating big data? 
In a nutshell, all our interactions are generating data on our habits, 
our likes, and our dislikes. That helps companies define what kind of 
products we are likely to buy. Advertising costs money, right? That’s 
why we’re highly likely to come across ads that are really going to 
interest us. That way, companies can boost their chances of soft-selling 
instead of advertising things at random.
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O PAPEL DAS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS
[Casey] 
Até agora vimos um conceito geral de megadados, e como eles afetam 
as empresas em termos práticos. 
Neste ponto, você pode estar se perguntando: “Onde as empresas 
conseguem essa quantidade de informação sobre as escolhas e as 
preferências das pessoas?” A principal resposta para essa pergunta é: 
nas redes sociais. 
Se alguém tivesse acesso a todas as suas contas de redes sociais, a 
quais conclusões seria possível chegar sobre você?
Talvez daria para conhecer sua família por meio das suas fotos, ou 
descobrir aonde você foi nas suas últimas férias. Ou daria para ver que 
você tem sentido vontade de comprar uma mesa de cabeceira, com 
base nos anúncios da sua página do Facebook. 
Mas espere… Como o Facebook sabe que você quer comprar aquela 
mesa se você só deu uma pesquisada no Google? Essas plataformas 
trocaram informações sobre seus desejos?
Ou talvez, para deixar as coisas ainda mais estranhas, você acabou 
de FALAR sobre isso com um amigo e, assim que você f ica online, 
esses anúncios começam a encher a tela do seu telefone? Como 
isso é possível? Vou te dizer como: devido ao rastro de pegadas de 
megadados que deixamos simplesmente por estarmos online.
[Keshav Malani]
Redes sociais… toda a vez que você cria um post, toda a vez que você 
dá um like em alguma coisa, o simples fato de você estar lá, olhando 
o seu feed, tudo isso está gerando bits de dados. E então, lá atrás, se 
você está vendo um anúncio, você reagiu a esse anúncio? Você parou 
no anúncio? Tudo isso são dados. Você está usando o seu telefone? 
Quais aplicativos você está usando? Isso gera dados. Quando você está 
andando, seu telefone está registrando para qual lugar você está indo. 
Todas essas coisas são exemplos de dados, mas, além disso, você 
tem algo tipo: “Eu postei uma foto de mim mesmo”. Você está 
compartilhando memórias. Você também pode digitalizar fotos antigas. 
São suas lembranças e as experiências que você está tendo agora. 
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Todos esses dados estão sendo inseridos em motores de algoritmos e 
megadados, essencialmente descobrindo quem você é como pessoa, 
o que você fez, e isso é usado para prever o que você vai fazer. E o que 
você quer. Quais são seus desejos e suas necessidades? E para, então, 
poder mostrar anúncios e produtos de acordo com isso. 
As pessoas – você e eu – estão disponibilizando todos esses dados, e 
as empresas lucram bilhões com isso. Algumas delas estão nos dando 
algo em troca. Nós usamos o Facebook de graça, ou o Gmail de graça. 
Estamos recebendo esse serviço em troca dos nossos dados. Mas, nos 
bastidores, existem empresas analíticas e data brokers que também 
estão monetizando esses dados por bilhões. 
O que eles estão captando que vale tanto? Os sinaissobre nós. Eles 
sabem, melhor do que qualquer pessoa, o que vamos fazer e o motivo 
pelo qual o fazemos.
[Casey]
Você percebe o tamanho do papel das redes sociais quando se trata de 
gerar megadados?
Em suma, todas as nossas interações geram dados sobre nossos 
hábitos, nossos gostos e desgostos. Isso ajuda as empresas a definir o 
tipo de produto que estamos propensos a comprar. Propaganda custa 
dinheiro, certo? Por isso, é muito provável que encontremos anúncios 
que vão realmente nos interessar. Dessa forma, as empresas podem 
intensif icar suas chances de realizar vendas orgânicas em vez de 
anunciar seus produtos aleatoriamente.
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50
You probably know how big a role social media plays when it comes to generating big data. Just by 
having an account and interacting in any of these platforms, you are already generating a bunch 
of data. Everyone is connected, one way or the other. No wonder these social media platforms are 
also called networks. 
And let’s not forget that it all impacts businesses around the world. That’s why it is so important to 
know how to use the appropriate vocabulary related to this area in order to make the most of it in 
the corporate world.
First of all, to get in a social media platform, you need to register to get an account, so you will 
probably f ind these instructions on the main page:
When you sign up to join a social media platform, you will need to f ill out a form 
with your data. You will usually provide:
TECHNOLOGY-RELATED PROFESSIONS
Sign up. 
Inscreva-se.
Register to create an account.
Cadastre-se para criar uma conta.
PERSONAL DATA
name nome 
email address endereço de email 
date of birth data de nascimento 
location localização
Vocabulary
Part 2.
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51
Once you have input your personal information, you will be asked to create a login and a password. 
That is all you need to create a profile.
In your profile, you have the newsfeed page, which is where most of the action happens. On social 
media, you will feed your profiles with:
NEWSFEED CONTENT
selfies 
autorretratos
videos
vídeos
pics / pictures / photos
fotos
comments
comentários
You can say that, when you put something new in your profile, you are creating 
a new post. But you could also say, for example, that you like to post pictures on 
social media. So, post can be either a noun or a verb, just like many other words 
in English.
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Here is a list of some of the actions related to social media:
to take a photo / a selfie
tirar uma foto / uma self ie
SOCIAL MEDIA – COMMON VERBS
to record a video
gravar um vídeo
to make a post
fazer um post
to scroll through the newsfeed 
rolar a página de feed
to post a picture / a comment / a video
postar uma foto / um comentário / um vídeo
Now, to talk about your reactions on social media and interactions with other users, 
you can say, for example:
to like a post 
curtir um post 
SOCIAL MEDIA – REACTIONS AND INTERACTIONS
to heart a post
curtir um post com um coração 
to heart a webpage 
curtir uma página com um coração
to share a post 
compartilhar um post
to make a comment / to comment on a post
fazer um comentário ou comentar em um post
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There is a difference between the verbs to share, to divide and to split. 
Depending on the context, they may be translated the same, but they do not 
carry the same meaning. Check out the examples:
share
People share their opinions at a meeting. 
As pessoas compartilham suas opiniões numa reunião.
SHARE, DIVIDE AND SPLIT
divide
The CEO’s decision is dividing opinions. 
A decisão do CEO está dividindo opiniões.
split
This situation is splitting the team. 
A situação está separando / desunindo a equipe.
Like + Noun
I like pictures. 
Eu gosto de fotos. 
Love + Noun
I love selfies. 
Eu amo self ies. 
Enjoy + Noun
I enjoy tutorials. 
Eu curto tutoriais. 
LIKES
Divided opinions are quite common on social media. Each social 
media profile will ref lect its owner’s perspective. After all, that is 
where people express their likes, dislikes, and preferences.
Here is how you can express your likes: 
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Like + To + Verb 
I like to post pictures on social media. 
Eu gosto de postar fotos nas redes sociais. 
Love + To + Verb 
I love to take selfies. 
Eu amo tirar self ies. 
Enjoy + Verb -ING
I enjoy watching tutorials. 
Eu curto assistir a tutoriais.
LIKES
You can also use verbs instead of nouns as complements. But pay attention: 
when you have a verb followed by another verb, the second one will be either 
in the infinitive form, that this, preceded by the particle to, or in the -ING form. 
Check it out:
On the other hand, to talk about your dislikes, that is, things you don’t like, there 
is the verb to hate. For example:
Hate + Noun 
I hate broccoli. 
Eu detesto/ odeio brócolis. 
DISLIKES
Hate + To + Verb 
I hate to eat broccoli. 
Eu detesto / odeio comer brócolis.
The verb to hate is a really strong, aggressive term to talk about something 
you dislike, so you really need to be careful when using it, especially if you are 
referring to other people. In the context of social media, the term hate speech 
refers to any kind of communication that promotes hate towards people or groups 
of people, especially minorities. 
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To talk about dislikes, it is better to use the verbs like and enjoy in the negative 
form. Such as:
I don’t like to come across a lot of ads on my news feed. 
Eu não gosto de me deparar com muitas propagandas no meu feed.
DISLIKES
I don’t enjoy pop-ups. 
Eu não curto pop-ups.
Prefer + To + Verb 
Some people prefer to look for jobs in job-search apps. 
Algumas pessoas preferem procurar trabalho em aplicativos de emprego.
Prefer + Noun
I prefer coffee to tea. 
Eu prefiro café a chá. 
Would Rather + Verb 
They would rather use an app to find jobs. 
Eles preferem usar um aplicativo para encontrar trabalho. 
Would Rather + Verb + Than
I would rather have coffee than tea. 
Eu prefiro tomar café a chá. 
PREFERENCES 
And, f inally, when you want to talk about your preferences you will use the verbs to prefer or 
the expression would rather. Check it out:
Sentences with to prefer are considered more formal. The expression would rather is more 
commonly used to talk about preferences. Note that when you use would rather + verb, the 
particle to cannot be used before the verb. 
Now you know some vocabulary related to social media, the difference 
in use among the verbs to share, to divide, and to split, as well as how 
to talk about your likes, dislikes, and preferences.
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words, according to the translation:
( 1 ) inscreva-se
( 2 ) rolar a página de 
 feed
( 3 ) fazer um 
 comentário
( 4 ) cadastre-se para 
criar uma conta
( 5 ) comentar em um 
 post
( 6 ) fazer um post 
( 7 ) autorretratos
( 8 ) fotos
( 9 ) tirar uma foto / 
 uma self ie
( 10 ) gravar um vídeo 
( 11 ) compartilhar um 
 post
( 12 ) curtir um post
( ) to share a post
( ) pics / pictures / 
 photos
( ) to take a photo / 
 a self ie
( ) sign up
( ) to like a post
( ) register to create 
 an account
( ) to record a video
( ) to make a post
( ) to make a comment
( ) self ies 
( ) to comment on a post
( ) to scroll through the 
 news feed
1. I broccoli. 
 Eu detesto comer brócolis.
2. I pop-ups. 
 Eu não curto pop-ups.
3. I selfies. 
 Eu amo tirar self ies.
4. I to come across a lot of ads on my news feed. 
 Eu não gosto de me deparar com muitas propagandas no meu feed. 
5. I tutorials. 
 Eu curto assistir a tutoriais. 
6. I pictures on social media. 
 Eu gosto de postar fotos na rede social.
Part 3.
ActivitiesVocabulary
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In the vocabulary part of this chapter, you have learned some verbs related to 
social media. We also saw verbs that can be used to talk about likes, dislikes, and 
preferences. Just to mention a few:
INFINITIVE FORM
to post
postar
to like
gostar
to love
amar
to comment
comentar
to share
compartilhar
I hate to eat broccoli. 
Eu detesto comer brócolis. 
I want to take a selfie. 
Eu quero tirar uma self ie.
VERB + INIFINITIVE FORM 
All the previous verbs are in the infinitive form. One of the uses of the infinitive 
form is to work as a complement to another verb. Look at the following examples: 
But the infinitive can also be used without the particle to. And, in that case, we 
say the verb is in the bare infinitive or in the base form. One of its uses is to 
form the imperative. You will use the imperative to give instructions, orders, and 
advice. Check out these examples:
Part 4.
Grammar
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Watch videos online. 
Assista a vídeos on-line. 
IMPERATIVE FORM – AFFIRMATIVE
IMPERATIVE FORM – AFFIRMATIVE
Post a picture. 
Poste uma foto.
Eat broccoli. 
Coma brócolis.
Sign up.
Inscreva-se.
Sentences in the imperative are formed with the verb in the base form followed 
or not by a complement. Observe that these sentences do not have explicit 
subjects. In fact, the subject of the imperative form is always you. However, 
most of the times, it will be omitted in the sentence, since it is pretty clear that 
you are talking directly to the person who will be performing the action. 
But you have to be careful not to mistake the imperative with the simple 
present. Sometimes, verbs in the simple present will be conjugated just like their 
base form, but the subject will not be omitted in the sentence. Let’s see that by 
analyzing some examples:
People watch videos online. 
As pessoas assistem a vídeos on-line. 
SIMPLE PRESENT – AFFIRMATIVE
Note that in the previous example in the simple present, the subject is people, 
and it starts the sentence. People is in the plural, so it is equivalent to the subject 
pronoun they. Right after that, we have the verb watch conjugated according to 
the subject. Notice that the conjugation will be just like the base form of the verb. 
After the verb, there is a complement.
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To make the negative form of the imperative, you just have to use don’t before the verb. For example:
Don’t eat broccoli. 
Não coma brócolis.
Don’t sign up. 
Não se inscreva.
IMPERATIVE FORM – NEGATIVE
Don’t watch videos online. 
Não assista a vídeos on-line.
IMPERATIVE FORM – NEGATIVE
People don’t watch videos online. 
As pessoas não assistem a vídeos on-line.
SIMPLE PRESENT – NEGATIVE
Let’s compare the imperative in the negative form with the simple 
present in the negative form:
Even though the verb in the simple present looks just like its base form, and even 
though the auxiliary verb don’t is the same, there is a clear difference when we 
compare it to the imperative: there is a subject starting the sentence. 
There is no interrogative form for the imperative. 
The IMPERATIVE is used in contexts that are completely different from the 
contexts in which the SIMPLE PRESENT is used. Take a look at the uses of the 
imperative and the simple present:
IMPERATIVE
to give instructions
dar instruções
to give orders
dar ordens
to give advice
dar conselhos
SIMPLE PRESENT
to talk about habits
falar de hábitos
to talk about routine
falar de rotina
to talk about facts
falar de fatos
USES
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SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + MAIN VERB IN THE -ING FORM + COMPLEMENT
sujeito + verbo to be + verbo principal na forma -ING + complemento 
She’s using the phone. 
Ela está usando o telefone.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS 
Affirmative Form:
There is yet another verb form that you need to know how to differentiate from the 
simple present: the present continuous. In terms of structure, the differences are 
huge. Check out this example:
The situation is splitting the team. 
A situação está separando a equipe.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Note that, in the previous example, we have the subject the situation followed by the 
verb to be conjugated according to the subject. Since we are talking about a situation, the 
equivalent subject pronoun is it; that’s why the conjugation is is. Then, we have the verb 
to split in the -ING form. The rest of the sentence is the complement.
It is important to notice that the present continuous is formed with two verbs: one of 
them is the verb to be, which is going to work as an auxiliary verb, and the main verb, 
which is responsible for indicating the main idea of the sentence. An extremely important 
detail is that the main verb is going to be in the -ING form.
In order to make the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms, you need to follow 
the rules of the verb to be. Here is the general structure of these forms:
SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + NOT + MAIN VERB IN THE -ING FORM + COMPLEMENT
sujeito + verbo to be + not + verbo principal na forma -ING + complemento 
She isn’t using the phone. 
Ela não está usando o telefone. 
PRESENT CONTINUOUS 
Negative Form:
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VERB TO BE + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB IN THE -ING FORM + COMPLEMENT
verbo to be + sujeito + verbo principal na forma -ING + complemento 
Is she using the phone?
Ela está usando o telefone?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS 
Interrogative Form:
Note that the sentence structure of the simple present is completely different from that of the present 
continuous.
You will use the simple present to talk about habits, routine, and facts. And we use the present continuous 
to talk about actions in progress in the present. That is, the action is happening at the moment of speaking. 
Let’s compare some examples:
SIMPLE PRESENT
John takes good pictures. 
John tira boas fotos. 
Tina shares her opinions at every meeting. 
Tina compartilha suas opiniões em todas as reuniões.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS 
John is taking pictures. 
John está tirando fotos. 
Tina is sharing a post right now.
Tina está compartilhando um post agora.
Remember that the infinitive and the -ING form can be used as 
complements for other verbs.In such cases, the use of the -ING form 
does not mean the sentence is in the present continuous. Take a look:
I enjoy watching tutorials. 
Eu curto assistir a tutoriais.
VERB + -ING FORM
In the example, the verb to enjoy is followed by another verb – to 
watch. Notice that the sentence is in the simple present: the subject is 
I, and the verb conjugation is just like its base form. The complement 
is the verb to watch in the -ING form, but not because it is an action 
in progress, but because the verb enjoy can only be followed by 
nouns or verbs in the -ING form. 
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62
In this chapter, you have learned about the infinitive and the -ING forms of the 
verbs, the imperative and the present continuous. You have also learned how to 
tell these verb forms apart. If you want to learn more about these topics, you 
can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Imperative Page 149
Infinitive Form Page 152
Present Continuous Page 179
Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 205
Verbs + Infinitive or -ING Page 225
The same rule applies for this next example.
In this case, the sentence is in the simple present. The verb to avoid is followed 
either by nouns or verbs in the -ING form. Once again, that does not mean it refers 
to an action in progress. It is just being used as a complement to the main verb.
I avoid posting fake news. 
Eu evito postar fake news.
VERB + -ING FORM
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1.
 ta
ke
s
2.
 P
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3.
 is
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6.
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– 
Im
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2.
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C 
– 
Pr
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P 
– 
Si
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Pr
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4.
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– 
Im
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5.
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– 
Si
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Pr
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6.
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7.
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– 
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Pr
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8.
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Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
1. ( ) to give orders
2. ( ) to talk about actions happening now
3. ( ) to talk about facts
4. ( ) to give advice
5. ( ) to talk about habits
6. ( ) to give instructions
7. ( ) to talk about routines
8. ( ) for actions in progress in the present
A. Write PC for present continuous, I for the imperative, and SP for simple present. We use this 
 verb form: 
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the missing verbs:
1. John good pictures. 
 John tira boas fotos.
2. a picture. 
 Poste uma foto.
3. Tina a post right now.
 Tina está compartilhando um post agora. 
4. John pictures.
 John está tirando fotos.
 
5. Tina her opinions at every meeting.
 Tina compartilha suas opiniões em todas as reuniões.
6. I a selfie. 
 Eu quero tirar uma self ie.
Social Media
ImpactsSocial Media Impacts 
4
Chapter 4
65
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Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities
[Casey] 
In the previous episode, we learned that thanks to big data, companies 
get to know us better than ourselves. They use every step we take to 
predict our potential as consumers.
 
When we realize that, it’s impossible not to think of the practical impacts 
of giving away so much information. 
What do we gain from it? And what do we lose? 
[Keshav] 
Given the amount that we are putting out there about us now, compared 
to ever before, we are giving up a lot of control in the process. But we 
give up that control to get something in return. So, we get that feeling of 
people seeing us, connecting with more people out there. 
You go work out, you put a self ie up there, you go to a certain cafe, 
you’re like, “Oh, I love this cafe, that’s great,” and putting out there. You 
take a picture of food that you’re having—that is all kicking up, and 
companies are kind of tapping into this as well. 
You gamify the experience so to get people to do more of it. So, social 
media is naturally gamified, where you get people liking your picture, or 
hearting it, or whatever the reactions that you get on that, it makes you 
feel good. 
SOCIAL MEDIA IMPACTS
Social media has a great impact on our lives since it inf luences our behavior as 
consumers. When we interact on social network platforms, we should be aware 
of what we gain, but also of what we may end up losing. Therefore, in this 
chapter, you will learn how to talk about gains and losses. 
Now look at the script of: Social Media Impacts.
Part 1.
Video Script
Chapter 4 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
66
[Casey]
It seems clear that taking part in social media brings us a sense of 
belonging and connection. We choose to share our experiences and 
memories online, even though they may have market value.
[Keshav]
They’re actually already a commodity, that’s out there, that people are 
using to understand you. So, and that sounds a little bit bad, but it’s 
not all bad, right? The choices that are available to us out there are 
incredibly greater than what we had before. And to be able to f ind the 
perfect choice for you is not easy anymore. And advertising is a way to 
kind of show you things that you may not have expected to see. 
[Casey]
So, the least we can learn from Malani’s insights is that with data comes 
options. The world opens up to us, and we gain access to things we 
could never imagine before. Let’s suppose you’re online doing your 
stuff, and an ad pops up…It shows you a vacation destination that never 
crossed your mind! And to make things better, it meets your regular 
vacation budget! How cool is that? Maybe, if it weren’t for that ad, you 
would have never thought of that place as a possibility! I’d say having 
options is hardly ever a bad thing…
Companies may use the data footprints we leave behind to predict 
or modify our behavior, but then again, we provide them with this 
information willingly just by being part of social media. And we do that 
because we get something back. It’s a kind of trade we make, don’t you 
think? 
IMPACTOS DAS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS
[Casey] 
No episódio anterior, aprendemos que, graças aos megadados, as 
empresas nos conhecem mais do que conhecemos a nós mesmos. 
Cada passo que damos é usado para prever nosso potencial como 
consumidores. 
Quando entendemos isso, é impossível não pensar nos impactos 
práticos da disponibilização de tanta informação. 
O que ganhamos com isso? E o que perdemos? 
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Chapter 4 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
67
[Keshav] 
Levando em consideração que nunca compartilhamos tanto a nosso 
respeito quanto agora, abrimos mão de muito controle nesse processo. 
Mas abrimos mão desse controle para conseguir algo em troca. 
Conseguimos aquela sensação de sermos visto pelos outros, de termos 
uma conexão com mais pessoas. 
 
Você vai malhar, compartilha uma self ie, vai para um café, e diz: “Oh, eu 
amo esse café, que legal”, e compartilha. Você tira uma foto de um prato 
que você está comendo – tudo isso está crescendo muito, e as empresas 
estão captando isso. 
A experiência é gamificada para levar as pessoas a fazerem isso mais. 
As redes sociais são naturalmente gamificadas; um “like” ou “amei” nas 
suas fotos, ou qualquer outra reação que você receba, faz com que você 
se sinta bem. 
[Casey]
É nítido que participar das redes sociais nos dá uma sensação de 
pertencimento e conexão. Nós escolhemos compartilhar nossas 
experiências e nossas lembranças na internet, mesmo que elas tenham 
um valor de mercado. 
[Keshav]
Nossas experiências e memórias são uma mercadoria que está 
disponível, que as pessoas usam para tentar nos entender. Então, e isso 
soa um pouco mal, mas não completamente, certo? As escolhas que 
estão disponíveis para nós nunca foram tão incríveis. Nãoé mais tão 
fácil encontrar a escolha perfeita para você. As propagandas são uma 
maneira de mostrar coisas que você não esperava ver. 
[Casey]
O mínimo que podemos tirar dos insights do Malani é: megadados 
trazem opções. O mundo se abre para nós, e temos acesso a coisas 
que nunca imaginamos antes. Vamos supor que você esteja online, 
navegando, e um anúncio aparece… Ele te mostra um destino de férias 
que você nunca havia imaginado! E, para melhorar as coisas, ele se 
encaixa no seu orçamento! Que legal, não é? Eu diria que ter opções 
nunca é ruim…
Empresas podem usar nossos rastros de megadados para prever ou 
modif icar nosso comportamento, mas vale lembrar: nós fornecemos 
nossas informações voluntariamente ao usar as redes sociais. E nós 
fazemos isso porque recebemos algo em retorno. É uma troca, não 
acha?
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68
You have seen that, thanks to the big data generated by our interactions on 
social media, we end up being offered a bunch of things that, sometimes, would 
not even cross our minds. Even though we might lose a bit of control over the 
information we share, the upside is that we gain a variety of options. In fact, if you 
think about it, every choice you make comes with gains and losses.
There are many verbs that we can use to refer to gains, and they will be applied 
in different contexts. For example, when it comes to sports, we can say:
My team wins every game. 
Meu time ganha todos os jogos.
We may also use the verb win to refer to prizes, such as the lottery, whose prize 
is usually a lot of money:
Few people win the lottery. 
