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Língua Inglesa para Escriturário - BB - 2021(
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/s/Q1fKPX )
Inglês (Língua Inglesa)
Questão 401: CESGRANRIO - Tec Arq (BNDES)/BNDES/2007
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
UPGRADE TO A PAPER-FREE OFFICE
Anyone who has ever worked in an office remembers giant filing cabinets filled to the brim with paper documents. Modern companies are taking steps to eliminate this
mess. With our daily and office lives becoming more and more digitized, the natural next step for these clusters of paper lies in the computer. Document scanning makes
all your important records just a click away. 
The right option 
What should you look for when choosing a computer company?
Customer Service – if possible, talk to someone at the company to analyze the level of help they are willing to give in set up, etc
Ease of Use – find out if the scanned documents are software specific, or non-proprietary format
Options – determine which document storage routine is best for you. While online access will work for some, others might prefer in-house storage
Maintenance – how involved is the company willing to be with repairs and upgrades in the future
Where to keep your documents 
There are several types of document storage one can take advantage of. It's important to research each one and determine which is best for you, so you can get the
most out of your document storage experience. 
Different methods are going to work for different companies. There are several options out there for paperless filing, such as compact disc storage, webaccessible
document storage, jukebox raid storage devices, COLD (Computer Output to Laser Disk) / ERM (Enterprise Report Management) applications, and microfilm. Below, we’ll
take a closer look at the first two types, their benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, it's up to you to decide which method is best for your needs. 
Compact disc storage 
The most simple, and usually least expensive, method is document conversion to compact disc. Depending on where you go, you'll find different types of compact discs
offered. Make sure to get a compact disc that is compatible with all CD-Rom drives. Compact discs are perishable and easily misplaced. It's a good idea to copy all the
files directly into a hard drive or two, so you can be sure to have back up. 
Web-accessible document storage 
Imagine simply logging into a secure website and instantly having access to all your company's files. Generally, the online document storage company will provide you
with all sorts of grouping, search and filing options. Take a look at the available web options offered by your document scanning service. It’s important to feel secure (and
to be secure) when accessing your documents, so do your research on this one before you commit. 
 
By Taylor Hartley
http://www.onlineorganizing.com
(with slight adaptations)
"Taking steps" in "Modern companies are taking steps to eliminate this mess." can be correctly replaced by
 a) hurrying up. 
 b) beginning to act.
 c) rejecting alternatives. 
 d) proceeding with caution. 
 e) adopting drastic solutions.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83384
Questão 402: CESGRANRIO - Tec Arq (BNDES)/BNDES/2007
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
UPGRADE TO A PAPER-FREE OFFICE
Anyone who has ever worked in an office remembers giant filing cabinets filled to the brim with paper documents. Modern companies are taking steps to eliminate this
mess. With our daily and office lives becoming more and more digitized, the natural next step for these clusters of paper lies in the computer. Document scanning makes
all your important records just a click away. 
The right option 
What should you look for when choosing a computer company?
Customer Service – if possible, talk to someone at the company to analyze the level of help they are willing to give in set up, etc
Ease of Use – find out if the scanned documents are software specific, or non-proprietary format
Options – determine which document storage routine is best for you. While online access will work for some, others might prefer in-house storage
Maintenance – how involved is the company willing to be with repairs and upgrades in the future
Where to keep your documents 
There are several types of document storage one can take advantage of. It's important to research each one and determine which is best for you, so you can get the
most out of your document storage experience. 
Different methods are going to work for different companies. There are several options out there for paperless filing, such as compact disc storage, webaccessible
document storage, jukebox raid storage devices, COLD (Computer Output to Laser Disk) / ERM (Enterprise Report Management) applications, and microfilm. Below, we’ll
take a closer look at the first two types, their benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, it's up to you to decide which method is best for your needs. 
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
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Compact disc storage 
The most simple, and usually least expensive, method is document conversion to compact disc. Depending on where you go, you'll find different types of compact discs
offered. Make sure to get a compact disc that is compatible with all CD-Rom drives. Compact discs are perishable and easily misplaced. It's a good idea to copy all the
files directly into a hard drive or two, so you can be sure to have back up. 
Web-accessible document storage 
Imagine simply logging into a secure website and instantly having access to all your company's files. Generally, the online document storage company will provide you
with all sorts of grouping, search and filing options. Take a look at the available web options offered by your document scanning service. It’s important to feel secure (and
to be secure) when accessing your documents, so do your research on this one before you commit. 
 
By Taylor Hartley
http://www.onlineorganizing.com
(with slight adaptations)
The main purpose of the text is to 
 a) present the best method of storing documents in the office. 
 b) justify why some document scanning services are not trustable. 
 c) describe in detail all types of document storage available in the market. 
 d) convince companies to eliminate paper documents and store them digitally. 
 e) criticize organizations that still keep paper documents in messy filing cabinets.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83383
Questão 403: CESGRANRIO - Tec Arq (BNDES)/BNDES/2007
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
UPGRADE TO A PAPER-FREE OFFICE
Anyone who has ever worked in an office remembers giant filing cabinets filled to the brim with paper documents. Modern companies are taking steps to eliminate this
mess. With our daily and office lives becoming more and more digitized, the natural next step for these clusters of paper lies in the computer. Document scanning makes
all your important records just a click away. 
The right option 
What should you look for when choosing a computer company?
Customer Service – if possible, talk to someone at the company to analyze the level of help they are willing to give in set up, etc
Ease of Use – find out if the scanned documents are software specific, or non-proprietary format
Options – determine which document storage routine is best for you. While online access will work for some, others might prefer in-house storage
Maintenance – how involved is the company willing to be with repairs and upgrades in the future
Where to keep your documents 
There are several types of document storage one can take advantage of. It's important to research each one and determinewhich is best for you, so you can get the
most out of your document storage experience. 
Different methods are going to work for different companies. There are several options out there for paperless filing, such as compact disc storage, webaccessible
document storage, jukebox raid storage devices, COLD (Computer Output to Laser Disk) / ERM (Enterprise Report Management) applications, and microfilm. Below, we’ll
take a closer look at the first two types, their benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, it's up to you to decide which method is best for your needs. 
Compact disc storage 
The most simple, and usually least expensive, method is document conversion to compact disc. Depending on where you go, you'll find different types of compact discs
offered. Make sure to get a compact disc that is compatible with all CD-Rom drives. Compact discs are perishable and easily misplaced. It's a good idea to copy all the
files directly into a hard drive or two, so you can be sure to have back up. 
Web-accessible document storage 
Imagine simply logging into a secure website and instantly having access to all your company's files. Generally, the online document storage company will provide you
with all sorts of grouping, search and filing options. Take a look at the available web options offered by your document scanning service. It’s important to feel secure (and
to be secure) when accessing your documents, so do your research on this one before you commit. 
 
By Taylor Hartley
http://www.onlineorganizing.com
(with slight adaptations)
According to the sentence "Compact discs are perishable and easily misplaced.", compact discs 
 a) are durable but not easy to find. 
 b) are fragile and difficult to store. 
 c) are not indestructible and can be easily lost. 
 d) can be broken and frequently forgotten. 
 e) cannot be easily destroyed and substituted.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83387
Questão 404: CESGRANRIO - Tec Arq (BNDES)/BNDES/2007
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
UPGRADE TO A PAPER-FREE OFFICE
Anyone who has ever worked in an office remembers giant filing cabinets filled to the brim with paper documents. Modern companies are taking steps to eliminate this
mess. With our daily and office lives becoming more and more digitized, the natural next step for these clusters of paper lies in the computer. Document scanning makes
all your important records just a click away. 
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/cadernos/experimental/24626247/imprimir 3/121
The right option 
What should you look for when choosing a computer company?
Customer Service – if possible, talk to someone at the company to analyze the level of help they are willing to give in set up, etc
Ease of Use – find out if the scanned documents are software specific, or non-proprietary format
Options – determine which document storage routine is best for you. While online access will work for some, others might prefer in-house storage
Maintenance – how involved is the company willing to be with repairs and upgrades in the future
Where to keep your documents 
There are several types of document storage one can take advantage of. It's important to research each one and determine which is best for you, so you can get the
most out of your document storage experience. 
Different methods are going to work for different companies. There are several options out there for paperless filing, such as compact disc storage, webaccessible
document storage, jukebox raid storage devices, COLD (Computer Output to Laser Disk) / ERM (Enterprise Report Management) applications, and microfilm. Below, we’ll
take a closer look at the first two types, their benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, it's up to you to decide which method is best for your needs. 
Compact disc storage 
The most simple, and usually least expensive, method is document conversion to compact disc. Depending on where you go, you'll find different types of compact discs
offered. Make sure to get a compact disc that is compatible with all CD-Rom drives. Compact discs are perishable and easily misplaced. It's a good idea to copy all the
files directly into a hard drive or two, so you can be sure to have back up. 
Web-accessible document storage 
Imagine simply logging into a secure website and instantly having access to all your company's files. Generally, the online document storage company will provide you
with all sorts of grouping, search and filing options. Take a look at the available web options offered by your document scanning service. It’s important to feel secure (and
to be secure) when accessing your documents, so do your research on this one before you commit. 
 
By Taylor Hartley
http://www.onlineorganizing.com
(with slight adaptations)
According to the text, choosing a computer company to digitize documents involves all the actions below, EXCEPT one. Mark it. 
 a) Defining the most appropriate document storage routine for the office. 
 b) Evaluating how efficient and helpful the costumer service of the company is. 
 c) Analyzing the sort of maintenance support the company is willing to provide. 
 d) Investigating if the scanned documents demand the use of specific software or not.
 e) Confirming that the digitized documents can be easily used by all employees.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83385
Questão 405: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Some time in 2006 more than half the population of the world will, for the first time, be living in a town or city. This is all a bit odd. Homo sapiens has been around for at
least 25,000 years, and for almost all that time he has been a rural creature, his habitat dominated by the need to find food. Villages came about only with the
development of farming — at the end of the last ice age, about 9,000 years ago — and even then the vast majority of people had to be close to their animals and crops.
Cities of more than 100,000 people were not developed until the days of classical antiquity, 3,000 years ago. 
By that time improvements in farming were leading to surpluses of meat and grain, and improvements in transport were making possible the development of trade. Some
people were thus freed from the duty to produce their own food, and so to live in towns. But it took another huge leap in technology, the invention less than three
centuries ago of engines and machinery, to draw peasants in large numbers from the land to the cities, there to work in the new factories of the industrial age. They
survived, some even prospered, in these conditions, thanks to other inventions, such as soap, medicines and sewerage. Even in 1800, though, only 3% of the world's
population was urbanized. […] 
The current surge of urbanization is almost entirely driven by the relative impoverishment of the countryside. True, it is medical and other scientific advances that have in
the past 50-60 years made possible the vast growth of the world's population, from roughly 2.5 billion to 6.5 billion people; and nearly two-thirds of these extra souls
have been absorbed by the cities. But they have not been drawn by the demand for jobs so much as the hope of jobs. The reality is often unemployment and poverty.
Moreover, the cities growing fastest today are not, as they used to be, in the richer parts of the world. They are in the poorer parts, notably Africa and the Indian
subcontinent. […] 
Where will it all end? Man is adaptable, and has in the rich world often created a passable countryside in the city: many urbanites seem happy with parks, not open
country, and gyms, not manual labour. But today's cities may be growing a bit too fast for their own good. Only if the new cities of the developing world can find the
prosperity associated with the older ones of the rich world will they seem a naturalhabitat for the rustic peasants of everyone's yesterday.
By John Grimond, The World in 2006
Mark the only true statement according to lines 11-15. 
 a) Only 2.5 billion people lived in large cities fifty years ago. 
 b) Global population has increased enormously in the last half-century. 
 c) Throughout history poor cities have developed faster than rich ones. 
 d) The continuous impoverishment of the countryside led to scientific advances. 
 e) Thanks to modern medicine the poorest cities can grow as fast as the richest ones.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83654
Questão 406: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Direito/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY 
 
Some 40 women entrepreneurs from the Middle East and North Africa told a World Bank-sponsored roundtable that education and wealth were usually not enough to
overcome barriers to business in their countries. The women made it clear they still faced barriers men might not. 
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
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For example, a Harvard-educated woman had to establish a medical waste management company under her brother's name, because women were not allowed to be
issued licenses in her country. Another woman building the first private petrochemical terminal in the Persian Gulf could not take her two foreign business partners to
lunch because she had to sit in the women's section of the restaurant. 
The examples show that women make up an increasing number of small, medium and large-scale producers, investors, and entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North
Africa region, and they are creating significant number of jobs in the process. But as the world marks International Women's Day today, the examples also show there are
many, usually gender-based, obstacles in their way – including obstructed access to decision makers, inaccessibility of finance, unequal treatment under the law, and
resistant social norms. 
The women who took part in the World Bank's recent roundtable were among those who made it despite the hurdles – successful owners or founders of businesses in a
wide variety of sectors from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, WBG, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the United
Arab Emirates. But as statistics and anecdotal evidence show many other women are held back, costing the Middle East and North African countries millions of jobs; the
region has the world’s lowest rate — 32 percent — of female workforce participation. 
"The World Bank's goal is to increase women's entrepreneurship to strengthen the private sector, create jobs, and advance women’s empowerment through economic
opportunities," says Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor and Gender Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Economist for the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
region. The Middle East and North Africa region needs to create some 90 million jobs over the next 20 years — "twice as fast as in the past," says Mustapha Nabli, Chief
MENA Economist at the World Bank. "These jobs can only be created by a competitive and diversified private sector, since the public sector and oil-driven models of the
past have failed to create the needed jobs." […] 
Women in the Middle East and North Africa have considerable financial resources, sometimes through inheritance. A study in one country found $26.6 billion in women's
bank accounts sitting idle because of laws and regulations, which prevented women from opening businesses. Other obstacles were more cultural than structural, such as
the negative perception often attached to working women in the Middle East and North Africa. 
[…] 
In the United States, women-owned business is the fastest growing segment of the private sector – which has an impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the
economy. With the investments that the Middle East and North Africa has made to advance women’s education, identifying and removing barriers that women face to
start up their businesses can spur growth, according to the Bank.
News and Broadcast, March 8, 2006
According to the text, one of the obstacles faced by women in the Middle East and North Africa is: 
 a) easy access to people who decide. 
 b) high status of working women. 
 c) availability of financing.
 d) flexible social norms. 
 e) unfair legal treatment.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83433
Questão 407: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Some time in 2006 more than half the population of the world will, for the first time, be living in a town or city. This is all a bit odd. Homo sapiens has been around for at
least 25,000 years, and for almost all that time he has been a rural creature, his habitat dominated by the need to find food. Villages came about only with the
development of farming — at the end of the last ice age, about 9,000 years ago — and even then the vast majority of people had to be close to their animals and crops.
Cities of more than 100,000 people were not developed until the days of classical antiquity, 3,000 years ago. 
By that time improvements in farming were leading to surpluses of meat and grain, and improvements in transport were making possible the development of trade. Some
people were thus freed from the duty to produce their own food, and so to live in towns. But it took another huge leap in technology, the invention less than three
centuries ago of engines and machinery, to draw peasants in large numbers from the land to the cities, there to work in the new factories of the industrial age. They
survived, some even prospered, in these conditions, thanks to other inventions, such as soap, medicines and sewerage. Even in 1800, though, only 3% of the world's
population was urbanized. […] 
The current surge of urbanization is almost entirely driven by the relative impoverishment of the countryside. True, it is medical and other scientific advances that have in
the past 50-60 years made possible the vast growth of the world's population, from roughly 2.5 billion to 6.5 billion people; and nearly two-thirds of these extra souls
have been absorbed by the cities. But they have not been drawn by the demand for jobs so much as the hope of jobs. The reality is often unemployment and poverty.
Moreover, the cities growing fastest today are not, as they used to be, in the richer parts of the world. They are in the poorer parts, notably Africa and the Indian
subcontinent. […] 
Where will it all end? Man is adaptable, and has in the rich world often created a passable countryside in the city: many urbanites seem happy with parks, not open
country, and gyms, not manual labour. But today's cities may be growing a bit too fast for their own good. Only if the new cities of the developing world can find the
prosperity associated with the older ones of the rich world will they seem a natural habitat for the rustic peasants of everyone's yesterday.
By John Grimond, The World in 2006
The purpose of the second paragraph is to: 
 a) mention the historical factors that enabled country people to move to towns. 
 b) list all the benefits generated by the scientific progress in the last centuries. 
 c) explain why in 1800 so many people were still living in the countryside. 
 d) criticize peasants who no longer wanted to produce their own food. 
 e) describe in detail the invention of soap, medicine and sewerage. 
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83652
Questão 408: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Some time in 2006 more than half the population of the world will, for the first time, be living in a town or city. This is all a bit odd. Homo sapiens has been around for at
least25,000 years, and for almost all that time he has been a rural creature, his habitat dominated by the need to find food. Villages came about only with the
development of farming — at the end of the last ice age, about 9,000 years ago — and even then the vast majority of people had to be close to their animals and crops.
Cities of more than 100,000 people were not developed until the days of classical antiquity, 3,000 years ago. 
By that time improvements in farming were leading to surpluses of meat and grain, and improvements in transport were making possible the development of trade. Some
people were thus freed from the duty to produce their own food, and so to live in towns. But it took another huge leap in technology, the invention less than three
centuries ago of engines and machinery, to draw peasants in large numbers from the land to the cities, there to work in the new factories of the industrial age. They
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/cadernos/experimental/24626247/imprimir 5/121
survived, some even prospered, in these conditions, thanks to other inventions, such as soap, medicines and sewerage. Even in 1800, though, only 3% of the world's
population was urbanized. […] 
The current surge of urbanization is almost entirely driven by the relative impoverishment of the countryside. True, it is medical and other scientific advances that have in
the past 50-60 years made possible the vast growth of the world's population, from roughly 2.5 billion to 6.5 billion people; and nearly two-thirds of these extra souls
have been absorbed by the cities. But they have not been drawn by the demand for jobs so much as the hope of jobs. The reality is often unemployment and poverty.
Moreover, the cities growing fastest today are not, as they used to be, in the richer parts of the world. They are in the poorer parts, notably Africa and the Indian
subcontinent. […] 
Where will it all end? Man is adaptable, and has in the rich world often created a passable countryside in the city: many urbanites seem happy with parks, not open
country, and gyms, not manual labour. But today's cities may be growing a bit too fast for their own good. Only if the new cities of the developing world can find the
prosperity associated with the older ones of the rich world will they seem a natural habitat for the rustic peasants of everyone's yesterday.
By John Grimond, The World in 2006
Check the option that best summarizes the central idea of the text. 
 a) Great inventions in the history of mankind. 
 b) How to live in cities without missing the countryside. 
 c) The role of technology in the evolution of homo sapiens. 
 d) The several advantages of living in large urban centers. 
 e) It may not be wise for modern man to abandon the countryside.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83659
Questão 409: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Direito/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY
Some 40 women entrepreneurs from the Middle East and North Africa told a World Bank-sponsored roundtable that education and wealth were usually not enough to
overcome barriers to business in their countries. The women made it clear they still faced barriers men might not. 
For example, a Harvard-educated woman had to establish a medical waste management company under her brother's name, because women were not allowed to be
issued licenses in her country. Another woman building the first private petrochemical terminal in the Persian Gulf could not take her two foreign business partners to
lunch because she had to sit in the women's section of the restaurant. 
The examples show that women make up an increasing number of small, medium and large-scale producers, investors, and entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North
Africa region, and they are creating significant number of jobs in the process. But as the world marks International Women's Day today, the examples also show there are
many, usually gender-based, obstacles in their way – including obstructed access to decision makers, inaccessibility of finance, unequal treatment under the law, and
resistant social norms. 
The women who took part in the World Bank's recent roundtable were among those who made it despite the hurdles – successful owners or founders of businesses in a
wide variety of sectors from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, WBG, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the United
Arab Emirates. But as statistics and anecdotal evidence show many other women are held back, costing the Middle East and North African countries millions of jobs; the
region has the world’s lowest rate — 32 percent — of female workforce participation. 
"The World Bank's goal is to increase women's entrepreneurship to strengthen the private sector, create jobs, and advance women’s empowerment through economic
opportunities," says Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor and Gender Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Economist for the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
region. The Middle East and North Africa region needs to create some 90 million jobs over the next 20 years — "twice as fast as in the past," says Mustapha Nabli, Chief
MENA Economist at the World Bank. "These jobs can only be created by a competitive and diversified private sector, since the public sector and oil-driven models of the
past have failed to create the needed jobs." […] 
Women in the Middle East and North Africa have considerable financial resources, sometimes through inheritance. A study in one country found $26.6 billion in women's
bank accounts sitting idle because of laws and regulations, which prevented women from opening businesses. Other obstacles were more cultural than structural, such as
the negative perception often attached to working women in the Middle East and North Africa. 
[…] 
In the United States, women-owned business is the fastest growing segment of the private sector – which has an impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the
economy. With the investments that the Middle East and North Africa has made to advance women’s education, identifying and removing barriers that women face to
start up their businesses can spur growth, according to the Bank.
News and Broadcast, March 8, 2006
Mark the only correct statement according to the last paragraph of the text. 
 a) Most private-owned businesses in the United States belong to prosperous and successful women. 
 b) North American female entrepreneurs are more productive and competitive than their male counterparts. 
 c) Middle Eastern and North African countries have invested large sums of money to improve local economy. 
 d) The World Bank believes that enabling women in the Middle East and North Africa to open businesses can stimulate economic development. 
 e) The removal of all economic and social barriers to businesses owned by women worldwide is of vital importance to global economy.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83440
Questão 410: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Direito/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY 
 
Some 40 women entrepreneurs from the Middle East and North Africa told a World Bank-sponsored roundtable that education and wealth were usually not enough to
overcome barriers to business in their countries. The women made it clear they still faced barriers men might not. 
For example, a Harvard-educated woman had to establish a medical waste management company under her brother's name, because women were not allowed to be
issued licenses in her country. Another woman building the first private petrochemical terminal in the Persian Gulf could not take her two foreign business partners to
lunch because she had to sit in the women's section of the restaurant. 
The examples show that women make up an increasingnumber of small, medium and large-scale producers, investors, and entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/cadernos/experimental/24626247/imprimir 6/121
Africa region, and they are creating significant number of jobs in the process. But as the world marks International Women's Day today, the examples also show there are
many, usually gender-based, obstacles in their way – including obstructed access to decision makers, inaccessibility of finance, unequal treatment under the law, and
resistant social norms. 
The women who took part in the World Bank's recent roundtable were among those who made it despite the hurdles – successful owners or founders of businesses in a
wide variety of sectors from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, WBG, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the United
Arab Emirates. But as statistics and anecdotal evidence show many other women are held back, costing the Middle East and North African countries millions of jobs; the
region has the world’s lowest rate — 32 percent — of female workforce participation. 
"The World Bank's goal is to increase women's entrepreneurship to strengthen the private sector, create jobs, and advance women’s empowerment through economic
opportunities," says Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor and Gender Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Economist for the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
region. The Middle East and North Africa region needs to create some 90 million jobs over the next 20 years — "twice as fast as in the past," says Mustapha Nabli, Chief
MENA Economist at the World Bank. "These jobs can only be created by a competitive and diversified private sector, since the public sector and oil-driven models of the
past have failed to create the needed jobs." […] 
Women in the Middle East and North Africa have considerable financial resources, sometimes through inheritance. A study in one country found $26.6 billion in women's
bank accounts sitting idle because of laws and regulations, which prevented women from opening businesses. Other obstacles were more cultural than structural, such as
the negative perception often attached to working women in the Middle East and North Africa. 
[…] 
In the United States, women-owned business is the fastest growing segment of the private sector – which has an impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the
economy. With the investments that the Middle East and North Africa has made to advance women’s education, identifying and removing barriers that women face to
start up their businesses can spur growth, according to the Bank.
News and Broadcast, March 8, 2006
The statement "A study in one country found $26.6 billion in women's bank accounts sitting idle…", means that this large amount of money: 
 a) will be invested in a study. 
 b) is not being used at the moment. 
 c) cannot be taken out of the country. 
 d) has been confiscated by the bank. 
 e) has been inherited by women.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83435
Questão 411: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Direito/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY 
 