Poucas pessoas ganham na loteria.
In terms of politics, the verb win also applies:
Who is winning the presidential election?
Quem está ganhando a eleição presidencial?
And, of course, in the corporate environment too:
The CEO hopes to win financial backing from an investment firm. 
O CEO espera ganhar/conseguir apoio f inanceiro de uma firma de investimento.
Vocabulary
Part 2.
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69
But, if you remember chapter 1, you cannot use the verb to win to talk about the 
money you receive in exchange for your work. Instead, you would use to make 
or to earn. For example: 
Jessica makes forty thousand a year as a teacher. 
Jessica earns forty thousand a year as a teacher. 
Jessica ganha quarenta mil por ano como professora. 
When it comes to profit, it is just the same. Observe:
The company makes a profit of a hundred million a year. 
The company earns a hundred million every year. 
A empresa tem um lucro de cem milhões por ano.
The verb to gain can also be used to refer to gains, as in the 
benefits we can get from something. Take a look:
What do we gain from it? 
O que ganhamos com isso?
The verb to gain can yet be collocated with the noun time, as in:
Mary wants to gain time until her boss arrives. So, she’s stalling to start the meeting.
Mary quer ganhar tempo até o seu chefe chegar. Então, ela está enrolando para começar a reunião. 
So far, you have seen lots of verbs that can be used to talk about gains. The word gain can also be a noun. In 
the business world, when you talk about gains, it is almost automatic to think about profit, which can also be 
a noun. But you can choose to use a synonym and say:
The company’s earnings increase 2% every trimester. 
Os lucros da empresa aumentam 2% a cada trimestre. 
The director is giving up on the deal because it brings no gain to the company. 
O diretor está desistindo do acordo porque ele não traz lucro/ganho para a companhia.
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Another very common word used in the f inancial world is interests. It means the 
extra money you need to pay when you borrow money at a bank or when you 
buy something in installments. For instance:
It’s possible to pay in installments, but the interests are too high. 
É possível pagar em prestações, mas os juros são altos demais.
High interests can be a source of profit for the company, but it is quite a loss for 
the consumer.
To talk about losses, we can use the expression to make a loss, which is the 
opposite of to make a profit. Observe:
The company is making a loss of 8% this semester. 
A empresa está tendo uma perda ou um prejuízo de 8% neste semestre. 
The expression to run at a loss means to operate without making a profit. For example:
Two plants are running at a loss. 
Duas fábricas estão operando com prejuízo.
Every loss implies losing something. So, to lose is the verb related to losses. But just 
like the verb to win, it can have different meanings in different contexts. And just 
as you have various verbs to talk about gains, there are also various verbs to refer to 
different kinds of losses.
Let’s start with the financial context, since that is the topic of this module. Take a look:
The company is losing money with those plants. 
A empresa está perdendo dinheiro com aquelas fábricas.
To lose money means to spend more money than you make.
Another context in which we can use the verb to lose is in sports and competitions. 
For example:
The blue car is losing the race. 
O carro azul está perdendo a corrida.
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To lose can also refer to not knowing where something is. So, we say:
I lost my keys. 
Eu perdi minhas chaves.
It is important to be careful not to confuse to lose with the verb to 
miss. Look at this example: 
I missed the bus. 
Eu perdi o ônibus.
In this context, it is not that the person does not know where the bus is. It means 
they were late to catch it and now it is gone. The idea here is not being able to 
get or achieve something. 
Gains and losses are two sides of a coin. However, the ideal path is balance. Here 
are some verbs and expressions we can use to refer to balancing f inances:
The costs of production meet the budget. 
Os custos de produção estão dentro do orçamento. 
Claire is having difficulty making ends meet. 
Claire está tendo dif iculdade em fazer face às despesas. 
The firm is having trouble meeting its debt payments. 
A empresa está tendo problemas em quitar os pagamentos de sua dívida.
Observe that all of the previous expressions have the verb meet. This verb can 
also have different meanings depending on the context. For instance, it can also 
be used for introductions. For example:
I’d like you to meet Tom. 
Quero que você conheça o Tom. 
Nice to meet you. 
Prazer em te conhecer.
Now you know some vocabulary related to finances, the uses of the verbs to 
win, to earn, and to gain, as well as the difference between to lose and to miss.
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72
1.
 to
 w
in
 th
e 
lo
tte
ry
2.
 to
 g
ai
n 
tim
e
3.
 to
 e
ar
n 
a 
sa
la
ry
4.
 to
 m
ak
e 
fo
rt
y 
th
ou
sa
nd
 a
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ea
r
5.
 to
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ak
e 
a 
pr
ofi
t
6.
 to
 w
in
 th
e 
pr
es
id
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l e
le
ct
io
n
7.
 to
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ak
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a 
lo
ss
8.
 to
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ke
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9.
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 a
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am
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10
. t
o 
m
is
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th
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11
. t
o 
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12
. t
o 
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at
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1.
 a
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2.
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/ p
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3.
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4.
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5.
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6.
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/ p
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A
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A
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 A
 –
 A
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words according to the translation:
( 1 ) ganhar na loteria
( 2 ) ganhar tempo
( 3 ) ganhar / receber 
 salário
( 4 ) ganhar quarenta 
 mil por ano
( 5 ) ter lucro / lucrar
( 6 ) ganhar as eleiçõespresidenciais
( 7 ) ter perda / 
 prejuízo
( 8 ) perder as chaves
( 9 ) ganhar um jogo
( 10 ) perder o ônibus 
( 11 ) conseguir apoio 
 f inanceiro
( 12 ) operar com 
 prejuízo
( ) to win a game
( ) to earn a salary
( ) to make forty 
 thousand a year
( ) to make a loss
( ) to miss the bus
( ) to make a profit
( ) to win f inancial 
 backing
( ) to gain time
( ) to run at a loss
( ) to lose the keys 
( ) to win the 
 presidential election
( ) to win the lottery
1. The company is making of 8% this semester. 
 A empresa está tendo um prejuízo de 8% neste semestre.
2. The director is giving up on the deal because it brings no to the company. 
 O diretor está desistindo do acordo porque ele não traz lucro para a companhia. 
3. It’s possible to pay , but the interests are too high. 
 É possível pagar em prestações, mas os juros são altos demais.
4. The company makes of a hundred million a year.
 A empresa tem um lucro de cem milhões por ano. 
5. The costs of production .
 Os custos de produção estão dentro do orçamento. 
6. The company’s increase 2% every trimester. 
 Os lucros da empresa aumentam 2% a cada trimestre.
Part 3.
ActivitiesVocabulary
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73
In this part of the chapter, we are going to revisit some grammar 
topics so you can understand a few important details.
Let’s start by reviewing the use of the infinitive form as a 
complement of other verbs:
The CEO hopes to win financial backing. 
O CEO espera ganhar apoio f inanceiro.
VERB + INIFINITIVE FORM 
We saw this construction in chapter 3. This is one of the uses of the infinitive 
form. And what defines the form of the second verb is the f irst verb. In the case 
you have just seen, the verb to hope can only be followed by verbs in the 
infinitive.
The infinitive can also follow some adjectives. Check out this example:
It’s possible to pay in installments.
É possível pagar em prestações. 
To be able to find the perfect choice for you is not easy.
Ser capaz de achar a escolha perfeita para você não é fácil.
ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE FORM
In the examples, the adjectives are possible and able. Notice how they are 
followed by the verbs to pay and to find.
Part 4.
Grammar
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Besides the infinitive, there is yet another verb form that we know: 
the -ING form. In the last chapter, you saw that it can also be used 
as a complement to other verbs. Let’s check that again:
The company risks losing investments. 
A empresa corre o risco de perder investimentos. 
Mary enjoys working at the office. 
Mary gosta de trabalhar no escritório.
VERB + -ING FORM
After the verbs to risk and to enjoy, the verb must be in the -ING form.
There are some verbs that accept both verb forms as complements, with no 
alteration in meaning. It is the case of the verbs like and hate, for example. 
Check it out:
Companies like to make a profit. 
Companies like making a profit. 
Empresas gostam de lucrar. 
Companies hate to make losses. 
Companies hate making losses. 
Empresas detestam ter prejuízo. 
VERB + INFINITIVE OR -ING FORM
Keep in mind that the -ING form as a complement of a verb does not express an 
action in progress. In other words, it is not related to the present continuous form.
The only thing they have in common is the spelling: the -ING at the end of the verb. 
Their uses are completely different. 
In the present continuous, the -ING form is preceded by the verb to be, but, as a 
verb complement, it is preceded by other verbs.
Observe that by looking at the following examples in the present continuous:
Two plants are running at a loss. 
Duas fábricas estão operando com prejuízo. 
The company is making a loss of 8%. 
A empresa está tendo um prejuízo de 8%.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
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Now, you need to bear in mind that there are some verbs in English that we 
cannot conjugate in the present continuous. They are called non-progressive 
verbs. That means they do not make sense when used in a verb form that 
indicates an action in progress. 
Basically, these are the verbs that express senses and verbs that express 
opinions and feelings. Here is a list of some non-progressive verbs:
NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
Verbs that express senses 
Verbos que expressam sentidos
to smell
cheirar
to see
ver
to taste
ter gosto
to hear
escutar
Verbs that express opinion 
Verbos que expressam opinião
to believe
acreditar
to suspect
suspeitar
to agree
concordar
to disagree
discordar
Verbs that express feelings 
Verbos que expressam sentimentos
to love
amar
to hate
odiar
to like 
gostar
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Let’s see some examples of those verbs:
NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
I like to see my team win. 
I’m liking to see my team win.
Eu gosto de ver meu time ganhar. 
Eu estou gostando de ver meu time ganhar.
I hear a strange noise outside. 
I’m hearing a strange noise outside. 
Eu ouço um barulho estranho lá fora. 
Eu estou ouvindo um barulho estranho lá fora.
The CEO doesn’t believe that Kate is able to do a good job. 
The CEO is not believing that Katie is able to do a good job. 
O CEO não acredita que Kate seja capaz de fazer um bom trabalho.
O CEO não está acreditando que Kate seja capaz de fazer um bom trabalho.
Besides knowing verb complements to express yourself correctly, it is also important to know 
how to connect ideas in the speech. To do so, we use connectors. Connectors are important 
cohesion elements that help the speech make sense. Here are some examples with the most 
common ones and their function: 
CONNECTORS
But: contrasting ideas
But: contrastando ideias 
The CEO doesn’t believe that Kate is able to do a good job. But the manager disagrees. 
O CEO não está acreditando que Kate seja capaz de fazer um bom trabalho. Mas o 
gerente está discordando. 
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Because: introducing reason
Porque: introduzindo motivo
The director is giving up on the deal because it brings no gain to the company. 
O diretor está desistindo do acordo porque ele não traz lucro para a companhia.
So: introducing conclusion
Então: introduzindo conclusão
Mary wants to gain time until her boss arrives. So, she’s stalling to start the meeting.
Mary quer ganhar tempo até o seu chefe chegar. Então, ela está enrolando para 
começar a reunião.
And: adding idea
E: acrescentando uma ideia
Bert lost his keys and his wallet. 
Bert perdeu suas chaves e sua carteira. 
In this chapter, we revisited the infinitive, the -ING form, and the present 
continuous. You have also learned about non-progressive verbs and the most 
common connectors. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can 
refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Connectors Page 141
Infinitive Form Page 152
Present Continuous Page 179
Verbs + Infinitive or -ING Page 225
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1. But
2. because
3. but
4. So
5. but 
6. and
2. to believe
3. to like
5. to hear
7. to smell
Activity A – AnswersActivity B – Answers
Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
1. ( ) to run
 correr
2. ( ) to believe 
 acreditar
3. ( ) to like 
 gostar
4. ( ) to make 
 fazer
A. Mark the non-progressive verbs:
B. Fill in the blanks with the missing connector:
1. The CEO doesn’t believe that Kate is able to do a good job. the manager disagrees. 
 O CEO não está acreditando que Kate seja capaz de fazerum bom trabalho. Mas o gerente discorda. 
2. The director is giving up on the deal it brings no gain to the company. 
 O diretor está desistindo do acordo porque ele não traz lucro para a companhia. 
3. The company makes a profit of a hundred million a year, two plants are running at a loss. 
 A empresa tem um lucro de cem milhões por ano, mas duas fábricas estão operando com prejuízo.
4. Mary wants to gain time until her boss arrives. , she’s stalling to start the meeting.
 Mary quer ganhar tempo até o seu chefe chegar. Então, ela está enrolando para começar a reunião.
5. It’s possible to pay in installments, the interests are too high. 
 É possível pagar em prestações, mas os juros são altos demais.
6. Bert lost his keys his wallet. 
 Bert perdeu suas chaves e sua carteira.
5. ( ) to hear
 ouvir
6. ( ) to do 
 fazer 
7. ( ) to smell 
 cheirar 
Artificial
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[Casey is making a presentation] 
Okay, guys. Let’s keep going. 
So far, we’ve seen the role of social media in generating big data 
and how it has been used to create new businesses, define market 
strategies, and influence consumers’ buying potential. 
But those are not the only applications of big data.
It all starts back in the 1940s, when human neural network researchers 
started to replicate them artif icially. They thought it would be possible 
to make a machine mimic human cognitive functions, mainly the ones 
involved in the process of learning and solving problems.
When we consider that big data is essentially a bunch of information 
about people’s preferences and behavior, it becomes possible to feed a 
machine with this information to make it act and think as humans would. 
Does that ring a bell?
I’m talking about artif icial intelligence, or simply AI. It is a wide-ranging 
branch of computer science that attempts to replicate or simulate 
human intelligence in machines. 
And how do scientists do that? They input a lot of data in machines, 
increasing the frequency of certain traits. And that will eventually build 
a tendency of behavior. The more information they add, the more 
predictably the machines will respond. This process is called machine 
learning. 
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
It is amazing how far we have come in terms of technology. Even so, there is yet 
a lot to be developed. The possibilities are inf inite. However, it is essential not to 
lose focus and sense of direction. 
In this chapter, you are going to learn how to talk about purposes, goals, and 
objectives. You will also learn how to talk about abilities and possibilities.
Now look at the script of: Artificial Intelligence.
Part 1.
Video Script
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Bruno Bratti, a principal engineer at Wave Semiconductor, can help us 
understand that a bit better.
[Bruno] 
Any kind of modern electronic device these days has the opportunity to 
benefit from machine learning. Why machine learning works? It works 
because humans behave predictably.
[Casey] 
Take Siri, for example—that’s artif icial intelligence! You ask Siri to call 
someone just by saying the verb “call” followed by the person’s name, 
then Siri searches that person’s name in the contact list and dials the 
number, right? That’s what a human would do in this situation, but Siri 
just does it automatically.
So, in order to solve a specif ic problem, the machine must be given 
specif ic information on how to respond to it. Where does that 
information come from? From the data that we, humans, leave behind. 
Machines act based on what we would probably do if presented with 
the same issue.
[Bruno]
Having all kinds of information to use to train a machine means that 
you’re going to get better and better results. Depending on the type of 
business you have, you could apply it from customer support…we can 
replace whole call centers with a machine learning system, and it’s just 
one example. 
You can use it in terms of the predicting trends in advertising, you know, 
how to reach your market. Basically, any situation when you have large 
reams of data, which you think is something interesting and relevant 
to your business, you know, exists within that “f inding that needle in 
the haystack”—machine learning allows you to f ind that. Whether it’s 
f inding what’s bugging your costumers, even, you know, just rolling it 
into your product itself. 
[Casey] 
As you can see, it’s vital to f ind a purpose for the data. That’s why I said 
before that they clean up the data they collect according to their needs. 
It would be a waste of time to input whatever data they collect in a 
machine if it is not going to be useful for a specif ic purpose. And based 
on Bruno’s inputs, the applications are inf inite. 
That is an important insight for life: it’s essential to measure your actions 
according to the goals you need to reach. If you don’t know where you’re 
going, every road will take you nowhere.
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INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL
[Casey está fazendo uma apresentação]
Okay, pessoal, vamos continuar. 
Até agora, vimos o papel das redes sociais no fornecimento de 
megadados e como elas são usadas para criar novos negócios, definir 
estratégias de mercado e inf luenciar o potencial de compra dos 
consumidores. 
Mas essas não são as únicas utilidades dos megadados. 
Tudo começou nos anos 40, quando pesquisadores de redes neurais 
humanas começaram a replicá-las artif icialmente. Eles pensaram 
que seria possível fazer uma máquina que imitasse as funções 
cognitivas humanas, principalmente funções envolvidas no processo de 
aprendizagem e solução de problemas.
Considerando que os megadados são essencialmente um emaranhado 
de informações sobre as preferências e o comportamento das pessoas, 
torna-se possível inserir estas informações em uma máquina e fazê-la 
agir como um ser humano. Isso te lembra alguma coisa?
Estou falando de Inteligência Artif icial, ou, simplesmente, IA. É um ramo 
bastante abrangente da ciência da computação, que tenta replicar ou 
simular a inteligência humana em máquinas. 
[Richard] 
Machine learning per se doesn’t tell you very much unless you know 
what kinds of problems they are attempting to solve. There’s more 
profound uses of that technology than there was a decade ago. And the 
question is: what do you apply it to? 
[Casey]
Besides taking data and using it to make machines that can think 
and act like humans, artif icial intelligence can be applied to many 
purposes. But as with everything in life, you should know your purpose. 
Otherwise, it’s just a bunch of meaningless information that ends up 
having no use whatsoever.
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E como os cientistas fazem isso? Eles inserem uma grande quantidade 
de dados em máquinas, o que aumenta a frequência de certos traços. 
Eventualmente, isso constrói uma tendência de comportamento. Quanto 
mais informação eles inserem, mais previsivelmente as máquinas vão 
responder. Esse processo se chama machine learning (aprendizado da 
máquina). 
Bruno Bratti, engenheiro-chefe da Wave Semiconductor, pode nos 
ajudar a entender isso um pouco melhor. 
[Bruno] 
Hoje em dia, qualquer aparelho eletrônico pode se beneficiar de 
machine learning. Por que machine learning funciona? Funciona porque 
os comportamentos humanos são previsíveis. 
[Casey] 
Veja a Siri, por exemplo – é inteligência artif icial! Você pede para a Siri 
telefonar para alguém simplesmente usando o verbo “ligar”, seguido 
do nome da pessoa, e a Siri procura o nome daquela pessoa na lista de 
contatos e disca o número, certo? É isso que um humano faria nessa 
situação, só que a Siri faz automaticamente. 
Para resolver um problema específico, a máquina precisa receber 
uma informação específ ica sobre como proceder. De onde vem essa 
informação? Dos dados que nós, humanos, deixamos para trás. As 
máquinas agem com base no que nós provavelmente faríamos se 
deparados com o mesmo problema.
[Bruno]
Usar todo tipo de informação para treinar uma máquina signif ica ter 
resultados cada vez melhores. Dependendo do tipo de negócio que 
você tem, isso poderia ser aplicado desde o atendimento ao cliente… 
Podemos substituir call centers, completamente, por um sistema de 
machine learning, e esse é apenas um exemplo. 
Você pode usar machine learning para prever tendências de publicidade, 
como atingir seu nicho. Basicamente, qualquer situação na qual você 
tem uma grande quantidade de dados que você acha relevante para 
seus negócios, onde existe aquele lance de “encontrar a agulha no 
palheiro” – machine learning te ajuda a achar isso. Pode servir para 
descobrir o que está incomodando seus clientes ou até para acoplar ao 
próprio produto. 
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[Casey] 
Como você pode ver, encontrar um propósito para os dados é essencial. 
É por isso que eu disse anteriormente que eles limpam os dados 
coletados de acordo com as necessidades. Seria um desperdício de 
tempo inserir dados aleatórios em uma máquina, se isso não vai ter um 
propósito específ ico. E tendo como base as colocações do Bruno, as 
aplicações são infinitas. 
É um insight importante para a vida: é essencial medir suas ações de 
acordo com os objetivos que você precisa alcançar. Se você não sabe 
para onde está indo, qualquer estrada te levará para lugar nenhum.
[Richard]
Machine learning em si não te diz muita coisa, a não ser que você saiba 
quais problemas resolver. Hoje existem usos mais profundos dessa 
tecnologia do que há uma década. A pergunta é: a que isso se aplica? 
[Casey]
Além de coletar dados e usá-los para fazer máquinas que podem pensar 
e se comportar como humanos, a inteligência artif icial pode ser usada 
com muitos objetivos. Mas, como tudo na vida, você precisa saber seu 
objetivo. Caso contrário, é só um monte de informação sem sentido que 
acaba não tendo utilidade alguma.
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In this part, you will learn specif ic vocabulary related to purpose, goals, and objectives, since 
they are crucial in life as a whole. 
Every day, we are given the possibility to make choices and, as they say: look before you leap, 
which means to think carefully before acting. That’s why it is so important to reflect on the 
motivations behind our decisions. To do so, you can ask yourself some questions, such as:
Why am I making this choice?
Por que estou fazendo esta escolha?
What do I wish to achieve?
O que eu desejo alcançar?
How can I achieve it? 
Como posso alcançá-lo?
All these questions relate to our purposes, goals, and objectives. In the business world, these 
are three different concepts, and they should be crystal clear in any negotiation. In many 
cases, such as opinion surveys or project scope definitions, they will literally have to be written 
down. Let’s understand the differences:
A purpose provides us with the reason to do something. 
Um propósito nos dá o motivo / a razão para fazer alguma coisa. 
Goals are the results we wish to achieve. 
Metas são os resultados que desejamos alcançar. 
Objectives represent concrete actions that are needed to achieve the results. 
Os objetivos representam as ações concretas necessárias para alcançar os resultados. 
PURPOSE VS. GOALS VS. OBJECTIVES
As mentioned, these concepts are closely related to the business environment. But in everyday 
English, these terms may be interchangeable. There are some specific ways and contexts in 
which we can use them.
Vocabulary
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Here are some contexts in which the word purpose can be applied:
The purpose of this meeting is to present the project. 
O propósito dessa reunião é apresentar o projeto. 
The purpose of hiring more people is to increase production. 
O propósito de contratar mais pessoas é aumentar a produção. 
This strategy can achieve the purpose of increasing production.
Esta estratégia pode alcançar o propósito de aumentar a produção.
We may say the purpose of something, or the purpose of doing something. 
See that of is a preposition. When verbs come immediately after prepositions, 
they should be in the –ING form.
The word purpose can also be used in contexts that are not necessarily related 
to business. For example, when you travel, you could be asked the following 
question at the hotel or at customs:
What’s the purpose of your trip? 
Qual é o propósito da sua viagem?
We can also use the word purpose in the expression to serve its purpose. It is 
used to say that an object does what it is intended to do. For example:
This smartphone serves its purpose. 
Este smartphone cumpre sua função.
There is also the expression on purpose, that means deliberately. Have a look at 
the example:
Joe broke the window on purpose. 
Joe quebrou a janela de propósito.
As you can see, there are some f ixed expressions with the word purpose.
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Let’s see the word goal. This term can, sometimes, have the same meaning as the word 
objective. And, in many cases, you will be able to use the same verbs with both of them, in the 
same contexts.
For example, when you are defining a goal or an objective, you can use the verb set and say:
It’s advisable to set clear goals/objectives before starting a new project. 
É aconselhável estabelecer metas claras / objetivos claros antes de começar um projeto. 
The verb to pursue can also be used with both nouns, in the same context. Look:
As you pursue your goal / objective, you need to have focus. 
Enquanto você persegue a sua meta, / seu objetivo, você precisa ter foco.
Keeping focus can be challenging. So, to help you out, some specialists advise 
dividing your goals into short-, medium-, and long-term ones. For example:
Jack’s short-term goal is to cut costs. 
A meta do Jack em curto prazo é diminuir custos. 
The medium-term goal is to redirect investments. 
A meta em médio prazo é redirecionar investimentos. 
The long-term goal is to make more money. 
A meta em longo prazo é ganhar mais dinheiro.
To talk about the end of the process of pursuing a goal, it is very common to use 
the verb reach:
Jack can reach his goals within a few months.
Jack pode alcançar suas metas em alguns meses.
Note that can expresses an idea of ability in the previous sentence.
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With the word objectives, it is more common to hear the verb meet instead of reach. As in:
Jack can meet his objectives within a few months.
Jack pode atingir seus objetivos em alguns meses.
In the previous examples, the word goal is used in contexts that refer to the 
objectives we would like to reach in life.
But it can also be used in other contexts, such as sports. For instance, the 
objective of a soccer team is to score goals. So, you could say:
The player scored a goal just minutes before the end of the game. 
O jogador marcou um gol minutos antes do f inal do jogo.
However, in this case, the words goal and objective are not synonymous, so you 
cannot say: 
The player scored an objective just minutes before the end of the game. 
In a crisis, having clear purposes, goals, and objectives is essential in decision-
making and problem-solving processes. Take a look:
The first step is to acknowledge the problem. 
O primeiro passo é reconhecer o problema.
After that, there are two general alternatives:
We can respond to the problem.Podemos reagir ao problema. 
We can measure the problem and its impacts.
Podemos medir o problema e seus impactos.
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Now you know how to talk about purposes, goals, objectives, and 
possibilities. You have also seen some important steps in problem-
solving and decision-making processes.
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To respond to means to react without pondering. The most suitable reaction would be to 
measure the problem and its impacts. Then, f inally: 
After analyzing the problem, we can find a solution to solve it.
Depois de analisar o problema, podemos encontrar uma solução para resolvê-lo.
See that to solve problems means to f ind a solution for them.
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
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( 1 ) perseguir metas
( 2 ) marcar / fazer um 
 gol
( 3 ) de propósito
( 4 ) meta em curto 
 prazo
( 5 ) atingir objetivos
( 6 ) reconhecer o 
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( 7 ) estabelecer metas
( 8 ) meta em longo 
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( 9 ) alcançar metas
( 10 ) reagir ao 
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( 11 ) cumprir sua 
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( 12 ) resolver um 
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( ) to score a goal
( ) to meet objectives
( ) to acknowledge the 
 problem
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 problem
( ) on purpose
( ) to reach goals
( ) to serve its purpose
( ) to solve a problem
( ) to pursue goals 
( ) to set goals
( ) short-term goal
1. is to present the project. 
 O propósito dessa reunião é apresentar o projeto.
2. more people is to increase production. 
 O propósito de contratar mais pessoas é aumentar a produção. 
3. It’s advisable to before starting a new project. 
 É aconselhável estabelecer metas claras antes de começar um projeto.
4. This strategy can of increasing production.
 Esta estratégia pode alcançar o propósito de aumentar a produção.
5. , we can find a solution to solve it.
 Depois de analisar o problema, podemos encontrar uma solução para resolvê-lo.
6. A purpose provides for doing something. 
 Um propósito nos dá o motivo pra fazer alguma coisa.
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Previously, you saw how important it is to ask yourself about purposes and goals, 
especially before making a decision. You saw some questions you can ask to help 
you reflect on that. The f irst one was:
QUESTION WORD WHY
Why am I making this choice?
Por que estou fazendo esta escolha?
Question word + verb to be + subject + main verb in the –ING form + complement
Question word + verbo to be + sujeito + verbo principal com –ING + complemento
QUESTION WORD + INTERROGATIVE FORM 
Present Continuous
The question word why is used to question the reason for something. To do that, the 
structure of the sentence should be in the interrogative form. This sentence is in the present 
continuous, so the structure will be as follows:
The answer to questions with why is usually introduced by the word because. Check it out:
Why am I making this choice?
Por que estou fazendo esta escolha? 
Because I think this is a good choice. 
Porque eu acho que esta é uma boa escolha.
TALKING ABOUT REASON
Note that the verb to think is in the simple present. In this context, we cannot use the verb to 
think in the present continuous because it is a non-progressive verb that expresses an opinion.
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Another question we considered when thinking about purposes, goals, and 
objectives was this one:
What do I wish to achieve? 
O que eu desejo alcançar? 
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Note the question word what, which is normally used to ask for information about 
something. In the previous sentence, what is followed by the interrogative form of 
the simple present, that is: the auxiliary verb do followed by the subject I and the 
main verb wish in the base form. See that the complement of the verb wish is in the 
infinitive form: to achieve. 
In short, the question word will be followed by the interrogative form. In the simple 
present, it will be:
Question word + auxiliary verb do + subject + main verb + complement
Question word + verbo auxiliar do + sujeito + verbo principal + complemento
QUESTION WORD + INTERROGATIVE FORM 
Simple Present
Another question we saw was this one:
What’s the purpose of your trip? / What is the purpose of your trip?
Qual é o propósito da sua viagem?
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Note that we used the verb to be. It may or may not be contracted with the question 
word what. in the interrogative form, you must invert the verb to be and the 
subject. Check it out:
Question word + verb to be + subject + complement
Question word + verbo to be + sujeito + complemento 
QUESTION WORD + INTERROGATIVE FORM 
Verb To Be
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And then, the last question you saw in the vocabulary part of this 
chapter refers to the goals and objectives. Check it out:
How can I achieve my goal? 
Como posso alcançar meu objetivo?
QUESTION WORD HOW
How is a question word used to ask about manner, the way something is done. So, if you pay 
close attention to this structure, right after the question word how, there is the modal verb can 
followed by the subject I, the main verb, and f inally, the complement. Basically, you have how 
followed by the interrogative form of the modal verb can. Check:
Question word + modal verb can + subject + main verb in the base form + complement
Question word + verbo modal can + sujeito + verbo principal na forma base + complemento
QUESTION WORD + INTERROGATIVE FORM 
Modal Verb Can
Note that this structure follows the same logic of the interrogative sentences with the verb to be, 
that is, we just invert can and the subject. We do not use the auxiliary verb do in this case. 
Modal verbs work as auxiliary verbs that add specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence, 
depending on the context. 
The modal verb can will have different meanings in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative 
forms.
Take a look at the general structure of the modal verb can in the affirmative form:
Subject + modal verb can + main verb (base form) + complement
Sujeito + verbo modal can + verbo principal na forma base + complemento
MODAL VERB CAN 
Affirmative Form
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When used in the aff irmative form, the modal verb can may convey an idea of 
possibility. For example:
We can achieve our goals with hard work.
Nós podemos alcançar nossas metas com trabalho duro.
MODAL VERB CAN 
Possibility
Note that the subject is we, followed by the modal verb can and the main verb 
achieve in the base form. The rest of the sentence is the complement.The idea 
here is that it is possible to achieve goals with hard work.
The modal verb can may also mean ability in the present. Check it out:
We can find a solution to the problem. 
Nós podemos achar uma solução para o problema. 
Mark can speak English very well. 
Mark pode / sabe falar inglês muito bem.
MODAL VERB CAN 
Ability in the present
Note that, even though the subject is in the third person singular, the modal 
verb doesn’t change and the main verb remains in the base form.
There are other ways to talk about ability without using the modal verb can. One 
of them is using the adjective able. Check this out:
Mary is able to speak English very well. 
Mary é capaz de falar inglês muito bem. 
BE ABLE + INFINITIVE
Ability in the present
In this case, see that the verb to be will be conjugated according to the subject.
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To make the negative form, you will only need to add not right after the modal 
verb can. That will form the word cannot. It’s written as one word. You may also 
use the contracted form can’t. Remember that the contracted form can’t is a lot 
less emphatic than cannot. Have a look at the basic structure:
Subject + cannot or can’t + main verb in the base form + complement
Sujeito + cannot ou can’t + verbo principal na forma base + complemento
MODAL VERB CAN
Negative Form
Now, let’s go over some examples and compare the ideas expressed by the 
negative form of the modal verb can:
Lack of possibility
We can’t achieve our goals without hard work.
Nós não podemos alcançar nossas metas sem trabalho duro.
MODAL VERB CAN
Lack of ability
Mary can’t speak Spanish very well.
Mary não consegue falar espanhol muito bem.
As you can see, we can use can’t to refer to lack of possibility or lack of ability. 
Finally, the interrogative form. As mentioned before, we form the interrogative 
by inverting the modal verb can and the subject. The rest of the sentence will 
remain the same. Observe: 
Modal verb can + subject + man verb in the base form + complement
Verbo modal can + sujeito + verbo principal na forma base + complemento
MODAL VERB CAN
Interrogative Form
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You can use the interrogative to question the ideas expressed by the 
aff irmative and negative sentences. For example:
Question about possibility
Can we achieve our goals without hard work?
Nós podemos alcançar nossas metas sem trabalho duro?
MODAL VERB CAN
Question about ability
Can Mary speak Spanish very well?
Mary sabe falar espanhol muito bem?
But there are two more uses of the modal verb can in the interrogative form that 
are quite specific, for they depend on the subject.
We can use this modal verb to make requests. Normally, in this context, the 
subject will necessarily be in the second person singular or plural represented 
by the subject pronoun you. Check out these examples:
Can you help me, Mr. Johnson? 
Você pode me ajudar, senhor Johnson? 
Can you both come to my office?
Vocês dois podem vir ao meu escritório? 
MODAL VERB CAN
Requests
We can also use the interrogative form of can with the subjects I or we to make 
offers, that is, to offer something to someone else. Check out these examples:
Can we give you a ride to work? 
Podemos te dar uma carona para o trabalho?
MODAL VERB CAN
Offers
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In this chapter, we revisited the interrogative form. You have also 
learned about question words and the uses of the modal verb can. 
If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the 
Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Modal Verb Can Page 157
Question Word How Page 188
Question Word What Page 194
Question Word Why Page 201
How can I help you? 
Como eu posso te ajudar?
What can I do for you?
O que eu posso fazer por você?
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Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
1. Mary is able to speak English very well. 
 (INT) 
2. We can find a solution to the problem. 
 (NEG)
3. Mark can speak English very well. 
 (NEG) 
4. Jack can reach his goals within a few months.
 (INT) 
5. We can respond to the problem. 
 (INT) 
6. We can measure the problem and its impacts.
 (INT) 
7. We can find a solution to solve it.
 (NEG) 
8. Jack can meet his objectives within a few months.
 (NEG) 
A. Change the sentences into the interrogative form (INT) or the negative form (NEG):
99
Chapter 5 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities
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Notes
1.
 W
hy
2.
 H
ow
3.
 W
ha
t 
4.
 W
ha
t
5.
 H
ow
 
6.
 W
ha
t
1.
 M
ar
y 
is
n’
t /
 is
 n
ot
 a
bl
e 
to
 s
pe
ak
 E
ng
lis
h 
ve
ry
 w
el
l. 
2.
 W
e 
ca
nn
ot
 / 
ca
n’
t fi
nd
 a
 s
ol
ut
io
n 
to
 th
e 
pr
ob
le
m
. 
3.
 M
ar
k 
ca
nn
ot
 / 
ca
n’
t s
pe
ak
 E
ng
lis
h 
ve
ry
 w
el
l. 
4.
 C
an
 Ja
ck
 re
ac
h 
hi
s 
go
al
s 
w
ith
in
 a
 fe
w
 m
on
th
s?
5.
 C
an
 w
e 
re
sp
on
d 
to
 th
e 
pr
ob
le
m
? 
6.
 C
an
 w
e 
m
ea
su
re
 th
e 
pr
ob
le
m
 a
nd
 it
s 
im
pa
ct
s?
7.
 W
e 
ca
nn
ot
 / 
ca
n’
t fi
nd
 a
 s
ol
ut
io
n 
to
 s
ol
ve
 it
.
8.
 Ja
ck
 c
an
no
t /
 c
an
’t 
m
ee
t h
is
 o
bj
ec
tiv
es
 w
ith
in
 a
 fe
w
 m
on
th
s.
A
ct
iv
ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
A
ct
iv
ity
 B
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
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99
B. Fill in the blanks with the missing question word: 
1. am I making this choice?
 Por que estou fazendo esta escolha?
2. can I help you? 
 Como eu posso te ajudar? 
3. do I wish to achieve? 
 O que eu desejo alcançar?
4. can I do for you?
 O que eu posso fazer por você?
5. can I achieve my goal? 
 Como posso alcançar meu objetivo?
6. is the purpose of your trip?
 Qual é o propósito da sua viagem?
AI TrendsAI Trends
6
Chapter 6
101
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Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities
[Casey] 
In the previous episode, we learned that having tons of information with 
no clear purpose of how to use it will only take us to dead ends. 
Scientists have been asking themselves to which purposes machine 
learning and artif icial intelligence could serve. Simplifying daily tasks, 
promoting then more comfort to consumers, was one of the purposes they 
came up with. And that takes us to the concept of the Internet of Things. 
The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of physical devices 
that are connected to the internet around the globe, collecting and 
sharing data without the need for human mediation. 
Our guest Curtis Sasaki will tell us about some of the applications this 
technology can have. He is the one responsible for heading the IoT 
initiative at Samsung. 
[Curtis] 
We think IoT has a very transformative potential for society, not just 
building technology for technology’s sake. You know, with all of the 
world challenges going on, from drinking water supplies to food 
supplies, to what’s happening in urbanization. 
Then, you know, on the industrial enterprise side, there’s so many 
applications that are already being improved. In hospitals, in supply 
chain management, you know, putting sensors on cargos…
You know, I think there’s going to be incredibly interesting IoT-based 
projects that people don’t think about it as IoT, but people just are 
benefiting from it, either indirectly or, in many cases, directly. 
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about necessities and obligations; 
wishes and desires, and how to express possession. You will also see some 
important vocabulary and grammar topics to make it happen. 
Now look at the script of: AI Trends.
Part1.
Video Script
Chapter 6 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
102
[Casey] 
Curtis Sasaki points out some practical applications of IoT. Thanks to 
it, it’s possible to add a sensor to an item and accompany its shipping 
around the world, making sure it gets safely to its destination as 
planned. 
But there are some other applications of IoT that don’t really seem to 
be that meaningful or even useful at all. That’s what our guest Mark 
Zawacki points out. 
[Mark] 
I think a lot of that is hyped, and it may be inflated. What really is 
the use case if your dishwasher is on the internet? It’s possible, and 
we know it has integrated circuits inside, and we’re starting to see, 
for instance, appliance manufactures make very advanced home 
appliances. 
I saw one recently, it had a camera in it, and you could see inside your 
refrigerator. This is technology that is not even clear of what problem 
it’s chasing. You know, to have a camera facing in your refrigerator to tell 
you that that shelf is empty…In my mind, it may not meet the test of real 
customer need.
[Casey]
So, Mark calls our attention to real customer need. What would really 
be an application of IoT that would meet customer’s expectations or 
necessities? Having our home appliances connected to the web may 
give us some kind of comfort or status, but maybe it really isn’t a good 
use of all the potential that an AI system can reach. 
[Bruno]
What is the ultimate goal of any kind of AI system? Do we want to 
create a new class of servants? That’s certainly f ine, but we need to 
depend sometimes less on machines for basic stuff and depend more on 
ourselves. 
I think someone like myself is much more interested in AI as a way 
to approach interesting scientif ic and medical problems, like sort of 
insoluble scientif ic questions up to this point. And I think it would be 
a much more interesting thing to apply machine learning and artif icial 
intelligence to, you know, cancer, cosmology, you know...you name it. As 
opposed to having something driving around serving you drinks. 
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TENDÊNCIAS EM IA
[Casey]
No episódio anterior, aprendemos que ter um tanto de informação sem 
um propósito claro para seu uso só nos leva a um beco sem saída. 
Os cientistas têm se perguntado sobre os possíveis usos para machine 
learning (aprendizado da máquina) e inteligência artif icial (IA). 
Simplif icar tarefas cotidianas e com isso trazer mais conforto para os 
consumidores foi uma das respostas encontradas. Isso nos leva ao 
conceito de “Internet das Coisas”.
“Internet das Coisas”, ou IdC, refere-se aos bilhões de aparelhos 
conectados à internet em todo o mundo, coletando e compartilhando 
dados sem a necessidade de mediação humana. 
Nosso convidado, Curtis Sasaki, vai falar sobre algumas das aplicações 
que essa tecnologia pode ter. Ele é o responsável por liderar a iniciativa 
de IdC na Samsung. 
[Curtis] 
Acreditamos que IdC tem um potencial transformador para a sociedade, 
não se tratando apenas de desenvolver uma tecnologia simplesmente 
pela tecnologia em si. Sabe, para todos os desafios globais atuais, 
do abastecimento de água potável e de alimentos, até o que está 
acontecendo no âmbito da urbanização. 
Aí, sabe, no campo do empreendimento industrial, muitas aplicações 
já estão sendo aprimoradas. Em hospitais, na gestão de cadeias de 
abastecimento, sabe, colocando sensores em cargas de mercadorias...
Sabe, eu acho que haverá projetos baseados em IdC incrivelmente 
interessantes e que as pessoas não vão ver como IdC, mas elas vão 
se beneficiar deles mesmo assim, indireta, ou, em muitos casos, 
diretamente. 
[Casey] 
With that in mind, it becomes clear that all this technology has the 
potential to provide us just with the right tools to accept the challenge of 
solving greater problems. It’s a new field that still needs to be improved. 
But it seems it’s got all it takes to really change civilization as we know it.
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[Casey] 
Curtis Sasaki ressalta algumas aplicações práticas de IdC. É possível 
colocar um sensor em um item e rastrear seu envio pelo mundo, 
assegurando sua chegada em seu destino conforme planejado. 
No entanto, outras aplicações de IdC não parecem ser relevantes nem 
úteis. É o que nosso convidado Mark Zawacki aponta. 
[Mark] 
Acho que muito disso é exagerado e aumentado. O que realmente 
signif ica o fato de que sua lava-louças acessa a internet? É possível, 
e sabemos que lá dentro há circuitos integrados para isso, e agora 
começamos a ver, por exemplo, fabricantes que fazem eletrodomésticos 
muito avançados.
Recentemente, eu vi uma geladeira com uma câmera, você podia 
ver dentro da sua geladeira. Isso é tecnologia que não soluciona um 
problema específ ico. Sabe, ter uma câmera na sua geladeira, para saber 
qual prateleira está vazia… Na minha cabeça, isso pode não atender 
uma necessidade real do cliente.
[Casey]
O Mark chama nossa atenção para a necessidade real do cliente. Qual 
seria uma utilização de IdC que realmente atenderia às expectativas ou 
as necessidades dos clientes? Ter nossos eletrodomésticos conectados 
à internet pode nos reconfortar ou nos dar status, mas talvez não seja o 
melhor uso de todo o potencial que os sistemas de IA podem alcançar. 
[Bruno]
Qual é o objetivo f inal de qualquer tipo de sistema de IA? Queremos 
criar uma nova classe de serviçais? Tudo bem, mas, às vezes, nós 
deveríamos depender menos de máquinas para coisas básicas e 
depender mais de nós mesmos.
Acho que alguém como eu está muito mais interessado em IA como 
uma forma de abordar problemas científ icos e médicos interessantes, 
como questões científ icas insolúveis até agora. E eu acho que seria 
muito mais interessante aplicar machine learning e IA ao câncer, à 
cosmologia... o que quer que seja, ao invés de ter algo rodando por aí 
servindo bebidas.
[Casey] 
Com isso em mente, f ica claro que toda essa tecnologia tem o potencial 
de fornecer para nós as ferramentas certas para encarar os desafios 
de resolver problemas maiores. É uma nova área que ainda precisa ser 
aprimorada, mas tudo indica que ela pode transformar a civilização.
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105
In this chapter, you learned about tendencies in artif icial intelligence. You saw some of its 
applications, especially those related to the Internet of Things. You learned that this kind of 
technology can have far more sophisticated applications, bringing comfort and status to users. 
Imagine having your whole house connected to the internet. Adjusting the lights with voice control, 
receiving a text message with a shopping list of the items running out in your fridge, programming 
the time the blinds are going to open. As you can imagine:
Having your house connected to the internet is a luxury.
To have your house connected to the internet is a luxury.
Ter sua casa conectada à internet é um luxo.
When you say something is a luxury, you are saying it is not an essential item, that is, you can live 
without it perfectly f ine. To refer to items that are the opposite of a luxury, that is, essential, you can 
use the term basic necessities or basic needs. For example:
Food is a basic necessity. 
Comida é uma necessidade básica.
Drinking water is a basic need too. 
Água potável é uma necessidade básica também.
Note that in the previous sentences, need and necessity are both nouns, and in 
the context, they are also synonyms. Both necessity and need refer to essential 
items that you must have in your life.
However, there are some contexts in which the noun need expresses a condition 
marked by the lack of something. For example: 
Food is a basic necessity. 
Comida é uma necessidade básica.
Drinking wateris a basic need too. 
Água potável é uma necessidade básica também.
Vocabulary
Part 2.
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106
Note that in the previous sentences, need and necessity are both nouns, and in 
the context, they are also synonyms. Both necessity and need refer to essential 
items that you must have in your life. 
However, there are some contexts in which the noun need expresses a condition 
marked by the lack of something. For example: 
There’s a need for improvement in communication. 
Há/Existe uma necessidade de melhoria na comunicação. 
The company will donate money to people in need.
A empresa vai doar dinheiro para pessoas necessitadas.
As you can see, the word need is used as a noun, but it can also be used as a 
verb. Check it out:
The company needs to profit. 
A empresa precisa lucrar.
I need help. 
Eu preciso de ajuda.
To need is a non-progressive verb. It 
means that you cannot use this verb in 
a progressive form, such as the present 
continuous. So, you cannot say, for example: I’m needing help.
Instead, we say:
I need help.
Eu estou precisando de ajuda. / Eu preciso de ajuda.
When you say you need something or you need to do something, it can be 
understood as a necessity or an obligation. The verb to need followed by 
infinitive can express these two ideas depending on the context. The verb to 
have + infinitive is another structure that you can use to express these ideas. So, 
you could say:
NEED / HAVE + INFINITIVE
I need to attend a meeting at 8.
Eu preciso participar de uma reunião às 8.
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The verb to have expresses the ideas of necessity or obligation when it is 
followed by another verb in the infinitive. However, when it is followed by a 
noun, the idea changes. Check it out:
Jessica is having a drink with her boss. 
Jessica está tomando um drinque com o chefe dela.
I have to attend a meeting at 8. 
Eu tenho que participar de uma reunião às 8. 
Eu preciso participar de uma reunião às 8. 
The director has to hire someone until the end of the week. 
O diretor tem que contratar alguém até o f inal da semana.
HAVE + NOUN
I have a meeting at 8. 
Eu tenho uma reunião às 8.
In this case, to have refers to a scheduled event, a meeting. It is not 
about necessity or obligation.
Now, pay attention to the next example:
HAVE + NOUN
Joanna has a new dishwasher. 
Joanna tem uma lavadora de louças nova.
In this case, the verb to have + noun expresses possession. The dishwasher belongs to Joanna. 
When we use the verb to have with the idea of necessity or obligation, or when we talk 
about possession, it will be considered non-progressive. That is, you cannot use it in verb 
forms such as the present continuous. 
Now, depending on the context, the verb to have can be progressive. Take a look:
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As you can see in the example, the verb to have may be synonymous to the verb 
to drink. It can also mean the same as the verb to eat. As in: 
Jessica is having a sandwich. 