Some 40 women entrepreneurs from the Middle East and North Africa told a World Bank-sponsored roundtable that education and wealth were usually not enough to
overcome barriers to business in their countries. The women made it clear they still faced barriers men might not. 
For example, a Harvard-educated woman had to establish a medical waste management company under her brother's name, because women were not allowed to be
issued licenses in her country. Another woman building the first private petrochemical terminal in the Persian Gulf could not take her two foreign business partners to
lunch because she had to sit in the women's section of the restaurant. 
The examples show that women make up an increasing number of small, medium and large-scale producers, investors, and entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North
Africa region, and they are creating significant number of jobs in the process. But as the world marks International Women's Day today, the examples also show there are
many, usually gender-based, obstacles in their way – including obstructed access to decision makers, inaccessibility of finance, unequal treatment under the law, and
resistant social norms. 
The women who took part in the World Bank's recent roundtable were among those who made it despite the hurdles – successful owners or founders of businesses in a
wide variety of sectors from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, WBG, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the United
Arab Emirates. But as statistics and anecdotal evidence show many other women are held back, costing the Middle East and North African countries millions of jobs; the
region has the world’s lowest rate — 32 percent — of female workforce participation. 
"The World Bank's goal is to increase women's entrepreneurship to strengthen the private sector, create jobs, and advance women’s empowerment through economic
opportunities," says Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor and Gender Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Economist for the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
region. The Middle East and North Africa region needs to create some 90 million jobs over the next 20 years — "twice as fast as in the past," says Mustapha Nabli, Chief
MENA Economist at the World Bank. "These jobs can only be created by a competitive and diversified private sector, since the public sector and oil-driven models of the
past have failed to create the needed jobs." […] 
Women in the Middle East and North Africa have considerable financial resources, sometimes through inheritance. A study in one country found $26.6 billion in women's
bank accounts sitting idle because of laws and regulations, which prevented women from opening businesses. Other obstacles were more cultural than structural, such as
the negative perception often attached to working women in the Middle East and North Africa. 
[…] 
In the United States, women-owned business is the fastest growing segment of the private sector – which has an impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the
economy. With the investments that the Middle East and North Africa has made to advance women’s education, identifying and removing barriers that women face to
start up their businesses can spur growth, according to the Bank.
News and Broadcast, March 8, 2006
Where in the passage are there examples of obstacles some women have to face in the business world? 
 a) Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3. 
 b) Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. 
 c) Paragraphs 2, 3 and 5. 
 d) Paragraphs 2, 3 and 6. 
 e) Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83432
Questão 412: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Direito/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
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INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY 
 
Some 40 women entrepreneurs from the Middle East and North Africa told a World Bank-sponsored roundtable that education and wealth were usually not enough to
overcome barriers to business in their countries. The women made it clear they still faced barriers men might not. 
For example, a Harvard-educated woman had to establish a medical waste management company under her brother's name, because women were not allowed to be
issued licenses in her country. Another woman building the first private petrochemical terminal in the Persian Gulf could not take her two foreign business partners to
lunch because she had to sit in the women's section of the restaurant. 
The examples show that women make up anincreasing number of small, medium and large-scale producers, investors, and entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North
Africa region, and they are creating significant number of jobs in the process. But as the world marks International Women's Day today, the examples also show there are
many, usually gender-based, obstacles in their way – including obstructed access to decision makers, inaccessibility of finance, unequal treatment under the law, and
resistant social norms. 
The women who took part in the World Bank's recent roundtable were among those who made it despite the hurdles – successful owners or founders of businesses in a
wide variety of sectors from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, WBG, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the United
Arab Emirates. But as statistics and anecdotal evidence show many other women are held back, costing the Middle East and North African countries millions of jobs; the
region has the world’s lowest rate — 32 percent — of female workforce participation. 
"The World Bank's goal is to increase women's entrepreneurship to strengthen the private sector, create jobs, and advance women’s empowerment through economic
opportunities," says Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor and Gender Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Economist for the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
region. The Middle East and North Africa region needs to create some 90 million jobs over the next 20 years — "twice as fast as in the past," says Mustapha Nabli, Chief
MENA Economist at the World Bank. "These jobs can only be created by a competitive and diversified private sector, since the public sector and oil-driven models of the
past have failed to create the needed jobs." […] 
Women in the Middle East and North Africa have considerable financial resources, sometimes through inheritance. A study in one country found $26.6 billion in women's
bank accounts sitting idle because of laws and regulations, which prevented women from opening businesses. Other obstacles were more cultural than structural, such as
the negative perception often attached to working women in the Middle East and North Africa. 
[…] 
In the United States, women-owned business is the fastest growing segment of the private sector – which has an impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the
economy. With the investments that the Middle East and North Africa has made to advance women’s education, identifying and removing barriers that women face to
start up their businesses can spur growth, according to the Bank.
News and Broadcast, March 8, 2006
The main purpose of the text is to: 
 a) reveal that, in some parts of the world, women entrepreneurs come up against gender-based discrimination. 
 b) report that female workforce participation is very low in the Middle East and in North African countries. 
 c) discuss the impact that the recent growth of businesses run by women has on the economy of the U.S. 
 d) criticize the public sector in several world regions for not being able to create the needed jobs. 
 e) list a few countries in which women overcame barriers to become successful business owners.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83431
Questão 413: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Direito/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY 
 
Some 40 women entrepreneurs from the Middle East and North Africa told a World Bank-sponsored roundtable that education and wealth were usually not enough to
overcome barriers to business in their countries. The women made it clear they still faced barriers men might not. 
For example, a Harvard-educated woman had to establish a medical waste management company under her brother's name, because women were not allowed to be
issued licenses in her country. Another woman building the first private petrochemical terminal in the Persian Gulf could not take her two foreign business partners to
lunch because she had to sit in the women's section of the restaurant. 
The examples show that women make up an increasing number of small, medium and large-scale producers, investors, and entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North
Africa region, and they are creating significant number of jobs in the process. But as the world marks International Women's Day today, the examples also show there are
many, usually gender-based, obstacles in their way – including obstructed access to decision makers, inaccessibility of finance, unequal treatment under the law, and
resistant social norms. 
The women who took part in the World Bank's recent roundtable were among those who made it despite the hurdles – successful owners or founders of businesses in a
wide variety of sectors from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, WBG, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the United
Arab Emirates. But as statistics and anecdotal evidence show many other women are held back, costing the Middle East and North African countries millions of jobs; the
region has the world’s lowest rate — 32 percent — of female workforce participation. 
"The World Bank's goal is to increase women's entrepreneurship to strengthen the private sector, create jobs, and advance women’s empowerment through economic
opportunities," says Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor and Gender Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Economist for the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
region. The Middle East and North Africa region needs to create some 90 million jobs over the next 20 years — "twice as fast as in the past," says Mustapha Nabli, Chief
MENA Economist at the World Bank. "These jobs can only be created by a competitive and diversified private sector, since the public sector and oil-driven models of the
past have failed to create the needed jobs." […] 
Women in the Middle East and North Africa have considerable financial resources, sometimes through inheritance. A study in one country found $26.6 billion in women's
bank accounts sitting idle because of laws and regulations, which prevented women from opening businesses. Other obstacles were more cultural than structural, such as
the negative perception often attached to working women in the Middle East and North Africa. 
[…] 
In the United States, women-owned business is the fastest growing segment of the private sector – which has an impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the
economy. With the investments that the Middle East and North Africa has made to advance women’s education, identifying and removing barriers that women face to
start up their businesses can spur growth, according to the Bank.
News and Broadcast, March 8, 2006
In "The women who took part in ... were among those who made it despite the hurdles–", "those who made it" refers to women who: 
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 a) achieved success. 
 b) anticipated hurdles.
 c) created obstacles. 
 d) fought and failed. 
 e) gave it all up.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83434
Questão 414: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2006
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Some time in 2006 more than half the population of the world will, for the first time, be living in a town or city. This is all a bit odd. Homo sapiens has been around for at
least 25,000 years, and for almost all that time he has been a rural creature, his habitat dominated by the need to find food. Villages came about only with the
development of farming — at the end of the last ice age, about 9,000 years ago — and even then the vast majority of people had to be close to their animals and crops.
Cities of more than 100,000 people were not developed until the days of classical antiquity, 3,000 years ago. 
By that time improvements in farming were leadingto surpluses of meat and grain, and improvements in transport were making possible the development of trade. Some
people were thus freed from the duty to produce their own food, and so to live in towns. But it took another huge leap in technology, the invention less than three
centuries ago of engines and machinery, to draw peasants in large numbers from the land to the cities, there to work in the new factories of the industrial age. They
survived, some even prospered, in these conditions, thanks to other inventions, such as soap, medicines and sewerage. Even in 1800, though, only 3% of the world's
population was urbanized. […] 
The current surge of urbanization is almost entirely driven by the relative impoverishment of the countryside. True, it is medical and other scientific advances that have in
the past 50-60 years made possible the vast growth of the world's population, from roughly 2.5 billion to 6.5 billion people; and nearly two-thirds of these extra souls
have been absorbed by the cities. But they have not been drawn by the demand for jobs so much as the hope of jobs. The reality is often unemployment and poverty.
Moreover, the cities growing fastest today are not, as they used to be, in the richer parts of the world. They are in the poorer parts, notably Africa and the Indian
subcontinent. […] 
Where will it all end? Man is adaptable, and has in the rich world often created a passable countryside in the city: many urbanites seem happy with parks, not open
country, and gyms, not manual labour. But today's cities may be growing a bit too fast for their own good. Only if the new cities of the developing world can find the
prosperity associated with the older ones of the rich world will they seem a natural habitat for the rustic peasants of everyone's yesterday.
By John Grimond, The World in 2006
The statement "...today's cities may be growing a bit too fast for their own good." expresses: 
 a) hope that rich cities will continue to grow quickly. 
 b) surprise that new urban centers are experiencing progress. 
 c) the awareness that modern urban centers cannot avoid growth. 
 d) a feeling that excessive urban growth may not be beneficial. 
 e) disappointment that only the newest cities are growing fast.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/83655
Questão 415: CESGRANRIO - Con Leg (ALTO)/ALTO/Cerimonial/2005
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Imagine having a rewarding high-paying job that lets you share your love of good manners with adults, children and companies. The New York Times recently reported
that etiquette consulting is a booming industry. From the corporate world to the school classroom, etiquette training programs are in tremendous demand.
 
As an etiquette consultant, you can teach people the etiquette skills they need to succeed in business and in life. While many individuals hire etiquette consultants, you
might also be hired by corporate clients. For example, a company might hire you to help a young manager learn proper business etiquette or teach a senior executive to
make a good impression meeting with clients from different countries.
 
Etiquette consultants are also paid up to thousands of dollars a day to present training programs (seminars or workshops) on topics related to etiquette. For example you
might teach telephone etiquette to customer service staff.
 
As an etiquette consultant you might offer coaching or training programs in all areas of etiquette or you could choose to specialize in such areas as business etiquette (or
corporate etiquette), communication etiquette, international etiquette (international protocol), among others.
 
As a business etiquette consultant you will teach people how to behave in business settings. Business etiquette covers a variety of areas such as meetings, email,
introductions, handshakes, business cards, and corporate gift giving. You might offer training in one specific topic such as telephone etiquette or you may design an
entire program to build a corporate image.
 
Communication Etiquette covers communication in business and social settings. If you choose to specialize in this area, you may teach people about conversation skills,
telephone etiquette, email etiquette, thank you notes, making introductions, and other aspects of interpersonal communication.
 
International Protocol covers how to interact with people from foreign countries. According to Wordnet, protocol means “forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by
diplomats and heads of state.” However, protocol is used by all kinds of people doing business overseas or hosting a guest from another country. If you decide to teach
international protocol, you may cover status and forms of address, proper clothes, making introductions, gift giving, dining customs, and other aspects of doing business
or interacting with people from other cultures.
 
From http://www.fabjob.com/etiquetteconsultant.asp
 
According to the second paragraph, etiquette consultants: 
 a) work exclusively for large business corporations. 
 b) show businesspeople how to find international clients. 
 c) have to be experts in international business. 
 d) are hired by individuals to help unsuccessful companies. 
 e) teach executives how to behave properly in business meetings.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/404585
Questão 416: CESGRANRIO - Con Leg (ALTO)/ALTO/Cerimonial/2005
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
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Imagine having a rewarding high-paying job that lets you share your love of good manners with adults, children and companies. The New York Times recently reported
that etiquette consulting is a booming industry. From the corporate world to the school classroom, etiquette training programs are in tremendous demand.
 
As an etiquette consultant, you can teach people the etiquette skills they need to succeed in business and in life. While many individuals hire etiquette consultants, you
might also be hired by corporate clients. For example, a company might hire you to help a young manager learn proper business etiquette or teach a senior executive to
make a good impression meeting with clients from different countries.
 
Etiquette consultants are also paid up to thousands of dollars a day to present training programs (seminars or workshops) on topics related to etiquette. For example you
might teach telephone etiquette to customer service staff.
 
As an etiquette consultant you might offer coaching or training programs in all areas of etiquette or you could choose to specialize in such areas as business etiquette (or
corporate etiquette), communication etiquette, international etiquette (international protocol), among others.
 
As a business etiquette consultant you will teach people how to behave in business settings. Business etiquette covers a variety of areas such as meetings, email,
introductions, handshakes, business cards, and corporate gift giving. You might offer training in one specific topic such as telephone etiquette or you may design an
entire program to build a corporate image.
 
Communication Etiquette covers communication in business and social settings. If you choose to specialize in this area, you may teach people about conversation skills,
telephone etiquette, email etiquette, thank you notes, making introductions, and other aspects of interpersonal communication.
 
International Protocol covers how to interact with people from foreign countries. According to Wordnet, protocol means “forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by
diplomats and heads of state.” However, protocol is used by all kinds of people doing business overseas or hosting a guest from another country. If you decide to teach
international protocol, you may cover status and forms of address, proper clothes,making introductions, gift giving, dining customs, and other aspects of doing business
or interacting with people from other cultures.
 
From http://www.fabjob.com/etiquetteconsultant.asp
 
What does the author mean by “this area” in the sentence “If you choose to specialize in this area,”? 
 a) Conversation skills. 
 b) Business and social settings. 
 c) Communication etiquette. 
 d) Telephone etiquette. 
 e) Email etiquette.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/404589
Questão 417: CESGRANRIO - Con Leg (ALTO)/ALTO/Cerimonial/2005
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Imagine having a rewarding high-paying job that lets you share your love of good manners with adults, children and companies. The New York Times recently reported
that etiquette consulting is a booming industry. From the corporate world to the school classroom, etiquette training programs are in tremendous demand.
 
As an etiquette consultant, you can teach people the etiquette skills they need to succeed in business and in life. While many individuals hire etiquette consultants, you
might also be hired by corporate clients. For example, a company might hire you to help a young manager learn proper business etiquette or teach a senior executive to
make a good impression meeting with clients from different countries.
 
Etiquette consultants are also paid up to thousands of dollars a day to present training programs (seminars or workshops) on topics related to etiquette. For example you
might teach telephone etiquette to customer service staff.
 
As an etiquette consultant you might offer coaching or training programs in all areas of etiquette or you could choose to specialize in such areas as business etiquette (or
corporate etiquette), communication etiquette, international etiquette (international protocol), among others.
 
As a business etiquette consultant you will teach people how to behave in business settings. Business etiquette covers a variety of areas such as meetings, email,
introductions, handshakes, business cards, and corporate gift giving. You might offer training in one specific topic such as telephone etiquette or you may design an
entire program to build a corporate image.
 
Communication Etiquette covers communication in business and social settings. If you choose to specialize in this area, you may teach people about conversation skills,
telephone etiquette, email etiquette, thank you notes, making introductions, and other aspects of interpersonal communication.
 
International Protocol covers how to interact with people from foreign countries. According to Wordnet, protocol means “forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by
diplomats and heads of state.” However, protocol is used by all kinds of people doing business overseas or hosting a guest from another country. If you decide to teach
international protocol, you may cover status and forms of address, proper clothes, making introductions, gift giving, dining customs, and other aspects of doing business
or interacting with people from other cultures.
 
From http://www.fabjob.com/etiquetteconsultant.asp
 
If you specialize in International Protocol (last paragraph), you may teach your clients how to: 
 a) receive a foreign guest properly. 
 b) conduct telephone conversations with customers. 
 c) write effective email messages. 
 d) choose an elegant business card. 
 e) build the image of their companies.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/404590
Questão 418: CESGRANRIO - Con Leg (ALTO)/ALTO/Cerimonial/2005
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Imagine having a rewarding high-paying job that lets you share your love of good manners with adults, children and companies. The New York Times recently reported
that etiquette consulting is a booming industry. From the corporate world to the school classroom, etiquette training programs are in tremendous demand.
 
As an etiquette consultant, you can teach people the etiquette skills they need to succeed in business and in life. While many individuals hire etiquette consultants, you
might also be hired by corporate clients. For example, a company might hire you to help a young manager learn proper business etiquette or teach a senior executive to
make a good impression meeting with clients from different countries.
 
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
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Etiquette consultants are also paid up to thousands of dollars a day to present training programs (seminars or workshops) on topics related to etiquette. For example you
might teach telephone etiquette to customer service staff.
 
As an etiquette consultant you might offer coaching or training programs in all areas of etiquette or you could choose to specialize in such areas as business etiquette (or
corporate etiquette), communication etiquette, international etiquette (international protocol), among others.
 
As a business etiquette consultant you will teach people how to behave in business settings. Business etiquette covers a variety of areas such as meetings, email,
introductions, handshakes, business cards, and corporate gift giving. You might offer training in one specific topic such as telephone etiquette or you may design an
entire program to build a corporate image.
 
Communication Etiquette covers communication in business and social settings. If you choose to specialize in this area, you may teach people about conversation skills,
telephone etiquette, email etiquette, thank you notes, making introductions, and other aspects of interpersonal communication.
 
International Protocol covers how to interact with people from foreign countries. According to Wordnet, protocol means “forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by
diplomats and heads of state.” However, protocol is used by all kinds of people doing business overseas or hosting a guest from another country. If you decide to teach
international protocol, you may cover status and forms of address, proper clothes, making introductions, gift giving, dining customs, and other aspects of doing business
or interacting with people from other cultures.
 
From http://www.fabjob.com/etiquetteconsultant.asp
 
Mark the title that best expresses the main ideas of the text. 
 a) Foreign people, foreign manners. 
 b) Get paid to give etiquette advice. 
 c) Teaching etiquette to diplomats. 
 d) How to behave in business settings. 
 e) Where to get etiquette training materials.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/404593
Questão 419: CESGRANRIO - Con Leg (ALTO)/ALTO/Cerimonial/2005
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
Imagine having a rewarding high-paying job that lets you share your love of good manners with adults, children and companies. The New York Times recently reported
that etiquette consulting is a booming industry. From the corporate world to the school classroom, etiquette training programs are in tremendous demand.
 
As an etiquette consultant, you can teach people the etiquette skills they need to succeed in business and in life. While many individuals hire etiquette consultants, you
might also be hired by corporate clients. For example, a company might hire you to help a young manager learn proper business etiquette or teach a senior executive to
make a good impression meeting with clients from different countries.
 
Etiquette consultants are also paid up to thousands of dollars a day to present training programs (seminars or workshops) on topics related to etiquette. For example you
might teach telephone etiquette to customer service staff.
 
As an etiquette consultant you might offer coaching or training programs in all areas of etiquette or you could choose to specialize in such areas as business etiquette (or
corporate etiquette), communication etiquette, international etiquette(international protocol), among others.
 
As a business etiquette consultant you will teach people how to behave in business settings. Business etiquette covers a variety of areas such as meetings, email,
introductions, handshakes, business cards, and corporate gift giving. You might offer training in one specific topic such as telephone etiquette or you may design an
entire program to build a corporate image.
 
Communication Etiquette covers communication in business and social settings. If you choose to specialize in this area, you may teach people about conversation skills,
telephone etiquette, email etiquette, thank you notes, making introductions, and other aspects of interpersonal communication.
 
International Protocol covers how to interact with people from foreign countries. According to Wordnet, protocol means “forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by
diplomats and heads of state.” However, protocol is used by all kinds of people doing business overseas or hosting a guest from another country. If you decide to teach
international protocol, you may cover status and forms of address, proper clothes, making introductions, gift giving, dining customs, and other aspects of doing business
or interacting with people from other cultures.
 
From http://www.fabjob.com/etiquetteconsultant.asp
 
In “As an etiquette consultant, you can teach people the etiquette skills they need to succeed in business and in life.”, the word “they” refers to: 
 a) “programs”.
 b) “people”. 
 c) “skills”.
 d) “individuals”. 
 e) “consultants”.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/404586
Questão 420: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
CREATIVE LEADERSHIP 
 
King Lear tells us that nothing comes from nothing. So do scientists, for that matter. Everything in the world already exists; whatever seems new is only something old
rearranged. So how do we explain innovation? 
Innovation is a form of change. For the most part our culture welcomes change, but people proposing it do, as you might expect, run into barriers. As our society has
become more complex, we find important segments of it becoming larger, more structured, more bureaucratic, less agile, and less hospitable to unusual persons. Leaders
can resist the hardening of the arteries. Leaders can help unusual people produce innovations – even if it's not out of thin air. But leading creative people in this age of
diverse work arrangements and electronic relationships requires leaders themselves to be thoughtfully innovative. The secret, I believe, lies in how individual leaders in a
great variety of settings make room for people with unusual and creative gifts and temporarily become followers themselves. 
Creative persons stand out from the rest of us. Somehow their contributions affect large groups and move organizations toward something better. Some people call them
"explorationists". Yet they function, for the most part, outside of or away from organizations. They work in all kinds of places – in cafés, in airports, at home – and they
benefit from unusual relationships with the organizations they join. They often have odd reporting relationships, but somehow they instinctively insert themselves into
organizations wherever they are needed. 
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The changes and innovations they bring are often more like leaps than the small steps most of us experience. They think of the world in large terms. They work for
institutions or societies or cultures or ideas, not for individuals. Their creativity comes from the novel connections they make between their work and their experience or
observations. They are usually curious and need a field in which to exercise that curiosity. Leaders can work to bring the special and creative gifts of these people to bear
on the efforts of a group. 
Leaders in companies and colleges and banks, in churches and government, in high schools and museums, have already chosen to follow the gifted people who can bring
renewal, vitality, and opportunity. Once a leader becomes committed to a new way of dealing with creative people, we can define the process quickly. I would call it a
search for beneficial surprise. Traditional education does not prepare us for this. Though familiarity with technology helps us deal with such a search, all the technology in
the world won't help us begin to discover the ideas and experiments and failures and successes we will need.[…] 
 
By Max de Pree. Leader to Leader, No. 20 Spring 2001
The "hardening of the arteries" that can be opposed by leaders is a metaphor that refers to: 
 a) a need to increase bureaucracy in order to produce innovations. 
 b) the increasingly fixed structure of organizations and society. 
 c) the uncontrollable growth of certain segments of society. 
 d) important barriers that are impossible to overcome. 
 e) unfriendly attitudes within certain organizations.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84971
Questão 421: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
CREATIVE LEADERSHIP 
 
King Lear tells us that nothing comes from nothing. So do scientists, for that matter. Everything in the world already exists; whatever seems new is only something old
rearranged. So how do we explain innovation? 
Innovation is a form of change. For the most part our culture welcomes change, but people proposing it do, as you might expect, run into barriers. As our society has
become more complex, we find important segments of it becoming larger, more structured, more bureaucratic, less agile, and less hospitable to unusual persons. Leaders
can resist the hardening of the arteries. Leaders can help unusual people produce innovations – even if it's not out of thin air. But leading creative people in this age of
diverse work arrangements and electronic relationships requires leaders themselves to be thoughtfully innovative. The secret, I believe, lies in how individual leaders in a
great variety of settings make room for people with unusual and creative gifts and temporarily become followers themselves. 
Creative persons stand out from the rest of us. Somehow their contributions affect large groups and move organizations toward something better. Some people call them
"explorationists". Yet they function, for the most part, outside of or away from organizations. They work in all kinds of places – in cafés, in airports, at home – and they
benefit from unusual relationships with the organizations they join. They often have odd reporting relationships, but somehow they instinctively insert themselves into
organizations wherever they are needed. 
The changes and innovations they bring are often more like leaps than the small steps most of us experience. They think of the world in large terms. They work for
institutions or societies or cultures or ideas, not for individuals. Their creativity comes from the novel connections they make between their work and their experience or
observations. They are usually curious and need a field in which to exercise that curiosity. Leaders can work to bring the special and creative gifts of these people to bear
on the efforts of a group. 
Leaders in companies and colleges and banks, in churches and government, in high schools and museums, have already chosen to follow the gifted people who can bring
renewal, vitality, and opportunity. Once a leader becomes committed to a new way of dealing with creative people, we can define the process quickly. I would call it a
search for beneficial surprise. Traditional education does not prepare us for this. Though familiarity with technology helps us deal with such a search, all the technology in
the world won't help us begin to discover the ideas and experiments and failuresand successes we will need.[…] 
 
By Max de Pree. Leader to Leader, No. 20 Spring 2001
Mark the correct statement concerning the function of the text paragraphs. 
 a) Paragraph 1 affirms that the concept of innovation is impossible to explain. 
 b) Paragraph 2 analyzes all the obstacles faced by creative people in society. 
 c) Paragraph 3 provides evidence that creative people are never found in organizations. 
 d) Paragraph 4 describes how creative people function and stresses the key role they can play in the workplace. 
 e) Paragraph 5 complains that traditional education is not prepared to accept real leaders.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84973
Questão 422: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Contabilidade (Ciências Contábeis)/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
A FADED GREEN 
 
Shades of peach adorn America’s recently redesigned $20 note, but currency traders care little for pretty colours. The dollar has steadily been losing value in the foreign-
exchange markets. This week it reached its low against the euro since the single European currency was launched in 1999, breaking through $1.20. The dollar has fallen
by 31% against the euro from its peak in July 2001. Recently it has also hit a three-year low against the yen and a five-year low against sterling. 
It may seem curious that the dollar is falling when America is enjoying a remarkable burst of growth and Europe looks far less lively. America's GDP grew at an annual
rate of 8.2% in the third quarter. The Institute of Supply Management’s widely watched index of manufacturing activity hit a 20-year high in November. Meanwhile, the
euro area’s economies are on the mend, but are expected to grow by only 0.5% this year and 1.8% next, according to The Economist's monthly poll of economic
forecasters. 
 