Jessica está comendo um sanduíche.
Another use for the verb to have is in the expression to have someone over. It 
means to receive people at your house. For example:
We are having my co-workers over tonight. 
Nós vamos receber meus colegas de trabalho esta noite.
There is also the expression to have fun, which is the same as to have a good 
time or enjoy yourself. Take a look:
The staff is having fun at the company party.
Os funcionários estão se divertindo na festa da empresa.
Basically, when the verb to have is followed by a noun in some specific 
contexts, it can be considered a progressive verb.
So far, you have already learned how to express necessity, obligation, and 
possession.
Now, let’s focus on expressing desires. In order to do that, we usually use the 
verb to want. Look at the examples: 
I want a new smartphone. 
Eu quero um smartphone novo. 
I want to buy a new smartphone. 
Eu quero comprar um smartphone novo.
As you can see in the previous sentences, the verb to want can be followed by a 
noun or by the infinitive form to express desire.
The verb to want is non-progressive. So, it is not possible to say: 
I’m wanting to buy a new smartphone.
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Now you know how to express necessity and obligation; 
wishes and desires; and possession.
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109
In this case, you may use the word willing, which is an adjective that gives the idea of being 
inclined to do something. Note that the expression is: be willing + infinitive. Check: 
I’m willing to buy a new smartphone. 
Eu estou querendo comprar um smartphone novo. 
Eu estou com vontade de comprar um smartphone novo.
In a formal situation, it is advisable to replace want with wish. You will say, for example:
I wish to speak to the manager. 
Eu desejo falar com o gerente.
Note that the verb to wish is followed by the infinitive. 
In other contexts, you can use the verb to wish to express what you desire for 
someone else, for example:
I wish you good luck in your new job. 
Eu te desejo boa sorte no seu emprego novo. 
Have in mind that, in this context, the verb to wish will be followed by a noun.
We can also express what you desire for someone else by using wish as a noun. 
In this case, it is common to use wish in the plural form: wishes. Check it out:
My best wishes for your success!
Meus melhores votos pelo seu sucesso!
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1.
 to
 h
av
e 
a 
dr
in
k
2.
 to
 h
av
e 
fri
en
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 o
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3.
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nd
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 m
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4.
 b
as
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 n
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ty
 / 
ba
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ne
ed
 
5.
 lu
xu
ry
6.
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 h
ire
 s
om
eo
ne
7.
 to
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av
e 
a 
sa
nd
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8.
 to
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e 
fu
n
9.
 jo
b
10
. d
is
hw
as
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11
. t
o 
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/ t
o 
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12
. i
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1.
 n
ee
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he
lp
2.
 h
as
 to
 h
ire
 / 
ne
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s 
to
 h
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3.
 n
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d 
to
 a
tte
nd
 / 
ha
ve
 to
 a
tte
nd
4.
 n
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ds
 to
 p
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fit
 / 
ha
s 
to
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5.
 b
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 n
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 /b
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6.
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A
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ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
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s
A
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ity
 B
 –
 A
ns
w
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s
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words, according to the translation.
( 1 ) tomar um drink
( 2 ) receber amigos 
 em casa
( 3 ) participar de uma 
 reunião
( 4 ) necessidade 
 básica 
( 5 ) luxo
( 6 ) contratar alguém
( 7 ) comer um 
 sanduíche 
( 8 ) se divertir
( 9 ) emprego
( 10 ) lavadora de 
 louças
( 11 ) desejar / querer
( 12 ) em necessidade / 
 carente 
( ) to have a sandwich 
( ) to hire someone
( ) in need 
( ) basic necessity / 
 basic need
( ) to have a drink
( ) to wish / to want 
( ) to have friends over
( ) to have fun
( ) luxury 
( ) to attend a meeting 
( ) dishwasher
( ) job
1. I .
 Eu preciso de ajuda.
2. The director someone until the end of the week. 
 O diretor tem que contratar alguém até o f inal da semana. 
3. I a meeting at 8.
 Eu preciso participar de uma reunião às 8.
4. The company .
 A empresa precisa lucrar. 
5. Drinking water is a . 
 Água potável é uma necessidade básica. 
6. The company will donate money to people . 
 A empresa vai doar dinheiro para pessoas necessitadas.
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In the vocabulary part of this chapter, you learned different ways to 
talk about necessity and obligation, including expressionswith the 
verbs to need and to have. Let’s revisit some examples: 
Need + infinitive
The company needs to profit.
A empresa precisa lucrar.
NECESSITY AND OBLIGATION
Have + infinitive
I have to attend a meeting at 8.
Eu tenho que participar de uma reunião às 8.
The verb to have can also be followed by nouns to refer to 
possessions and scheduled events. Check:
 Possession (Posse)
 Jackson has a briefcase. 
 Jackson tem uma pasta.
 Event (Evento)
 I have a meeting at 8.
 Eu tenho uma reunião às 8.
HAVE + NOUN
The verb to have cannot be used to express existence, as in:
Have a need for improvement in communication. 
Part 4.
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We use THERE + BE instead. Check it out:
There’s a need for improvement in communication. 
Tem uma necessidade de melhoria na comunicação. 
Existe/Há uma necessidade de melhoria na comunicação.
THERE + BE
Existence
Note that the sentence started with there is, which is the conjugated form of 
THERE + BE, followed by the noun meeting. In this sentence, the idea is to 
inform about the existence of the meeting.
Have a look at another example:
There is a meeting at 8. 
Tem uma reunião às 8.
THERE + BE 
Existence 
In this case, note that the verb to be is contracted with there: there’s. 
You have probably heard the word THERE being used to indicate a place, as 
an antonym of the word here. But this is different. The structure THERE + BE 
and the word there, in this case, have nothing to do with indicating a place. This 
structure is only used to talk about existence. 
And to talk about existence in the present, you need to conjugate the verb to 
be in the structure THERE + BE according to what you are saying exists. In the 
previous examples, we used there’s or there is, in the singular form. Check it out:
 Affirmative Form
 There is / There’s a new product on the market. 
 Tem/Existe um novo produto no mercado.
THERE + BE
Singular
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 Negative Form
 There isn’t a new product on the market. 
 Não tem / Não existe um novo produto no mercado.
 Interrogative Form
 Is there a new product on the market? 
 Tem / Existe um novo produto no mercado?
THERE + BE
Plural
Now, to talk about the existence of things or people in the plural, we conjugate the 
verb to be accordingly. Instead of using is, we use are. Check out this example:
 Affirmative Form
 There are two people in the office 
 Tem duas pessoas no escritório. 
 Negative Form
 There aren’t two people in the office. 
 Não tem duas pessoas no escritório. 
 Interrogative Form
 Are there two people in the office?
 Tem duas pessoas no escritório?
Summing up, we use there is for nouns in the singular and there are for nouns 
in the plural. This is what is grammatically correct. In everyday life, it is common 
to hear people using there’s to refer to the existence of elements in the plural. 
For example: 
There’s lots of things we need to do.
Tem muitas coisas que precisamos fazer.
THERE + BE
Informal use
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There are a few details you should know about plural nouns. Most of them will be formed by 
adding an –S to the end of the word. Let’s check that with some examples:
PLURAL NOUNS
–S
report
relatório
product 
produto
dollar
dólar
reports
relatórios
products
produtos
dollars
dólares
–IES
necessity
necessidade
luxury 
luxo
technology
tecnologia
necessities
necessidades
luxuries
luxos
tecnologies
tecnologias
Note that when the word ends in Y, we replace it with –IES to form the plural. 
These are regular plural forms, which are the most common ones. 
But you should know that sometimes the plural will not follow this rule and will 
not end in –S. Have a look at some irregular plural nouns:
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS 
report
relatório
product 
produto
dollar
dólar
reports
relatórios
products
produtos
dollars
dólares
Bear in mind that irregular plural forms are exceptions. Most of the nouns will end 
in –S. 
Another detail worth mentioning is that nouns are divided into two large 
groups: countable and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns can be counted, 
so they have plural forms. 
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Consequently, all the previous examples of plural nouns are countable. You could say, for 
example, ten reports or two people, because you can use numbers to refer to their quantity. 
The uncountable nouns, on the other hand, cannot be counted. For instance:
information
informação
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
money
dinheiro
stuff
coisa
Since you cannot use numbers with these nouns, you need quantifiers to express 
quantity. Check the following examples
I need two pieces of information from you: your age and address. 
Eu preciso de duas informações de você: sua idade e seu endereço. 
There is a lot of stuff we can do with artificial intelligence. 
Tem um monte de coisas que podemos fazer com inteligência artif icial.
They have little money to invest. 
Eles têm pouco dinheiro para investir.
QUANTIFIERS
Uncountable Nouns
A lot of is the opposite of little. You may use different numbers with the 
expression pieces of, as in: three pieces of information, ten pieces of 
information, and so on. 
Now, if you want to quantify countable nouns, you can use numbers, as 
mentioned, or other quantifiers. Check these examples: 
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Karla has many reports to write.
Karla has a lot of reports to write. 
Karla tem muitos relatórios para escrever.
There are few people at the meeting. 
Tem poucas pessoas na reunião. 
QUANTIFIERS
Countable Nouns 
Note that the quantifier a lot of can be used both with countable and 
uncountable nouns. In this case, it is the opposite of few.
In this chapter, you learned how to talk about existence and some plural nouns. 
You have also seen countable and uncountable nouns and, most importantly, how 
to quantify them properly. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can 
refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Countable and Uncountable nouns Page 144
Plural nouns Page 167
Quantifiers Page 182
There + be Page 221
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1.
 tw
o 
pe
op
le
2.
 fe
w
 p
eo
pl
e
3.
 a
 lo
t o
f r
ep
or
ts
 / 
m
an
y 
re
po
rt
s
4.
 a
 lo
t o
f s
tu
ff 
/ a
 lo
t o
f t
hi
ng
s 
/ m
an
y 
th
in
gs
5.
 li
ttl
e 
m
on
ey
6.
 o
ne
 p
ro
du
ct
 / 
a 
pr
od
uc
t 
1.
 s
tu
ff
2.
 in
fo
rm
at
io
n
5.
 m
on
ey
A
ct
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ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
A
ct
iv
ity
 B
 –
 A
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w
er
s
Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
A. Mark the uncountable nouns.
1. ( ) stuff 
2. ( ) information
3. ( ) women 
4. ( ) report
5. ( ) money 
6. ( ) technology
7. ( ) people
8. ( ) dollar 
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the missing verbs. 
1. There aren’t in the office. 
 Não tem duas pessoas no escritório.
2. There are at the meeting. 
 Tem poucas pessoas na reunião.
3. Karla has to write. 
 Karla tem muitos relatórios para escrever.
4. There is we can do with artificial intelligence. 
 Tem um monte de coisas que podemos fazer com inteligência artif icial.
5. They have to invest. 
 Eles têm pouco dinheiro para investir.
6. The company has on the market. 
 A empresa tem um produto no mercado.
Jobs and
TechnologyJobs andTechnology
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Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities
[Casey] 
So far, we’ve seen how big data can broadenoptions, inf luence 
consumers’ behavior, and help companies make more profit. We’ve also 
seen how artif icial intelligence and IoT can help us f ind and solve more 
signif icant problems, from logistics to medical care. 
All those gains bring about some questions: how does all that affect jobs 
around the world? If machines are learning how to act like humans, what 
will there be left for humans to do? 
We would be quite naïve if we didn’t consider the challenges 
underneath those gains from a job market perspective. What do we, 
21st-century professionals, need to be ready for if we wish to stand out 
professionally in such a technological world? 
[Bruno] 
If you look at what a company is, it’s decision making. And you even 
see that level of integration, where the decision makers themselves 
are being replaced by machines, right? And organizations themselves 
are going to become kind of hybrids of humans and machine learning, 
where you have machines contributing with their own opinions on 
things and contributing with their own ideas about the direction of 
organizations. 
You can produce enough to keep a population going without having full 
participation in the labor force. We might have to kind of do away with 
all the economic concepts, look at something like a guaranteed living 
wage...
This power is imminent, but like I said, in 10, 15, 20 years. But it’s going 
to change civilization.
JOBS AND TECHNOLOGY
In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about challenges and to express your 
opinion. You will also see some important vocabulary and grammar topics to 
make it happen. 
Now look at the script of: Jobs and Technology.
Part 1.
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[Casey] 
In the face of so many changes, we need to accept that cognitive 
computing, artif icial intelligence, and hybrid companies are a reality. 
We’ve reached that part of the future that we envisioned decades ago, 
and there is no use denying it. We’ll just need to adapt to it. 
[Mark]
You look at the traditional companies, look at the traditional big banks, 
look at the traditional media companies, retail companies—I believe that 
they’re behind in the use of big data. But the good news is that there’s 
lots of opportunity to catch up and to make something of it.
[Casey]
Old habits die hard. But from Mark’s perspective, we can assume 
that maintaining tradition will only delay the necessary changes both 
companies and professionals will have to go through. 
[Bruno]
We have to always think about exercising wisdom and appreciate the 
amount of power that this technology has to change the world. It’s 
coming, it’s happening, nothing is going to stop it. We have to make 
ourselves acquainted with it, understand it; it’s as much as a political 
and economic question as it is a technical question. 
[Casey]
It seems that a possible path toward understanding this new job market 
would be getting up to date with these changes, getting to know more 
about their technological applications, and, perhaps, taking an active 
part in the process. 
We should have in mind that artif icial intelligence is one thing, but 
consciousness is another. A machine is incapable of reflecting on what 
it does. It just does what it has been taught to do, according to the 
information people have fed it with.
That means the market still needs people who can actually think, who 
have a critical point of view and can interpret data. They also need 
people who can reflect on their own standing point and work on the 
aspects that need to be developed. Being willing to grow is a trait of 
humans, not machines. 
Based on what we’ve heard from our guests here, there’s a whole 
market in various f ields for people who are aware of the potential 
greatness that all this technology has. 
So, tell me…Are you ready for a 21st-century job?
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TRABALHO E TECNOLOGIA
[Casey]
Até agora, vimos como os megadados podem ampliar opções, 
inf luenciar o comportamento dos consumidores, e ajudar as empresas a 
lucrar mais. Também vimos como a inteligência artif icial (IA) e a internet 
das coisas (IdC) podem nos ajudar a encontrar e resolver problemas 
mais signif icativos, desde logística a cuidados médicos.
Todos esses ganhos levantam alguns questionamentos: como isso afeta 
o trabalho em todo o mundo? Se as máquinas estão aprendendo a agir 
como humanos, o que restará para os humanos fazerem? 
Seríamos muito ingênuos se não considerássemos os desafios 
subjacentes a esses ganhos, de um ponto de vista do mercado de 
trabalho. Para o que, nós, profissionais do século XXI, precisamos estar 
preparados se quisermos nos destacar profissionalmente em um mundo 
tão tecnológico assim?
[Bruno] 
Se você olhar para o que é uma empresa, trata-se de tomada de 
decisões. E você ainda vê um nível de integração no qual aqueles que 
tomam decisões estão sendo substituídos por máquinas, certo? As 
próprias organizações vão se tornar um híbrido entre pessoas e machine 
learning (aprendizado de máquina), com máquinas contribuindo com 
suas próprias opiniões e suas próprias ideias sobre a direção das 
organizações.
Você pode produzir o suficiente para manter uma população sem 
participação plena na força de trabalho. Talvez tenhamos que abrir 
mão de todos os conceitos econômicos... pense em algo como o salário 
mínimo garantido…
Esse poder é iminente, mas, como eu disse, em 10, 15, 20 anos. Mas vai 
mudar a civilização.
[Casey] 
Diante de tantas mudanças, precisamos aceitar que computação 
cognitiva, IA e empresas híbridas são uma realidade. Chegamos naquela 
parte do futuro que imaginamos há décadas, e não adianta negar isso. 
Precisamos apenas nos adaptar.
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[Mark]
Pense nas empresas tradicionais, pense nos grandes bancos 
tradicionais, pense nas empresas tradicionais de mídia, no varejo 
tradicional – eu acredito que eles estão atrasados no uso de 
megadados. A boa notícia é que há muitas oportunidades para 
recuperar esse atraso e agir. 
[Casey]
É dif ícil abandonar velhos hábitos. Mas, pela perspectiva do Mark, 
podemos inferir que manter tradição só vai atrasar as mudanças 
necessárias pelas quais empresas e trabalhadores terão de passar. 
[Bruno]
Sempre temos que lembrar de exercitar a sabedoria e reconhecer a 
quantidade de poder que essa tecnologia tem para mudar o mundo. 
Ela está chegando, está acontecendo; nada vai impedi-la. Temos que 
nos familiarizar com ela, entendê-la; é uma questão tanto política e 
econômica quanto técnica. 
[Casey]
Parece que um caminho possível para entender esse novo mercado 
de trabalho seria se atualizar sobre essas mudanças, saber mais 
sobre suas aplicações tecnológicas, e, talvez, participar ativamente do 
processo. 
Devemos ter em mente que IA é uma coisa, mas consciência é outra. 
Uma máquina é incapaz de refletir sobre o que ela faz. Ela apenas faz o 
que foi ensinada a fazer, de acordo com as informações que recebeu de 
pessoas.
Isso signif ica que o mercado ainda precisa de pessoas que possam 
realmente pensar, que tenham um posicionamento crítico, e que 
possam interpretar dados. Eles também precisam de pessoas que 
possam refletir sobre seu próprio ponto de vista e trabalhar nos 
aspectos que precisam ser desenvolvidos. Estar disposto a crescer é 
uma característica dos humanos, não das máquinas. 
Com base no que ouvimos dos nossos convidados, há todo um mercado 
em vários campos para pessoas que estão cientes da grandeza em 
potencial de toda essa tecnologia. 
Então, me diga… Você está pronto para um trabalho do século XXI?
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You have already seen how much the advances in technology affect the job market. The hybridworld where machines and humans interact on a daily basis is here.
This means traditional habits need to be reviewed. To be successful, one should do more than 
just the basics and face the challenges that come with those changes. As Ray Davis, a successful 
businessman and the owner of the Texas Rangers baseball team, once said:
“A challenge only becomes an obstacle when you bow to it.”
Um desafio só se torna um obstáculo quando você se curva a ele.
Ray Davis
to face a challenge 
enfrentar um desafio
Since challenges are inherent to the work environment and to life, let’s take a look at some 
constructions that can be formed with this word. For example:
to meet a challenge 
lidar com um desafio
to rise to a challenge
superar um desafio
to pose a challenge
representar um desafio / ameaçar
These expressions make sense based on the perspective of someone managing the 
challenges they are coming across. 
But there is also the opposite perspective, that is, situations that impose challenges on 
people. In this case, you can use the following expressions: 
to provide a challenge
proporcionar um desafio
Vocabulary
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There is a difference between the two previous expressions: to pose a challenge implies a negative kind 
of challenge, whereas to provide a challenge implies a positive endeavor, that forces one to leave one’s 
comfort zone. 
Now, let’s put these expressions into context so you can better understand them:
The training method provides one challenge at a time. This way, the trainees can meet them all.
O treinamento proporciona um desafio de cada vez. Assim, os estagiários podem lidar com todos eles.
In the previous example, it becomes clear that the expressions convey a positive outcome. 
Now, let’s analyze another situation:
Lucy’s job is not very simple. She is facing the challenge of attracting 
investors to the project. 
O trabalho de Lucy não é muito simples. Ela está enfrentando o desafio de 
atrair investidores para o projeto. 
On the other hand, in this case, the examples show that Lucy is going through a 
diff icult situation, and one hopes she’ll be able to overcome it. 
Now, a real challenge to some people in the work environment is to speak in 
public. There are several strategies that can help solve that.
The economic crisis poses a challenge to that. 
A crise econômica representa um desafio para isso.
However, she is a very competent professional, and I’m absolutely sure 
she’ll rise to the challenge. 
No entanto, ela é uma profissional muito competente, e tenho absoluta 
certeza de que ela vai superar o desafio.
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One of them is to learn how to use the right words. In English, there are some 
expressions commonly used to introduce opinions. Take a look:
INTRODUCING OPINIONS
I think that...
Eu acho que...
From my perspective…
Da minha perspectiva…
From my point of view…
Do meu ponto de vista...
It seems that...
Parece que... 
Have a look at some examples:
“It seems that a possible path toward understanding this new job market would be 
getting up to date with these changes.”
Parece que um caminho possível para entender esse novo mercado de trabalho seria se 
atualizar com relação às mudanças.
“From my perspective, big data is extremely large amounts of data.”
Da minha perspectiva, megadados são quantidades enormes de dados.
“I think someone like myself is much more interested in AI as a way to approach 
interesting scientific and medical problems.”
Eu acho que alguém como eu está muito mais interessado em inteligência artif icial como 
um meio de abordar problemas médicos e científ icos interessantes.
“I believe that they’re behind in the use of big data.”
Eu acredito que elas estejam ficando para trás no uso de megadados.
In the last two examples, you saw the verbs to think and to believe. They are introducing 
opinions, and in that sense, you already know that they are non-progressive verbs.
But they can also be used in other contexts. Let’s start with the verb to think. You can say:
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In the previous example, the verb to think is the same as to ponder, to reflect on something. In 
this context, it is progressive.
I’m thinking about what you said before, and I see your point. 
Eu estou pensando sobre o que você disse antes, e entendo seu argumento. 
Now, see an example with the verb to believe:
Believe in yourself, or you won’t be successful.
Acredite em você mesmo, ou você não vai ser bem-sucedido.
In this case, to believe means to trust, to have faith. So, it is progressive. 
All the expressions you have just seen can be used to introduce opinions that 
are based on what the speaker thinks. But it is also possible to draw attention 
to important points of a situation by making it clear that you are using other 
people’s perspectives and opinions. Check it out:
Based on Mark’s perspective, we can assume that maintaining 
traditions will only delay changes. 
Com base na perspectiva do Mark, nós podemos supor que manter 
tradições só vai atrasar mudanças. 
From Mark’s point of view, sticking to tradition delays changes. 
Do ponto de vista do Mark, f icar agarrado à tradição atrasa mudanças.
Now you know how to talk about challenges and some 
introductory words to express your opinion.
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words, according to the translation:
( 1 ) abordar
( 2 ) desafio
( 3 ) caminho
( 4 ) representar um 
desafio
( 5 ) entender o 
argumento de alguém
( 6 ) 
( 7 ) se agarrar à tradição 
( 8 ) superar um desafio
( 9 ) lidar com um desafio
( 10 ) mudanças
( 11 ) enfrentar um desafio
( 12 ) atrasar 
( ) path 
( ) to rise to a challenge
( ) to see somebody’s 
 point 
( ) changes
( ) to stick to tradition
( ) to face a challenge
( ) to approach
( ) to pose a challenge
( ) to provide a 
 challenge 
( ) to delay
( ) challenge
( ) to meet a challenge
1. a possible path toward understanding this new job market would be 
 getting up to date with these changes.”
 Parece que um caminho possível para entender esse novo mercado de trabalho seria se atualizar 
 com relação às mudanças. 
2. , big data is extremely large amounts of data.
 Da minha perspectiva, megadados são quantidades enormes de dados. 
3. someone like myself is much more interested in AI as a way to 
 approach interesting scientific and medical problems.
 Eu acho que alguém como eu está muito mais interessado em inteligência artif icial como um meio 
 de abordar problemas médicos e científ icos interessantes. 
4. they’re behind in the use of big data.
 Eu acredito que elas estejam ficando para trás no uso de megadados. 
5. yourself, or you won’t be successful.
 Acredite em você mesmo, ou você não vai ser bem-sucedido. 
proporcionar um desafio
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1. to approach
2. challenge
3. path
4. to pose a challenge
5. to see somebody’s point
6. to provide a challenge
7. to stick to tradition
8. to rise to a challenge
9. to meet a challenge
10. changes
11. to face a challenge
12. to delay
1. It seems (that)
2. From my perspective
3. I think (that)
4. I believe (that)
5. Believe in
6. Based on
Activity A – AnswersActivity B – Answers
Notes
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6. Mark’s perspective, we can assume that maintaining traditions will 
 only delay changes. 
 Com base na perspectiva do Mark, nós podemos supor que mantertradições só vai atrasar 
 mudanças.
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You have seen a lot of grammar topics over the course of our lessons, and today, to 
wrap up this module, you are going to see a few more topics that are commonly used 
in our daily lives. One of them is used in this sentence, check it out:
Johnny’s Bar
Bar do Johnny
POSSESSIVE CASE
From Mark’s point of view, sticking to tradition delays changes. 
Do ponto de vista do Mark, f icar agarrado à tradição atrasa mudanças. 
Note that the apostrophe + “s” (’s) indicates that the point of view being stated 
belongs to Mark. This is the possessive case.
You have probably already seen it in names of establishments everywhere in the 
world, usually names of bars, stores, and especially restaurants such as:
Ms. McDougal’s Diner 
Restaurante da Senhora McDougal
The possessive case is not used just to name establishments. Actually, it is a 
frequently used way to talk about possession. So you could say, for example:
POSSESSIVE CASE
Lucy’s job is not very simple. 
O trabalho da Lucy não é muito simples.
The director’s office is upstairs. 
O escritório do diretor f ica no andar de cima.
Peter’s opinions are important to the company. 
As opiniões do Peter são importantes para a empresa.
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This way of talking about possession is really practical when you do not have 
a lot of context to know who owns the object. But, if you do have a context, 
using the possessive adjectives is probably the most natural way to express 
possession. Take a look at the examples:
Lucy’s job is not very simple. Her boss is quite demanding. 
O trabalho da Lucy não é muito simples. O chefe dela é bastante exigente.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
In this case, we used the possessive adjective her, because you are referring to 
Lucy, who is a woman, in the singular. Basically, the possessive adjective must 
correspond to the person who owns the item you are talking about. For instance:
Here is a list of all the possessive adjectives organized according to their 
corresponding subject pronoun:
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS 
SUBJECT PRONOUN
I
eu
you
você
she
ela
he
ele
it
ele, ela
we
nós
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
my
meu(s), minha(s)
your
seu(s), sua(s)
her
dela, seu(s), sua(s)
his
dele, seu(s), sua(s)
its
dele, dela, seu(s), sua(s)
our
nosso(s), nossa(s)
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My job is great. 
Meu trabalho é ótimo. 
Our main purpose here is to learn together. 
Nosso principal objetivo aqui é aprendermos juntos. 
Your success depends on this project. 
O seu sucesso depende desse projeto. 
O sucesso de vocês depende desse projeto. 
Peter’s opinions are really important. His comments are always spot-on. 
As opiniões do Peter são muito importantes. Os comentários dele são sempre precisos. 
The company is famous for its results. 
A empresa é famosa pelos resultados dela.
Peter and Lucy work together. Their office is Downtown. 
Peter e Lucy trabalham juntos. O escritório deles f ica no Centro da cidade.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
It is worth mentioning that the use of possessive adjectives is preferred, but just when the context is 
clear. And their function is to avoid the repetition of terms in the speech. Take a look at some examples: 
you
vocês 
they
eles, elas
your
seu(s), sua(s), de vocês
their
deles, delas, seu(s), sua(s) 
Now you know two ways of expressing possession. 
Another way of avoiding repetition in the speech is by using pronouns. Pronouns replace nouns. 
In chapter 2, you saw the subject pronouns, which are the ones that replace the nouns when they 
function as the subject of the verb in the sentence.
In this chapter, you will see the object pronouns, which are the ones that replace the nouns when they 
function as the object of the verb in the sentence. Let’s see how to tell the subject and the object apart 
by analyzing some examples. Have a look:
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Note that when the word ends in Y, we replace it with –IES to form the plural. 
These are regular plural forms, which are the most common ones. 
But you should know that sometimes the plural will not follow this rule and will 
not end in –S. Have a look at some irregular plural nouns:
SUBJECT AND OBJECT
Tom writes emails every day.
 subject object
Tom escreve e-mails todos os dias.
Tom calls Valery once a week.
 subject object
Tom liga para Valery uma vez por semana.
Note that when you ask who does the action, you will f ind the subject. When you 
ask what or who receives the action, you will f ind the object.
The next step is learning the pronouns that function as objects. To do that, you have 
to relate subject to object, like this: 
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS 
SUBJECT PRONOUN
I
eu
you
você
she
ela
he
ele
it
ele, ela
OBJECT ADJECTIVES
me
me, mim
you
te, você 
her
lhe, a, ela
him
lhe, o, ele
it
lhe, o, a, ele, ela
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we
nós
you
vocês
they
eles, elas
us
nos, nós 
you
os, vocês 
them
lhes, os, as, eles, elas
With that in mind, we can now rephrase the sentences using their corresponding 
pronouns. Take a look:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS
Tom writes emails every day. 
He writes them every day. 
Eles os escreve todos os dias.
Tom calls Valery once a week. 
He calls her once a week. 
Ele liga para ela uma vez por semana.
In these examples, the focus was to show you the logic behind the correspondence of pronouns 
to their function in the sentence. The advantage of using pronouns so as to avoid repetition is 
not as clear because the sentences are out of context. And repetitions can only be avoided if we 
have context. And this is true when talking about pronouns as well as possessive adjectives.
Let’s look at a situation so you can analyze the sentences based on a context. Check it out:
Karen is very competent; she stands out in the company. 
Her training is really challenging, and people just love it!
Karen é muito competente; ela se destaca na empresa. 
O treinamento dela é bem desafiador, e as pessoas simplesmente o adoram! 
Note the subject pronoun she referring to Karen. Right after that, there is the possessive 
adjective her, which also refers to Karen, avoiding repetition. That is, you do not need to say 
Karen’s here. And f inally, there is the object pronoun it, referring to her training course.
Context makes a difference when you are trying to understand what subject pronouns, 
possessive adjectives, and object pronouns refer to. 
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Pay attention to an important detail: in the previous situation, there are some words being 
used to emphasize quality. Check:
INTENSIFIERS
The training is really challenging. 
O treinamento é bem desafiador.
Karen is very competent. 
Karen é muito competente.
Really and very intensify the adjectives challenging and competent, respectively. 
It is correct to assume that if Karen is very competent, she has a lot of competence. However, it is incorrect 
to conclude that to have a lot of money is the same as to have very money.
Very is an intensifier, whereas a lot of is used to express quantity, so it is a quantifier: they are not 
interchangeable. Compare:
You have reached the end of this module. In this chapter, you learned how to use 
the possessive case and the possessive adjectives to talk about possession and 
to avoid repetition in your speech. You have also learned how to differentiate the 
subject and objective pronouns. If you want to learnmore about these topics, you 
can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Intensifiers Page 154
Object Pronouns Page 163
Possessive Adjectives Page 171
Possessive Case Page 175
QUANTIFIERS VS. INTENSIFIERS
I need a lot of time to do my job.
I need very time to do my job.
Eu preciso de muito tempo para fazer meu trabalho. 
I need many hours to do my job.
I need very hours to do my job. 
Eu preciso de muitas horas para fazer o meu trabalho.
You did a very/really good job. 
You did a many good job.
Você fez um trabalho muito bom.
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Grammar ActivitiesChapter 7 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script
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135
Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
A. Complete the table with the missing pronouns:
SUBJECT PRONOUN
I
eu
you
você
3. 
ela
he
ele
5. 
ele, ela
6. 
nós
you
vocês
they
eles, elas
OBJECT PRONOUN
1. 
me, mim
2. 
te, você
her
lhe, a, ela
4. 
lhe, o, ele
it
lhe, o, a, ele, ela
us
nos, nós
7 
os, vocês
8. 
lhes, os, as, eles, elas
Chapter 7 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities
1. My
2. Their
3. Your
4. His
5. Our
6. its
1. me
2. you
3. she
4. him
5. it
6. we
7. you
8. them
Activity A – AnswersActivity B – Answers
Notes
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjective:
1. job is great. 
 Meu trabalho é ótimo. 
2. Peter and Lucy work together. office is Downtown. 
 Peter e Lucy trabalham juntos. O escritório deles f ica no Centro da cidade.
3. success depends on this project, Mary. 
 O seu sucesso depende desse projeto, Mary. 
4. Peter’s opinions are really important. comments are always spot-on. 
 As opiniões de Peter são muito importantes. Os comentários dele são sempre precisos. 
5. main purpose here is to learn together. 
 Nosso principal objetivo aqui é aprendermos juntos. 
6. The company is famous for results. 
 A empresa é famosa pelos resultados dela.
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Gram
Guide
mar
Grammar Guide.
Grammar
Guide
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Adjectives are used to describe 
things. We can use adjectives to 
describe objects, people, places, 
the weather, and food, for example. 
Adjectives don’t have singular 
or plural forms or feminine and 
masculine, and they always refer 
to nouns or pronouns.
Adjectives are used mainly in two 
positions. In the first one, a noun or a 
pronoun is the subject of the sentence, 
followed by the verb and the adjective.
Mary is smart.
Mary é esperta.
(subject: Mary + verb: is + adjective: smart)
John is smart.
John é esperto.
(subject: John + verb: is + adjective: smart)
Mary and John are smart.
Mary e John são espertos.
(subject: Mary and John + verb: are + adjective: smart)
ADJECTIVES
Subject + Verb + Adjective
Mary has a great job.
Mary tem um ótimo emprego.
(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)
John has a great job.
John tem um ótimo emprego.
(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)
Mary and John have great jobs.
Mary e John têm ótimos empregos.
(no determiner + adjective: great + noun: job)
ADJECTIVES
(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun
The other position for adjectives is right before the noun to which they refer. 
In this case, we’ll have a determiner (if necessary), the adjective and the noun. 
Take a look:
Adjectives
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Article: the/a/an
Artigo: o(a) / um(a) 
Demonstratives: this; these / that; those
Pronomes demonstrativos: este(a), esse(a); estes(as) esses(as) / aquele(a); aqueles(as) 
Possessive adjectives: my / your / his / her / its / our / their
Pronomes possessivos: meu(s); minha(s) / teu(s); tua(s); seu(s); sua(s) / 
seu; sua; dele; dela / nosso(s); nossa(s) / seus; suas; deles; delas
DETERMINERS
In this second structure, it’s possible to use a determiner or not. But what is a determiner?
A determiner can be an article, such as the, a, or an; a demonstrative, such as this, that, 
these, or those; or a possessive adjective, such as my, your, his, her, its, our, or their.
Chris is the best student in the class.
Chris é o melhor aluno da sala.
(determiner: the + adjective: best + noun: student)
Look at those cute dogs!
Olha aqueles cachorros fofos!
(determiner: those + adjective: cute + noun: dogs)
Chocolate is my favorite dessert.
Chocolate é minha sobremesa favorita.
(determiner: my + adjective: favorite + noun: dessert)
ADJECTIVES
(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun
Let’s see some examples with determiners before the adjective and the noun.
Adjectives
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Carnival is a beautiful big old festival.
O Carnaval é uma grande e bonita festa antiga.
(determiner: a + adjectives: beautiful, big, and old + noun: festival)
ADJECTIVES
It’s possible to use two or more adjectives in a sentence. Look at the example:
When you use more than one adjective in a sentence, there is an order to be followed. Check it out:
It’s not common to use many adjectives for the same noun, but it’s possible.
1st – Opinion
Example: Amazing, beautiful, nice.
Exemplo: Incrível, bonito(a), legal.
5th – Age
Example: Old and young.
Exemplo: Velho(a) e novo(a).
3rd – Physical characteristics
Example: Thin, tall, short.
Exemplo: Magro(a), alto(a), baixo(a).
3rd – Physical characteristics
Example: Japanese, Italian, American.
Exemplo: Japonês(esa), Italiano(a), Americano(a).
9th – Type 
Example: General, specific. 
Exemplo: Geral, específ ico(a).
2nd – Size
Example: Big, small, tall, short.
Exemplo: Grande, pequeno(a), alto(a), baixo(a).
6th – Color
Example: Blue, red, yellow.
Exemplo: Azul, vermelho(a), amarelo(a).
4th – Shape
Example: Round, square, rectangular.
Exemplo: Redondo(a), quadrado(a), retangular.
8th – Material
Example: Wooden, plastic, glass.
Exemplo: De madeira, de plástico, de vidro.
10th – Purpose
Example: Cooking, cleaning, teaching.
Exemplo: Para cozinhar, limpar, ensinar.
ADJECTIVE ORDER
This is how adjectives are used in English.
Adjectives
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Guide
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I need to study and write a paper for tomorrow.
Eu preciso estudar e escrever um artigo para amanhã.
The new quarterback played badly. In addition to that, 
he was rude during the press conference.
O novo quarterback jogou mal. Além disso, 
ele foi grosseiro na coletiva de imprensa.
The price is reasonable. Moreover, the location is perfect.
The price is reasonable. Besides that, the location is perfect.
O preço é justo. Além disso, a localização é perfeita.
Connectors are words used to join other words, phrases, sentences, or 
paragraphs. They can be used to convey ideas of addition, contrast, conclusion, 
logical consequence, or cause, among others. Connectors help the f low of the 
speech both in written and spoken language.
In spoken language, it is natural to use fewer connectors, since the sentences 
tend to be shorter. But in written language, it is advisable to connect paragraphs 
and ideas in different ways.
It is important to be able to recognize the connectors when you see them in a text 
to understand the ideas they convey. 
Let’s see a few of them grouped according to their main ideas.
CONNECTORS
Addition
Connectors
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Connectors are also used to contrast ideas and information. 
Some connectors sound more formal than others. Nonetheless, 
they convey the same idea.
These are common connectors used to refer to logical consequences or conclusions. 
CONNECTORS
Contrast
CONNECTORS
Contrast
CONNECTORS
Conclusion
The player had an injury during the game, but he played amazingly.
O jogador sofreu uma lesão durante o jogo, mas jogou de maneira surpreendente.
The player had an injury during the game; however, he played amazingly.
O jogador sofreu uma lesão durante o jogo; no entanto, jogou de maneira surpreendente.
Although she studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.
Though she studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.
Embora ela tenha estudado muito, ela não passou na prova.
Our vacations were greatin spite of the bad weather.
Our vacations were great despite the bad weather.
Nossas férias foram ótimas, apesar do mau tempo.
The product was damaged, so she asked for a refund.
O produto estava danif icado, então ela pediu um reembolso.
Some clients reported bugs. Therefore, we’ll have to release a new version to fix them.
Alguns clientes relataram erros. Portanto, teremos que lançar uma nova versão para corrigi-los.
Connectors
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It’s common to use connectors to explain reasons or a cause.
CONNECTORS
Reason
Now you know what connectors are and how to use them. 
Remember that, in most cases, using one or the other is just a matter of choice.
However, one connector may be more appropriate than the other, and that depends on whether 
you are speaking or writing, or on how formal or informal the context is.
I read this book because my friend recommended it.
Eu li esse livro porque um amigo o recomendou.
As I had to arrive earlier at work, I didn’t go to the gym.
Como eu tinha que chegar mais cedo ao trabalho, eu não fui à academia.
The traffic is jammed due to the holiday.
O trânsito está engarrafado devido ao feriado.
They decided not to go to the beach, since it was raining.
Eles decidiram não ir à praia, já que estava chovendo.
Connectors
Grammar
Guide
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Nouns can be either countable or uncountable.
Countable nouns are the ones that we can count and thus they have a plural form.
Before countable nouns we can use the indefinite article or cardinal numbers to 
specify the exact amount we are referring to.
However, if we don’t know or don’t want to mention an exact amount, we can 
also use quantifiers to express the idea of quantity. Some quantif iers can only be 
used with countable nouns, such as few to express small quantities, and many 
to express large quantities. 
COUNTABLE NOUNS
There’s a cat in the garden.
Tem um gato no jardim.
(a cat: indefinite article + countable noun in the singular)
There are two cats at my front door.
Tem dois gatos na minha porta da frente.
(two cats: cardinal number + countable noun in the plural)
There were many cats at the adoption fair.
Havia muitos gatos na feira de adoção.
(many cats: quantif ier + countable noun in the plural)
Countable and 
Uncountable Nouns
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COUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers
Small amount
There are few people at the beach.
Há poucas pessoas na praia.
Large amount
There are many people at the beach.
Há muitas pessoas na praia.
Uncountable nouns are the ones you cannot count, and for this 
reason they do not have a plural form.
Uncountable nouns are usually abstract ideas, liquids, grains, gases, 
or natural phenomena. As we usually treat uncountable nouns as 
singular nouns, we do not use the indefinite article with them, since 
the indefinite article means one.
It is important to notice that the concept of countable and 
uncountable nouns is present in several languages, but the words 
that are considered countable or uncountable may vary widely from 
one language to the other. 
In English, the nouns “travel,” “advice,” “information,” “baggage,” and 
“work” are uncountable. However, if you need to count them, there 
are some strategies you can use.
Let’s see an example in which we refer to people, which is a countable noun with irregular plural.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
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UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE NOUNS
Similar meanings
Countable
 a journey/trip
 uma jornada/viagem
 a bag/suitcase/backpack
 uma bolsa/maleta/mochila
 a job/project/task
 um trabalho/projeto / uma tarefa
 a recommendation
 uma recomendação
 dollars/euros/reais/yens
 dólares/euros/reais/ienes
Uncountable
travel
viagem
baggage/luggage
bagagem
work
trabalho
advice
conselho
money
dinheiro
This strategy may not work every time, though. You may not want to use a similar 
word, or maybe there isn’t a similar word that f its the context.
In such cases, you can use a quantifier. The most frequent way to quantify 
uncountable nouns is to use either “some” or “(a) piece of” before these nouns.
The expression piece of can be used with not only the indefinite article (a piece of) 
meaning one, but also with cardinal numbers (two pieces of).
The f irst one is to use countable nouns with a similar meaning.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
some and (a) piece of
Some + Uncountable Noun
Can you give me some advice?
Você pode me dar alguns conselhos?
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
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Check some other examples with some and a piece of used with uncountable nouns.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
some and (a) piece of
Equipment – some equipment; a piece of equipment; two pieces of equipment
Equipamento – alguns equipamentos; um equipamento; dois equipamentos
Information – some information; a piece of information; two pieces of information
Informação – algumas informações; uma informação; duas informações
Furniture – some furniture; a piece of furniture; two pieces of furniture
Móvel – alguns móveis; um móvel; dois móveis
News – some news; a piece of news; two pieces of news
Notícia – algumas notícias; uma notícia; duas notícias
Cardinal Number + Piece of + Uncountable Noun
Can you give me two/three/four pieces of advice?
Você pode me dar dois/três/quatro conselhos?
Indefinite Article + Piece of + Uncountable Noun
Can you give me a piece of advice?
Você pode me dar um conselho?
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When referring to gases, grains, and liquids, we can count them by using a 
unit of measurement, such as kilos, liters, or ounces. We can also count the 
containers in which they have been packed.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Units of measurement or containers
Water – liters/bottles/gallons of water
Água – litros/garrafas/galões de água
Rice – kilos/pounds/packs of rice
Arroz – quilos/libras/sacos de arroz
Sugar – cubes/spoons/cups of sugar
Açúcar – torrões/colheres/xícaras de açúcar
Now you know the most frequent countable and uncountable nouns 
and how they can be quantified.
Regarding moods and feelings, it’s not possible to use a piece of, but it’s possible to 
use quantifiers, such as much, some, or little.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers
I’ve been under too much pressure lately.
Tenho estado sob muita pressão ultimamente.
I feel a bit frustrated, but I see some hope for the future.
Eu me sinto um pouco frustrado, mas vejo alguma esperança no futuro.
I’d gladly accept a little help from my friends.
Eu aceitaria de bom grado um pouco de ajuda dos meus amigos.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Grammar
Guide
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The imperative form is used to tell people what to do and for this reason it does not have an 
interrogative form. The Imperative is only used in the affirmative and negative forms. 
In English, the imperative performs many functions. It can be used to give orders 
or to demand something, to instruct, to give advice or recommendation, or to 
encourage someone. 
Affirmative Form
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Go there.
Vá lá.
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Don’t come here.
Não venha aqui.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Structure
IMPERATIVE FORM
Functions
1. Order; demand
 Open your book. Don’t get in.
 Abra o seu livro. Não entre.
2. Instructions
 Mix the ingredients and add salt. Don’t put too much salt.
 Misture os ingredientes e adicione sal. Não coloque muito sal.
Imperative
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3. Advice, suggestions
 Have a cup of tea and rest. Don’t forget to take your coat.
Tome uma xícara de chá e descanse. Não se esqueça de levar seu casaco.
4. Requests; favors
 Bring it to me, please. Don’t tell John, please.
 Traga isso para mim, por favor. Não conte para o John, por favor.
5. Encouragement
 Try again! You can do it. Don’t give up. You can do it.
 Tente novamente! Você consegue. Não desista. Você consegue.
Imperative sentences are alwaysaddressed to the listener or listeners. So, the subject is always 
in the second person, which is “you,” in the singular or plural forms. For that reason, in most 
imperative sentences, the subject is omitted. 
However, the subject can be included in imperative sentences to add emphasis to the action. In 
such cases, it will be placed before the main verb, in both aff irmative and negative sentences.
Affirmative Form
Subject (second person) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
You sit down now.
Sente-se agora.
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Subject (second person) + 
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Don’t you lie to me.
Não minta para mim.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Using the Subject to Add Emphasis 
Imperative
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In English, we can only use the imperative form to address the person or people to whom we are talking. 
But if we want to make suggestions or requests in the first person, we can use the verb let in the imperative.
We’ll use the verb let in the imperative form, the object pronoun for the first person, which is either “me” 
or “us,” a verb in the infinitive form (without to), and the complement.
Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the First Person (me/us) + 
Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)
Let me see.
Deixe-me ver.
Let me help you.
Deixe-me ajudá-lo.
Let’s meet tomorrow. (Let’s Let us)
Vamos nos encontrar amanhã.
Let’s watch a movie tonight. (Let’s Let us)
Vamos assistir a um filme hoje à noite.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Making Suggestions or Requests in the First Person
We can use the same structure to make suggestions or requests for a third person. 
To do that, we just have to use the object pronouns in the third person.
Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the Third Person (him/her/it/them) + 
Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)
Let it go.
Deixe isso para lá.
Let him stay.
Deixe-o f icar.
Let them talk.
Deixe-os falar.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Making Suggestions or Requests for a Third Person
And this is how we use the imperative in English.
Imperative
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The infinitive form of the verb is the verb in its base form. In English, the infinitive 
form is preceded by the particle “to.”
Have a look at some examples of verbs in the infinitive form:
Just like it happens in most languages, the infinitive form is used in several 
instances in English. One of the most common uses of the infinitive in English 
is to follow other verbs.
To eat
Comer
To speak
Falar
To go
Ir
To travel
Viajar
To study
Estudar
To work
Trabalhar
We want to travel next month.
Nós queremos viajar mês que vem.
(verb: want in the simple present + inf initive: to travel)
She needs to study for the exam.
Ela tem que estudar para a prova.
(verb: need in the simple present + inf initive: to study)
Did you have to work last week?
Você teve que trabalhar semana passada?