However, currencies are not economic virility symbols, but assets on which investors expect a return. The dollar used to be buoyant because investors expected to make
more from dollar assets than from those denominated in other currencies. Now they are not so sure. Their worries over America’s twin deficits, on the current-account
and the federal budget, loom large. With a current-account deficit of 5% of GDP, America must borrow $2 billion each business day. Tax cuts, spending on the war in
Iraq and a new scheme to provide prescription drugs to the old are dragging the government's books into disarray. 
How much further might the dollar fall? Predicting the future price of a currency is useless. But there are good reasons to believe that over the medium term the dollar
could drop a lot lower, especially against the euro. Whether that will have the desired effects, in reducing America's imbalances, or in causing the expected chaos in
Europe's economies, is a different question. 
A stronger euro should be bad news for European firms, even if it means cheaper Florida holidays for their employees. A rise in the euro against the dollar causes exports
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/cadernos/experimental/24626247/imprimir 12/121
from European firms to become more expensive relative to American ones, cutting into Europe's sales. Similarly, American firms' products become relatively cheaper, both
for Americans and for foreign buyers. By creating more exports and curbing imports, a weaker dollar should thus help to cut America's huge current-account deficit. 
Or so the textbooks have it. In the past, a falling dollar has indeed reduced America's imports. In the 1980s, the last time America had such a large currentaccount deficit
relative to GDP, an agreement to let the dollar depreciate helped to reduce America’s consumption of Japanese cars and Swiss watches. 
But there is reason to think that these days currency movements are not as effective as they once were in bringing economies into balance. A recent report of an
investment bank doubts that a sliding dollar will do much to eliminate America’s trade and current-account imbalances. 
In an increasingly integrated global economy, companies' pricing power has been eroded around the world. In addition, low inflation has made price increases more
obvious. So it is more difficult for a European car company, say, to raise its prices in America in response to a stronger euro. According to a study cited in the report, the
ability to pass on the effects of a stronger currency has been waning in recent years. 
 
The Economist, Dec. 6, 2003 http://www.tradewithvision.com/ kbase/pdf/fadedGreen.pdf
Mark the only true statement concerning the ideas presented in paragraphs 4 to 7. 
 a) Although it is difficult to guess the future price of a currency, it can be safely predicted that the dollar will soon drop slightly against other currencies. 
 b) European firms may benefit from a stronger euro, since their exports will cost more than those from America. 
 c) The employees of European companies cannot spend their holidays in Florida because the whole trip is too expensive for them. 
 d) The present current-account deficit relative to the GDP is the first the United States has since the eighties. 
 e) The report mentioned in the text insists that a devaluation of the dollar will bring U.S. economy into balance.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84737
Questão 423: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
CREATIVE LEADERSHIP 
 
King Lear tells us that nothing comes from nothing. So do scientists, for that matter. Everything in the world already exists; whatever seems new is only something old
rearranged. So how do we explain innovation? 
Innovation is a form of change. For the most part our culture welcomes change, but people proposing it do, as you might expect, run into barriers. As our society has
become more complex, we find important segments of it becoming larger, more structured, more bureaucratic, less agile, and less hospitable to unusual persons. Leaders
can resist the hardening of the arteries. Leaders can help unusual people produce innovations – even if it's not out of thin air. But leading creative people in this age of
diverse work arrangements and electronic relationships requires leaders themselves to be thoughtfully innovative. The secret, I believe, lies in how individual leaders in a
great variety of settings make room for people with unusual and creative gifts and temporarily become followers themselves. 
Creative persons stand out from the rest of us. Somehow their contributions affect large groups and move organizations toward something better. Some people call them
"explorationists". Yet they function, for the most part, outside of or away from organizations. They work in all kinds of places – in cafés, in airports, at home – and they
benefit from unusual relationships with the organizations they join. They often have odd reporting relationships, but somehow they instinctively insert themselves into
organizations wherever they are needed. 
The changes and innovations they bring are often more like leaps than the small steps most of us experience. They think of the world in large terms. They work for
institutions or societies or cultures or ideas, not for individuals. Their creativity comes from the novel connections they make between their work and their experience or
observations. They are usually curious and need a field in which to exercise that curiosity. Leaders can work to bring the special and creative gifts of these people to bear
on the efforts of a group. 
Leaders in companies and colleges and banks, in churches and government, in high schools and museums, have already chosen to follow the gifted people who can bring
renewal, vitality, and opportunity. Once a leader becomes committed to a new way of dealing with creative people, we can define the process quickly. I would call it a
search for beneficialsurprise. Traditional education does not prepare us for this. Though familiarity with technology helps us deal with such a search, all the technology in
the world won't help us begin to discover the ideas and experiments and failures and successes we will need.[…] 
 
By Max de Pree. Leader to Leader, No. 20 Spring 2001
In the sentence "Creative persons stand out from the rest of us.", the author means that such persons: 
 a) consider themselves outstanding. 
 b) do not get along with unimaginative ones. 
 c) do not like to mingle with ordinary people. 
 d) are frequently segregated by other groups. 
 e) are easily identified in our society.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84972
Questão 424: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
CREATIVE LEADERSHIP 
 
King Lear tells us that nothing comes from nothing. So do scientists, for that matter. Everything in the world already exists; whatever seems new is only something old
rearranged. So how do we explain innovation? 
Innovation is a form of change. For the most part our culture welcomes change, but people proposing it do, as you might expect, run into barriers. As our society has
become more complex, we find important segments of it becoming larger, more structured, more bureaucratic, less agile, and less hospitable to unusual persons. Leaders
can resist the hardening of the arteries. Leaders can help unusual people produce innovations – even if it's not out of thin air. But leading creative people in this age of
diverse work arrangements and electronic relationships requires leaders themselves to be thoughtfully innovative. The secret, I believe, lies in how individual leaders in a
great variety of settings make room for people with unusual and creative gifts and temporarily become followers themselves. 
Creative persons stand out from the rest of us. Somehow their contributions affect large groups and move organizations toward something better. Some people call them
"explorationists". Yet they function, for the most part, outside of or away from organizations. They work in all kinds of places – in cafés, in airports, at home – and they
benefit from unusual relationships with the organizations they join. They often have odd reporting relationships, but somehow they instinctively insert themselves into
organizations wherever they are needed. 
The changes and innovations they bring are often more like leaps than the small steps most of us experience. They think of the world in large terms. They work for
institutions or societies or cultures or ideas, not for individuals. Their creativity comes from the novel connections they make between their work and their experience or
observations. They are usually curious and need a field in which to exercise that curiosity. Leaders can work to bring the special and creative gifts of these people to bear
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/cadernos/experimental/24626247/imprimir 13/121
on the efforts of a group. 
Leaders in companies and colleges and banks, in churches and government, in high schools and museums, have already chosen to follow the gifted people who can bring
renewal, vitality, and opportunity. Once a leader becomes committed to a new way of dealing with creative people, we can define the process quickly. I would call it a
search for beneficial surprise. Traditional education does not prepare us for this. Though familiarity with technology helps us deal with such a search, all the technology in
the world won't help us begin to discover the ideas and experiments and failures and successes we will need.[…] 
 
By Max de Pree. Leader to Leader, No. 20 Spring 2001
The phrase "So do scientists," means that: 
 a) King Lear comes from nothing, just as scientists do. 
 b) both scientists and King Lear teach us that nothing comes from nothing. 
 c) according to scientists, King Lear believes that nothing comes from nothing. 
 d) scientists tell us that fictional characters, like King Lear, come from nothing. 
 e) scientists teach us King Lear's beliefs about the origin of things. 
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84970
Questão 425: CESGRANRIO - Tec Adm (BNDES)/BNDES/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
CREATIVE LEADERSHIP 
 
King Lear tells us that nothing comes from nothing. So do scientists, for that matter. Everything in the world already exists; whatever seems new is only something old
rearranged. So how do we explain innovation? 
Innovation is a form of change. For the most part our culture welcomes change, but people proposing it do, as you might expect, run into barriers. As our society has
become more complex, we find important segments of it becoming larger, more structured, more bureaucratic, less agile, and less hospitable to unusual persons. Leaders
can resist the hardening of the arteries. Leaders can help unusual people produce innovations – even if it's not out of thin air. But leading creative people in this age of
diverse work arrangements and electronic relationships requires leaders themselves to be thoughtfully innovative. The secret, I believe, lies in how individual leaders in a
great variety of settings make room for people with unusual and creative gifts and temporarily become followers themselves. 
Creative persons stand out from the rest of us. Somehow their contributions affect large groups and move organizations toward something better. Some people call them
"explorationists". Yet they function, for the most part, outside of or away from organizations. They work in all kinds of places – in cafés, in airports, at home – and they
benefit from unusual relationships with the organizations they join. They often have odd reporting relationships, but somehow they instinctively insert themselves into
organizations wherever they are needed. 
The changes and innovations they bring are often more like leaps than the small steps most of us experience. They think of the world in large terms. They work for
institutions or societies or cultures or ideas, not for individuals. Their creativity comes from the novel connections they make between their work and their experience or
observations. They are usually curious and need a field in which to exercise that curiosity. Leaders can work to bring the special and creative gifts of these people to bear
on the efforts of a group. 
Leaders in companies and colleges and banks, in churches and government, in high schools and museums, have already chosen to follow the gifted people who can bring
renewal, vitality, and opportunity. Once a leader becomes committed to a new way of dealing with creative people, we can define the process quickly. I would call it a
search for beneficial surprise. Traditional education does not prepare us for this. Though familiarity with technology helps us deal with such a search, all the technology in
the world won't help us begin to discover the ideas and experiments and failures and successes we will need.[…] 
 
By Max de Pree. Leader to Leader, No. 20 Spring 2001
The author talks about creative people with: 
 a) admiration. 
 b) skepticism. 
 c) disbelief. 
 d) concern. 
 e) jealousy.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84974
Questão 426: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Contabilidade (Ciências Contábeis)/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
A FADED GREEN 
 
Shades of peach adorn America’s recently redesigned $20 note, but currency traders care little for pretty colours. The dollar has steadily been losing value in the foreign-
exchange markets. This week it reached its low against the euro since the single European currency was launched in 1999, breaking through $1.20. The dollar has fallen
by 31% against the euro from its peak in July 2001. Recently it has also hit a three-yearlow against the yen and a five-year low against sterling. 
It may seem curious that the dollar is falling when America is enjoying a remarkable burst of growth and Europe looks far less lively. America's GDP grew at an annual
rate of 8.2% in the third quarter. The Institute of Supply Management’s widely watched index of manufacturing activity hit a 20-year high in November. Meanwhile, the
euro area’s economies are on the mend, but are expected to grow by only 0.5% this year and 1.8% next, according to The Economist's monthly poll of economic
forecasters. 
 
However, currencies are not economic virility symbols, but assets on which investors expect a return. The dollar used to be buoyant because investors expected to make
more from dollar assets than from those denominated in other currencies. Now they are not so sure. Their worries over America’s twin deficits, on the current-account
and the federal budget, loom large. With a current-account deficit of 5% of GDP, America must borrow $2 billion each business day. Tax cuts, spending on the war in
Iraq and a new scheme to provide prescription drugs to the old are dragging the government's books into disarray. 
How much further might the dollar fall? Predicting the future price of a currency is useless. But there are good reasons to believe that over the medium term the dollar
could drop a lot lower, especially against the euro. Whether that will have the desired effects, in reducing America's imbalances, or in causing the expected chaos in
Europe's economies, is a different question. 
A stronger euro should be bad news for European firms, even if it means cheaper Florida holidays for their employees. A rise in the euro against the dollar causes exports
from European firms to become more expensive relative to American ones, cutting into Europe's sales. Similarly, American firms' products become relatively cheaper, both
for Americans and for foreign buyers. By creating more exports and curbing imports, a weaker dollar should thus help to cut America's huge current-account deficit. 
Or so the textbooks have it. In the past, a falling dollar has indeed reduced America's imports. In the 1980s, the last time America had such a large currentaccount deficit
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/cadernos/experimental/24626247/imprimir 14/121
relative to GDP, an agreement to let the dollar depreciate helped to reduce America’s consumption of Japanese cars and Swiss watches. 
But there is reason to think that these days currency movements are not as effective as they once were in bringing economies into balance. A recent report of an
investment bank doubts that a sliding dollar will do much to eliminate America’s trade and current-account imbalances. 
In an increasingly integrated global economy, companies' pricing power has been eroded around the world. In addition, low inflation has made price increases more
obvious. So it is more difficult for a European car company, say, to raise its prices in America in response to a stronger euro. According to a study cited in the report, the
ability to pass on the effects of a stronger currency has been waning in recent years. 
 
The Economist, Dec. 6, 2003 http://www.tradewithvision.com/ kbase/pdf/fadedGreen.pdf
In the sentence "Shades of peach adorn America's recently redesigned $20 note, but currency traders care little for pretty colours.", the author means that: 
 a) currency traders are not really concerned about aesthetic changes in dollar notes. 
 b) currency traders are very worried about the recent changes in some dollar bills. 
 c) currency traders prefer the traditional green dollar notes to the newly designed ones. 
 d) the exchange market is totally against the use of pretty colours in currency notes. 
 e) the attractive new colours in most dollar notes are totally unimportant in the trade market.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84732
Questão 427: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Contabilidade (Ciências Contábeis)/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
A FADED GREEN 
 
Shades of peach adorn America’s recently redesigned $20 note, but currency traders care little for pretty colours. The dollar has steadily been losing value in the foreign-
exchange markets. This week it reached its low against the euro since the single European currency was launched in 1999, breaking through $1.20. The dollar has fallen
by 31% against the euro from its peak in July 2001. Recently it has also hit a three-year low against the yen and a five-year low against sterling. 
It may seem curious that the dollar is falling when America is enjoying a remarkable burst of growth and Europe looks far less lively. America's GDP grew at an annual
rate of 8.2% in the third quarter. The Institute of Supply Management’s widely watched index of manufacturing activity hit a 20-year high in November. Meanwhile, the
euro area’s economies are on the mend, but are expected to grow by only 0.5% this year and 1.8% next, according to The Economist's monthly poll of economic
forecasters. 
 
However, currencies are not economic virility symbols, but assets on which investors expect a return. The dollar used to be buoyant because investors expected to make
more from dollar assets than from those denominated in other currencies. Now they are not so sure. Their worries over America’s twin deficits, on the current-account
and the federal budget, loom large. With a current-account deficit of 5% of GDP, America must borrow $2 billion each business day. Tax cuts, spending on the war in
Iraq and a new scheme to provide prescription drugs to the old are dragging the government's books into disarray. 
How much further might the dollar fall? Predicting the future price of a currency is useless. But there are good reasons to believe that over the medium term the dollar
could drop a lot lower, especially against the euro. Whether that will have the desired effects, in reducing America's imbalances, or in causing the expected chaos in
Europe's economies, is a different question. 
A stronger euro should be bad news for European firms, even if it means cheaper Florida holidays for their employees. A rise in the euro against the dollar causes exports
from European firms to become more expensive relative to American ones, cutting into Europe's sales. Similarly, American firms' products become relatively cheaper, both
for Americans and for foreign buyers. By creating more exports and curbing imports, a weaker dollar should thus help to cut America's huge current-account deficit. 
Or so the textbooks have it. In the past, a falling dollar has indeed reduced America's imports. In the 1980s, the last time America had such a large currentaccount deficit
relative to GDP, an agreement to let the dollar depreciate helped to reduce America’s consumption of Japanese cars and Swiss watches. 
But there is reason to think that these days currency movements are not as effective as they once were in bringing economies into balance. A recent report of an
investment bank doubts that a sliding dollar will do much to eliminate America’s trade and current-account imbalances. 
In an increasingly integrated global economy, companies' pricing power has been eroded around the world. In addition, low inflation has made price increases more
obvious. So it is more difficult for a European car company, say, to raise its prices in America in response to a stronger euro. According to a study cited in the report, the
ability to pass on the effects of a stronger currency has been waning in recent years. 
 
The Economist, Dec. 6, 2003 http://www.tradewithvision.com/ kbase/pdf/fadedGreen.pdf
Mark the option that best reflects the rhetorical structure of the last paragraph of the text. 
 a) Problem-solution. 
 b) Time sequence. 
 c) Definition and exemplification. 
 d) Listing and classification. 
 e) Cause and effect.
Esta questãopossui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84738
Questão 428: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Contabilidade (Ciências Contábeis)/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
A FADED GREEN 
 
Shades of peach adorn America’s recently redesigned $20 note, but currency traders care little for pretty colours. The dollar has steadily been losing value in the foreign-
exchange markets. This week it reached its low against the euro since the single European currency was launched in 1999, breaking through $1.20. The dollar has fallen
by 31% against the euro from its peak in July 2001. Recently it has also hit a three-year low against the yen and a five-year low against sterling. 
It may seem curious that the dollar is falling when America is enjoying a remarkable burst of growth and Europe looks far less lively. America's GDP grew at an annual
rate of 8.2% in the third quarter. The Institute of Supply Management’s widely watched index of manufacturing activity hit a 20-year high in November. Meanwhile, the
euro area’s economies are on the mend, but are expected to grow by only 0.5% this year and 1.8% next, according to The Economist's monthly poll of economic
forecasters. 
 
However, currencies are not economic virility symbols, but assets on which investors expect a return. The dollar used to be buoyant because investors expected to make
more from dollar assets than from those denominated in other currencies. Now they are not so sure. Their worries over America’s twin deficits, on the current-account
and the federal budget, loom large. With a current-account deficit of 5% of GDP, America must borrow $2 billion each business day. Tax cuts, spending on the war in
Iraq and a new scheme to provide prescription drugs to the old are dragging the government's books into disarray. 
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
https://www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/cadernos/experimental/24626247/imprimir 15/121
How much further might the dollar fall? Predicting the future price of a currency is useless. But there are good reasons to believe that over the medium term the dollar
could drop a lot lower, especially against the euro. Whether that will have the desired effects, in reducing America's imbalances, or in causing the expected chaos in
Europe's economies, is a different question. 
A stronger euro should be bad news for European firms, even if it means cheaper Florida holidays for their employees. A rise in the euro against the dollar causes exports
from European firms to become more expensive relative to American ones, cutting into Europe's sales. Similarly, American firms' products become relatively cheaper, both
for Americans and for foreign buyers. By creating more exports and curbing imports, a weaker dollar should thus help to cut America's huge current-account deficit. 
Or so the textbooks have it. In the past, a falling dollar has indeed reduced America's imports. In the 1980s, the last time America had such a large currentaccount deficit
relative to GDP, an agreement to let the dollar depreciate helped to reduce America’s consumption of Japanese cars and Swiss watches. 
But there is reason to think that these days currency movements are not as effective as they once were in bringing economies into balance. A recent report of an
investment bank doubts that a sliding dollar will do much to eliminate America’s trade and current-account imbalances. 
In an increasingly integrated global economy, companies' pricing power has been eroded around the world. In addition, low inflation has made price increases more
obvious. So it is more difficult for a European car company, say, to raise its prices in America in response to a stronger euro. According to a study cited in the report, the
ability to pass on the effects of a stronger currency has been waning in recent years. 
 
The Economist, Dec. 6, 2003 http://www.tradewithvision.com/ kbase/pdf/fadedGreen.pdf
The fragment "Tax cuts, spending on the war in Iraq and (...) are dragging the government's books into disarray." suggests that such books will soon be: 
 a) under control. 
 b) under severe investigation. 
 c) fully inaccurate. 
 d) absolutely useless. 
 e) in a state of disorder.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/84735
Questão 429: CESGRANRIO - PB (BNDES)/BNDES/Contabilidade (Ciências Contábeis)/2004
Assunto: Interpretação de Textos (compreensão)
A FADED GREEN 
 
Shades of peach adorn America’s recently redesigned $20 note, but currency traders care little for pretty colours. The dollar has steadily been losing value in the foreign-
exchange markets. This week it reached its low against the euro since the single European currency was launched in 1999, breaking through $1.20. The dollar has fallen
by 31% against the euro from its peak in July 2001. Recently it has also hit a three-year low against the yen and a five-year low against sterling. 
It may seem curious that the dollar is falling when America is enjoying a remarkable burst of growth and Europe looks far less lively. America's GDP grew at an annual
rate of 8.2% in the third quarter. The Institute of Supply Management’s widely watched index of manufacturing activity hit a 20-year high in November. Meanwhile, the
euro area’s economies are on the mend, but are expected to grow by only 0.5% this year and 1.8% next, according to The Economist's monthly poll of economic
forecasters. 
 
However, currencies are not economic virility symbols, but assets on which investors expect a return. The dollar used to be buoyant because investors expected to make
more from dollar assets than from those denominated in other currencies. Now they are not so sure. Their worries over America’s twin deficits, on the current-account
and the federal budget, loom large. With a current-account deficit of 5% of GDP, America must borrow $2 billion each business day. Tax cuts, spending on the war in
Iraq and a new scheme to provide prescription drugs to the old are dragging the government's books into disarray. 
How much further might the dollar fall? Predicting the future price of a currency is useless. But there are good reasons to believe that over the medium term the dollar
could drop a lot lower, especially against the euro. Whether that will have the desired effects, in reducing America's imbalances, or in causing the expected chaos in
Europe's economies, is a different question. 
A stronger euro should be bad news for European firms, even if it means cheaper Florida holidays for their employees. A rise in the euro against the dollar causes exports
from European firms to become more expensive relative to American ones, cutting into Europe's sales. Similarly, American firms' products become relatively cheaper, both
for Americans and for foreign buyers. By creating more exports and curbing imports, a weaker dollar should thus help to cut America's huge current-account deficit. 
Or so the textbooks have it. In the past, a falling dollar has indeed reduced America's imports. In the 1980s, the last time America had such a large currentaccount deficit
relative to GDP, an agreement to let the dollar depreciate helped to reduce America’s consumption of Japanese cars and Swiss watches. 
But there is reason to think that these days currency movements are not as effective as they once were in bringing economies into balance. A recent report of an
investment bank doubts that a sliding dollar will do much to eliminate America’s trade and current-account imbalances. 
In an increasingly integrated global economy, companies' pricing power has been eroded around the world. In addition, low inflation has made price increases more
obvious. So it is more difficult for a European car company, say, to raise its prices in America in response to a stronger euro. According to a study cited in the report, the
ability to pass on the effects of a stronger currency has been waning in recent years.The Economist, Dec. 6, 2003 http://www.tradewithvision.com/ kbase/pdf/fadedGreen.pdf
In the 1980s, according to lines 21-23, a weaker dollar: 
 a) forced American consumers to stop buying foreign cars and watches. 
 b) made the United States discontinue imports from Japan and Switzerland. 
 c) contributed to the decrease of sales of Japanese cars and Swiss watches in the U.S. 
 d) caused a rise in prices of cars and watches in Japan and in Switzerland, respectively. 
 e) was the result of an agreement between car makers and the U.S. government.
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Questão 430: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Read the text a n d answer question.
 