(verb: have in the simple past interrogative + infinitive: to work)
INFINITIVE FORM
VERB + INFINITIVE
Infinitive Form
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And the infinitive form is also frequently used after some adjectives.
All of these sentences have examples of verbs in the infinitive form, which is also called to-
infinitive, because it is composed of two words in English: the particle to + the verb.
But in English we also use the bare infinitive, which is the verb in the infinitive form, but not 
preceded by the particle “to.” This is how verbs appear in the dictionary, and it’s also used after 
some verbs. 
And this is how we use the infinitive form in English.
I’m happy to see you!
Eu estou feliz em ver você!
(adjective: happy + inf initive: to see)
You are not allowed to stay here.
Você não tem permissão para f icar aqui.
(adjective: allowed + inf initive: to stay)
I’m ready to start.
Estou pronto para começar.
(adjective: ready + inf initive: to start)
They watched me do the job before they tried it.
Eles me viram fazer o trabalho antes de tentarem.
(verb: watch in the simple past + object: me + bare inf initive do)
We can’t travel with you this weekend.
Nós não podemos viajar com vocês neste f im de semana.
(modal verb can in the negative + bare inf initive travel)
They will finish this job tomorrow.
Eles vão terminar esse trabalho amanhã.
(modal verb will + bare inf initive finish)
ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE
VERB + BARE INFINITIVE
Infinitive Form
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It’s a really interesting topic.
É um tema realmente interessante.
(The adverb “really” emphasizes the fact that I f ind it interesting.)
(O advérbio “realmente” enfatiza o fato de eu achar interessante.)
Intensifiers are words, adverbs, or adverbial phrases used to intensify the 
meaning of other words and expressions—such as verbs, adjectives, and other 
adverbs—and to show emphasis. 
In English, very is the most common intensifier, and it can be combined with a great variety of adjectives. It 
is important to highlight, though, that when we use strong adjectives such as huge, gorgeous, and awful, for 
example, we do not use very before them.
These adjectives are called strong or extreme adjectives, and they already contain the idea of “very” in 
their definitions. 
INTENSIFIERS
 very + adjective strong adjective/adverb
 very big huge
 muito grande enorme
 very beautiful gorgeous
 muito bonito(a) lindo(a)
 very bad awful
 muito ruim horrível
 very + adjective strong adjective/adverb
 very good excellent
 muito bom excelente
 very nice amazing
 muito legal incrível
 very clear obvious
 muito claro óbvio 
INTENSIFIERS
Very + Standard Adjectives
Intensifiers 
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INTENSIFIERS
Strong adjectives
But it is possible to emphasize strong adjectives. You cannot use very before strong adjectives, 
but it’s possible to combine them with some other intensif iers, such as absolutely, completely, 
quite, or really.
This boat is really huge.
Esse barco é realmente enorme.
(The intensif ier “really” was used to emphasize the strong adjective “huge”)
Mary is absolutely gorgeous.
Mary é absolutamente linda.
(The intensif ier “absolutely” was used to emphasize the strong adjective “gorgeous”)
It’s quite awful.
Isso é bem horrível.
(The intensif ier “quite” was used to emphasize the strong adjective “awful”)
To intensify comparatives, we can use a lot or much, for example.
Paris is a lot prettier than I thought.
Paris é muito mais bonita do que eu pensava.
This hotel is much more expensive.
Este hotel é muito mais caro.
INTENSIFIERS
Comparatives
Intensifiers 
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Now you know what the present continuous is all about: you’ve seen its 
structure, some examples, and how to properly use it.
And now you know some ways to express emphasis 
using different intensifiers in English.
I’m not worried at all.
Não estou nem um pouco preocupado.
What on earth is happening here?
Que diabos está acontecendo aqui?
OTHER INTENSIFIERS
There are other intensif iers. In negative sentences, at all is 
a common intensif ier. And, with WH questions (questions 
containing question words), the expression on earth can be 
used as an intensif ier. When that happens, it usually suggests 
disapproval. 
This experience was by far the most interesting.
Esta experiência foi de longe a mais interessante.
If we want to intensify superlatives, we can use by far, for example.
INTENSIFIERS
Superlatives
Intensifiers 
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I can’t drive.
Eu não posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: drive)
I can’t play the piano.
Eu não posso tocar piano.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: play + 
complement: the piano)
I can drive.
Eu posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: drive)
I can play the piano.
Eu posso tocar piano.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: play + complement: the piano)
Modal verbs function as auxiliary verbs, adding meaningto the main verb. 
Modal verbs express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, 
obligation, or prohibition.
Modal verbs have the same sentence structure. In the affirmative, the structure 
is the subject, the modal verb followed by the main verb in the base form, and 
it can be followed by a complement or not.
In negative sentences, we keep the same pattern, but include NOT after the 
modal verb. We generally use the contracted form can’t.
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative Form
MODAL VERBS
Negative Form
Modal Verb Can
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Can you drive?
Você pode dirigir?
(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: drive)
Can you play the piano?
Você pode tocar piano?
(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: play + complement: the piano)
In interrogative sentences, we invert the position of the modal verb and the subject. 
The structure is the modal verb, the subject, the main verb in the base form, and a 
complement, when necessary. 
The modal verb can in its aff irmative form typically expresses possibility, present ability, 
and permission. In the negative form, it expresses lack of possibility, lack of ability, and lack 
of permission.
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative Form
MODAL VERBS
Uses
Affirmative
Possibility
I can meet you later.
Eu posso te encontrar mais tarde.
Present Ability
I can dance very well.
Eu posso/sei dançar muito bem.
Permission
You can come in. 
Você pode entrar.
Negative
Lack of Possibility
I can’t meet you later.
Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.
Lack of Ability
I can’t dance very well.
Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.
Lack of Permission
You can’t come in.
Você não pode entrar.
Modal Verb Can
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Interrogative
Asking a Favor
Can you help me?
Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.
Asking for Permission
Can I come in?
Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.
Asking about Possiblity
Can we meet after work?
Você não pode entrar.
As for the interrogative form, the modal verb can is typically used to 
make requests. It’s used to ask for favors and for permission, or to 
ask about the possibility of something happening. 
MODAL VERB CAN
Uses
It’s important to acknowledge that these uses are usually easily noticed within the context, since the same 
sentence in different contexts may have different meanings. 
You can speak English.
Você pode/sabe falar inglês.
It’s possible for you to speak English in a certain situation.
É possível que você fale inglês em determinada situação.
You have the ability to speak English.
Você tem habilidade para falar inglês.
You have permission to speak English in a certain situation.
Você tem permissão para falar inglês em determinada situação.
MODAL VERB CAN
Contexts
And this is how you use the modal verb can. 
Modal Verb Can
Grammar
Guide
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Nouns are used to refer to people or things. They vary in number, 
which means they have singular and plural forms.
There are countable and uncountable nouns. The noun “cat” is countable, since 
you can count cats and quantify them, such as in “one cat,” “two cats,” “three 
cats,” and so on.
And there are uncountable nouns, which means that we cannot use numbers 
to quantify them. Let’s take the noun “water” as an example. We don’t say “one 
water,” “two waters,” “three waters,” etc. 
However, we can express an amount by using quantifiers such as a lot of.
Check it out:
My cat is lazy.
Meu gato é preguiçoso.
My cats are lazy.
Meus gatos são preguiçosos
I have three cats.
Eu tenho três gatos.
(countable noun = there are singular and plural forms)
It’s important to drink a lot of water.
É importante beber muita água.
(uncountable noun = there is no plural form)
NOUNS
Singular and Plural
NOUNS
Countable and Uncountable
Nouns
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People’s Names
George
John
Mary
Kate
Pets’ Names
Max
Bella
Archie
Luna
Names of Places
Brazil
New York
London
Hollywood
Although it’s not common in English, nouns may vary in gender, 
which means that they will have a different form when referring to 
male or female people or animals.
Most nouns in English do not vary in gender, as it happens to the 
noun “student.” But others do, such as the nouns “actor” and 
“actress.” Yet, it is worth noting that nowadays neutral forms are 
usually preferred.
Nouns can be classified as proper or common.
Proper nouns are the names of people, pets, or places, for example. 
They are capitalized, and in most cases, not preceded by articles.
 John is a good student. Mary is a great student.
 John é um bom aluno. Mary é uma boa aluna.
(The noun “student” doesn’t vary in gender: whether referring to male or female, it remains the same).
 John is a good actor. Mary is a great actress.
 John é um bom ator. Mary é uma boa atriz.
(The noun “actor” varies in gender: We use “actor” to refer to men and “actress” for women).
NOUNS
Gender variation
NOUNS
Proper Nouns
Nouns
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Common nouns are used to designate generic people, animals, things, or ideas.
It is also possible to classify nouns as concrete or abstract.
Concrete nouns refer to things we can touch or see, material 
objects, whereas abstract nouns refer to things that are not 
material, such as feelings, emotions, situations, and ideas.
People
child
criança
man
homem
student
estudante
Animals
dog
cachorro
cat
gato
bird
pássaro
Things/Places
house
casa
city
cidade
country
país
Ideas/Feelings
love
amor
security
segurança
opinion
opinião
Concrete Nouns
phone
telefone
table
mesa
food
comida
Abstract Nouns
freedom
liberdade
dream
sonho
passion
paixão
NOUNS
Common Nouns
NOUNS
Concrete and Abstract
Now you know what a noun is, its characteristics, and some categories.
Nouns
Grammar
Guide
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There are two types of personal pronouns in English: personal pronouns used in the subject 
position, which, for that reason, are called subject pronouns, and personal pronouns used in the 
object position, which are called object pronouns. 
Check the following table to see the subject and object pronouns.
 Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns
 (Replace nouns as subjects) (Replace nouns as objects)
 I me
 eu me/mim
 
 you you
 tu/você te/ti/você/lhe
 he him
 ele ele/o/lhe
 she her
 ela ela/a/lhe
 it it
 ele/ela ele/ela/o/a/lhe
 we us
 nós nos/nós
 you you
 vós/vocês vos/vocês/lhes
 they them
 eles/elas eles/elas/os/as/lhes
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Second person
singular
Second person
plural
Third person
plural
Third person
singular
First person
singular
First person
plural
Object Pronouns
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OBJECT PRONOUN
First Person Singular
OBJECT PRONOUN
First Person Plural
Tell me. What is your problem?
Conte-me. Qual é o seu problema?
Read this story to me, please!
Leia esta história para mim, por favor!
Do you want to talk to me?
Você quer falar comigo?
Tell us about your day.
Conte-nos sobre o seu dia.
Are they talking about us?
Eles estão falando sobre nós / a gente?
Do you want to go to the movies with us?
Você quer ir ao cinema conosco / com a gente?
Object pronouns are usually placed after the main verb of the sentence, since they 
function as the object of these verbs. They might not be placed immediately after the 
main verb, but they will always come after it. The only exception to this rule is when 
they are used in certain expressions such as both of us, all of them, none of you, 
etc. In such situations, they can be part of the subject of a sentence.
Let’s now take a closer look at each object pronoun.
Some languages present variations of the object pronouns used depending on the 
verb they are complementing. But that won’t happen in English.
The first-person pronouns used in the position of the object of the sentence will 
always be me for the singular and us for the plural. 
Object Pronouns
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I’ll help you.
Eu vou te ajudar./ Eu vou ajudar você. / Eu vou lhe ajudar. / 
Eu vou ajudar vocês/ Eu vou lhes ajudar.
I don’t understand you.
Eu não te entendo. / Eu não entendo você. / 
Eu não entendo vocês.
I’ll help you people / you all / you both.
Eu vou ajudar vocês / vocês todos / vocês dois.
OBJECT PRONOUN
Second Person Singular/Plural
OBJECT PRONOUN
Second Person Plural
For the second person, the personal 
pronoun used as the object pronoun is 
the same used as the subject pronoun: 
you. And it is used for both singular and 
plural. Therefore, the context tells us if 
you will be referring to singular or plural.
When we read these sentences, it’s not clear if we are using you to refer to one 
or to more people, that is, singular or plural. Especially because they are isolated 
sentences.
In spoken language, chances are the context will make it clear, since you is used 
to refer to the person or to the people you are talking to. Either way, you can make 
it clearer that you are using the plural form by combining you with other words, 
for example: you people, you all, or you both.
Mike’s son looks just like him.
O filho do Mike se parece muito com ele.
(The object pronoun him refers to “Mike,” a male noun, 
and it’s the object of the sentence.)
My sister is an amazing person. I love to talk to her.
Minha irmã é uma pessoa incrível. Eu adoro conversar com ela.
(We used the object pronoun her to replace the female noun “my sister.”)
OBJECT PRONOUN
Third Person Singular (Him/Her)
The third person singular object pronouns used for people are: him for masculine 
and her for feminine. Both are used mostly for people.
Object Pronouns
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I don’t understand this topic. I don’t understand it.
Eu não entendo este tópico. Eu não entendo (isto).
I love chocolate cake. I love it.
Eu adoro bolo de chocolate. Eu adoro (isso).
I’m watching this show. I’m watching it.
Estou assistindo a este programa. Estou assistindo (a isto).
I’m going to the beach with my friends. I’m going to the beach with them.
Estou indo à praia com meus amigos. Estou indo à praia com eles.
(The object is “my friends,” and it’s in the plural, so we could replace it with the object pronoun them.) 
I don’t know those people. I don’t know them.
Eu não conheço aquelas pessoas. Eu não as conheço. / Eu não conheço elas.
(To avoid repetition, we can replace the object “those people” for the object pronoun them.)
I like these shoes. I like them.
Eu gosto destes sapatos. Eu gosto deles.
(The object of the sentence is “these shoes.” To avoid repetition, we can use the object pronoun them.)
OBJECT PRONOUN
Third Person Singular (It)
OBJECT PRONOUN
Third Person Plural (Them)
There’s still another third person singular object pronoun that is used for the other 
cases: the pronoun it. This personal pronoun will also have the same form when 
used as the subject or as the object pronoun.
In the third person plural, we’ll use they as the subject pronoun, and them as the object pronoun. In the 
plural, we will use the same pronoun to refer to people, places, objects, animals, or any other third person 
plural reference. 
And now you know more about object pronouns.
Object Pronouns
Grammar
Guide
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 Singular Plural
 cat cats
 gato gatos
 bike bikes
 bicicleta bicicletas
 
 car cars
 carro carros
Plural nouns are words that show there is more than one person, animal, thing, 
place, or idea, and, because of that, they require verbs in the plural.
In English, as a general rule to form the plural of nouns, in most 
cases you simply add –S at the end of the noun.
 Singular Plural
 Her daughter is beautiful. Her daughters are beautiful.
 A f ilha dela é bonita. As f ilhas dela são bonitas.
PLURAL NOUNS
PLURAL NOUNS
General Rule: Add –S
Plural Nouns
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The nouns ending in –O can either have their plural form ending in –S or –ES, 
and some can be spelled either way. As a general rule, we add –S to make the 
plural of most nouns ending in –O.
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –O
Add –S
 piano pianos
 piano pianos
 studio studios
 estúdio estúdios
Add –ES
 tomato tomatoes
 tomate tomates
 potato potatoes
 batata batatas
 hero heroes
 herói heróisAdd –S or –ES
 mango mangos/mangoes
 manga mangas
 volcano volcanos/volcanoes
 vulcão vulcões
 tornado tornados/tornadoes
 tornado tornados
For nouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, and –CH, add –ES at the end.
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, –CH: add –ES
 Singular Plural
 bus buses
 ônibus ônibus
 tax taxes
 imposto impostos
 watch watches
 relógio relógios
Plural Nouns
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Nouns ending in –F or –FE will present variations in the plural form as well. In most cases, we replace the 
end with –VES. However, some cases follow the general rule for plural, and –S is added at the end.
For nouns ending in –Y, check if the –Y is preceded by a consonant or a vowel, 
because this is what will define the plural form.
For the nouns ending in consonant + Y, drop the –Y and add –IES. As for the 
ones ending in vowel + Y, just add –S.
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, –CH: add –ES
Add –S
 sheriff sheriffs
 xerife xerifes
 giraffe giraffes
 girafa girafas
Vowel + Y
Add –S
boy – boys
menino – meninos
day – days
dia – dias
Replace –F or –FE with –VES
 wife wives
 esposa esposas
 wolf wolves
 lobo lobos
Consonant + Y
Replace –Y with –IES
city – cities
cidade – cidades
lady – ladies
senhora – senhoras
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –Y
Plural Nouns
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There are some nouns that have an irregular plural form. In these cases, the nouns may have their basic 
form completely changed. The ones most used are in the following table.
There are also some nouns that have the same form for the singular 
and plural. In these cases, we’ll understand if it’s singular or plural by 
the context.
 Singular Plural
 tooth teeth
 dente dentes
 foot feet
 pé pés
 mouse mice
 camundongo camundongos
 goose geese
 ganso gansos
 Singular Plural
 child children
 criança crianças
 person people
 pessoa pessoas
 woman women
 mulher mulheres
 man men
 homem homens
PLURAL NOUNS
Irregular Plural Forms
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns that keep the same form
I’d like fish and chips, please.
Quero peixe e fritas, for favor.
We saw some beautiful fish when we were scuba diving.
Vimos alguns peixes bonitos quando estávamos mergulhando.
Now you know some rules and how to use the plural. 
But remember: When in doubt, research! 
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Plural Nouns
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my dog
meu cachorro
(It’s not your dog or his dog, it is my dog)
our house
nossa casa
(It’s not a house or a beautiful house, it is our house)
their books
os livros deles
(It’s not just any book, it is their books)
Possessive adjectives are always used before a noun, and they determine who 
possesses the noun to which they refer.
Take a look at the following table to see all the possessive adjectives in English.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
 Singular Plural
 My Our
 meu(s), minha(s) nosso(s), nossa(s)
 
 Your Your
 teu(s), tua(s), seu(s), sua(s) seus, suas, de vocês
 His
 seu(s), sua(s), dele
 Her Their
 seu(s), sua(s), dela seus, suas, deles, delas
 Its
 seu(s), sua(s), dele, dela
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Second person
Third person
First person
Possessive Adjectives 
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Is this cute boy your son?
Este menino fofo é seu/teu f ilho?
Este menino fofo é f ilho de vocês?
It is important to notice that possessive adjectives in English do not suffer 
number or gender variations according to the nouns to which they are referring, 
as opposed to what happens in several other languages.
That means that the possessive adjectives will keep the same form whether they 
are referring to a singular noun or to a plural noun, as well as to a masculine, 
neutral, or female noun.
Let’s take a closer look at eachone of them.
For the first person, we’ll use the possessive adjective my in the singular or our 
in the plural.
This is my dog.
Este é o meu cachorro.
That is our house.
Aquela é nossa casa.
These are my daughters.
Estas são minhas f ilhas.
Those are our sons.
Aqueles são nossos f ilhos.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
First Person (singular and plural)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Second Person
For the second person, we’ll use your. This possessive adjective will 
be the same for both the singular and plural forms, and only the 
context will make it clear if we are referring to one or more owners.
Possessive Adjectives
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Jeff is my best friend. I’m going to his birthday party.
Jeff é o meu melhor amigo. Eu estou indo à sua festa de aniversário.
I’m going to Jeff’s birthday party.
Eu estou indo à festa de aniversário do Jeff.
(Jeff’s name wasn’t mentioned before, so the possessive case is used 
because it makes it clear whose birthday party it is.)
(O nome do Jeff não havia sido mencionado anteriormente, então usa-se o 
possessive case porque ele deixa claro de quem é a festa de aniversário.)
When we express possession referring to the third person, singular or plural, 
we can use the possessive case or the possessive adjectives his, her, its in the 
singular, or their in the plural.
The possessive case might be preferred if it is not clear in the context to whom 
we are referring. 
POSSESSIVE CASE
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
If the context makes it clear to whose party we are referring, we can replace the 
possessive case with a third person possessive adjective. 
For the third person singular, we’ll use the possessive adjectives his for a masculine owner, her for feminine, 
and, for other cases, we will use its.
George is traveling with his wife.
George está viajando com a sua esposa / a esposa dele.
(We used “his” because we are talking about George’s wife, and George is a man.)
(Usamos his porque estamos nos referindo à esposa do George, e George é um homem.)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Third Person Singular
Possessive Adjectives
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George and Paula are traveling with their son.
George e Paula estão viajando com o seu f ilho / o f ilho deles.
The kids are playing with their toys.
As crianças estão brincando com os seus brinquedos / os brinquedos delas.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Third Person Plural
In the third person plural, we will use their regardless of the gender.
Paula is traveling with her husband.
Paula está viajando com o seu marido / o marido dela.
(We used “her” because we are talking about Paula’s husband, and Paula is a woman.)
(Usamos her porque estamos nos referindo ao marido da Paula, e Paula é uma mulher.)
Don’t use this computer. Its keyboard is not working.
Não use este computador. Seu teclado / O teclado dele não está funcionando.
(We used “its” because we are talking about the computer keyboard, which is an object.)
(Usamos its porque estamos nos referindo ao teclado do computador, que é um objeto.)
And this is how we use the possessive adjectives in English.
Possessive Adjectives
Grammar
Guide
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The possessive case is used in English to express possession, as well 
as interpersonal relationships, such as family, friendship, or hierarchic 
relationships.
The structure of the possessive case is the following:
POSSESSIVE CASE ( ’S)
( 1 ) Noun identifying who owns something 
( 2 ) Particle that identif ies the possession or relationship (’s)
( 3 ) Noun identifying the element that is possessed
These are Mary’s shoes.
Estes são os sapatos da Mary.
That is Julia’s cat.
Aquele é o gato da Julia.
This is Martin’s son.
Este é o filho do Martin.
Mr. Johnson is Karen’s boss.
Sr. Johnson é o chefe da Karen.
There are situations in which more than one person will be identif ied as the 
owner of an object or animal, or even some sort of relationship. In such cases, we 
may identify each of these people, but there are two different ways to build this 
structure.
(1) (2) (3)
(1) (2) (3)
(1) (2) (3)
(1) (2) (3)
Possessive Case
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In the first situation we’re going to explore, there is only one object that is 
shared by two or more people, so we don’t repeat the apostrophe + S indicating 
possession; that means we’ll use it only once, after the last noun.
POSSESSIVE CASE
POSSESSIVE CASE
One element two or more owners
One apostrophe + s (’s) after the last noun
This is Peter and John’s bedroom.
Este é o quarto do Peter e do John.
(There is only one bedroom owned by Peter and John)
(Há apenas um quarto que pertence a Peter e John)
Molly is Carol and Tom’s daughter.
A Molly é filha da Carol e do Tom.
(Both Carol and Tom are Molly’s parents)
(Tanto Carol quanto Tom são pais da Molly)
Two or more elements two or more owners
One apostrophe + s (’s) after each person
These are Peter’s and John’s beds.
Estas são as camas do Peter e do John.
(There are two beds: one belongs to Peter and the other, to John)
(Há duas camas: uma pertence a Peter, e a outra, a John)
These are Peter’s and John’s bikes.
Estas são as bicicletas do Peter e do John.
(There are two bikes: one belongs to Peter and the other, to John)
(Há duas bicicletas: uma pertence a Peter, e a outra, a John)
In the other situation, there is more than one object that belongs to different 
people. In this case, we’ll repeat the apostrophe + S indicating possession 
after each person.
Possessive Case
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When the noun identifying who owns the element is in the plural 
and ends in -S, we will add just an apostrophe.
For singular nouns ending in -S or for nouns with irregular plural, 
we will use the apostrophe + S.
There are still cases in which we omit the noun that identif ies the 
element we are talking about. That happens when it’s clear in the 
context what we are talking about. 