Woman wins Picasso painting worth €1m in raffle
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An Italian woman has won a painting by Pablo Picasso, worth about €1m (£900,000; $1.1m), in a raffle after being given the ticket as a gift.
 
The winning ticket was pulled out during a live draw at Christie’s auction house in Paris.
 
The event, which was fundraising for Care charity, had been postponed twice - first to sell more tickets, and then because of coronavirus restrictions.
 
The prize painting, Nature Morte, is a still life from 1921.
 
It is a relatively small artwork - measuring 9in by 18in (23cm by 46cm) - which shows a glass of absinthe and a newspaper on a table.
 
In total €5.1m was raised for the charity by selling 51,000 raffle tickets at €100 each. About 29% of the tickets were sold in France, followed by the US and Switzerland.
 
Organisers said that €4.2m of proceeds will go towards clean water projects in schools and villages in Madagascar, Morocco and Cameroon.
 
David Nahmad, the billionaire collector from Monaco who supplied the Picasso painting, will be given €900,000. He also donated €100,000 to Care, organisers said.
 
“Picasso would have loved an operation like this, because he was someone with a lot of interest in humanitarian and social causes,” sale organiser Peri Cochin told
Reuters news agency.
 
Adapted from www.bbc.com
 
The meaning of “raffle” in the title is: 
 a) The same as “for free”. 
 b) When you buy something very expensive. 
 c) A difficult operation that involves Picasso’s lecture. 
 d) A competition or game in which people buy numbered tickets and can win prizes.
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Questão 431: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Read the text a n d answer question.
 
Flooding hits parts of Midwest, with evacuations in Michigan
 
People living along two mid-Michigan lakes and parts of a river were evacuated Tuesday following several days of heavy rain that produced flooding and put pressure on
dams in the area.
 
Two Midland-area schools were opened for evacuees and more than 50 roads have been closed. The evacuations in Michigan followed days of heavy rains in parts of the
Midwest that also brought flooding to Chicago and other parts of Illinois, as well as Ohio and other states.
 
“We were laying in bed when I heard sirens,” Jon St. Croix told the Midland Daily News. “A fire truck was driving around, broadcasting that (we needed) to evacuate. It’s
a scary thing — you’re sleeping and awake to sirens.”
 
St. Croix, 62, his wife and a next-door neighbor were among more than a dozen people sheltering in one of the schools. Their home was not flooded, but St. Croix said he
had seen flooding in the area.
 
Volunteers at the schools said about 120 vehicles were in the parking lots and about 30 people had been staying on cots inside, according to WNEM-TV.
 
www.nbcnews.com
 
“...broadcasting (...),” underlined in the text is closest, in meaning to: 
 a) Transmitting 
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 b) Causing 
 c) Following 
 d) Considering
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Questão 432: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Read the text a n d answer question.
 
Woman wins Picasso painting worth €1m in raffle
 
An Italian woman has won a painting by Pablo Picasso, worth about €1m (£900,000; $1.1m), in a raffle after being given the ticket as a gift.
 
The winning ticket was pulled out during a live draw at Christie’s auction house in Paris.
 
The event, which was fundraising for Care charity, had been postponed twice - first to sell more tickets, and then because of coronavirus restrictions.
 
The prize painting, Nature Morte, is a still life from 1921.
 
It is a relatively small artwork - measuring 9in by 18in (23cm by 46cm) - which shows a glass of absinthe and a newspaper on a table.
 
In total €5.1m was raised for the charity by selling 51,000 raffle tickets at €100 each. About 29% of the tickets were sold in France, followed by the US and Switzerland.
 
Organisers said that €4.2m of proceeds will go towards clean water projects in schools and villages in Madagascar, Morocco and Cameroon.
 
David Nahmad, the billionaire collector from Monaco who supplied the Picasso painting, will be given €900,000. He also donated €100,000 to Care, organisers said.
 
“Picasso would have loved an operation like this, because he was someone with a lot of interest in humanitarian and social causes,” sale organiser Peri Cochin told
Reuters news agency.
 
Adapted from www.bbc.com
 
The word “postponed”, underlined in the text, is closest in meaning to: 
 a) Put off 
 b) Turned on 
 c) Looked out 
 d) Stayed away
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Questão 433: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Read this n o tice about an apartment for rent and answer the question below.
 
“Students! Are you looking for a special place to live? Come to 140 Grant Street, Apt. 4B. This apartament is absolutely perfect for two serious students who are looking
for a quiet neighborhood, just 15 minutes from campus.
 
” The expression “looking for” in bold type in the paragraph above is closest in meaning to . 
 a) buying 
 b) latch-key 
 c) disturbing 
 d) searching for
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Questão 434: Marinha - Asp Of (EN)/EN/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
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Which option completes the text below correctly?
 
Renew or replace your adult passport
 
You be aged 16 or over (or turning 16 in the next 3 weeks) if you want an adult passport. There's a different process to get a passport for a child.
 
The rules for passports, driving, pet travel and more change from 1 January 2021. Act now so you travel as planned.
 
lf you're in the UK you :
 
- renew your passport if it's expired or will expire soon;
- replace your passport if it's been lost, stolen or damaged;
- change the details on your passport.
 
(Adapted from <https://www.gov.uk/renew-adult-passport>)
 a) should / may / can't / shouldn't 
 b) must / might / can't / must 
 c) should / mustn't / can / should 
 d) must / may / can / can 
 e) should / mustn't / must / should
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Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
TEXT
 
The end of life on Earth?
 
It weighted about 10,000 tons, entered the atmosphere at a speed of 64,000 km/h and exploded over a city with a blast of 500 kilotons. But on 15 February 2013, we
were lucky. The metereorite that showered pieces of rock over Chelyabinsk, Russia, was relatively small, at only about 17 metres wide. Although many people were
injured by falling glass, the damage was nothing compared to what had happened in Siberia nearly one hundred years ago, when a relatively small object
(approximately 50 metres in diameter) exploded in mid-air over a forest region, flattening about 80 million trees. If it had exploded over a city such as Moscow or London,
millions of people would have been killed.
 
By a strange coincidence, the same day that the meteorite terrified the people of Chelyabinsk, another 50m-wide asteroid passed relatively close to Earth. Scientists were
expecting that visit and know that the asteroid will return to fly close by us in 2046, but the Russian meteorite earlier in the day had been too small for anyone to spot.
 
Most scientists agree that comets and asteroids pose the biggest natural threat to human existence. It was probably a large asteroid or comet colliding with Earth which
wiped out the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago. An enormous object, 10 to 16 km in diameter, struck the Yucatan region in Mexico with the force of 100 megatons.
That is the equivalent of one Hiroshima bomb for every person alive on Earth today.
 
Many scientists, including the late Stephen Hawking, say that any comet or asteroid greater than 20km in diameter that hits Earth will result in the complete destruction
of complex life, including all animals and most plants. As we have seen even a much smaller asteroid can cause great damage.
 
The Earth has been kept fairly safe for the last 65 million years by good fortune and the massive gravitational field of the planet Jupiter. Our cosmic guardian, with its
stable circular orbit far from the sun, sweeps up and scatters away most of the dangerous comets and asteroids which might cross Earth’s orbit.
 
After the Chelyabinsk meteorite, scientists are now monitoring potential hazards even more carefully but, as far as they know, there is no danger in the foreseeable
future.
 
Types of space rocks
 
• Comet – a ball of rock and ice that sends out a tail of gas and dust behind it. Bright comets only appear in our visible night sky about once every ten years.
• Asteroid – a rock a few feet to several kms in diameter. Unlike comets, asteroids have no tail. Most are to small to cause any damage and burn up in the
atmosphere.
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• Meteoroid – part of an asteroid or comet.
• Meteorite – what a meteoroid is called when it hits Earth.
 
Taken from: http://learningenglishteens.britishcouncil.org
- Access on 29/06/2020
 
The passage “the damage was nothing compared to what had happened in Siberia nearly one hundred years ago” states that the incident occurred a century
ago.
 a) actually 
 b) precisely 
 c) approximately 
 d) exactly
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Questão 436: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Read the text a n d answer question.
 
Brazilian airforce airlifted 4 Polish citizens from the coronavirus-stricken Chinese city Wuhan
 
The President of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, has aided Poland by helping to evacuate 4 Polish citizens from the Coronavirusstricken Chinese city Wuhan. A Brazilian
air force plane landed in Warsaw to drop the 4 Poles off, after which it continued its journey from Wuhan to Brazil. A total of 34 Brazilians were quarantined for 18 days
after returning back home.
 
https://polanddaily.com/959-brazilian-airforce-airlifted-4-polish-citizensfrom-the-coronavirus-stricken-chinese-city-wuhan
 
The verb “aided”, in bold in the text, is closest in meaning to: 
 a) Cured 
 b) Helped 
 c) Fought 
 d) Rescued
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Questão 437: DECEx - Alun (EsPCEx)/EsPCEx/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.
 
OXFAM AMERICA
 
Oxfam stands for the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief. It was started in Oxford, England in 1942 in response to the European famine-related issues resulting from the
Second World War. Ten other countries worldwide, including the United States and Australia, have started chapters of Oxfam. They make up what is known as Oxfam
International.
 
Oxfam America is dedicated to creating lasting solutions to hunger, poverty, and social injustice through long-term partnerships with poor communities around the world.
As a privately funded organization, we can speak with conviction and integrity as we challenge the structural barriers that foster conflict and human suffering and limit
people from gaining the skills, resources, and power to become self-sufficient.
 
Oxfam implements various global projects that target areas particularly affected by hunger. The projects focus on developing self-sufficiency of the communities in which
they are based, as opposed to merely providing relief in the form of food aid. Oxfam’s projects operate on the communal level, and are developed by evaluating issues
causing poverty and hunger in the community and subsequently the possible infrastructure that could end hunger and foster the attainment of self-sufficiency. Examples
of projects in which Oxfam America has been or is involved range from a women’s literacy program in India to providing microloans and agriculture education programs
for small-scale organic farmers in California.
 
Adapted from http://students.brown.edu/Hourglass_Cafe/Pages/about.htm
 
In the sentences “...barriers that foster conflict and human suffering...” (paragraph 2) and “...end hunger and foster the attainment of self-sufficiency.” (paragraph 3), the
word foster means 
 a) promote. 
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 b) expel. 
 c) minimize. 
 d) finish. 
 e) decrease.
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Questão 438: DIRENS Aeronáutica - Alun (EPCAR)/EPCAR/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
TEXT
 
Your digital footprint
 
Every time you go online you leave a trail. This is just like a real footprint. It reveals where you’ve been, how long you stayed and what you’ve been doing there. Every
time you register for an online service, send an email, download a video or upload a photo, the information can be accessed and your digital footprint can be revealed.
This shouldn’t necessarily be worrying but it is advisable to be aware of your digital footprint and to be cautious and sensible when you are online. Six top tips for taking
care of your digital footprint
 
Don’t forget to log off when you leave a website, especially if you are using a shared computer. If you don’t, someone can easily pretend to be you!
 
Don’t tell anyone your passwords and don’t write them down in an obvious place. Make them more complex by using a combination of letters, numbers and punctuation
marks.
 
Tell an adult if you come across anything online that makes you upset, anxious or concerned. There are ways to report inappropriate or abusive content and in most
cases web managers respond rapidly (C ) .
 
Remember your favourite websites by using the history button and the bookmark function on your computer or mobile device. This is a way that your digital footprintcan
work in your favour, but remember to clear your browser history regularly.
 
If you want to post comments online, you don’t have to use your own name. Invent a nickname to use instead. You can also use a picture instead of a real photo (B ) .
 
Protect your identity online. Be careful about who you share personal information with and always think twice before sharing details like your email, home address, school
or phone number with someone. Think about the future
 
All kinds of people are interested in your digital footprint (A ) . It's now quite common for colleges, universities and employers to check out the online profiles of possible
candidates as part of their application process. There are cases of people having missed out on jobs and places in college because their digital footprint didn’t impress the
recruiters (D ) . So, remember: keep safe, don’t put too much personal information online and always think carefully before you post something. Ask yourself, ‘Would I be
happy for absolutely everyone to see this?’
 
(Taken from http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/ reading/upper-intermediate-b2-reading/your-digital-footprint Access on 28/08/20)
 
In one of the alternatives, the underlined word has a negative meaning. Mark it. 
 a) All kinds of people are interested in your digital footprint . 
 b) You can also use a picture instead of a real photo . 
 c) There are ways to report inappropriate or abusive content . 
 d) Their digital footprint didn’t impress the recruiters .
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Questão 439: ITA - Vest (ITA)/ITA/2020
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
A questão refere-se ao texto destacado a seguir.
 
Since from August 1914 to November 1918 Great Britain and her Allies were fighting for civilization it cannot, I suppose, be impertinent to inquire what precisely
civilization may be. “Liberty” and “Justice” have always been reckoned expensive words, but that “Civilization” could cost as much as I forget how many millions a day
came as a surprise to many thoughtful taxpayers. The story of this word’s rise to the highest place amongst British war aims is so curious that, even were it less relevant,
I should be tempted to tell it […].
 
“You are fighting for civilization”, cried the wisest and best of those leaders who led us into war, and the very soldiers took up the cry, “Join up, for civilization’s sake”.
Startled by this sudden enthusiasm for an abstraction in which till then politicians and recruiting-sergeants had manifested little or no interest, I, in my turn, began to cry:
“And what is civilization?” I did not cry aloud, be sure: at that time, for crying things of that sort aloud, one was sent to prison. But now that it is no longer criminal, nor
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unpatriotic even, to ask questions, I intend to inquire what this thing is for which we fought and for which we pay. I propose to investigate the nature of our leading war-
aim. Whether my search will end in discovery and – if it does – whether what is discovered will bear any likeliness to the Treaty of Versailles remains to be seen.
 
BELL, Clive. Civilization: An Essay. 1ª ed. 1928. Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 1938, p. 13.
 
O termo startled, destacado no trecho do segundo parágrafo, “Startled by this sudden enthusiasm [...]”, pode ser entendido como:
 a) destroçado.
 b) empolgado.
 c) atônito.
 d) instigado.
 e) desanimado.
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Questão 440: FAUSCS - Vest (USCS)/USCS/Medicina/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Choose the correct a lternative to fill in the blanks respectively.
 
The spark that _______ the flame was a 3% hike in subway fares, but after 12 days of mass protests and street violence, Chile’s worst unrest in decades has transformed
into a nationwide uprising _______ dramatic changes to the country’s economic and political system. Eighteen people _______ in the violence and 7,000 have been
arrested amid widespread outbreaks of violence and arson, and credible allegations of human rights abuses by the security forces. The leaderless movement has forced
the billionaire president, Sebastián Piñera, on the defensive, _______ him to replace eight ministers and announce a string of emergency measures including a small
increase in the minimum wage and higher taxes on wealthy Chileans.
 
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/chile-protests-portraits-protesters-sebastian-pinera
 a) Has litted, have demanded, has died, could prompt. 
 b) Litted, having demanded, had died, prompting. 
 c) Lit, had demanded, die, promptted. 
 d) Lit, demanding, have died, prompting.
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Questão 441: FAUSCS - Vest (USCS)/USCS/Medicina/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Trying to Plant a Trillion Trees Won’t Solve Anything
 
Only a monster would say no to this pitch: The best way to beat climate change - the warming of Earth caused by gases like carbo dioxide emitted by human industry,
leading to rising sea levels, worsening fires and storms, drought and disease – is simple. Plant a trillion trees. It’d be “one of the most effective carbon drawdowns to
date,” said an article on the idea in the journal Science this past summer. And who doesn’t love trees, right?
 
Except the math turned out to be a little shady. Last month a bunch of climate scientists and ecologists piled onto that tree research in the same journal, calling out
numerous errors in the first team’s calculations. At about the same time, a whole other bunch of ecologists started pushing back on the agriculture - tech startup Indigo
for pitching a similar land-based carbon sequestration strategy, the “Terraton Initiative”, paying farmers to use new methods that could suck down a trillion metric tons
(a teraton) of carbon. These goals are critical and the ideals are noble - who doesn’t want to stop climate change? Pretty much everyone except the US government
agrees on that. It’s the numbers that are the problem. Take the trees thing. The scientists who proposed it made careful maps of where trees grow today, all over the
planet. They had a census of how many were there, combined with satellite data, all used to estimate how many potential trees could grow - and how much carbon those
trees would slurp out of the atmosphere, a nontrivial calculation. There’s room for 0.9 billion hectares of new trees, they said - 2.2 billion acres of tree cover, which draws
down 205 metric gigatons of carbon, or 225 billion tons in US non-metric. That’s in line with the goal of keeping warming at or below 1.5 degrees, per the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. World: saved! But then the bills started coming due. The team forgot that 55 percent of all historically emitted carbon got
absorbed by the oceans, not the land, and so underestimated the total amount of carbon by about one half. They overestimated carbon uptake by trees, and suggested
putting trees where they’ve never been, or where they’d actually make the planet hotter (by darkening planetary albedo over icy, more reflective terrain). They didn’t take
into account that the ecosystems where they wanted to plant trees already sequestered carbon. And so on. “We’re not talking about small errors here. We’re talking
about a huge difference in the total amount of carbon you could sequester,” says Carla Staver, an ecologist at Yale University.
(Adam Rogers, www.wired.com, 25/10/2019)
 
Leia o trecho do segundo parágrafo e assinale a tradução adequada para a palavra sublinhada: “Last month a bunch of climate scientists and ecologists piled onto that
tree research in the same journal, callingout numerous errors in the first team’s calculations.” 
 a) grupo. 
 b) ativos. 
 c) enfurecidos. 
 d) colegas.
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Questão 442: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFOAV (AFA)/AFA/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
TEXT
 
Music therapy with cancer patients
 
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million people were diagnosed
with cancer worldwide with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, 2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men are
prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer.
 
The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and
radiation). Common physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited physical activity, hair loss,
a sore mouth/throat and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and
decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too
tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints).
 
Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the patient. Psychological consequences of
cancer, such as depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer patients may develop coping
strategies to handle the disease. Research indicates that music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological and
psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or palliative situations.
 
There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: “the use of music and/or its music
elements (sound, rhythm, melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote communication,
relationship, learning, mobilization, expression, organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive
needs”.
 
The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines music therapy as “a methodological form of assistance in which musical means are used within a therapeutic
relation to manage changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field”.
 
The assumption is that the patient's musical behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of the patient's specific disorder or
disease pattern. There is an analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour, which means that emotions can be expressed musically. For patients who
have difficulties in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention for breast cancer patients in order to
facilitate and enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy, there are further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of
these qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents
another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality for it evokes memories about persons, objects or incidents.
These associations can be perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the patient.
 
Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both acute cancer
patients and palliative cancer patients in the final stage of disease.
 
Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy. Listening to
music during chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. There was also
found a decrease in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients older
than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with
patients undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and after surgery. Music therapy can
also be applied in palliative situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live in hospices.
 
Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of music therapy for convalescing cancer
patients remain unclear. Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain
perception and reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with posthospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects. A cancer patient is
not free from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients frequently
feel insecure, depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology patients. After the difficult
period of the medical treatment, which they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often express the wish to become aware of themselves
again. They may wish to grapple with negative emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality.
 
The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as they offer valuable
information about patients' needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt with properly.
 
(Adapted from https://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf - Access on 25/02/19)
 
In the phrase “coping strategies”, the underlined word is a synonym for
 a) noting.
 b) defining.
 c) managing.
 d) creating.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1260476
Questão 443: FAUSCS - Vest (USCS)/USCS/Medicina/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Trying to Plant a Trillion Trees Won’t Solve Anything
 
Only a monster would say no to this pitch: The best way to beat climate change - the warming of Earth caused by gases like carbo dioxide emitted by human industry,
leading to rising sea levels, worsening fires and storms, drought and disease – is simple. Plant a trillion trees. It’d be “one of the most effective carbon drawdowns to
date,” said an article on the idea in the journal Science this past summer. And who doesn’t love trees, right?
 
Except the math turned out to be a little shady. Last month a bunch of climate scientists and ecologists piled onto that tree research in the same journal, calling out
numerous errors in the first team’s calculations. Atabout the same time, a whole other bunch of ecologists started pushing back on the agriculture - tech startup Indigo
for pitching a similar land-based carbon sequestration strategy, the “Terraton Initiative”, paying farmers to use new methods that could suck down a trillion metric tons
(a teraton) of carbon. These goals are critical and the ideals are noble - who doesn’t want to stop climate change? Pretty much everyone except the US government
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agrees on that. It’s the numbers that are the problem. Take the trees thing. The scientists who proposed it made careful maps of where trees grow today, all over the
planet. They had a census of how many were there, combined with satellite data, all used to estimate how many potential trees could grow - and how much carbon those
trees would slurp out of the atmosphere, a nontrivial calculation. There’s room for 0.9 billion hectares of new trees, they said - 2.2 billion acres of tree cover, which draws
down 205 metric gigatons of carbon, or 225 billion tons in US non-metric. That’s in line with the goal of keeping warming at or below 1.5 degrees, per the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. World: saved! But then the bills started coming due. The team forgot that 55 percent of all historically emitted carbon got
absorbed by the oceans, not the land, and so underestimated the total amount of carbon by about one half. They overestimated carbon uptake by trees, and suggested
putting trees where they’ve never been, or where they’d actually make the planet hotter (by darkening planetary albedo over icy, more reflective terrain). They didn’t take
into account that the ecosystems where they wanted to plant trees already sequestered carbon. And so on. “We’re not talking about small errors here. We’re talking
about a huge difference in the total amount of carbon you could sequester,” says Carla Staver, an ecologist at Yale University.
(Adam Rogers, www.wired.com, 25/10/2019)
 
Consider the fragment from the third paragraph:“They had a census of how many were there, combined with satellite data, all used to estimate how many potential trees
could grow - and how much carbon those trees would slurp out of the atmosphere, a nontrivial calculation.” The best definition for the underlined word is: 
 a) Not marked or recognized. 
 b) Not pertinent or suitable. 
 c) Not obvious or easy to prove. 
 d) Not needed or necessary.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1484203
Questão 444: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Aeronavegantes e Não-Aeronavegantes/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Selecting the Olympic Sports
 
There are 28 sports permitted in the Summer Olympic Games. The list of Olympic Sports has many of the world’s best-loved sports on it, such as baseball, judo, soccer,
tennis, and volleyball. This list of sports hadn’t changed in 70 years, and the process for changing these sports is long and difficult.
 
That is why it was surprising news when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that it was studying new sports for the list. At a meeting in Singapore in
2005, the IOC voted on each of the 28 sports from the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. Twenty-six of the 28 sports were selected for the 2012 Summer Olympic
Games, which took place in London, England. The two sports that did not receive 50 percent of the votes were baseball and softball.
 
Because these two sports were not selected, the IOC started the process of voting for two new sports. The five sports to select from were roller skating, golf, rugby,
squash, and karate. After the first vote, karate and squash were submitted to the IOC for the final vote.
 
To become an Olympic sport, a sport must receive twothirds of the votes of the IOC. When the final vote took place, squash received 39 “yes” votes and 63 “no” votes.
Karate received 38 “yes” votes and 63 “no” votes. It meant that neither squash nor karate would feature in the 2012 Olympic Games. And sad fans didn’t believe that
their sports could be selected for the 2016 Olympic Games.
 