POSSESSIVE CASE
POSSESSIVE CASE
Nouns ending in -S
Owner in the plural ending in -S
Add just the apostrophe (’) 
These are the girls’ shoes.
Estes são os sapatos das meninas.
Those are the boys’ bikes.
Aquelas são as bicicletas dos meninos.
This is the kids’ bedroom.
Este é o quarto das crianças.
That is my boss’s wife.
Aquela é a esposa do meu chefe.
This is Jonas’s bedroom.
Este é o quarto do Jonas.
These are the children’s games.
Estes são os jogos das crianças.
Possessive Case
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POSSESSIVE CASE
Is this Mark’s bedroom?
Esse é o quarto do Mark?
No, this is Peter’s.
Não, esse é do Peter.
(We can omit the noun “bedroom” in the answer since it’s clear that we are talking about it.)
(Podemos omitir o substantivo “bedroom” na resposta, pois f ica claro que estamos falando sobre isso.)
Are you going home?
Você está indo para casa?
Yes, but I’ll stop by Julia’s first.
Sim, mas eu vou passar na Julia primeiro.
(It’s clear in this context that we are referring to Julia’s house, so we can omit the noun “house.”)
(É claro pelo contexto que estamos nos referindo à casa da Julia, por isso podemos 
omitir o substantivo “house”.)
That’s it. Now you know the structure and the use of the possessive case.
Possessive Case
Grammar
Guide
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The present continuous is mainly used to talk about actions and events in 
progress at the moment or about temporary states or situations that are true at 
the moment of speaking. 
The basic structure of the present continuous is the verb to be, which works as 
an auxiliary, and a main verb in the -ING form. The verb to be will be conjugated 
according to the subject. Take a look at its structure:
Affirmative
Subject + To Be + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
I am watching a movie.
Eu estou assistindo a um filme.
Negative
Subject + To Be + Not + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
I am not hearing you.
Eu não estou te ouvindo.
Interrogative
To Be + Subject + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
Are you taking your pills?
Você está tomando os seus remédios?
PRESENT CONTINUOUSStructure
Present Continuous
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We can use the present continuous to talk about 
changes that take time.
It’s getting easier every day.
Está f icando mais fácil a cada dia.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Gradual Change
The present continuous can also be used to describe 
actions that are repeated or frequent, but that we 
believe to be a temporary situation, different from our 
routine. 
I am working a lot this week.
Estou trabalhando muito nesta semana.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Repeated Temporary Actions and Events
The present continuous is also used to talk about future 
events that have been previously arranged or planned.
I am getting married next week.
Vou me casar na próxima semana.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Future
Some verbs are not used in the continuous form, 
even if they refer to temporary situations or things 
that are happening now. They are called non-
progressive verbs, and they express feelings, like 
the verbs to love and to hate; mental states and 
opinions, like the verbs to believe, to guess, and to 
agree; and senses, like the verbs to see and to hear. 
I like this book.
NOT: I am liking this book.
Eu gosto desse livro.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Non-progressive Verbs
Present Continuous
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Some of these non-progressive verbs can be used with continuous forms, 
but they will have different meanings.
I see someone at the door.
Eu estou vendo alguém na porta.
I have two pieces of luggage. 
Eu tenho duas malas.
I am seeing someone. 
Eu estou saindo com alguém. 
I am having breakfast at the hotel restaurant.
Eu estou tomando café da manhã no restaurante do hotel.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Non-progressive Verbs in Continuous Forms: Different Meaning
Now you know what the present continuous is all about: you’ve seen its 
structure, some examples, and how to properly use it.
Present Continuous
Grammar
Guide
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Quantifiers are words used to specify quantity, amounts, and degrees. 
They are also determiners because they modify a noun.
In order to study the quantif iers, we’ll divide them into three groups. In the 
f irst group, we’ll place the quantif iers that can be used with countable and 
uncountable nouns. In the second, the ones that can only be used with countable 
nouns, and, in the third, the ones that are only used with uncountable nouns.
Let’s begin with the f irst group, which is composed of quantifiers that can be 
used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
One of the most frequent quantif iers is any because it can be used for a variety of 
things. Check out some of its uses in the following box.
QUANTIFIERS
Countable and Uncountable Nouns 
ANY
I don’t have any doubt.
Eu não tenho nenhuma dúvida.
(Any emphasizes the negative. There is no doubt, not even one.)
I could eat any of these. They all look delicious.
Eu poderia comer qualquer um desses. Todos parecem deliciosos.
(Any means “whichever;” it conveys the idea that it doesn’t matter which.)
Is there any student in the library?
Tem algum aluno na biblioteca?
(Any is used to ask if there is none, one, or more kids at the library.)
Still looking at quantif iers that can be used with countable and uncountable 
things, some, enough, and all are also very common.
Quantifiers
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Let’s see two examples with each of them: One with a countable noun and 
another with an uncountable noun.
The quantif ier some is used to express an unknown or unspecified amount.
QUANTIFIERS
Countable and Uncountable Nouns 
SOME
There are some kids waiting for Halloween treats.
Há algumas crianças esperando doces de Dia das Bruxas.
(We don’t know the exact number of kids, but it’s possible to count them.)
I need to drink some water.
Eu preciso beber um pouco de água.
(It’s not possible to count water, unless it’s in a container.)
Would you like some coffee?
Você gostaria de um pouco de café?
(It’s commonly used to offer things.)
Enough is used to say that it is the exact quantity or amount that is required. 
It’s similar to sufficient.
QUANTIFIERS
Countable and Uncountable Nouns 
ENOUGH
We have enough Halloween treats for the kids.
Temos doces de Dia das Bruxas o suficiente para as crianças.
(The Halloween treats we have are suff icient.)
You haven’t drunk enough water.
Você não bebeu água o suficiente.
(As it’s a negative statement, the water you’ve drunk wasn’t enough.)
Quantifiers
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All is used to express the total amount of something.
QUANTIFIERS
Countable and Uncountable Nouns 
ALL
All the kids will have Halloween treats.
Todas as crianças receberão doces de Dia das Bruxas.
(100% of the kids will have the treats.)
It’d be nice if all the water on the planet were drinkable.
Seria bom se toda a água do planeta fosse potável.
(All means the whole or 100% of something.)
The quantif iers more, a lot of, most, lots of, and less can be used with both 
countable and uncountable nouns.
More is used to state a greater or an additional amount. A lot of or lots of means a 
large number or amount, and both expressions are interchangeable. Lots of is more 
informal, though. Most is used to express the greatest amount or degree, whereas 
less means the smallest amount possible. 
QUANTIFIERS
Countable and Uncountable Nouns 
MORE
I need to sleep more.
Eu preciso dormir mais.
A LOT OF / LOTS OF
I wish I had a lot of money. / I wish I had lots of money.
Eu gostaria de ter muito dinheiro.
MOST
Most people are good.
A maioria das pessoas é boa.
(Most people = The majority of people)
LESS
I couldn’t care less.
Eu não poderia me importar menos.
(The smallest degree)
Quantifiers
karine dalamaka
Parei aqui pra continuar próxima aula.
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We are now going to the second group, which is composed of the quantif iers that 
can only be used with nouns we can count.
Many is a common quantif ier to specify a large amount.
MANY
There are many apples in the fruit basket.
Tem muitas maçãs na fruteira.
(We don’t know the exact number, but we know that there is a big quantity.)
How many apples do I need to make the pie?
De quantas maçãs eu preciso para fazer a torta?
(I want to know the exact quantity.)
QUANTIFIERS
Countable Nouns
The opposite of many is few, or a few. Both indicate a small quantity or number of 
things. However, there’s a slight difference in meaning: we use few when the small 
quantity carries a negative meaning, that is, the small quantity isn’t desired or isn’t 
considered enough. On the other hand, a few carries a positive meaning, so, it’s 
used when the small quantity is considered good or enough.
FEW / A FEW
Few students knew the answer.
Poucos alunos sabiam a resposta.
(In this case, a small quantity isn’t good or desired. It’d be better 
if all or the majority knew the answer.)
We are a few miles from the airport.
Estamos a poucos quilômetros do aeroporto.
(In this case, being near the airport carries a positive idea. 
 It’s something good or desired.)
QUANTIFIERS
Countable Nouns
Quantifiers
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There are other quantif iers used with countable nouns, such as several, both, 
and each.
Several is used to express more than two countable things or people. Both is 
used to identify two people or things together, and each refers to every single 
individual or thing in a universe of two or more people or things.
QUANTIFIERS
Countable Nouns
SEVERAL
It took me several days to figure it out.
Levei vários dias para entender.
(More than two days; it could be replaced by many days.)
BOTH
I like both dresses.
Eu gosto de ambos vestidos.
(Both = two)
EACH
I know each student’s needs.
Eu sei as necessidades de cada aluno.
(Each = every single student)
It’s time to look at the third group: quantif iers that can only be used 
with uncountable nouns.
We use much to refer to a large amount, usually in negative 
sentences, or to ask questions about amounts.
MUCH
We don’t have much time.
Não temos muito tempo.
How muchtime do you have?
Quanto tempo você tem?
QUANTIFIERS
Uncountable Nouns
Quantifiers
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Now you know what a quantifier is, and how and when to use the most common ones.
The quantif iers a little and little are used with uncountable nouns to express a small 
amount of something. The difference is that a little implies that this small amount is 
good and enough, and little implies that it isn’t good. 
A LITTLE / LITTLE
I have a little money.
Eu tenho um pouco de dinheiro.
(It’s a positive thing because I have it.)
I have little money.
Eu tenho pouco dinheiro.
(It’s negative because I don’t have enough. I wish I had more.)
QUANTIFIERS
Uncountable Nouns
Quantifiers
Grammar
Guide
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Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, 
and how. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word how.
The question word how means “in what way” or “to what extent” and, as all the 
other question words, it can be used in direct and indirect questions.
QUESTION WORD – HOW
Direct and Indirect Questions
How are you feeling?
Como você está se sentindo?
(Direct Question: How + Structure of the Interrogative Form)
Can you tell me how you are feeling?
Você pode me dizer como está se sentindo?
(Indirect Question: How + Structure of the Affirmative Form)
The structure for direct questions is the question word followed by the 
interrogative form, and it can be used with different verb forms. 
In the simple present, we can use how with the verb to be or with other verbs. 
The difference is that when the verb to be is the main verb, we do not use an 
auxiliary verb. For all the other verbs, an auxiliary must be used to create the 
questions.
Check out some examples:
QUESTION WORD – HOW
Simple Present
Structure: How + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
How are the kids?
Como estão as crianças?
(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)
Question Word - How 
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Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form 
+ Complement (if necessary)
How do you go to work?
Como você vai para o trabalho?
(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb do must be used)
Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
How was the game?
Como foi o jogo?
(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)
Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + 
Complement (if necessary)
How did you go to the game?
Como você foi para o jogo?
(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb did must be used)
How can also be used in the simple past, and the structure will follow the same 
pattern of the simple present. The difference is that the verb to be or the auxiliary 
verb will be conjugated in the past. 
The question word how can also be used with continuous forms such as the 
present and the past continuous. In this case, we’ll use how followed by the 
interrogative form of these structures.
For the interrogative form of the present and past continuous, the verb to be 
works as an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, the main verb in the -ING 
form, and a complement, if necessary.
QUESTION WORD – HOW
Simple Past
Question Word - How
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Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + 
Complement (if necessary)
How are you organizing your tasks?
Como você está organizando as suas tarefas?
(I am asking about an action that is in progress now)
How were you feeling when you started therapy?
Como você estava se sentindo quando iniciou a terapia?
(I asked about a feeling that was going on before the person decided to start therapy)
QUESTION WORD – HOW
Present and Past Continuous
It is also possible to use how with perfect forms such as the present perfect and 
the present perfect continuous.
Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + 
Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)
How have you been?
Como você tem estado?
(I want to know how this person has been lately or since I last saw him or her)
Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + 
Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement (if necessary)
How have you been dealing with this situation?
Como você tem lidado com essa situação?
(It’s an ongoing situation that started in the past and is still going on)
QUESTION WORD – HOW
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Question Word - How
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Structure: How + Modal Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
How should we help her?
Como devemos ajudá-la?
(Should works as an auxiliary, and it was used to ask for 
guidance or recommendation)
How can we go to the party?
Como podemos ir para a festa?
(Can works as an auxiliary, and it shows the idea of possibility)
We also use how with modal 
verbs. In this case, they come right 
after the question word.
If you want to ask more specif ic questions using how, you can use an 
adjective or an adverb after it. Check out the examples.
How old is your brother?
Quantos anos seu irmão tem?
(How + Old = Age)
How much is this T-shirt?
Quanto custa esta camiseta?
(How + Much = Amount or Price)
How often do you go to the gym?
Com que frequência você vai à academia?
(How + Often = Frequency)
How many people were there at the concert?
Quantas pessoas havia no show?
(How + Many = Quantity)
How far is San Diego from Los Angeles?
Quão distante é San Diego de Los Angeles? / Qual é a distância de San Diego a Los Angeles?
(How + Far = Distance)
QUESTION WORD – HOW
Modal Verbs
QUESTION WORD – HOW
Other Possibilities
How long does it take to get there?
Qual tempo demora para chegar lá?
(How + Long = Duration)
How tall is your brother?
Qual é a altura do seu irmão?
(How + Tall = Height for People)
How high is Mount Everest?
Quão alto é o Monte Everest? / Qual é a altura do Monte Everest?
(How + High = Height for Places)
Question Word - How
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How can also be used with prepositions such as “about.” There are 
two ways we can use it—to offer something or to make a suggestion.
In spoken English, there is a very common expression with how—how come. It is 
used to ask about the reason why something has happened. We could say that how 
come is an informal way to ask “why.”
How come can also be used to show surprise. There is an important detail in the 
structure of the question, though: how come is always followed by the affirmative 
form, regardless of the verb form. 
How about a cup of coffee?
Que tal uma xícara de café?
(How + About + Noun = Offer)
How about going to the movies?
Que tal irmos ao cinema?
(How + About + Verb in the –ING Form = Suggestion)
How come she went to the party alone?
Como assim ela foi à festa sozinha?
(How Come + Structure of the Affirmative Form in the Simple Past)
How come she is not here?
Como é que ela não está aqui?
Como pode ela não estar aqui?
(How Come + Affirmative Form of the Simple Present)
HOW ABOUT
Offers and Suggestions 
HOW ABOUT
Reason and Surprise (Informal)
Question Word - How
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We can also use how in exclamations. It can either be followed by a complete 
sentence or by an adjective. It’s important to notice, though, that what can also 
be used in exclamations.
The difference is that when there is either a complete sentence or only an 
adjective, you’ll use how. However, in the case of the structure adjective + noun 
or just a noun, you’ll have to use what.
Compare the difference:
How + Complete Sentence
How I love this city!
Como eu amo essa cidade!
(How + Subject “I” + Main Verb “love” + Complement “this city”)
How + Adjective
How beautiful!
Que bonito!
(How + Adjective “beautiful”)
What + (Article) + Adjective + Noun
What a beautiful city!
Que cidade bonita!
(What + Article “a” + Adjective “beautiful” + Noun “city”)
HOW AND WHAT
Exclamation
And now you know different ways to use thequestion word how, it’s meaning, structures in 
different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations.
Question Word - How
Grammar
Guide
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Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. On this grammar 
guide, we’ll focus on the question word what, which is used to ask general 
questions.
In most cases, the structure of direct and indirect questions follows this pattern:
But when we ask direct questions with the question word what, there are three 
possible structures.
What is your favorite color?
Qual é a sua cor favorita?
(Direct Question: Question Word + Interrogative Form)
Tell me what your favorite color is.
Diga-me qual é a sua cor favorita.
(Indirect Question: Question Word + Affirmative Form)
1. What + Interrogative Form
2. What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement
3. What + Noun + Interrogative Form
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
Direct and Indirect Questions
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
Structure – Direct Questions
Question Word - 
What 
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Let’s analyze each structure, starting with the f irst one, which is the question 
word what followed by an interrogative form. This structure can be used with 
any verb form. 
Let’s see some examples:
What does she want for breakfast?
O que ela quer de café da manhã?
(Simple Present: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in its Base Form+ Complement)
What did you do yesterday?
O que você fez ontem?
(Simple Past: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)
What were you doing last week?
O que você estava fazendo semana passada?
(Past Continuous: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement)
What have you been doing lately?
O que você tem feito ultimamente?
(Present Perfect: Question Word + 1st Auxiliary + Subject + 2nd Auxiliary + 
Main verb in the –ING Form + Complement)
What would you do with a million dollars?
O que você faria com um milhão de dólares?
(Simple Present: Question Word + Modal Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
What + Interrogative Form
Question Word - What
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It is important to notice that the structure what + interrogative form will never be used for 
questions about the subject of the sentence. When we follow this structure, it means that the 
subject is included in the given question.
Let’s take a closer look:
(The question is not about who performs the action, but about what the person 
wants. The subject “she” is part of the question. The core answer is “eggs and toast.”)
(Não tem relação com o sujeito, mas com o que o sujeito quer fazer. 
O sujeito “ela” é parte da pergunta. A resposta central é “ovos e torradas”.)
(It’s not about who was performing the action, but what the person was doing. 
The subject “you,” which is part of the question, becomes “I” in the answer. 
And the core answer is “traveling.”)
(Não tem relação com quem estava fazendo a ação, mas com o que a pessoa estava 
fazendo. O sujeito “você”, que é parte da pergunta, vira “eu” na resposta. 
A resposta central é “viajando”.)
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
What + Interrogative Form
What were you doing last week?
O que você estava fazendo semana passada?
I was traveling.
 Eu estava viajando.
What does she want for breakfast?
O que ela quer de café da manhã?
She wants eggs and toast.
 Ela quer ovos e torradas.
Question Word - What
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But it is possible to ask questions with the question word what to learn about the subject of a sentence. 
In such cases, we will use the structure: What + Verb in The Third Person Singular + Complement.
Check the following examples:
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
What + Verb in Third Person Singular + (Complement)
(The core answer is “spending time with my family,” which is the subject of the answer and is not 
part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “makes.”)
(A resposta central é “passar tempo com a minha família”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da 
pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “makes”, deixa.)
(The core answer is “a music festival,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part 
of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)
(A resposta central é “um festival de música”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte 
da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)
(The core answer is “not having money to pay their bills,” which is the subject of the answer and is 
not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)
(A resposta central é “não ter dinheiro para pagar suas contas”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz 
parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)
What makes you happy?
O que deixa você feliz?
There are so many people here. What’s happening?
Tem tanta gente aqui. O que está acontecendo?
Spending time with my family makes me happy.
Passar tempo com a minha família me deixa feliz.
Not having money to pay their bills (is bothering them).
Não ter dinheiro para pagar as suas contas (está incomodando eles).
A music festival (is happening here).
Um festival de música (está acontecendo aqui).
What’s bothering them?
O que está incomodando eles?
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Let’s take a closer look and analyze the structure of the examples 
we have previously seen.
If you want to ask a more specific question using what, place a noun right after 
the question word.
What time do you usually wake up?
A que horas você geralmente acorda?
(What + time = used to ask about the hour)
What kind of music do you like?
De que tipo de música você gosta?
(What + kind = used to ask about the specif ic type of a thing)
What size do you need?
De que tamanho você precisa?
(What + size = used to ask about size)
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
What + Noun + Interrogative Form
What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement (if necessary)
 
What makes you happy?
 
What’s happening?
What’s bothering them?
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
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There are still some special cases, such as what + about. It is used 
to make an offer or to ask about your opinion or how you feel about 
something.
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
Special Cases – What About
In informal conversations, there are some common 
expressions with the question word what.
What’s up?
E aí?
What now?
O que agora?
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
Expressions
What about going to the movies?
Que tal irmos ao cinema?
How are you?
Como vai você?
Great idea.
Ótima ideia.
I’m fine, thanks. What about you?
Eu estou bem. E você?
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The question word what can also be used in exclamations to express surprise, 
shock, or emotions. In this case, we use: what + an article + (an adjective) + a 
noun. We may or may not include the adjective, but the noun must always be 
there in exclamations with what.
Structure: What + Article + (Adjective) + Noun
What a (beautiful) place!
Que lugar (bonito)!
(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “beautiful”) + Noun “place”)
What a great song!
Que música ótima!
(What + Article “a” + Adjective “great” + Noun “song”)
What a (nice) gesture!
Que gesto (legal)!
(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “nice”) + Noun “gesture)
What a song!
Que música!
(What + Article “a” + Noun “song”)
QUESTION WORD – WHAT
Exclamations
Now you know different ways in which you can use the question word what, the structure used 
with different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations and expressions.
Question Word - What
Grammar
Guide
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Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Commonquestion words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. 
The question word why is used to ask or to talk about the reason for something.
QUESTION WORD – WHY
Why
Por que / Por quê
Just like the other question words, why can be used in direct and indirect 
questions.
QUESTION WORD – WHY
Direct and Indirect Questions
Why are you so sad?
Por que você está tão triste?
(Why + interrogative form = direct question)
Please, tell me why you are so sad.
Por favor, me diga por que você está tão triste.
(A question inside a sentence = indirect question)
Most direct questions will follow this pattern: question word why + 
interrogative form, no matter which verb form you choose to use. 
Question Word –
Why
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Why did you say that?
Por que você disse isso?
(Why + Interrogative Form – Simple Past)
QUESTION WORD – WHY
Why + Interrogative Form
I’ve already told you this movie is terrible. Why waste your time with it?
Eu já te disse que esse f ilme é horrível. Por que perder seu tempo com isso?
(Why + verb “to waste” in the infinitive without to)
Why argue with Gabriel? He’ll never change his mind.
Por que discutir com o Gabriel? Ele nunca vai mudar de ideia.
(Why + verb “to argue” in the infinitive without to).
QUESTION WORD – WHY
Why + Infinitive Form (without To)
Questions with why can also be followed by a verb in the infinitive without to. This structure 
is typically used to suggest that an action is pointless or unnecessary. 
Why are you doing this?
Por que você está fazendo isso?
(Why + Interrogative Form – Present Continuous)
Why have you been going there?
Por que você tem ido lá?
 (Why + Interrogative Form – Present Perfect Continuous)
Why would I do that?
Por que eu faria isso?
(Why + Interrogative Form – Modal Verb)
Question Word – Why
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When we reply to a negative statement and we want to ask the reason, why not sounds more natural than 
why. Why not can also be used as a reply when we want to accept a suggestion.
QUESTION WORD – WHY
Why + Not—Replies
It is also possible to use why not when we want to give a suggestion. In this case, 
we can use why not + infinitive without to or we can use why + interrogative-
negative form of the simple present. 
Check the examples:
Why not stay home and watch a movie?
Por que não f icar em casa e assistir a um filme?
(In this sentence, “why not” is followed by the verb “to stay” 
in the infinitive without to and the complement.)
Why don’t we stay home and watch a movie?
Por que a gente não f ica em casa e assiste a um filme?
(In this sentence, “why” is followed by the interrogative-negative 
form of the simple present.)
QUESTION WORD – WHY
Why + Negative Form—Suggestions
Replying to a Negative Statement
Respondendo a uma declaração negativa
I don’t want to go out tonight.
Eu não quero sair hoje à noite.
Why not?
Por que não?
Replying to a Suggestion or Invitation
Respondendo a uma sugestão ou convite
Let’s order some food and watch a movie at home.
Vamos pedir comida e assistir a um filme em casa.
Sure, why not?
Com certeza, por que não?
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It is important to notice that we use why to ask about the reason, and we use 
because or because of when we are giving the reason for something in aff irmative 
sentences.
The difference is that because will be used before a complete sentence, whereas 
because of will be followed by a noun or noun phrase. 