Adapted from Anderson, Neil J. - Active Skills for Reading -
second Edition
 
“Sad”, underlined in the text, is the same as
 a) thrilled.
 b) gloomy.
 c) cheerful.
 d) delighted.
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Questão 445: DECEx - Alun (EsPCEx)/EsPCEx/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.
 
(Título omitido propositadamente)
 
Italian children have been told not to turn up to school unless they can prove they have been properly vaccinated. The deadline follows months of national debate over
compulsory vaccination. The new law came amid a surge in measles cases - but Italian officials say vaccination rates have improved since it was introduced. Children
must receive a range of mandatory immunisations before attending school. They include vaccinations for chickenpox, polio, measles, mumps and rubella.
Children up to the age of six years will be excluded from nursery and kindergarten without proof of vaccination under the new rules. Those aged between six and 16
cannot be banned from attending school, but their parents face fines if they do not complete the mandatory course of immunisations.
Italian media report that regional authorities are handling the situation in a number of different ways. In Bologna, the local authority has set letters of suspension to the
parents of some 300 children, and a total of 5,000 children do not have their vaccine documentation up to date. In other areas there have been no reported cases, while
still others have been given a grace period of a few days beyond the deadline.
The new law was passed to raise Italy’s dropping vaccination rates from below 80% to the World Health Organisation’s 95% target.
Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47536981
 
Choose the statement in which the word range is used with the same meaning as in paragraph 1. 
 a) It came within my range of vision. 
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 b) The bomb was tested on a missile range in the desert. 
 c) Prices range between £7 and £10. 
 d) There is a wide range of opinions on this issue. 
 e) She was cooking soup on the range.
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Questão 446: VUNESP - Vest (FAMERP)/FAMERP/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Leia o infográfico para responder à questão.
 
 
 
De acordo com o contexto do terceiro tópico, o trecho “the most bang for their buck” pode ser entendido como:
 a) o destino mais exótico.
 b) o destino mais seguro.
 c) o destino mais procurado.
 d) a tarifa mais baixa.
 e) o melhor custo-benefício.
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Questão 447: VUNESP - Vest (UNESP)/UNESP/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Tate Modern – London
Hélio Oiticica
Until Summer 2019
 
(Hélio Oiticica. Tropicália, Penetrables PN2 “Purity is a myth” and PN3 “Imagetical”, 1966-1967.)
 
Tropicália
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 Tropicália is used to describe the explosion of cultural creativity in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in 1968 as Brazil’s military regime tightened its grip on power.
 
 Many of the artists, writers and musicians associated with Tropicália came of age during the 1950s in a time of intense optimism when the cultural world had been
encouraged to play a central role in the creation of a democratic,socially just and modern Brazil. Nevertheless, a military coup in 1964 had brought to power a right-wing
regime at odds with the concerns of left-wing artists. Tropicália became a way of exposing the contradictions of modernisation under such an authoritarian rule.
 
 The word Tropicália comes from an installation by the artist Hélio Oiticica, who created environments that were designed to encourage the viewer’s emotional and
intellectual participation. Oiticica called them “penetrables” because people were originally encouraged to enter them. They mimic the improvised, colourful dwellings in
Rio de Janeiro’s favelas, or shanty towns. The lush plants and sand help to convey a sense of the tropical character of the city. When Oiticica exhibited the work, he also
included live parrots.
 
 From its beginning, Tropicália was seen as a re-articulation of Anthropophagia (“cannibalism”), an artistic ideology promoted by Oswald de Andrade.
 
(www.tate.org.uk. Adaptado.)
 
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “a right-wing regime at odds with the concerns of left-wing artists”, a expressão sublinhada tem sentido de
 a) reconhecimento.
 b) argumentação.
 c) parcialidade.
 d) consonância.
 e) conflito.
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Questão 448: DECEx - Alun (EsPCEx)/EsPCEx/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.
 
Lego wants to replace plastic blocks with sustainable materials
 
The Lego Group wants to replace the plastic in their products with a “sustainable material” by 2030, the company announced.
The world’s largest toy company will invest $1 billion in their new LEGO Sustainable Materials Centre in Denmark, which will be devoted to finding and implementing new
sustainable alternatives for their current building materials. Lego plans on hiring 100 specialists for the center. There is no official definition of a sustainable material.
Legos have been made with a strong plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene since 1963. The company uses more than 6,000 tons of plastic annually to
manufacture its products, according to NBC News.
Changing the raw material could have a large effect on Lego’s carbon footprint, especially considering that only 10% of the carbon emissions from Lego products come
from its factories. The other 90% is produced from the extraction and refinement of raw materials, as well as distribution from factories to toy stores.
The company has already taken steps to lower its carbon footprint, including a reduction of packaging size and an investment in an offshore wind farm.
Adapted from http://time.com/3931946/lego-sustainable-materials/
 
In the sentence “Changing the raw material could have a large effect on Lego’s carbon footprint...” (paragraph 4), the expression carbon footprint means 
 a) carbon dioxide separation technology for industrial and gas treating applications. 
 b) estimation of soil carbon saturation that indicates its potential to store more carbon. 
 c) the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the activities of a company. 
 d) species that are particularly sensitive and disappear after a pollution event. 
 e) long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s climate system.
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Questão 449: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Aeronavegantes e Não-Aeronavegantes/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
The sentence “There’s hardly anything in the refrigerator”. means that:
 a) There’s very little food inside the refrigerator.
 b) John has no idea how much food there is.
 c) There’s a lot of food in the refrigerator.
 d) There’s nothing inside the refrigerator.
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Questão 450: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Investigators find “similarities” between Ethiopian and Lion
Air crashes.
 
Anna Cardovillis, Kara fox and Dakin Andone
 
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Preliminary data recovered from the black boxes of the last week Ethiopian Airlines crash has revealed “similarities” to October ‘s fatal Lion Air crash.
 
Ethiopian Airlines flight 302 crashed March 10, six minutes after take off, killing all 157 people on board. It was the second disaster involving a new Boeing 737 Max 8
aircraft in less than six months. In October, all 189 people on board Lion Air Flight were killed in Indonesia, 13 minutes after take off. Similarities between the two
incidents led aviation authorities around the world to ban the use of 737 Max 8s. Investigators suspect the Lion Air crash may have been caused by an angle of attack
sensor on the outside of the plane that transmited incorrect data, which could have triggered the automated flight software that forced the plane’s nose down. The pilots
first manually corrected an “automatic aircraft nose down two minutes after take off and performed the same procedure again and again before the plane hurtled into the
Java Sea.
 
http://wwww.slashgear.com.
 
In “Similarities between the two incidents led aviation authorities around the world to ban the use of 737 Max 8”, the underlined word is closest in meaning to
 a) allow
 b) permit
 c) forbid
 d) suggest
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Questão 451: DECEx - Alun (EsPCEx)/EsPCEx/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.
 
Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil
Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-year-old mother of two who is serving a 12-year sentence in Brazil. The South American country has the world’s fourth largest prison
population and its jails regularly come under the spotlight for their poor conditions, with chronic overcrowding and gang violence provoking deadly riots.
Lima had just been moved from a prison in the mainstream penitential system to a facility run by the Association for the Protection and Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in
the town of Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state. Unlike in the mainstream system, “which steals your femininity”, as Lima puts it, at the APAC jail she is allowed to wear her own
clothes and have a mirror, make-up and hair dye. But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.
The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more humane answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed
through the mainstream system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and study which is part of the system’s philosophy. There are
no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail.
Inmates are known as recuperandos (recovering people), reflecting the APAC focus on restorative justice and rehabilitation. They must study and work, sometimes in
collaboration with the local community. If they do not - or if they try to abscond - they risk being returned to the mainstream system. There have been physical fights but
never a murder at an APAC jail.
Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44056946
 
In the sentence “But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.” (paragraph 2), the expression skin-deep means
 a) protective.
 b) extreme.
 c) shocking.
 d) profound.
 e) superficial.
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Questão 452: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
They arrived at the court in plenty of time and went straight to the robing room. It was crowded with solicitorsand counsil.
 
Adapted from Reading for Meaning
 
The words, “in plenty of time”, in bold type in the paragraph, is closest in meaning to __________.
 a) late
 b) on time
 c) over time
 d) in good time
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Questão 453: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
To tip, or not to tip?
 
The word tip comes from an old English slang. Americans usually tip people in places like restaurants, airports, hotels, and hair salons.
 
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People who work in these places often get paid low wages.
 
A tip shows that the customer is pleased with service.
 
Sometimes it’s hard to know how much to tip. The size of the tip usually depends on the service. People such as parking valets or bellshops usually get (small)
_____________ tips.
 
The tip for people such as taxi drivers and waiters or waitresses is usually (large) _____________.
 
When you’re not sure about how much to tip, do what feels right. You don’t have to tip for bad services. And you can give a (big) _____________ tip for a very good
service.
 
Remember, though, your behavior is (important) _____________ than your money. Always treat service providers with respect.
 
Adapted from Interchange
 
“low wages”, in bold type in the text, is closest in meaning to
 a) large tips.
 b) small tips.
 c) small salary.
 d) a high amount of money.
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Questão 454: UNEB - Of (CBM BA)/CBM BA/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Benefits of exercise
 
People are less active nowadays, partly because technology has made our lives easier. We drive cars or take public transport. Machines wash our clothes. We entertain
ourselves in front of a TV or computer screen. Fewer people are doing manual work, and most of us have jobs that involve little physical effort. Work, household chores,
shopping and other necessary activities are far less demanding than for previous generations.
 
We move around less and burn off less energy than people used to. Research suggests that many adults spend more than 7 hours a day sitting down, at work, on
transport or in their leisure time. People aged over 65 spend 10 hours or more each day sitting or lying down, making them the most sedentary age group.
 
Inactivity is described by the Departament of Health as a "silent killer". Evidence is emerging that sedentary behaviour, such as sitting or lyiing down for long periods, is
bad for your health.
 
Not only should you try to raise your activity levels, but you should also reduce the amount of time you and your family spend sitting down.
 
Common examples of sedentary behaviour include watching TV, using a computer, using the car for short journeys and sitting down to read, talk or listen to music. This
type of behaviour is thought to increase your risk of developing many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes, as well as weight gain and
obesity.
 
"Previous generations were active more naturally through work and manual labour, but today we have to find ways of integranting activity into our daily lives," says Dr
Cavill.
 
Whether it's limiting the time babies spend strapped in their buggies, or encouraging adults to stand up and move frequently, people of all ages need to reduce their
sedentary behaviour.
 
"This means that each of nus needs to think about increasing the types of activities that suit our lifestyle and can easily be included in our day," says Dr Cavill.
 
Crucially, you can hit your weekly activity target but still be at risk of ill health if you spend the rest of the time sitting or lying down.
 
 
NHS. "Benefits of exercise". Disponível em: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-health-benefits/. Acesso em: 15 ago. 2019. (ADAPTADO)
 
The pairs of words or expressions in the text that have opposite ideas are:
 a) Less/fewer, many/much, and long/easier.
 b) More/many, lie down/read, and short/little.
 c) Sit down/stand up, active/sedentary, and reduce/increase.
 d) Reduce/decrease, inactivity/sedentary, and many/most.
 e) Ill/health, long/short, and integrate/include.
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Questão 455: ITA - Vest (ITA)/ITA/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
A questão refere-se ao texto destacado a seguir.
 
If there is any doubt about the persistent power of literature in the face of digital culture, it should be banished by the recent climb of George Orwell’s 1984 up the
Amazon “Movers and Shakers” list. There is much that’s resonant for us in Orwell’s dystopia in the face of Edward Snowden’s revelations about the NSA […]. We look to
1984 as a clear cautionary tale, even a prophecy, of systematic abuse of power taken to the end of the line. […]
 
However, after “THE END” of his dystopian novel 1984, George Orwell includes another chapter, an appendix, called “The Principles of Newspeak.” Since it has the
trappings of a tedious scholarly treatise, readers often skip the appendix. But it changes our whole understanding of the novel. Written from some unspecified point in the
future, it suggests that Big Brother was eventually defeated. The
victory is attributed not to individual rebels or to The Brotherhood, an anonymous resistance group, but rather to language itself. The appendix details Oceania’s attempt
to replace Oldspeak, or English, with Newspeak, a linguistic shorthand that reduces the world of ideas to a set of simple, stark words. “The whole aim of Newspeak is to
narrow the range of thought.” It will render dissent “literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it.”
 
Fonte: Frost, Laura. http://qz.com/95696. Adaptado. Acesso em agosto de 2019.
 
No trecho “ but rather, to language itself”, o termo rather pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
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 a) to some extent.
 b) on behalf of.
 c) instead of.
 d) in support of.
 e) more exactly.
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Questão 456: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Aeronavegantes e Não-Aeronavegantes/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
 
Sibling rivalry is a competition between brothers and sisters.
 
Which brother is smarter? Who gets good grades than the other? Sibling rivalry is not unusual in families. It is more unusual on the tennis court. The Williams sisters,
Venus and Serena, are star tennis players. They often compete. Is it the easiest or the most difficult part of playing against your own sister? The sisters say the game is
important – not the other player. Does their relationship make their game more interesting? Some people think the game is not as exciting when sisters play. I don’t
agree. I think their games are more exciting. Venus and Serena are both better as most other players in the world – sisters or not.
 
According to the text, Sibling rivalry is a competition
 a) between family members.
 b) for family and friends.
 c) only between friends.
 d) for some tennis players.
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Questão 457: Marinha - Asp Of (EN)/EN/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
lf children lose contact with natura they won't fight for
 
According to recent research, even if lhe present rate of global decarbonisation were to double, we would still be on course for 6ºC of warming by lhe end of lhe century.
Limiting lhe rise to 2ºC, which is lhe target of current policies, requires a six-timereduction in carbon intensity.
 
A new report shows that lhe UK has lost 20% of its breeding birds since 1966: once common species such as willow tits, lesser spotted woodpeckers and turtle doves
have ali but collapsed; even house sparrows have fallen by two thirds. Ash dieback is just one of many terrifying plant diseases, mostly spread by trade. They now
threaten our oaks, pines and chestnuts.
 
While lhe surveys show that lhe great majority of people would like to see lhe living planet protected, few are prepared to take action. This, I think, reflects a second
environmental crisis: the removal of children from lhe natural world. The young people we might have expected to lead lhe defence of nature have less and less to do
with it.
 
We don't have to undervalue lhe indoor world, which has its own rich ecosystem, to lament children's disconnection from lhe outdoor world. But lhe experiences lhe two
spheres offer are entirely different. There is no substitute for what takes place outdoors, mostly because lhe greatest joys of nature are unplanned. The thought that
most of our children will never swim among phosphorescent plankton at night, will never be startled by a salmon leaping, or a dolphin breaching is almost as sad as lhe
thought that their children might not have lhe opportunity.
 
The remarkable collapse of children's engagement with nature - which is even faster than lhe collapse of lhe natural world - is recorded in Richard Louv's book Last Child
in lhe Woods, and in a report published recently by lhe National Trust. Since lhe 1970s lhe area in which children may roam without supervision has decreased by almost
90%. ln one generation lhe proportion of children regularly playing in wild places in lhe UK has fallen from more than half to fewer than one in 10. ln the US, in just six
years (1997-2003) children with particular outdoor hobbies fell by half. Eleven- to 15-yearolds in Britain now spend, on average, half their waking day in front of a screen.
 
There are several reasons for this collapse: parents' irrational fear of strangers and rational tear of traffic, the destruction of lhe fortifying lands where previous
generations played, lhe quality of indoer entertainment, lhe structuring of children's time, lhe criminalisation of natural play. The great indoors, as a result, has become a
far more dangerous place than lhe diminished world beyond.
 
The rise of obesity and asthma and lhe decline in cardio-respiratory fitness are well documented. Louv also links lhe indoor life to an increase in attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder and other mental ill health. Research conducted at lhe University of Illinois suggests that playing among trees and grass is associated with a
marked reduction in indications of ADHD, while playing indoors appears to increase them. The disorder, Louv suggests, "may be a set of symptoms aggravated by Jack of
exposure to nature". Perhaps it's the environment, not the child, that has gane wrong.
 
ln her famous essay lhe Ecology of lmagination in Childhood, Edith Cobb proposed that contact with nature stimulates creativity. Reviewing lhe biographies of 300
"geniuses", she exposed a common theme: intense experiences of the natural world. in lhe middle age of childhood (between five and 12). Animais and plants, she
argued, are among "the figures of speech in lhe rhetoric of play ... which lhe genius, in particular of later life, seems to remember.
 
Studies in several nations show that children's games are more creative in green places than in concrete playgrounds. Natural spaces encourage fantasy and roleplay,
reasoning and observation. The social standing of children there depends less on physical dominance, more on inventiveness and language skills.
 
And here we meet lhe other great loss. Most of those I know who fight for nature are people who spent their childhoods immersed in it. Without a feel for the texture and
function of lhe natural world, without an intensity of engagement almast impossible in the absence of early experience, people will not devote their lives to its protection.
 
Forest Schools, Outward Bound, Woodcraft Folk, the John Muir-Award, lhe Campaign for Adventure, Natural Connections, family nature clubs and many others are trying
to bring children and the natural world back together. But ali of them are fighting forces which, if they cannot be changed, will deprive lhe living planet of lhe wonder and
delight that for millennia have attracted children to lhe wilds.
 
(Adapted from: https://www. th eg uardian. com/commentisfree/20 12/nov /1 9/child ren-losecontact-with-nature
 
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What's lhe meaning of the word "engagement" in paragraph 5?
 a) Argument.
 b) Disagreement.
 c) lnvolvement.
 d) Disappointment.
 e) Punishment.
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Questão 458: VUNESP - Vest (UNESP)/UNESP/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Tate Modern – London
Hélio Oiticica
Until Summer 2019
 
(Hélio Oiticica. Tropicália, Penetrables PN2 “Purity is a myth” and PN3 “Imagetical”, 1966-1967.)
 
Tropicália
 
 Tropicália is used to describe the explosion of cultural creativity in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in 1968 as Brazil’s military regime tightened its grip on power.
 
 Many of the artists, writers and musicians associated with Tropicália came of age during the 1950s in a time of intense optimism when the cultural world had been
encouraged to play a central role in the creation of a democratic, socially just and modern Brazil. Nevertheless, a military coup in 1964 had brought to power a right-wing
regime at odds with the concerns of left-wing artists. Tropicália became a way of exposing the contradictions of modernisation under such an authoritarian rule.
 
 The word Tropicália comes from an installation by the artist Hélio Oiticica, who created environments that were designed to encourage the viewer’s emotional and
intellectual participation. Oiticica called them “penetrables” because people were originally encouraged to enter them. They mimic the improvised, colourful dwellings in
Rio de Janeiro’s favelas, or shanty towns. The lush plants and sand help to convey a sense of the tropical character of the city. When Oiticica exhibited the work, he also
included live parrots.
 
 From its beginning, Tropicália was seen as a re-articulation of Anthropophagia (“cannibalism”), an artistic ideology promoted by Oswald de Andrade.
 
(www.tate.org.uk. Adaptado.)
 
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Nevertheless, a military coup in 1964”, o termo sublinhado indica
 a) contraste.
 b) consequência.
 c) opinião.
 d) aprovação.
 e) alternativa.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1442604
Questão 459: FADURPE - Vest (CESMAC)/CESMAC/Tradicional/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) and Soroka University Medical Center researchers have determined that it is as safe to give birth after age 50 as age 40 without
endangering the mother or the baby.
 
The researchers examined the complications of pregnancies among women over the age of 50 and the question of whether women who give birth at these ages are at
increased risk for both themselves and the fetus compared with younger mothers.
 
The researchers found that thanks to medical and technological advancements -- including extracellular fertilization and egg donation -- the age at which a woman can
give birth has gradually increased.
 
"It turns out that 50 is the new 40 when it comes to childbirth," according to Dr. Sheiner. "There is no doubt that medical teams will need to handle increasing numbers
of birth for women over age 50."
 
The study included 242,771 deliveries at Soroka, of which 234,824 (96.7 percent) occurred in women younger than 40.The rest occurred in women from age 40 to 50
and older. It focused mainly on whether women found themselves during pregnancy and childbirth with complications such as premature births, gestational diabetes,
hypertension, and cesarean sections. The study also examined if the newborn suffered from poor physical condition, mortality or distress during labor.
 
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The researchers concluded that all complications were higher among women over 40 who gave birth to children compared with those who gave birth below that age.
Remarkably, there was no escalation of complications in women over the age of 50, compared with women who gave birth between the ages of 40 and 50. Dr. Sheiner
still advises to treat the pregnancies of women over the age of 40 as high-risk, and even more so, the pregnancies of women over 50. Special emphasis should be placed
on tracking fasting glucose and pregnant blood pressure for early detection of complications.
 
Adaptado de: <https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190307131436.htm> Acessado em 7 de março de 2019.
 
 
The adverb “Remarkably” is contextually used here to mean the same as
 a) Fundamentally
 b) Undeniably
 c) Predictably
 d) Finally
 e) Surprisingly
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1166039
Questão 460: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Aeronavegantes e Não-Aeronavegantes/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Paul: Mary, the party is tomorrow! Do we have everything we need?
 
Mary: We have _____ juice, but we should buy more.
 
Pau: Do we need to buy bread?
 
Mary: Well, we have _____, I don’t know if it’s enough.
 
Paul: So let’s talk to Jen and ask for ____ advice.
 
Choose the alternative that best completes the text:
 a) a lot of / some / some
 b) many / some / an
 c) many / a / some
 d) a lot / a / an
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Questão 461: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
To tip, or not to tip?
 
The word tip comes from an old English slang. Americans usually tip people in places like restaurants, airports, hotels, and hair salons.
 
People who work in these places often get paid low wages.
 
A tip shows that the customer is pleased with service.
 
Sometimes it’s hard to know how much to tip. The size of the tip usually depends on the service. People such as parking valets or bellshops usually get (small)
_____________ tips.
 
The tip for people such as taxi drivers and waiters or waitresses is usually (large) _____________.
 
When you’re not sure about how much to tip, do what feels right. You don’t have to tip for bad services. And you can give a (big) _____________ tip for a very good
service.
 
Remember, though, your behavior is (important) _____________ than your money. Always treat service providers with respect.
 
Adapted from Interchange
 
In (...) “ you are not sure” about how much (...)”, the underlined words are closest in meaning to “you ____________”.
 a) know
 b) are certain
 c) are uncertain
 d) have no doubt
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Questão 462: UNEB - Of (CBM BA)/CBM BA/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Benefits of exercise
 
People are less active nowadays, partly because technology has made our lives easier. We drive cars or take public transport. Machines wash our clothes. We entertain
ourselves in front of a TV or computer screen. Fewer people are doing manual work, and most of us have jobs that involve little physical effort. Work, household chores,
shopping and other necessary activities are far less demanding than for previous generations.
 
We move around less and burn off less energy than people used to. Research suggests that many adults spend more than 7 hours a day sitting down, at work, on
transport or in their leisure time. People aged over 65 spend 10 hours or more each day sitting or lying down, making them the most sedentary age group.
 
Inactivity is described by the Departament of Health as a "silent killer". Evidence is emerging that sedentary behaviour, such as sitting or lyiing down for long periods, is
bad for your health.
 
Not only should you try to raise your activity levels, but you should also reduce the amount of time you and your family spend sitting down.
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Common examples of sedentary behaviour include watching TV, using a computer, using the car for short journeys and sitting down to read, talk or listen to music. This
type of behaviour is thought to increase your risk of developing many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes, as well as weight gain and
obesity.
 
"Previous generations were active more naturally through work and manual labour, but today we have to find ways of integranting activity into our daily lives," says Dr
Cavill.
 
Whether it's limiting the time babies spend strapped in their buggies, or encouraging adults to stand up and move frequently, people of all ages need to reduce their
sedentary behaviour.
 
"This means that each of nus needs to think about increasing the types of activities that suit our lifestyle and can easily be included in our day," says Dr Cavill.
 
Crucially, you can hit your weekly activity target but still be at risk of ill health if you spend the rest of the time sitting or lying down.
 
 
NHS. "Benefits of exercise". Disponível em: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-health-benefits/. Acesso em: 15 ago. 2019. (ADAPTADO)
 
In the sentence "you should also reduce the amount of time you and your family spend sitting down", the words "you should reduce" is equivalent in meaning to
 a) it is mandatory that you reduce.
 b) it is impossibile that you reduce.
 c) it is optional that you reduce.
 d) it is improbable that you reduce.
 e) it is advisable that you reduce.
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Questão 463: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Aeronavegantes e Não-Aeronavegantes/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
 
www.garfield.com
 
The word “specific”, in the text, is NOT closest in meaning to _______:
 a) exact
 b) precise
 c) detailed
 d) unclear
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Questão 464: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Halloween
 
One fall day, as you walk down the street, you might see ghosts, strange animals, and other weird things. What’s going on? It’s probably October 31, or Halloween.
Halloween is a day when people go out wearing costumes and colorful makeup.
 
People think that Halloween started in Ireland during the 400s. October 31 was the end of summer, and people believe that everyone who died during the year come
back on that day.
 
To scare away the dead, people put on costumes and went out into the streets to make noise.
 
Different cultures have different ways of celebrating Halloween.
 
In the United States, it’s the night when children dress up in costumes and go to neighbors’ houses to “trick or treat”, or ask for candy. Some adults wear funny or scary
costumes and go to parties or parades. Halloween has become a fun holiday for both adults and children.
 
Adapted from Interchange.
 
The word “weird”, in bold type, in the text, is closest in meaning to ______________ . Except:
 a) eerie
 b) strange
 c) unusual
 d) unbelievable
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Questão 465: CEBRASPE(CESPE) - Vest (UNCISAL)/UNCISAL/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
 What you do first thing in the morning could put you well on your way if you get it right, according to the mountains of advice and research into how our bodies wake
up. Here’s a roundup of the best advice on how to spend your first few hours of every day:
 
 Don’t drink coffee
 Our bodies naturally produce a hormone called cortisol, which makes us feel more awake. But the caffeine in coffee can interfere with our body’s cortisol production,
and over time this can lead us to become more dependent on caffeine and produce less cortisol naturally — so save it until after around 10 a.m.
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 Don’t stay in bed
 Exercise is always part of the answer when the question is about being healthier/happier/more productive. But more specifically, pre breakfast exercise can have its
own benefits. A study in Belgium found that exercising before breakfast can help you lose weight by burning more fat than you would later on in the day.
 
 ...but do eat cake
 Saving the best until last: eat cake: a study of 193 obese adults found that eating cookies or chocolate as part of breakfast stems craving sweet foods later on in the
day. In other words, incorporating cake into your morning routine can actually make you healthier for the rest of the day. It’s science; don’t question it.
 
Disponível em: www.indy100.com. Acesso em: nov. 2016 (adaptado).
 
No trecho “stems craving sweet foods”, o termo “stems” significa
 a) estabiliza.
 b) reduz.
 c) altera.
 d) inibe.
 e) adia.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1450090
Questão 466: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
The Magic of Potter
 
There was a time when no one knew the name Harry Potter.
 
Now the adventures of this extraordinary student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry are read in over 45 languages, including Russian, Thai, and even ancient
Greek. No one can explain the Harry Potter Phenomenon – not even J. K. Rowling, his creator.
 
J. K. Rowling was born in England in 1965. From a young age, she knew she wanted to be a writer. When she was 6, she wrote her first story – about a rabbit that gets
sick. In 1990, on a trip to London, she got the idea for the boy wizard. She soon created a whole cast of unique characters to help Harry battle the forces of darkness.
She kept working on the story while she was teaching English in Portugal. She finished the first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, in 1995 and
published it in 1997. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone became an unexpected bestseller.
 
Adapted from Interchange.
 
H. P. = Harry Potter
 
In... “Now the adventures of this extraordinary student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardy(...)”. The underlined words refer to_______________.
 a) Hogwarts School
 b) the adventures
 c) Harry Potter
 d) the author
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Questão 467: Instituto Consulplan - Vest (FASEH)/FASEH/Medicina/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Trump administration officials on healthcare
 
President Donald Trump’s main healthcare policy initiative has been working to fulfill his campaign promise to repeal and replace the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act(ACA), commonly known as Obamacare. He expressed his support for the House and Senate bills that proposed modifying parts of the ACA. The House passed its
bill — the American Health Care Act of 2017 — but members of the Senate have been unable to agree on a final replacement plan, leaving most of the provisions of the
ACA in place.
 
Republicans did take one step towards changing the ACA by eliminating the law's individual mandate, which took effect in January 2019. In October 2017, the Trump
administration took actions to modify the ACA. Trump issued an executive order directing members of his Cabinet to create rules that would allow small businesses to
collectively buy health insurance through association health plans, expand shortterm health coverage, and expand the use of Health Reimbursement Arrangements
(HRAs). The order did not make direct changes to existing health insurance rules; instead, it directed agencies to consider new rules that would be subject to a notice and
comment period. Trump said that he is still committed to passing a bill to repeal and replace the ACA. Before signing the executive order on October 12, 2017, Trump
said, “Today is only the beginning.
 
In the coming months, we plan to take new measures to provide our people with even more relief and more freedom. (…) And we’re going to also pressure Congress very
strongly to finish the repeal and the replace of Obamacare once and for all. We will have great healthcare in our country..”.
 
(Available in: https://ballotpedia.org. Adapted.)
 
“Policy” means:
 a) Defeat.
 b) Deputy.
 c) Lawman.
 d) Guideline.
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Questão 468: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Asthma from traffic
 
Asthma is a serious medical condition because it is lifelong; there is no cure. A study says that pollution from traffic connects to 4 millions new cases of asthma in children
each year.
 
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Researchers studied the pollution and how it affects children’s health in 194 countries and 125 large cities.
 
This is not the first study to make this clame, but the study’s main author says that it gives a comprehensive idea of the problem. She says that it tells where pollution
“hot spots” are.
 
Some people think rules for pollution need to change and that we need to have cleaner transportation. The author also said that there are other pollutants in the world
causing deseases, such as lung cancer, strokes, heart disease and developmental issues.
 
http://www.newsin level.com.
 
The word “comprehensive”, underlined in the text, is closest in meaning to __________ .
 a) narrow
 b) limited
 c) complete
 d) particular
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Questão 469: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
To tip, or not to tip?
 
The word tip comes from an old English slang. Americans usually tip people in places like restaurants, airports, hotels, and hair salons.
 
People who work in these places often get paid low wages.
 
A tip shows that the customer is pleased with service.
 
Sometimes it’s hard to know how much to tip. The size of the tip usually depends on the service. People such as parking valets or bellshops usually get (small)
_____________ tips.
 
The tip for people such as taxi drivers and waiters or waitresses is usually (large) _____________.
 
When you’re not sure about how much to tip, do what feels right. You don’t have to tip for bad services. And you can give a (big) _____________ tip for a very good
service.
 
Remember, though, your behavior is (important) _____________ than your money. Always treat service providers with respect.
 
Adapted from Interchange
 
According to the text, choose the best response.
 
In “Americans usually tip people in places like restaurants, airports, hotels, and (...)”, the word “TIP” is closest in meaning to
 a) take some money.
 b) pay for the service.
 c) ask for extra money.
 d) give an amount of additional money.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/1255879Questão 470: VUNESP - PAEPE (UNICAMP)/UNICAMP/Profissional para Assuntos Administrativos/Administração/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
New Public Management Model
 
The new public management model, which emerged in the 1980s, represented an attempt to make the public sector more business-like as well as to improve the
efficiency of the Government, borrowed ideas and management models from the private sector. It emphasized the centrality of citizens who were the recipient of the
services or customers to the public sector.
 
New public management system also proposed a more decentralized control of resources. It explored other service delivery models so as to achieve better results,
including a quasi-market structure where public and private service providers competed with each other in an attempt to provide better and faster services.
 
The Core Themes for the New Public Management were:
 
1. A strong focus on financial control, value for money and increasing public sector efficiency;
2. A command and control mode of functioning, identifying and setting targets and continuous monitoring of public sector performance;
3. Introducing audits and controls at professional level, using transparent means to review public worker performance, setting benchmarks, using protocols to ameliorate
public sector worker professional behaviour;
4. Greater customer orientation and responsiveness and increasing the scope of roles played by non-public sector providers;
5. Deregulating the labor market, replacing collective agreements to individual rewards packages combined with short term contracts;
6. Introducing new forms of corporate governance, introducing a board model of functioning and concentrating the power to the strategic core of the organization.
 
(www.managementstudyguide.com/new-public-management.htm.
Adaptado.)
 
 
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo – make the public sector more business-like as well as to improve the efficiency –, a expressão destacada indica
 a) contraste.
 b) comparação.
 c) finalidade.
 d) acréscimo.
 e) consequência.
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Questão 471: VUNESP - Alun Of (PM SP)/PM SP/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
 
What is Interpol?
 
 
Founded in 1923, Interpol is an international police organisation made up of 194 member countries. It is not a police force in the traditional sense – its agents are not
able to arrest criminals. Instead, it is more of an informationsharing network, providing a way for national police forces to co-operate effectively and tackle international
crime ranging from human trafficking and terrorism to money laundering and illegal art dealing.
 
The organisation, based in France, operates centralised criminal databases that contain fingerprint records, DNA samples and stolen documents: a treasure trove so
valuable that police consulted it 146 times every second in 2017. Interpol’s other main function is to issue notices: alerts to member states for missing or wanted persons.
The bestknown of these is the “Red Notice”, a notification that a member state would like someone arrested. States are not obliged to follow these notices, but will often
treat them as a warrant for someone’s arrest and extradition. “Diffusions”, which can be issued with less bureaucracy, are another popular way of seeking arrests through
Interpol.
Notices and diffusions lie at the heart of the organisation’s recent turmoil. Though Interpol’s constitution explicitly forbids any activities of a political character, activists
accuse it of failing to enforce this rule.
(www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/11/22/ what-is-interpol. Adaptado)
 
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo – Notices and diffusions lie at the heart of the organisation’s recent turmoil –, o termo em destaque equivale, em português, a 
 a) transformação. 
 b) atividade. 
 c) modernização. 
 d) confusão. 
 e) desintegração.
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Questão 472: FAUSCS - Vest (USCS)/USCS/Medicina/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Trying to Plant a Trillion Trees Won’t Solve Anything
 
Only a monster would say no to this pitch: The best way to beat climate change - the warming of Earth caused by gases like carbo dioxide emitted by human industry,
leading to rising sea levels, worsening fires and storms, drought and disease – is simple. Plant a trillion trees. It’d be “one of the most effective carbon drawdowns to
date,” said an article on the idea in the journal Science this past summer. And who doesn’t love trees, right?
 
Except the math turned out to be a little shady. Last month a bunch of climate scientists and ecologists piled onto that tree research in the same journal, calling out
numerous errors in the first team’s calculations. At about the same time, a whole other bunch of ecologists started pushing back on the agriculture - tech startup Indigo
for pitching a similar land-based carbon sequestration strategy, the “Terraton Initiative”, paying farmers to use new methods that could suck down a trillion metric tons
(a teraton) of carbon. These goals are critical and the ideals are noble - who doesn’t want to stop climate change? Pretty much everyone except the US government
agrees on that. It’s the numbers that are the problem. Take the trees thing. The scientists who proposed it made careful maps of where trees grow today, all over the
planet. They had a census of how many were there, combined with satellite data, all used to estimate how many potential trees could grow - and how much carbon those
trees would slurp out of the atmosphere, a nontrivial calculation. There’s room for 0.9 billion hectares of new trees, they said - 2.2 billion acres of tree cover, which draws
down 205 metric gigatons of carbon, or 225 billion tons in US non-metric. That’s in line with the goal of keeping warming at or below 1.5 degrees, per the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. World: saved! But then the bills started coming due. The team forgot that 55 percent of all historically emitted carbon got
absorbed by the oceans, not the land, and so underestimated the total amount of carbon by about one half. They overestimated carbon uptake by trees, and suggested
putting trees where they’ve never been, or where they’d actually make the planet hotter (by darkening planetary albedo over icy, more reflective terrain). They didn’t take
into account that the ecosystems where they wanted to plant trees already sequestered carbon. And so on. “We’re not talking about small errors here. We’re talking
about a huge difference in the total amount of carbon you could sequester,” says Carla Staver, an ecologist at Yale University.
(Adam Rogers, www.wired.com, 25/10/2019)
 
Consider the fragment from the first paragraph: “the warming of Earth caused by gases like carbon dioxide emitted by human industry, leading to rising sea levels,
worsening fires and storms, drought and disease.” The best definition for the underlined word is: 
 a) A period of dryness especially when prolonged. 
 b) A shaking or trembling of the earth that is tectonic in origin. 
 c) A great sea wave produced especially by submarine earth movement. 
 d) A violent destructive whirling wind accompanied by a funnel-shaped cloud.
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Questão 473: Instituto Consulplan - Vest (FMO)/FMO/Medicina/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
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University entrance system could be overhauled so 
students onlyapply after they have their A-level grades
The higher education watchdog, The Office for Students (OfS), is to launch a major review later this year into the university admissions system. It follows concern from
ministers that universities have been engaging in “unethical” practises such as “pressure selling” unconditional offers to students. While the OfS cannot dictate how
individual universities make their offers, they are able to change the structures that govern the admissions system. A review is likely to consider whether a post
qualifications admission system should be set up, where students only apply to university after receiving their A-levels. This would remove the problem of institutions
handing out unconditional offers which can lead to students slacking with their school work since they have a university place guaranteed. It would also solve the issue of
unreliable predicted grades, where universities complain that teachers make unrealistic forecasts about what students are capable of achieving.
UCAS, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, previously attempted to instigate a move to a post-qualification system but dropped the idea in 2012. At the time,
university leaders claimed that the move would put too much pressure on admissions tutors by forcing them to consider hundreds of thousands of applications in just a
few weeks over the summer. But there is now growing concern about the misuse of unconditional offers, with the number rising sharply. Students are now 30 times more
likely to receive one than five years ago. Damian Hinds, the education secretary, said on Monday that he welcomes the review, adding that the rise in unconditional offers
“may be symptomatic of wider issues within university admissions processes”. In a letter to Sir Michael Barber, the chair of the OFS, he said: “There is a need to establish
whether current admissions processes serve the best interests of students”. The lifting of student number controls in England in 2015 gave universities free rein to recruit
as many undergraduates as they see but the move has led to accusations that they now act like businesses, seeking to maximise their revenue by recruiting as many
students as possible.
 
(Available: https://www.telegraph.co.uk)
Whether introduces a/an: 
 a) Doubt. 
 b) Adding. 
 c) Similarity. 
 d) Contradiction.
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Questão 474: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
The cabin crew battled to save the passenger
 
Ben Graham
 
Shocked passengers watched as doctors and cabin crew tried to save the life of a critically ill passenger on a Qantas flight to Sidney on Friday.
 
A Qantas spokeswoman confirmed that the passenger ________ received treatment during the medical emergency couldn’t survive.
 
The flight from London, via Singapore, was forced to land in Adelaide because of the incident. No passengers got off the flight while it was in Adelaide.
 
A witness on board told that everything started with a cabin announcement asking for any doctors on board. There were two passengers with medical training, but
nothing could be done to save the passenger. The crew did everything they could, including performing CPR with a doctor on board, but unfortunately the passenger has 
passed away.
 
Adapted from nypost.com
 
Choose the correct verb to replace the phrasal verb “passed away”, in bold type in the text:
 a) died
 b) choked
 c) fainted
 d) collapsed
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Questão 475: FUNDATEC - Vest (ESE)/ESE/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo:
Do you have Fobo?
Every day we make thousands of decisions. From the more trivial – The Crown or Succession? – to the more pivotal, like whether you should take that job or stay in that
relationship. It doesn’t help that, these days, we have thousands of options – literally – at our fingertips. For instance, there are 5863 movies and TV shows on Netflix to
choose from and more than 80,000 different drink options at Starbucks.
Given we are so spoiled for choice, some degree of fence-sitting is understanding. However, if you find yourself crippled with indecision, even when, say, all the available
options are acceptable, you might be suffering from Fobo. Like Fomo, Fobo’s anxious sibling, which describes that icky feeling we get when we feel like we are missing
out on something, Fobo, aka “fear of better options”, is used to describe the anxiety that accompanies choice overload.
The term has been coined by US venture capitalist Patrick McGinnis, who also created Fomo. Those afflicted by Fobo, he says, will typically find themselves overwhelmed
by the possibilities of what could be, even when no outcome is guaranteed, and therefore are likely to hold back on commitment or will decide to commit but then cancel.
McGinnis, who has been researching Fomo and Fobo for his forthcoming book, says this is not a new behaviour but reflective of our “biology of wanting the best”. “Our
ancestors a million years ago were programmed to wait for the best because it meant they were more likely to succeed,” he says, as per The Guardian. However, our
ability to compare both options and ourselves via technology and social media has accelerated this tendency, sometimes escalating to crippling levels, he explains.
The rise of Fobo reflects an emerging trend on how choice overload can, despite appearances, make us miserable. In an episode on her podcast, The Happiness Lab, Dr
Laurie Santos points out we are more spoiled for choice than ever. However, research shows we usually end up less satisfied with our decision because of it. What’s
more, filtering out all these options is proven to be mentally draining, which can lead to worse decision making or “decision fatigue”.
 , those who are presented with fewer options are more likely to end up satisfied. For example, a study offered customers samples of either six or 24 different
jams on alternate days. Researchers found 30% of people in the first group purchased at least one of the six jams they tried, while only 3% of the other group made a
purchase. In other words, when we are overwhelmed with choice, we are less likely to make a decision at all.
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
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So how do we beat Fobo? It all comes down to being decisive. “I have two helpful tips I use almost every day,” McGinnis tells the New York Times. “For everyday things,
I do what I call ‘Ask the Watch’. I whittle something down to two options and then assign each item to a side of my watch. Then I look down and see where the second
hand is at that moments. Decision made. It sounds silly, but if you try it you will thank me,” he says. “For the big things, I try to think like a venture capitalist. I write
everything down on the topic - pros, cons, etc – and I read it out loud.”
So next time you find yourself distressed by what to watch on Netflix, why not try something different? Look at your watch.
(Source: https://www.stylist.co.uk/life/do-you-have-fobo-why
-fear-of-better-options-is-making-us-miserable-and-how-to-get-around-it/330254– Adapted)
Para responder à questão considere, além do texto anterior, as figuras abaixo:
 
 
Na Figura 1, qual palavra abaixo seria uma substituição adequada para “dope”? 
 a) Respectable. 
 b) Stupid. 
 c) Very good. 
 d) Selfish. 
 e) Illegal.
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Questão 476: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Controle de Tráfego Aéreo/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Roller skating
 
R.Jordania
 
Roller skating used to be strictly for children. Nowadays, withthe new neoprene wheels and frictionless ballbearings, rollerskating has become popular with people with of
all ages and all social classes.
 
Not only do people skate, they also dance on roller skates – ______ the term roller-disco.
 
To cater to the new fad, many indoor roller – disco rinks are opening all over the country. There people can dance on roller skates ______ in winter when there is snow
and ice on the ground.
 
Life in the USA.
 
Complete the text with the correct alternative subsequently.
 a) even – that
 b) that – even
 c) why – hence
 d) hence – even
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Questão 477: DIRENS Aeronáutica - CFS (EEAR)/EEAR/Aeronavegantes e Não-Aeronavegantes/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
 
Gregory “Greg” Heffley is an American middle school student and also the main protagonist of the book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid.
 
Greg is lazy, petty, slightly narcissistic, sociopathic, egotistical, eccentric, egocentric, usually backstabbing, and sometimes even selfish and
dishonest, and apparently lacks talent. He hardly has any skills aside from video games and possibly singing. However, despite all this, Greg has had his kind and caring
moments, but not that often.
 
Adapted from https://diary-of-a-wimpy-kid.fandom.com/wiki/Greg_Heffley.
 
In the sentence in bold type, Greg’s personal characteristics are mainly expressed by the use of ____________.
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 a) conjunctions
 b) adjectives
 c) adverbs
 d) verbs
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Questão 478: VUNESP - Vest (FAMERP)/FAMERP/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Leia o infográfico para responder à questão.
 
 
 
De acordo com o segundo tópico, atrações turísticas que exploram animais como entretenimento
 a) desrespeitam o meio ambiente.
 b) estão com os dias contados.
 c) podem levar animais à morte.
 d) incentivam o tráfico de fauna.
 e) devem ser proibidas.
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Questão 479: FUNDATEC - Vest (ESE)/ESE/2019
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo:
Do you have Fobo?
Every day we make thousands of decisions. From the more trivial – The Crown or Succession? – to the more pivotal, like whether you should take that job or stay in that
relationship. It doesn’t help that, these days, we have thousands of options – literally – at our fingertips. For instance, there are 5863 movies and TV shows on Netflix to
choose from and more than 80,000 different drink options at Starbucks.
Given we are so spoiled for choice, some degree of fence-sitting is understanding. However, if you find yourself crippled with indecision, even when, say, all the
available options are acceptable, you might be suffering from Fobo. Like Fomo, Fobo’s anxious sibling, which describes that icky feeling we get when we feel like we are
missing out on something, Fobo, aka “fear of better options”, is used to describe the anxiety that accompanies choice overload.
The term has been coined by US venture capitalist Patrick McGinnis, who also created Fomo. Those afflicted by Fobo, he says, will typically find themselves overwhelmed
by the possibilities of what could be, even when no outcome is guaranteed, and therefore are likely to hold back on commitment or will decide to commit but then cancel.
McGinnis, who has been researching Fomo and Fobo for his forthcoming book, says this is not a new behaviour but reflective of our “biology of wanting the best”. “Our
ancestors a million years ago were programmed to wait for the best because it meant they were more likely to succeed,” he says, as per The Guardian. However, our
ability to compare both options and ourselves via technology and social media has accelerated this tendency, sometimes escalating to crippling levels, he explains.
The rise of Fobo reflects an emerging trend on how choice overload can, despite appearances, make us miserable. In an episode on her podcast, The Happiness Lab, Dr
Laurie Santos points out we are more spoiled for choice than ever. However, research shows we usually end up less satisfied with our decision because of it. What’s
more, filtering out all these options is proven to be mentally draining, which can lead to worse decision making or “decision fatigue”.
 , those who are presented with fewer options are more likely to end up satisfied. For example, a study offered customers samples of either six or 24 different
jams on alternate days. Researchers found 30% of people in the first group purchased at least one of the six jams they tried, while only 3% of the other group made a
purchase. In other words, when we are overwhelmed with choice, we are less likely to make a decision at all.
So how do we beat Fobo? It all comes down to being decisive. “I have two helpful tips I use almost every day,” McGinnis tells the New York Times. “For everyday things,
I do what I call ‘Ask the Watch’. I whittle something down to two options and then assign each item to a side of my watch. Then I look down and see where the second
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hand is at that moments. Decision made. It sounds silly, but if you try it you will thank me,” he says. “For the big things, I try to think like a venture capitalist. I write
everything down on the topic - pros, cons, etc – and I read it out loud.”
So next time you find yourself distressed by what to watch on Netflix, why not try something different? Look at your watch.
(Source: https://www.stylist.co.uk/life/do-you-have-fobo-why
-fear-of-better-options-is-making-us-miserable-and-how-to-get-around-it/330254– Adapted)
Qual o significado de “crippled”? 
 a) Deformado. 
 b) Paralisado. 
 c) Louco. 
 d) Claudicante. 
 e) Entusiasta.
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Questão 480: CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/"Sem Área"/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Bank Clerk Job Description
 
Definition and Nature of the Work
 
Banks simplify people’s lives, but the business of banking is anything but simple. Every transaction — from cashing a check to taking out a loan — requires careful record
keeping. Behind the scenes in every bank or savings and loan association there are dozens of bank clerks, each an expert at keeping one area of he bank’s business
running smoothly.
 
New account clerks open and close accounts and answer questions for customers. Interest clerks record interest due to savings account customers, as well as the interest
owed to the bank on loans and other investments. Exchange clerks, who work on international accounts, translate foreign currency values into dollars and vice versa.
Loan clerks sort and record information about loans. Statement clerks are responsible for preparing the monthly balance sheets of checking account customers. Securities
clerks record, file, and maintain stocks, bonds, and other investment certificates. They also keep track of dividends and interest on these certificates.
 