Why are you leaving earlier?
Por que você está saindo mais cedo?
BECAUSE VS. BECAUSE OF
Now you know what a question word is, how to use why as a question word 
using different verb forms, and how to use because to state reasons. 
Because I have a doctor’s appointment.
Porque eu tenho uma consulta médica.
(Complete sentence = Because + Subject + Verb + Complement)
Because of my doctor’s appointment.
Por causa da minha consulta médica.
(Because of + Noun Phrase)
Question Word – Why
Grammar
Guide
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 Verb To Be Other Verbs
Interrogative Is she a teacher? Does she work as a teacher?
 Ela é professora? Ela trabalha como professora?
Negative She isn’t a teacher. She doesn’t work as a teacher.
 Ela não é professora. Ela não trabalha como professora.
The simple present was divided into two grammar guides, and we did that 
because there is an important difference in structure.
In this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the simple present with verbs that are not 
the verb to be, that is, all the other verbs. 
When we use the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary verb to make interrogative 
and negative sentences. But when we use other verbs, we need to use the 
auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb for the simple present is do or does, according to 
the subject. 
Check out the difference in the box.
SIMPLE PRESENT
The basic structure for the aff irmative form is the SVC structure, that is, subject, 
main verb, and complement. And the verb conjugation works like this: we’ll use the 
base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular. In this 
case, we’ll add –S, –ES, or –IES to the end of the verb, depending on how it’s spelled. 
Simple Present -
Other Verbs 
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Usage of the Auxiliary Do 
I do have the right to speak my mind.
Eu tenho (sim) o direito de dar minha opinião.
(The verb “do” is used as an auxiliary. So it does not have a meaning, but a function). 
(O verbo “do” é usado como auxiliar. Portanto, não tem um signif icado, mas uma função).
If you want to learn more about the third person spelling rules, you can check the grammar 
guide on this topic. However, most verbs will only take a final S in the third person singular, 
as you can see in the following table. 
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form: Adding Emphasis
Notice that we do not use the auxiliary verb in the affirmative form. But it’s possible to use it to 
add emphasis to a statement. In that case, the auxiliary verb is placed before the main verb. 
 Singular Plural
 I work here. We work here.
 Eu trabalho aqui. Nós trabalhamos aqui.
 You work here. You work here.
 Você trabalha aqui. Vocês trabalham aqui.
 He works here.
 Ele trabalha aqui.
 She works here. They work here.
 Ela trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas trabalham aqui.
 It works for now.
 Isso funciona por enquanto.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form
Second person
Third person
First person
Simple Present - Other Verbs
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Thus, it is possible to use the auxiliary with the simple present in the aff irmative form, but it’s also important 
to notice that it adds emphasis to the sentence, which means that it is only going to happen in very specif ic 
contexts.
As for the negative and interrogative forms, the auxiliary do is not optional, it’s necessary.
The basic structure for the negative form is the subject, the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the 
subject, the negative particle not, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.
You should pay close attention to the third person singular. In both negative and interrogative forms, the 
conjugation goes in the auxiliary verb, that is, we will use does, and, because of that, the main verb goes 
back to its base form.
 Singular Plural
 I don’t work here. We don’t work here.
 Eu não trabalho aqui. Nós não trabalhamos aqui.
 You don’t work here. You don’t work here.
 Você não trabalha aqui. Vocês não trabalham aqui.
 He doesn’t work here.
 Ele não trabalha aqui.
 She doesn’t work here. They don’t work here.
 Ela não trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas não trabalham aqui.
 It doesn’t work for now.
 (Isso) não funciona por enquanto.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form
Second person
Third person
First person
Do Not Use the Contracted Form
You do not have the right to shout at people.
Você não tem o direito de gritar com as pessoas.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form: Adding Emphasis
In informal language,the contracted 
forms don’t (do + not) or doesn’t 
(does + not) are used in most cases. 
In formal written language, we avoid 
using contractions.
On the other hand, in spoken 
language, if we use the full form, 
it probably means we want to add 
emphasis to a negative statement.
Simple Present - Other Verbs
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I work at a law firm.
Eu trabalho em um escritório de advocacia.
She works a lot.
Ela trabalha muito.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
The simple present is used to talk 
about facts and to show repetitions, 
habits, or generalizations. 
The basic interrogative form structure in the simple present is the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to 
the subject, the subject, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.
So the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject is inverted, and, once again, in the third person singular, 
the main verb goes back to its base form, and the auxiliary verb is conjugated. 
Check out the following table:
 Singular Plural
 Do I work here? Do we work here?
 Eu trabalho aqui? Nós trabalhamos aqui?
 Do you work here? Do you work here?
 Você trabalha aqui? Vocês trabalham aqui?
 Does he work here?
 Ele trabalha aqui?
 Does she work here? Do they work here?
 Ela trabalha aqui? Eles/Elas trabalham aqui?
 Does it work for now?
 Isso funciona por enquanto?
SIMPLE PRESENT
Interrogative Form
Second person
Third person
First person
Simple Present - Other Verbs
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She crosses the street toward him, looks back, and decides to let it go.
Ela atravessa a rua em direção a ele, olha para trás e decide deixar para lá.
He gets the ball, passes through the defense and shoots, but the goalkeeper saves it.
Ele pega a bola, passa pela defesa e chuta, mas o goleiro agarra.
Firefighters save many lives in Brooklyn.
Os bombeiros salvam muitas vidas no Brooklyn.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
The simple present can convey the idea of immediacy and drama, and that’s why it’s commonly 
used in stories or novels, in sports broadcasting, and in newspaper headlines, even when 
reporting past events. 
It can also be used to present a series of events when we narrate 
something or give instructions and directions.
 First you read the questions, then you have to mark the correct statement.
Primeiro você lê as perguntas, depois você tem que marcar a afirmação correta.
You go straight and turn right on the traffic light.
Você segue em frente e vira à direita no semáforo.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
Simple Present - Other Verbs
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In English, some verbs cannot be used in continuous forms. These verbs are 
called non-progressive verbs, and we use them in the simple present. This 
group is divided into different subgroups of verbs. 
Mental process verbs
know, suppose, think, understand
saber, supor, achar, entender
Verbs that describe senses
smell, taste, hear
sentir cheiro, sentir sabor, ouvir
Verbs that express feelings
admire, adore, hate, like, respect
admirar, adorar, detestar, gostar, respeitar
Speech act verbs
promise, swear, agree, deny
prometer, jurar, concordar, negar
SIMPLE PRESENT
Non-progressive Verbs
And now you know the structure and the most common uses of the simple present.
Simple Present - Other Verbs
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The simple present is used to talk about factual information or things 
that happen regularly.
SIMPLE PRESENT
This wall is white.
Esta parede é branca.
(It’s a factual piece of information.)
I sleep for 8 or 9 hours a day.
Eu durmo de 8 a 9 horas por dia.
(It’s part of a routine, something I do every day.)
The simple present will be tackled in two different grammar guides. 
In this one, we’ll focus on the simple present sentences in which the 
main verb is the verb to be. 
Check the following table to see the conjugation of the verb to be in 
the simple present. 
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
 Singular Plural
First person I am We are
Second person You are You are
Third person He/She/It is They are
Simple Present -
Verb To Be
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There is a different sentence structure for the interrogative, negative, and 
affirmative forms. In affirmative sentences, we’ll frequently use the SVC 
structure, that is, Subject, Verb, and Complement. To make a negative 
statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. And to ask a 
question, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.
Affirmative
Subject + Verb To Be + Complement
I’m a writer.
Eu sou escritor.
Negative
Subject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement
I am not a writer.
Eu não sou escritor.
Interrogative
Verb To Be + Subject + Complement
Are you a writer?
Você é escritor?
 Affirmative Negative
 I’m I’m not
 You’re You aren’t
 He’s/She’s/It’s He/She/It isn’t
 We’re We aren’t
 They’re They aren’t
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Contracted Form
The simple present of the verb to be is commonly 
used in its contracted form, also known as short 
form. Contractions are considered informal, and they 
are very common in everyday situations. However, 
if you want to sound more formal or more emphatic, 
use the full form.
The short or contracted forms can be used in 
affirmative or negative sentences.
Simple Present - Verb To Be
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Now that you know the conjugation in the plural and singular forms, its structure 
for aff irmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as its full and 
contracted forms, check out the possible uses of the verb to be in the simple 
present. 
It can be used to refer to personal information such as name, age, profession, 
marital status, and nationality.
I am thirsty.
Eu estou com sede.
(It’s a state. Something I am experiencing now.)
I am skinny.
Eu sou magro(a).
(It refers to a physical characteristic.)
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
We can also use the verb to be followed by an adjective to talk about 
permanent or temporary physical characteristics and feelings.
Age
I am 36 years old.
Eu tenho 36 anos.
Profession
I am an architect.
Eu sou arquiteta.
Name
I am Sophie.
Eu sou Sophie.
My name is Sophie.
O meu nome é Sophie.
Nationality
I am French.
Eu sou francesa.
Marital Status
I am single.
Eu sou solteira.
Simple Present - Verb To Be
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The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about permanent or 
temporary qualities or states, personal characteristics, or mood.
I am stressed.
Eu estou estressado(a).
(It’s a current mood or a temporary state.)
I am a stressed person.
Eu sou uma pessoa estressada.
(It’s part of my personality.)
It’s eleven o’clock.
São onze horas.
Our meeting is on December 3rd.
A nossa reunião é no dia 3 de dezembro.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about time and dates.
We can use the verb to be in the simple present to refer to places and locations as well.
I am at the mall.
Eu estou no shopping.
The 9/11 Memorial is in Manhattan.
O memorial do 11 de Setembro é em Manhattan.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple present.
Simple Present - Verb To Be
Grammar
Guide
215
 work works
 trabalhar trabalha
 like likes
 gostar gosta
 go goes
 ir vai
 kiss kisses
 beijar beija
When we use the verbs in the third person singular in the simple present, there 
are some specif ic spelling rules, which refer to how these verbs are written.
The third person is always about someone or something else. In the singular, 
it will be used with nouns or pronouns that refer to a masculine noun or the 
pronoun he, to a feminine noun or the pronoun she,and to a thing, idea, or 
object or the pronoun it.
Remember that in the negative and interrogative forms of the simple present 
the main verb remains in its base form for all persons. Thus, the third person 
conjugation in the simple present will only be used in the main verb when it is 
in the affirmative form. 
The general rule is that you add -S to the verb.
For the verbs ending in O, S, X, CH, SH, or Z, we ADD -ES.
SPELLING RULES – THIRD PERSON
General Rule – Add -S
SPELLING RULES – THIRD PERSON
Verbs Ending in O, S, X, CH, SH, Z – Add -ES
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Spelling Rules - 
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216
When the verb ends in Y and it is preceded by a consonant, drop the Y and add -IES.
SPELLING RULES – THIRD PERSON
Verbs Ending in Consonant + Y - Drop the Y, Add -IES
Ending in E: Add -ST
Terminação em E: Adicionar -ST
 carry carries
 carregar carrega
 study studies
 estudar estuda
 try tries
 tentar tenta
 fix fixes
 consertar conserta
 
 watch watches
 assistir assiste
 
 crash crashes
 bater bate
 
 buzz buzzes
 vibrar vibra
 have has
 ter tem
The verb to have is an exception: in the third person singular, we’ll drop VE and add -S.
SPELLING RULES – THIRD PERSON
Exception: To Have – Drop VE, add -S
And now you know the spelling rules for the verbs inflected in the third person singular 
in affirmative sentences in the simple present.
Spelling Rules - Third Person
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Subject pronouns are personal pronouns that replace nouns that work as the 
subject of the sentence. Let’s take a look at them:
First person pronouns are the ones used to refer to the person speaking; 
second person pronouns refer to the person we are talking to; and third person 
pronouns, to the people or objects we are talking about.
Let’s start analyzing the f irst person pronouns, the ones that refer to the person 
who is talking.
The first person singular pronoun (I) is always written with a capital letter, 
regardless of its position in the sentence. Capitalization does not happen with 
any other pronoun in English, not even with the first person plural (we). 
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
 Singular Plural
 I we
 eu nós
 
 you you
 tu/você vós/vocês
 he
 ele (pessoa)
 she they
 ela (pessoa) eles/elas 
 it
 ele/ela (exceto pessoas)
Second person
Third person
First person
Subject Pronouns
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For the second person, the subject pronoun you will be used both in the singular 
and in the plural. You always refers to the person or the people you are talking to. 
Therefore, the context will tell you whether it is singular or plural.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
First Person
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Second Person
You are a teacher.
Você é professor.
(second person singular pronoun you)
You are teachers.
Vocês são professores.
(second person plural pronoun you)
I am her friend.
Eu sou amigo(a) dela.
(f irst person singular pronoun I)
Karen and I work at the same company.
Karen e eu trabalhamos na mesma empresa.
(f irst person singular pronoun I)
We are friends.
Nós somos amigos.
(f irst person plural pronoun we)
That was the moment we decided to quit the job.
Foi nesse momento que nós decidimos deixar o emprego.
(f irst person plural pronoun we)
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John is a teacher. He is very good.
O John é professor. Ele é muito bom.
(third person singular masculine pronoun he)
Sarah is an actress. She is great.
A Sarah é atriz. Ela é ótima.
(third person singular feminine pronoun she)
Turn off the computer. It’s too hot.
Desligue o computador. Ele está muito quente.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it)
Turn the TV down. It’s loud.
Abaixe a televisão. Ela está alta.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it)
The third person is used to refer to the people or objects we are talking about. In the 
third person singular, there are two pronouns used to refer to people, and, in some 
cases, to pets: he and she. “He” is used for the masculine; and “she,” for the feminine. 
For all the other cases, we will use the other third person singular pronoun, it; 
that is, to talk about any other thing in the singular.
Notice that, in the examples we have just seen, the reference of the pronoun it is 
clear in the sentence. It refers to the computer in the f irst example, and to the TV in 
the second one.
But the pronoun it will also be used as a subject in sentences that have an 
impersonal subject. This impersonal use of it introduces new information, and it is 
used particularly to talk about time, dates, the weather, and opinion. 
When it has an impersonal function, it does not refer to a previously mentioned 
noun. In this case, the pronoun it simply works as the subject of the sentence.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Singular (He/She)
SUBJECT PRONOUN
Third Person Singular (It)
Subject Pronouns
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It’s a pleasure to be here.
É um prazer estar aqui.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)
They are good teachers.
Elas são boas professoras.
(third person plural pronoun they)
It’s hot today.
Está quente hoje.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)
They are great students.
Eles são ótimos alunos.
(third person plural pronoun they)
It’s late.
Está tarde.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)
They are good books.
São bons livros.
(third person plural pronoun they)
SUBJECT PRONOUN
Third Person Singular (It)
SUBJECT PRONOUN
Third Person Plural (They)
And now you know how to use subject pronouns in English.
Take a look at the following examples:
For the third person plural, there is only one pronoun: they. This is the plural form of the pronouns he, she, 
and it—meaning this pronoun can be used to refer both to people and objects.
Subject Pronouns
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Affirmative
There + Be
There’s a restaurant near the hotel.
Há um restaurante perto do hotel.
Interrogative
Be + There
Is there a restaurant near the hotel?
Há um restaurante perto do hotel?
Negative
There + Be + Not
There isn’t (is not) a restaurant near the hotel.
Não há um restaurante perto do hotel.
The structure there + be expresses existence, and it can be used in the 
aff irmative, interrogative, and negative forms.
THERE + BE
Structures
There + Be
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You can use the structure in the singular or plural according to the noun that follows it. 
When we talk about singular or plural forms, there are some things to which we should pay 
attention. If you are talking about a list of things, use there is when the noun that follows is 
also in the singular.
If there are one or more nouns in the plural, use there are and place the nouns in the plural 
before the ones in the singular, if there are any.
Are there good schools in your neighborhood?
Há/Tem boas escolas no seu bairro?
(The noun “schools” is in the plural, so the verb to be is in the plural)
There is a good school in my neighborhood.
Há/Tem uma escola boa no meu bairro.
(The noun “school” is in the singular, so the verb to be is in the singular)
There is an apple, a banana, and a pineapple in the fruit basket.
Tem uma maçã, uma banana e um abacaxi na fruteira.
(There is All nouns in the singular)
There are some apples, two bananas, and a pineapple in the fruit basket.
Tem algumas maçãs, duas bananas e um abacaxi na fruteira.
(There are One or more nouns in the plural)
THERE + BE
Singular and Plural
THERE + BE
Singular and Plural
There + Be
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In informal spoken language you might as well hear there is followed by plural 
nouns. This is perfectly acceptable in such case, but you should not use it in 
written formal language.
To use there + be in the future, we’ll use there will be with singular or plural nouns. 
We have seen some uses of there + be in the present.However, it is important to highlight that 
this structure can also be used in the past and in the future.
So we will conjugate the verb to be accordingly. If we are referring to the past, we use there 
was for the singular and there were for the plural.
THERE + BE
Past: There Was / There Were
There’s two teachers in each classroom.
Tem dois professores em cada sala de aula.
(Informal: There is One or more nouns in the plural)
There will be a mall near my house.
Haverá um shopping perto da minha casa.
There will be flying cars in the future.
Haverá carros voadores no futuro.
There was only one employee assisting the customers.
Só havia um funcionário auxiliando os clientes.
(“Employee” is a singular noun, so we used the verb to be in the singular: “There was”)
There were many people waiting in line.
Tinha muita gente esperando na f ila.
(“People” is a plural noun, so we used the verb to be in the plural: “There were”)
THERE + BE
Informal Spoken Language
THERE + BE
Future: There Will Be
There + Be
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And now you know what there + be means, its structures, and how to use it.
Structure: There + Verb + To Be
There seems to be a lot of vacant rooms in this hotel.
Parece haver muitos quartos vazios neste hotel.
(It’s the speaker’s perspective of an impression). 
There tends to be tension between the parts
Tende a haver tensão entre as partes.
(It’s something that is expected).
Structure: There + Modal Verb + Be
There must be a gas station around.
Tem que ter / Deve haver um posto de gasolina por perto.
There should be no wait.
Não deve haver demora.
There might be a cocktail after the meeting.
Deve ter / É possível que tenha / Pode ser que haja um coquetel após a reunião.
There + be can also be used with modal verbs. In this case, we’ll join the idea of existence with 
the meaning that each modal verb expresses.
We can also use there with verbs such as seem and tend before to be. In these 
cases, we’ll use the infinitive form to be. 
THERE + BE
Modal Verbs
SUPERLATIVES
Two-syllable Adjectives – Exceptions
There + Be
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Guide
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Agree
concordar
Have
ter
Plan
planejar
Decide
decidir
Need
precisar
Want
querer
Sometimes, the complement of a verb may be another verb. In these cases, the 
second verb will either appear in the infinitive or in the -ING form, depending on 
the situation.
It’s important to know that because some verbs will only take the infinitive form, 
others will only take the -ING form, and some others will take both the infinitive 
and -ING forms.
Check some verbs that are commonly followed by the to-infinitive form.
VERBS + TO-INFINITIVE
Now, check some sentences in which the f irst verb is commonly followed by the 
second verb in the infinitive.
I’m planning to visit my parents on the holiday season.
Eu estou planejando visitar meus pais na época dos feriados.
(Verb to plan in the present continuous + verb to visit in the infinitive)
Mary wants to buy a new car.
Mary quer comprar um carro novo.
(Verb to want in the simple present + verb to buy in the infinitive)
I had to leave earlier yesterday.
Eu tive que sair mais cedo ontem.
(Verb to have in the simple past + verb to leave in the infinitive)
VERBS + TO-INFINITIVE
Verbs + Infinitive 
or -ING
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On the other hand, some verbs can only be followed by the -ING form.
Check some examples.
Most verbs formed with prepositions, such as keep on and give up, will also be 
followed by the -ING form. 
Emily enjoys watching cult movies on the weekends.
Emily gosta de assistir f ilmes cult nos f inais de semana.
(Verb to enjoy in the simple present + verb to watch in the –ING form)
People should avoid smoking near children.
As pessoas deveriam evitar fumar perto de crianças.
(Verb to avoid in the bare inf initive (after a modal verb) + verb to smoke in the –ING form)
Anna should consider coming to her mother’s house at Christmas.
Anna deveria considerar vir para a casa da sua mãe no Natal.
(Verb to consider in the bare inf initive (after a modal verb) + verb to come in the –ING form)
Activists keep on asking the authorities to protect the environment.
Ativistas continuam pedindo às autoridades que protejam o meio ambiente.
Nancy gave up trying to convince Bob to come along.
A Nancy desistiu de tentar convencer o Bob a vir junto.
VERBS + -ING
VERBS + -ING
VERB + -ING
Admit
admitir
Consider
considerar
Mind
importar-se / tomar cuidado / prestar atenção
Avoid
evitar
Enjoy
curtir/aproveitar
Risk
arriscar
Verbs + Infinitive or -ING
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And there’s another group of verbs that can be followed either by the infinitive or 
the -ING form. But we should divide them into two subgroups. 
Verbs such as hate, love, like, and prefer may be followed either by the infinitive 
or the -ING form, with no difference in meaning.
Check some examples.
Notice that if this same group of verbs is accompanied by the modal verbs would 
or should, then only the infinitive form is acceptable.
Joyce hates driving when it’s raining.
Joyce hates to drive when it’s raining.
Joyce detesta dirigir quando está chovendo.
Henry loves cooking breakfast for his kids.
Henry loves to cook breakfast for his kids.
Henry ama preparar o café da manhã para seus f ilhos.
Sharon would like to travel on the holiday.
Sharon would like traveling on the holiday.
Sharon gostaria de viajar no feriado.
VERBS + INFINITIVE OR -ING
VERB + INFINITIVE OR -ING
WOULD/SHOULD + VERB + INFINITIVE
Hate
odiar
Love
amar/adorar
Like
gostar
Prefer
preferir
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Now, other verbs such as: forget, remember, stop, and try can be followed either 
by the infinitive or the -ING form, but with a significant change in meaning.
Check some examples.
Karen stopped smoking.
Karen parou de fumar.
(Stop + -ING form She quit smoking; Karen doesn’t smoke anymore.)
Karen stopped to smoke.
Karen parou para fumar.
(Stop + infinitive She interrupted something in order to smoke.)
I asked John, and he remembers turning off the lights before he left.
Eu perguntei ao John, e ele se lembra de ter apagado as luzes antes de sair.
(Remember + -ING form He remembers something he did in the past.)
John, remember to turn off the lights before you leave.
John, lembre-se de apagar as luzes antes de sair.
(Remember + infinitive It’s a warning so that he does not forget to do something)
VERBS + INFINITIVE OR -ING
VERB + INFINITIVE / -ING
Forget
esquecer
Stop
parar
Remember
lembrar
Try
tentar
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There are still some special cases that should be pointed out.
Verbs such as let and make are followed by the bare infinitive, that 
is, the infinitive form without the particle to. And there will always 
be an object before the infinitive. 
The verb help can also follow this structure. But notice that, 
sometimes, you will see this verb followed by the bare infinitive, 
and some others, by the to-infinitive.
Your classmate is going to help you prepare the task.
Your classmate is going to help you to prepare the task.
Seu colega de turma vai te ajudar a preparar a tarefa.
Let George do that for you.
Let him do that for you.
Deixe o George fazer isso por você.
Deixe-o fazer isso por você.
Paul made me wait for two hours.
Paul me fez esperar por duas horas.
HELP + INFINITIVE
VERB + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
So now you know how to use the infinitive or the -ING form after verbs.
Verbs + Infinitive or -ING
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