Other clerks operate the business machines on which modern banks rely. Proof operators sort checks and record the amount of each check. Bookkeeping clerks keep
records of each customer’s account. In addition to these specialists, banks need general clerical help — data entry keyers, file clerks, mail handlers, and messengers —
just as any other business does.
 
 
Education and Training Requirements
 
Bank clerks usually need a high school education with an emphasis on basic skills in typing, bookkeeping, and business math. Knowledge of computers and businessmachines is also helpful. Prospective bank workers may be tested on their clerical skills when they are interviewed. Most banks provide new employees with on-the-job
training.
 
Getting the Job
 
Sometimes bank recruiters visit high schools to look for future employees. High school placement offices can tell students whether this is the practice at their school. If
not, prospective bank workers can apply directly to local banks through their personnel departments. Bank jobs may be listed with state and private employment
agencies. Candidates can also check Internet job sites and the classified ads in local newspapers as well.
 
 
Advancement Possibilities and Employment Outlook
 
Banks prefer to promote their employees rather than hire new workers for jobs that require experience. Clerks frequently become tellers or supervisors. Many banks
encourage their employees to further their education at night.
 
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of bank clerks was expected to decline through the year 2014, because many banks are electronically
automating their systems and eliminating paperwork as well as many clerical tasks. Workers with knowledge of data processing and computers will have the best
opportunities. In addition to jobs created through expansion, openings at the clerical level often occur as workers move up to positions of greater responsibility.
 
 
Working Conditions
 
Although banks usually provide a pleasant working atmosphere, clerks often work alone, at times performing repetitive tasks. Bank clerks generally work between thirty-
five and forty hours per week, but they may be expected to take on evening and Saturday shifts depending on bank hours.
 
 
Earnings and Benefits
 
The salaries of bank clerks vary widely depending on the size and location of the bank and the clerk’s experience. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, median
salaries ranged from $23,317 to $27,310 per year in 2004 depending on experience and title. Generally, loan clerks are on the high end of this range, whereas general
office clerks are on the lower end.
 
Banks typically offer their employees excellent benefits. Besides paid vacations and more than the usual number of paid holidays, employees may receive health and life
insurance and participate in pension and profit-sharing plans. Some banks provide financial aid so that workers can continue their education.
 
Available at: <http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/151/
Bank-Clerk.html>. Retrieved on: Aug. 22, 2017. Adapted.
 
 
In the sentence of the text “Generally, loan clerks are on the high end of this range,whereas general office clerks are on the lower end”, the word whereas
 a) expresses a contrast.
 b) highlights a problem.
 c) imposes a condition.
 d) introduces an example.
 e) points out a solution.
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Questão 481: CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Mecãnico/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
How to Take Care of Cargo on Container Ships at Sea?
 
On container ships, cargo is carried in standardized containers, which are placed one over the other and secured using lashing.
 While at sea, the ship is subjected to heavy rolling and pitching, which can not only disturb the cargo but also upset the stability of the ship. Parametric rolling – a
unique phenomenon on container ships, must be carefully dealt with in order to ensure safety of cargo containers at sea.
 Keeping a watch on the loaded cargo containers when the container ship is sailing is as equally important as preparing a container ship for loading cargo. Also, officers
must know all the important equipment tools which are used to handle cargo on container ships.
 The following important points must be considered for taking care of cargo containers while at sea:
 
Check lashing
 Proper container lashing is one of the most important aspects of securing cargo safely on the ships. Every officer in charge of cargo loading and unloading must know
and understand the important points for safe container lashing.
 Moreover, when the ship is sailing, lashing must be checked at least once a day and tightened whenever necessary.
 If the ship is about to enter rough sea or in case of heavy weather, lashing should be frequently checked and additional lashing must be provided wherever required.
 
Checking containers with dangerous goods
 Cargo containers carrying dangerous goods must be checked at regular intervals of time, especially in bad weather. Dangerous goods containers must be frequently
checked for leakages or damages while the ship is sailing.
 
Checking reefer containers
 Reefer containers (refrigerated containers) must also be checked and monitored at least twice daily for proper functioning. Frequent monitoring is required in case of
special reefer cargo containers or containers which are suspected to malfunctioning.
 
Avoid wet damage of cargo
 Adverse weather condition might result into damage of cargo because of leakages from water and oil systems. Such kind of damage to container ships is known as wet
damage. Water from rains might also get accumulated inside the cargo hold and damage the cargo in lower tier containers in the cargo hold.
 Regular sounding of cargo hold bilges is of utmost importance for early detection of problems related to water or oil ingress in cargo holds. Bilges, the bottom inside
part of a ship where dirty water collects, must be checked once a day in normal weather condition and at regular intervals of time in rough weather. When the ship is at
port, cargo hold bilges must be drained into holding tanks.
 Regular rounds of the cargo deck compartment must be made to check the condition of lashing and cargo containers.
 Sometimes, it might so occur that in spite of taking all the necessary precautions, damage to cargo or the ship’s hull would take place. In such cases, the master of the
ship must take the necessary precautions to minimize the damage. He should also report the same to the company and make necessary entries in the ship’s log book.
 A master’s report on the damages sustained must also be made along with a sea protest which is to be produced at the next port. 
Available at: <https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/how-to-take-care-of-cargo-on-container-ships-at-sea/>. Retrieved on: July 21, 2016. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items express opposite ideas in
 a) “standardized” – uniform
 b) “placed” – located
 c) “subjected” – exposed
 d) “upset” – disturb
 e) “ensure” – neglect
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Questão 482: CESGRANRIO - Admin (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017
 
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables and growing electrification are changing the face of the global
energy system and upending traditional ways of meeting energy demand, according to the World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more diversified energy mix in
China is another major driver of this transformation.
 Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest source
of new electricity generation. Global energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still half as much as it would have been without efficiency improvements. The boom
years for coal are over — in the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows down but is not reversed before
2040 even as electric-car sales rise steeply.
 WEO-2017, the International EnergyAgency (IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next two decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major
forces: the United States is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks to falling costs; the share of electricity
in the energy mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications for global energy markets.
 Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity
soon after 2030.
 “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity generation in many places, including China and India,” said Dr Fatih
Birol, the IEA’s executive director. “Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result of government support and declining battery costs but it is far too early to write
the obituary of oil, as growth for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes the undisputed leader for oil and gas
production for decades, which represents a major upheaval for international market dynamics.”
 These themes — as well as the future role of oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy technologies are deploying, and the need for more investment in CCUS —
were among the key topics discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
 This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China, where economic and energy policy changes underway will have a profound impact on the country’s energy mix,
and continue to shape global trends. A new phase in the country’s development results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy industry and coal.
 At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner energy technologies, in large part to address poor air quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world leader in
wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and the source of more than a quarter of projected growth in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in China slows, other
countries continue to push overall global demand higher – with India accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
 The shale oil and gas revolution in the United States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective way. By the
mid-2020s, the United States is projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.
 This is having a major impact on oil and gas markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows, with consumers in Asia
accounting for more than 70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG from the United States is also accelerating a major structural shift towards a more flexible and
globalized gas market.
 WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to 2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while fuel efficiency
and rising electrification bring a peak in oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely petrochemicals, trucks,
aviation, and shipping – drive up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040. While carbon emissions have flattened in recent years, the report finds that global
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energy-related CO2 emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower pace than in last year’s projections. Still, this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of
climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/ november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in Text, the two items that express synonymous ideas are
 a) deployed – disturbed
 b) undisputed – irrefutable
 c) upheaval – stagnation
 d) unlock – restrain
 e) incumbent – unnecessary 
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/618974
Questão 483: CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Mecãnico/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
How to Take Care of Cargo on Container Ships at Sea?
 
On container ships, cargo is carried in standardized containers, which are placed one over the other and secured using lashing.
 While at sea, the ship is subjected to heavy rolling and pitching, which can not only disturb the cargo but also upset the stability of the ship. Parametric rolling – a
unique phenomenon on container ships, must be carefully dealt with in order to ensure safety of cargo containers at sea.
 Keeping a watch on the loaded cargo containers when the container ship is sailing is as equally important as preparing a container ship for loading cargo. Also, officers
must know all the important equipment tools which are used to handle cargo on container ships.
 The following important points must be considered for taking care of cargo containers while at sea:
 
Check lashing
 Proper container lashing is one of the most important aspects of securing cargo safely on the ships. Every officer in charge of cargo loading and unloading must know
and understand the important points for safe container lashing.
 Moreover, when the ship is sailing, lashing must be checked at least once a day and tightened whenever necessary.
 If the ship is about to enter rough sea or in case of heavy weather, lashing should be frequently checked and additional lashing must be provided wherever required.
 
Checking containers with dangerous goods
 Cargo containers carrying dangerous goods must be checked at regular intervals of time, especially in bad weather. Dangerous goods containers must be frequently
checked for leakages or damages while the ship is sailing.
 
Checking reefer containers
 Reefer containers (refrigerated containers) must also be checked and monitored at least twice daily for proper functioning. Frequent monitoring is required in case of
special reefer cargo containers or containers which are suspected to malfunctioning.
 
Avoid wet damage of cargo
 Adverse weather condition might result into damage of cargo because of leakages from water and oil systems. Such kind of damage to container ships is known as wet
damage. Water from rains might also get accumulated inside the cargo hold and damage the cargo in lower tier containers in the cargo hold.
 Regular sounding of cargo hold bilges is of utmost importance for early detection of problems related to water or oil ingress in cargo holds. Bilges, the bottom inside
part of a ship where dirty water collects, must be checked once a day in normal weather condition and at regular intervals of time in rough weather. When the ship is at
port, cargo hold bilges must be drained into holding tanks.
 Regular rounds of the cargo deck compartment must be made to check the condition of lashing and cargo containers.
 Sometimes, it might so occur that in spite of taking all the necessary precautions, damage to cargo or the ship’s hull would take place. In such cases, the master of the
ship must take the necessary precautions to minimize the damage. He should also report the same to the company and make necessary entries in the ship’s log book.
 A master’s report on the damages sustained must also be made along with a sea protest which is to be produced at the next port. 
Available at: <https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/how-to-take-care-of-cargo-on-container-ships-at-sea/>. Retrieved on: July 21, 2016. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “Every officer in charge of cargo loading and unloading must know and understand the important points for safe container lashing.” , must can be
replaced, without change in meaning, by
 a)wants to
 b) has to
 c) can
 d) may
 e) will 
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Questão 484: CESGRANRIO - Adm Jr (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
The key energy questions for 2018
The renewables industry has had a great year. 
How fast can it grow now?
What are the issues that will shape the global energy market in 2018? What will be the energy mix, trade patterns and price trends? Every country is different and local
factors, including politics, are important. But at the global level there are four key questions, and each of which answers is highly uncertain.
The first question is whether Saudi Arabia is stable. The kingdom’s oil exports now mostly go to Asia but the volumes involved mean that any volatility will destabilise a
market where speculation is rife.
The risk is that an open conflict, which Iran and Saudi have traditionally avoided despite all their differences, would spread and hit oil production and trade. It is worth
remembering that the Gulf states account for a quarter of global production and over 40 per cent of all the oil traded globally. The threat to stability is all the greater
given that Iran is likely to win any such clash and to treat the result as a licence to reassert its influence in the region.
The second question is how rapidly production of oil from shale rock will grow in the US — 2017 has seen an increase of 600,000 barrels a day to over 6m. The increase
in global prices over the past six months has made output from almost all America’s producing areas commercially viable and drilling activity is rising. A comparable
increase in 2018 would offset most of the current OPEC production cuts and either force another quota reduction or push prices down.
The third question concerns China. For the last three years the country has managed to deliver economic growth with only minimal increases in energy consumption.
Growth was probably lower than the claimed numbers — the Chinese do not like to admit that they, too, are subject to economic cycles and recessions — but even so the
achievement is considerable. The question is whether the trend can be continued. If it can, the result will limit global demand growth for oil, gas and coal.
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China, which accounts for a quarter of the world’s daily energy use, is the swing consumer. If energy efficiency gains continue, CO2 emissions will remain flat or even fall.
The country’s economy is changing and moving away from heavy industry fuelled largely by coal to a more service-based one, with a more varied fuel mix. But the pace
of that shift is uncertain and some recent data suggests that as economic growth has picked up, so has consumption of oil and coal. Beijing has high ambitions for a
much cleaner energy economy, driven not least by the levels of air pollution in many of the major cities; 2018 will show how much progress they are making.
The fourth question is, if anything, the most important. How fast can renewables grow? The last few years have seen dramatic reductions in costs and strong increase in
supply. The industry has had a great year, with bids from offshore wind for capacity auctions in the UK and elsewhere at record low levels. Wind is approaching grid
parity — the moment when it can compete without subsidies. Solar is also thriving: according to the International Energy Agency, costs have fallen by 70 per cent since
2010 not least because of advances in China, which now accounts for 60 per cent of total solar cell manufacturing capacity. The question is how rapidly all those gains
can be translated into electric supply.
Renewables, including hydro, accounted for just 5 per cent of global daily energy supply according to the IEA’s latest data. That is increasing — solar photovoltaic
capacity grew by 50 per cent in 2016 — but to make a real difference the industry needs a period of expansion comparable in scale to the growth of personal computing
and mobile phones in the 1990s and 2000s.
The problem is that the industry remains fragmented. Most renewable companies are small and local, and in many cases undercapitalised; some are built to collect
subsidies. A radical change will be necessary to make the industry global and capable of competing on the scale necessary to displace coal and natural gas. The coming
year will show us whether it is ready for that challenge.
In many ways, the energy business is at a moment of change and transition. Every reader will have their own view on each of the four questions. To me, the prospect is
of supply continuing to outpace demand. If that is right, the surge in oil prices over the past two months is a temporary and unsustainable phenomenon. It would take
another Middle East war to change the equation. Unfortunately, that is all too possible.
Available at: <https://www.ft.com/content/c9bdc750- ec85-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a>. Retrieved on: Feb 18, 2018. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “The threat to stability is all the greater given that Iran is likely to win any such clash and to treat the result as a licence to reassert its influence in the
region”, given that can be replaced, without change in meaning, by 
 a) even so 
 b) even though 
 c) despite the fact that 
 d) because of the fact that 
 e) taking into account that
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Questão 485: CESGRANRIO - Enf (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Clean energy: Experts outline how governments 
can successfully invest before it’s too late
Governments need to give technical experts more autonomy and hold their nerve to provide more long-term stability when investing in clean energy, argue researchers in
climate change and innovation policy in a new paper published today.
Writing in the journal Nature, the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for investment based on an analysis of the last twenty years of “what
works” in clean energy research and innovation programs.
Their six simple “guiding principles” also include the need to channel innovation into the private sector through formal tech transfer programs, and to think in terms of
lasting knowledge creation rather than ‘quick win’ potential when funding new projects.
The authors offer a stark warning to governments and policymakers: learn from and build on experience before time runs out, rather than constantly reinventing aims
and processes for the sake of political vanity.
“As the window of opportunity to avert dangerous climate change narrows, we urgently need to take stock of policy initiatives around the world that aim to accelerate
new energy technologies and stem greenhouse gas emissions,” said Laura Diaz Anadon, Professor of Climate Change Policy at the University of Cambridge.
“If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what works and why, we risk wasting time and money in a way that we simply
can’t afford,” said Anadon, who authored the new paper with colleagues from the Harvard Kennedy School as well as the University of Minnesota’s Prof Gabriel Chan.
Public investments in energy research have risen since the lows of the mid-1990s and early 2000s. OECD members spent US$16.6 billion on new energy research and
development (R&D) in 2016 compared to $10b in 2010. The EU and other nations pledged to double clean energy investment as part of 2015’s Paris Climate Change
Agreement.
Recently, the UK government set out its own Clean Growth Strategy, committing £2.5 billion between 2015 and 2021, with hundreds of million to be invested in new
generations of small nuclear power stations and offshore wind turbines.
However, Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovationhas, in many cases, been highly volatile in the recent past: with political shifts
resulting in huge budget fluctuations and process reinventions in the UK and US.
For example, the research team found that every single year between 1990 and 2017, one in five technology areas funded by the US Department of Energy (DoE) saw a
budget shift of more than 30% up or down. The Trump administration’s current plan is to slash 2018’s energy R&D budget by 35% across the board.
“Experimentation has benefits, but also costs,” said Anadon. “Researchers are having to relearn new processes, people and programmes with every political transition --
wasting time and effort for scientists, companies and policymakers.”
“Rather than repeated overhauls, existing programs should be continuously evaluated and updated. New programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently
met.”
More autonomy for project selection should be passed to active scientists, who are “best placed to spot bold but risky opportunities that managers miss,” say the authors
of the new paper.
They point to projects instigated by the US National Labs producing more commercially-viable technologies than those dictated by DoE headquarters — despite the Labs
holding a mere 4% of the DoE’s overall budget.
The six evidence-based guiding principles for clean energy investment are:
 
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Give researchers and technical experts more autonomy and influence over funding decisions.
Build technology transfer into research organisations.
Focus demonstration projects on learning.
Incentivise international collaboration.
Adopt an adaptive learning strategy.
Keep funding stable and predictable.
From US researchers using the pace of Chinese construction markets to test energy reduction technologies, to the UK government harnessing behavioural psychology to
promote energy efficiency, the authors highlight examples of government investment that helped create or improve clean energy initiatives across the world.
“Let’s learn from experience on how to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, safer and more affordable energy system,” they write.
Available at: <http://www.sciencedaily. com releases/2017/12/171206132223.htm>. Retrieved on: 28 Dec 2017. Adapted.
 
Based on the information presented in Text I, the expression in bold type and the item in parenthesis are semantically equivalent in 
 a) “the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for investment” 
 b) “learn from and build on experience before time runs out” 
 c) “If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what works and why” 
 d) “Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovation has, in many cases, been highly volatile in the recent past” 
 e) “New programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently met”
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Questão 486: CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Mecãnico/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
How to Take Care of Cargo on Container Ships at Sea?
 
On container ships, cargo is carried in standardized containers, which are placed one over the other and secured using lashing.
 While at sea, the ship is subjected to heavy rolling and pitching, which can not only disturb the cargo but also upset the stability of the ship. Parametric rolling – a
unique phenomenon on container ships, must be carefully dealt with in order to ensure safety of cargo containers at sea.
 Keeping a watch on the loaded cargo containers when the container ship is sailing is as equally important as preparing a container ship for loading cargo. Also, officers
must know all the important equipment tools which are used to handle cargo on container ships.
 The following important points must be considered for taking care of cargo containers while at sea:
 
Check lashing
 Proper container lashing is one of the most important aspects of securing cargo safely on the ships. Every officer in charge of cargo loading and unloading must know
and understand the important points for safe container lashing.
 Moreover, when the ship is sailing, lashing must be checked at least once a day and tightened whenever necessary.
 If the ship is about to enter rough sea or in case of heavy weather, lashing should be frequently checked and additional lashing must be provided wherever required.
 
Checking containers with dangerous goods
 Cargo containers carrying dangerous goods must be checked at regular intervals of time, especially in bad weather. Dangerous goods containers must be frequently
checked for leakages or damages while the ship is sailing.
 
Checking reefer containers
 Reefer containers (refrigerated containers) must also be checked and monitored at least twice daily for proper functioning. Frequent monitoring is required in case of
special reefer cargo containers or containers which are suspected to malfunctioning.
 
Avoid wet damage of cargo
 Adverse weather condition might result into damage of cargo because of leakages from water and oil systems. Such kind of damage to container ships is known as wet
damage. Water from rains might also get accumulated inside the cargo hold and damage the cargo in lower tier containers in the cargo hold.
 Regular sounding of cargo hold bilges is of utmost importance for early detection of problems related to water or oil ingress in cargo holds. Bilges, the bottom inside
part of a ship where dirty water collects, must be checked once a day in normal weather condition and at regular intervals of time in rough weather. When the ship is at
port, cargo hold bilges must be drained into holding tanks.
 Regular rounds of the cargo deck compartment must be made to check the condition of lashing and cargo containers.
 Sometimes, it might so occur that in spite of taking all the necessary precautions, damage to cargo or the ship’s hull would take place. In such cases, the master of the
ship must take the necessary precautions to minimize the damage. He should also report the same to the company and make necessary entries in the ship’s log book.
 A master’s report on the damages sustained must also be made along with a sea protest which is to be produced at the next port. 
Available at: <https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/how-to-take-care-of-cargo-on-container-ships-at-sea/>. Retrieved on: July 21, 2016. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “A master’s report on the damages sustained must also be made along with a sea protest”, along with can be replaced, without change in meaning, by
 a) right before
 b) together with
 c) immediately after
 d) much sooner than
 e) in accordance with 
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Questão 487: CESGRANRIO - Admin (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017
 
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables and growing electrification are changing the face of the global
energy system and upending traditional ways of meeting energy demand, according to the World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more diversified energy mix in
China is another major driver of this transformation.
 Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest source
of new electricity generation. Global energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still half as much as it would have been without efficiency improvements. The boom
years for coal are over — in the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows down but is not reversedbefore
2040 even as electric-car sales rise steeply.
 WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next two decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major
forces: the United States is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks to falling costs; the share of electricity
in the energy mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications for global energy markets.
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 Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity
soon after 2030.
 “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity generation in many places, including China and India,” said Dr Fatih
Birol, the IEA’s executive director. “Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result of government support and declining battery costs but it is far too early to write
the obituary of oil, as growth for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes the undisputed leader for oil and gas
production for decades, which represents a major upheaval for international market dynamics.”
 These themes — as well as the future role of oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy technologies are deploying, and the need for more investment in CCUS —
were among the key topics discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
 This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China, where economic and energy policy changes underway will have a profound impact on the country’s energy mix,
and continue to shape global trends. A new phase in the country’s development results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy industry and coal.
 At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner energy technologies, in large part to address poor air quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world leader in
wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and the source of more than a quarter of projected growth in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in China slows, other
countries continue to push overall global demand higher – with India accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
 The shale oil and gas revolution in the United States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective way. By the
mid-2020s, the United States is projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.
 This is having a major impact on oil and gas markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows, with consumers in Asia
accounting for more than 70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG from the United States is also accelerating a major structural shift towards a more flexible and
globalized gas market.
 WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to 2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while fuel efficiency
and rising electrification bring a peak in oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely petrochemicals, trucks,
aviation, and shipping – drive up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040. While carbon emissions have flattened in recent years, the report finds that global
energy-related CO2 emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower pace than in last year’s projections. Still, this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of
climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/ november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity generation in many places, including China and India”
and “with India accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040” forging ahead and accounting for mean, respectively,
 a) rapidly declining – amounting to
 b) dramatically falling – adding up to
 c) rising steeply – being blamed for
 d) slowing down – being responsible for 
 e) progressing steadily – being the reason for 
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Questão 488: CESGRANRIO - Admin (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017
 
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables and growing electrification are changing the face of the global
energy system and upending traditional ways of meeting energy demand, according to the World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more diversified energy mix in
China is another major driver of this transformation.
 Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest source
of new electricity generation. Global energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still half as much as it would have been without efficiency improvements. The boom
years for coal are over — in the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows down but is not reversed before
2040 even as electric-car sales rise steeply.
 WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next two decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major
forces: the United States is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks to falling costs; the share of electricity
in the energy mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications for global energy markets.
 Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity
soon after 2030.
 “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity generation in many places, including China and India,” said Dr Fatih
Birol, the IEA’s executive director. “Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result of government support and declining battery costs but it is far too early to write
the obituary of oil, as growth for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes the undisputed leader for oil and gas
production for decades, which represents a major upheaval for international market dynamics.”
 These themes — as well as the future role of oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy technologies are deploying, and the need for more investment in CCUS —
were among the key topics discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
 This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China, where economic and energy policy changes underway will have a profound impact on the country’s energy mix,
and continue to shape global trends. A new phase in the country’s development results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy industry and coal.
 At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner energy technologies, in large part to address poor air quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world leader in
wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and the source of more than a quarter of projected growth in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in China slows, other
countries continue to push overall globaldemand higher – with India accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
 The shale oil and gas revolution in the United States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective way. By the
mid-2020s, the United States is projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.
 This is having a major impact on oil and gas markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows, with consumers in Asia
accounting for more than 70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG from the United States is also accelerating a major structural shift towards a more flexible and
globalized gas market.
 WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to 2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while fuel efficiency
and rising electrification bring a peak in oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely petrochemicals, trucks,
aviation, and shipping – drive up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040. While carbon emissions have flattened in recent years, the report finds that global
energy-related CO2 emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower pace than in last year’s projections. Still, this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of
climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/ november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change”, Still can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by
 a) Therefore
 b) Furthermore
 c) Nevertheless
 d) In other words
 e) Because of that
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Questão 489: CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Bombeador/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
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Industry Needs to Design Ships Differently
 
The shipping industry needs to design ships differently and be more technologically innovative to reach world climate goals and counter cybersecurity risks, it was agreed
at the annual Tripartite Shipbuilding Forum.
 At the meeting in Nantong, China, held on November 1-3, the forum reached several general conclusions on ship design and technology. 
 This year’s themes were decarbonization of ships, safe design and digitalization. These issues are interlinked as they are all relevant to the creation of a more efficient
seaborne transport system.
 At the end of two days of debate, it was concluded that the industry urgently needs new ship designs, equipment, propulsion systems and alternative fuels to achieve
the CO2 reduction goals established by the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the specific objectives to be established for international shipping by the IMO
(International Maritime Organization), a specialized agency of the United Nations, as part of its GHG (greenhouse gas) reduction strategy.
 It was agreed that the industry needs to use all available technology to a much greater extent, and increase technological innovation to reduce CO2 emissions to the
ambitious degree required by the international community.
 The Tripartite forum has therefore established inter-industry working groups with the aim of developing a better understanding of current R&D (research and
development) efforts for the new technologies needed by the shipping sector to realize its vision for zero CO2 emissions this century.
 The participants hope that the general understandings reached at the meeting will send an important signal to all industry stakeholders about the vital role that
everyone must play to deliver the continuous improvement of shipping’s environmental performance now demanded by global society. The critical importance of the
safety of seafarers and ships which they operate were also part of the meeting’s agenda. As explained, there are increasing concerns that new regulations governing ship
designs aimed at further reducing CO2 emissions could potentially have adverse effects on the safe operation of ships.
 One example would be any legal requirements that led to a further reduction of engine power. The concern is that ships could get into problems during bad weather if
the engine is insufficiently powered, putting both the crew and the environment at serious risk.
 Moreover, recent cyber attacks have increased awareness of potential threats facing the industry. When it comes to ship design and construction, it was generally
agreed that the industry needs to adopt new methods and standards to create more resilient digital systems on board. A more layered approach to a ship’s digital system
and greater segregation can increase safety, so that a single attack cannot readily spread to IT (information technology) and other systems both on board the ship and
ashore.
 The Tripartite forum agreed that in advance of its next meeting in Korea in 2018, the industry partners represented at Tripartite will work together to develop new
design standards, which will help raise the resilience of ships’ digital systems and make them more resistant to possible cyber-attacks.
 Available at: <http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/236231/ forum-industry-needs-to-design-ships-differently/>. Retrieved on: Dec. 2, 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “Moreover, recent cyber attacks have increased awareness of potential threats facing the industry” (lines 52-53), Moreover can be replaced, without
change in meaning, by
 a) But
 b) Finally
 c) However
 d) In addition
 e) As a result 
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Questão 490: CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Mecãnico/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
How to Take Care of Cargo on Container Ships at Sea?
 
On container ships, cargo is carried in standardized containers, which are placed one over the other and secured using lashing.
 While at sea, the ship is subjected to heavy rolling and pitching, which can not only disturb the cargo but also upset the stability of the ship. Parametric rolling – a
unique phenomenon on container ships, must be carefully dealt with in order to ensure safety of cargo containers at sea.
 Keeping a watch on the loaded cargo containersa when the container ship is sailing is as equally important as preparing a container ship for loading cargo. Also,
officersb must know all the important equipment toolsc which are used to handle cargo on container shipsd.
 The following important pointse must be considered for taking care of cargo containers while at sea:
 
Check lashing
 Proper container lashing is one of the most important aspects of securing cargo safely on the ships. Every officer in charge of cargo loading and unloading must know
and understand the important points for safe container lashing.
 Moreover, when the ship is sailing, lashing must be checked at least once a day and tightened whenever necessary.
 If the ship is about to enter rough sea or in case of heavy weather, lashing should be frequently checked and additional lashing must be provided wherever required.
 
Checking containers with dangerous goods
 Cargo containers carrying dangerous goods must be checked at regular intervals of time, especially in bad weather. Dangerous goods containers must be frequently
checked for leakages or damages while the ship is sailing.
 
Checking reefer containers
 Reefer containers (refrigerated containers) must also be checked and monitored at least twice daily for proper functioning. Frequent monitoring is required in case of
special reefer cargo containers or containerswhich are suspected to malfunctioning.
 
Avoid wet damage of cargo
 Adverse weather condition might result into damage of cargo because of leakages from water and oil systems. Such kind of damage to container ships is known as wet
damage. Water from rains might also get accumulated inside the cargo hold and damage the cargo in lower tier containers in the cargo hold.
 Regular sounding of cargo hold bilges is of utmost importance for early detection of problems related to water or oil ingress in cargo holds. Bilges, the bottom inside
part of a ship where dirty water collects, must be checked once a day in normal weather condition and at regular intervals of time in rough weather. When the ship is at
port, cargo hold bilges must be drained into holding tanks.
 Regular rounds of the cargo deck compartment must be made to check the condition of lashing and cargo containers.
 Sometimes, it might so occur that in spite of taking all the necessary precautions, damage to cargo or the ship’s hull would take place. In such cases, the master of the
ship must take the necessary precautions to minimize the damage. He should also report the same to the company and make necessary entries in the ship’s log book.
 A master’s report on the damages sustained must also be made along with a sea protest which is to be produced at the next port. 
Available at: <https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/how-to-take-care-of-cargo-on-container-ships-at-sea/>. Retrieved on: July 21, 2016. Adapted.
 
In the fragment “...which are used to handle cargo on container ships”, which refers to
 a) containers 
 b) officers 
 c) tools 
 d) ships 
 e) points
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Questão 491: CESGRANRIO - Adm Jr (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
The key energy questions for 2018
The renewables industry has had a great year. 
How fast can it grow now?
What are the issues that will shape the global energy market in 2018? What will be the energy mix, trade patterns and price trends? Every country is different and local
factors, including politics, are important. But at the global level there are four key questions, and each of which answers is highly uncertain.
The first question is whether Saudi Arabia is stable. The kingdom’s oil exports now mostly go to Asia but the volumes involved mean that any volatility will destabilise a
market where speculation is rife.
The risk is that an open conflict, which Iran and Saudi have traditionally avoided despite all their differences, would spread and hit oil production and trade. It is worth
remembering that the Gulf states account for a quarter of global production and over 40 per cent of all the oil traded globally. The threat to stability is all the greater
given that Iran is likely to win any such clash and to treat the result as a licence to reassert its influence in the region.
The second question is how rapidly production of oil from shale rock will grow in the US — 2017 has seen an increase of 600,000 barrels a day to over 6m. The increase
in global prices over the past six months has made output from almost all America’s producing areas commercially viable and drilling activity is rising. A comparable
increase in 2018 would offset most of the current OPEC production cuts and either force another quota reduction or push prices down.
The third question concerns China. For the last three years the country has managed to deliver economic growth with only minimal increases in energy consumption.
Growth was probably lower than the claimed numbers — the Chinese do not like to admit that they, too, are subject to economic cycles and recessions — but even so the
achievement is considerable. The question is whether the trend can be continued. If it can, the result will limit global demand growth for oil, gas and coal.
China, which accounts for a quarter of the world’s daily energy use, is the swing consumer. If energy efficiency gains continue, CO2 emissions will remain flat or even fall.
The country’s economy is changing and moving away from heavy industry fuelled largely by coal to a more service-based one, with a more varied fuel mix. But the pace
of that shift is uncertain and some recent data suggests that as economic growth has picked up, so has consumption of oil and coal. Beijing has high ambitions for a
much cleaner energy economy, driven not least by the levels of air pollution in many of the major cities; 2018 will show how much progress they are making.
The fourth question is, if anything, the most important. How fast can renewables grow? The last few years have seen dramatic reductions in costs and strong increase in
supply. The industry has had a great year, with bids from offshore wind for capacity auctions in the UK and elsewhere at record low levels. Wind is approaching grid
parity — the moment when it can compete without subsidies. Solar is also thriving: according to the International Energy Agency, costs have fallen by 70 per cent since
2010 not least because of advances in China, which now accounts for 60 per cent of total solar cell manufacturing capacity. The question is how rapidly all those gains
can be translated into electric supply.
Renewables, including hydro, accounted for just 5 per cent of global daily energy supply according to the IEA’s latest data. That is increasing — solar photovoltaic
capacity grew by 50 per cent in 2016 — but to make a real difference the industry needs a period of expansion comparable in scale to the growth of personal computing
and mobile phones in the 1990s and 2000s.
The problem is that the industry remains fragmented. Most renewable companies are small and local, and in many cases undercapitalised; some are built to collect
subsidies. A radical change will be necessary to make the industry global and capable of competing on the scale necessary to displace coal and natural gas. The coming
year will show us whether it is ready for that challenge.
In many ways, the energy business is at a moment of change and transition. Every reader will have their own view on each of the four questions. To me, the prospect is
of supply continuing to outpace demand. If that is right, the surge in oil prices over the past two months is a temporary and unsustainable phenomenon. It would take
another Middle East war to change the equation. Unfortunately, that is all too possible.
Available at: <https://www.ft.com/content/c9bdc750- ec85-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a>. Retrieved on: Feb 18, 2018. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings of the words in the text, it can be said that 
 a) “rife” and scarce express similar ideas. 
 b) “claimed” can be replaced by hidden. 
 c) “flat” and high express similar ideas. 
 d) “thriving” and developing are synonyms. 
 e) “surge” and increase are antonyms.
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Questão 492: CESGRANRIO - Enf (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Clean energy: Experts outline how governments 
can successfully invest before it’s too late
Governments need to give technical experts more autonomy and hold their nerve to provide more long-term stability when investing in clean energy, argue researchers in
climate change and innovation policy in a new paper published today.
Writing in the journal Nature, the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for investment based on an analysis of the last twenty years of “what
works” in clean energy research and innovation programs.
Their six simple “guiding principles” also include the need to channel innovation into the private sector through formal tech transfer programs, and to think in terms of
lasting knowledge creation rather than ‘quick win’ potentialwhen funding new projects.
The authors offer a stark warning to governments and policymakers: learn from and build on experience before time runs out, rather than constantly reinventing aims
and processes for the sake of political vanity.
“As the window of opportunity to avert dangerous climate change narrows, we urgently need to take stock of policy initiatives around the world that aim to accelerate
new energy technologies and stem greenhouse gas emissions,” said Laura Diaz Anadon, Professor of Climate Change Policy at the University of Cambridge.
“If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what works and why, we risk wasting time and money in a way that we simply
can’t afford,” said Anadon, who authored the new paper with colleagues from the Harvard Kennedy School as well as the University of Minnesota’s Prof Gabriel Chan.
Public investments in energy research have risen since the lows of the mid-1990s and early 2000s. OECD members spent US$16.6 billion on new energy research and
development (R&A) in 2016 compared to $10b in 2010. The EU and other nations pledged to double clean energy investment as part of 2015’s Paris Climate Change
Agreement.
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Recently, the UK government set out its own Clean Growth Strategy, committing £2.5 billion between 2015 and 2021, with hundreds of million to be invested in new
generations of small nuclear power stations and offshore wind turbines.
However, Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovation has, in many cases, been highly volatile in the recent past: with political shifts
resulting in huge budget fluctuations and process reinventions in the UK and US.
For example, the research team found that every single year between 1990 and 2017, one in five technology areas funded by the US Department of Energy (DoE) saw a
budget shift of more than 30% up or down. The Trump administration’s current plan is to slash 2018’s energy R&D budget by 35% across the board.
“Experimentation has benefits, but also costs,” said Anadon. “Researchers are having to relearn new processes, people and programmes with every political transition --
wasting time and effort for scientists, companies and policymakers.”
“Rather than repeated overhauls, existing programs should be continuously evaluated and updated. New programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently
met.”
More autonomy for project selection should be passed to active scientists, who are “best placed to spot bold but risky opportunities that managers miss,” say the authors
of the new paper.
They point to projects instigated by the US National Labs producing more commercially-viable technologies than those dictated by DoE headquarters — despite the Labs
holding a mere 4% of the DoE’s overall budget.
The six evidence-based guiding principles for clean energy investment are:
 
Give researchers and technical experts more autonomy and influence over funding decisions.
Build technology transfer into research organisations.
Focus demonstration projects on learning.
Incentivise international collaboration.
Adopt an adaptive learning strategy.
Keep funding stable and predictable.
From US researchers using the pace of Chinese construction markets to test energy reduction technologies, to the UK government harnessing behavioural psychology to
promote energy efficiency, the authors highlight examples of government investment that helped create or improve clean energy initiatives across the world.
“Let’s learn from experience on how to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, safer and more affordable energy system,” they write.
Available at: <http://www.sciencedaily. com releases/2017/12/171206132223.htm>. Retrieved on: 28 Dec 2017. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that express synonymous ideas are
 a) channel 
 b) stark 
 c) stem
 d) pledged 
 e) bold
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Questão 493: CESGRANRIO - Adm Jr (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
The key energy questions for 2018
The renewables industry has had a great year. 
How fast can it grow now?
What are the issues that will shape the global energy market in 2018? What will be the energy mix, trade patterns and price trends? Every country is different and local
factors, including politics, are important. But at the global level there are four key questions, and each of which answers is highly uncertain.
The first question is whether Saudi Arabia is stable. The kingdom’s oil exports now mostly go to Asia but the volumes involved mean that any volatility will destabilise a
market where speculation is rife.
The risk is that an open conflict, which Iran and Saudi have traditionally avoided despite all their differences, would spread and hit oil production and trade. It is worth
remembering that the Gulf states account for a quarter of global production and over 40 per cent of all the oil traded globally. The threat to stability is all the greater
given that Iran is likely to win any such clash and to treat the result as a licence to reassert its influence in the region.
The second question is how rapidly production of oil from shale rock will grow in the US — 2017 has seen an increase of 600,000 barrels a day to over 6m. The increase
in global prices over the past six months has made output from almost all America’s producing areas commercially viable and drilling activity is rising. A comparable
increase in 2018 would offset most of the current OPEC production cuts and either force another quota reduction or push prices down.
The third question concerns China. For the last three years the country has managed to deliver economic growth with only minimal increases in energy consumption.
Growth was probably lower than the claimed numbers — the Chinese do not like to admit that they, too, are subject to economic cycles and recessions — but even so the
achievement is considerable. The question is whether the trend can be continued. If it can, the result will limit global demand growth for oil, gas and coal.
China, which accounts for a quarter of the world’s daily energy use, is the swing consumer. If energy efficiency gains continue, CO2 emissions will remain flat or even fall.
The country’s economy is changing and moving away from heavy industry fuelled largely by coal to a more service-based one, with a more varied fuel mix. But the pace
of that shift is uncertain and some recent data suggests that as economic growth has picked up, so has consumption of oil and coal. Beijing has high ambitions for a
much cleaner energy economy, driven not least by the levels of air pollution in many of the major cities; 2018 will show how much progress they are making.
The fourth question is, if anything, the most important. How fast can renewables grow? The last few years have seen dramatic reductions in costs and strong increase in
supply. The industry has had a great year, with bids from offshore wind for capacity auctions in the UK and elsewhere at record low levels. Wind is approaching grid
parity — the moment when it can compete without subsidies. Solar is also thriving: according to the International Energy Agency, costs have fallen by 70 per cent since
2010 not least because of advances in China, which now accounts for 60 per cent of total solar cell manufacturing capacity. The question is how rapidly all those gains
can be translated into electric supply.
Renewables, including hydro, accounted for just 5 per cent of global daily energy supply according to the IEA’s latest data. That is increasing — solar photovoltaic
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and mobile phones in the 1990s and 2000s.
The problem is that the industry remains fragmented. Most renewable companies are small and local, and in many cases undercapitalised; some are built to collect
subsidies. A radical change will be necessary to make the industry global and capable of competing on the scale necessary to displace coal and natural gas. The coming
year will show us whether it is ready for that challenge.
In many ways, the energy business is at a moment of change and transition. Every reader will have their own view on each of the four questions. To me, the prospect is
of supply continuing to outpace demand. If that is right, the surge in oil prices over the past two months is a temporary and unsustainable phenomenon. It would take
another Middle East war to change the equation. Unfortunately, that is all too possible.
Available at: <https://www.ft.com/content/c9bdc750- ec85-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a>. Retrieved on: Feb 18, 2018. Adapted.
 
In the fragments “some recent data suggests that as economic growth has picked up” and “Beijing has high ambitions for a much cleaner energy economy, driven not
least by the levels of air pollution in many of the major cities” , picked up and driven by mean, respectively, 
 a) declined – guided by 
 b) increased – delayed by 
 c) deteriorated – caused by 
 d) improved – motivated by 
 e) stabilized – hindered by
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/637649
Questão 494: CESGRANRIO - Enf (PETROBRAS)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Clean energy: Experts outline how governments 
can successfully invest before it’s too late
Governments need to give technical experts more autonomy and hold their nerve to provide more long-term stability when investing in clean energy, argue researchers in
climate change and innovation policy in a new paper published today.
Writing in the journal Nature, the authors from UK and US institutions have set out guidelines for investment based on an analysis of the last twenty years of “what
works” in clean energy research and innovation programs.
Their six simple “guiding principles” also include the need to channel innovation into the private sector through formal tech transfer programs, and to think in terms of
lasting knowledge creation rather than ‘quick win’ potential when funding new projects.
The authors offer a stark warning to governments and policymakers: learn from and build on experience before time runs out, rather than constantly reinventing aims
and processes for the sake of political vanity.
“As the window of opportunity to avert dangerous climate change narrows, we urgently need to take stock of policy initiatives around the world that aim to accelerate
new energy technologies and stem greenhouse gas emissions,” said Laura Diaz Anadon, Professor of Climate Change Policy at the University of Cambridge.
“If we don’t build on the lessons from previous policy successes and failures to understand what works and why, we risk wasting time and money in a way that we simply
can’t afford,” said Anadon, who authored the new paper with colleagues from the Harvard Kennedy School as well as the University of Minnesota’s Prof Gabriel Chan.
Public investments in energy research have risen since the lows of the mid-1990s and early 2000s. OECD members spent US$16.6 billion on new energy research and
development (R&D) in 2016 compared to $10b in 2010. The EU and other nations pledged to double clean energy investment as part of 2015’s Paris Climate Change
Agreement.
Recently, the UK government set out its own Clean Growth Strategy, committing £2.5 billion between 2015 and 2021, with hundreds of million to be invested in new
generations of small nuclear power stations and offshore wind turbines.
However, Anadon and colleagues point out that government funding for energy innovation has, in many cases, been highly volatile in the recent past: with political shifts
resulting in huge budget fluctuations and process reinventions in the UK and US.
For example, the research team found that every single year between 1990 and 2017, one in five technology areas funded by the US Department of Energy (DoE) saw a
budget shift of more than 30% up or down. The Trump administration’s current plan is to slash 2018’s energy R&D budget by 35% across the board.
“Experimentation has benefits, but also costs,” said Anadon. “Researchers are having to relearn new processes, people and programmes with every political transition --
wasting time and effort for scientists, companies and policymakers.”
“Rather than repeated overhauls, existing programs should be continuously evaluated and updated. New programs should only be set up if they fill needs not currently
met.”
More autonomy for project selection should be passed to active scientists, who are “best placed to spot bold but risky opportunities that managers miss,” say the authors
of the new paper.
They point to projects instigated by the US National Labs producing more commercially-viable technologies than those dictated by DoE headquarters — despite the Labs
holding a mere 4% of the DoE’s overall budget.
The six evidence-based guiding principles for clean energy investment are:
 
Give researchers and technical experts more autonomy and influence over funding decisions.
Build technology transfer into research organisations.
Focus demonstration projects on learning.
Incentivise international collaboration.
Adopt an adaptive learning strategy.
Keep funding stable and predictable.
From US researchers using the pace of Chinese construction markets to test energy reduction technologies, to the UK government harnessing behavioural psychology to
promote energy efficiency, the authors highlight examples of government investment that helped create or improve clean energy initiatives across the world.
“Let’s learn from experience on how to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, safer and more affordable energy system,” they write.
16/07/2021 TEC Concursos - Questões para concursos, provas, editais, simulados.
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Available at: <http://www.sciencedaily. com releases/2017/12/171206132223.htm>. Retrieved on: 28 Dec 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of Text I “we urgently need to take stock of policy initiatives around the world”, take stock means to 
 a) reevaluate controversial decisions. 
 b) plan ahead to overcome potential difficulties. 
 c) make an overall assessment of a particular situation. 
 d) discard unnecessary measures or questionable actions. 
 e) get rid of all inefficient or superficial solutions to a problem.
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Questão 495: CESGRANRIO - Cond (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Bombeador/2018
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Industry Needs to Design Ships Differently
 
The shipping industry needs to design ships differently and be more technologically innovative to reach world climate goals and counter cybersecurity risks, it was agreed
at the annual Tripartite Shipbuilding Forum.
 At the meeting in Nantong, China, held on November 1-3, the forum reached several general conclusions on ship design and technology. 
 This year’s themes were decarbonization of ships, safe design and digitalization. These issues are interlinked as they are all relevant to the creation of a more efficient
seaborne transport system.
 At the end of two days of debate, it was concluded that the industry urgently needs new ship designs, equipment, propulsion systems and alternative fuels to achieve
the CO2 reduction goals established by the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the specific objectives to be established for international shipping by the IMO
(InternationalMaritime Organization), a specialized agency of the United Nations, as part of its GHG (greenhouse gas) reduction strategy.
 It was agreed that the industry needs to use all available technology to a much greater extent, and increase technological innovation to reduce CO2 emissions to the
ambitious degree required by the international community.
 The Tripartite forum has therefore established inter-industry working groups with the aim of developing a better understanding of current R&D (research and
development) efforts for the new technologies needed by the shipping sector to realize its vision for zero CO2 emissions this century.
 The participants hope that the general understandings reached at the meeting will send an important signal to all industry stakeholders about the vital role that
everyone must play to deliver the continuous improvement of shipping’s environmental performance now demanded by global society. The critical importance of the
safety of seafarers and ships which they operate were also part of the meeting’s agenda. As explained, there are increasing concerns that new regulations governing ship
designs aimed at further reducing CO2 emissions could potentially have adverse effects on the safe operation of ships.
 One example would be any legal requirements that led to a further reduction of engine power. The concern is that ships could get into problems during bad weather if
the engine is insufficiently powered, putting both the crew and the environment at serious risk.
 Moreover, recent cyber attacks have increased awareness of potential threats facing the industry. When it comes to ship design and construction, it was generally
agreed that the industry needs to adopt new methods and standards to create more resilient digital systems on board. A more layered approach to a ship’s digital system
and greater segregation can increase safety, so that a single attack cannot readily spread to IT (information technology) and other systems both on board the ship and
ashore.
 The Tripartite forum agreed that in advance of its next meeting in Korea in 2018, the industry partners represented at Tripartite will work together to develop new
design standards, which will help raise the resilience of ships’ digital systems and make them more resistant to possible cyber-attacks.
 Available at: <http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/236231/ forum-industry-needs-to-design-ships-differently/>. Retrieved on: Dec. 2, 2017. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items express similar ideas in
 a) “innovative” – traditional
 b) “continuous” – endless
 c) “concern” – comfort
 d) “resilient” – weak
 e) “raise” – diminish 
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Questão 496: CESGRANRIO - Med do Trab (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2017
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Text
 
Oil
 
Overview
 
The oil industry has a less-than-stellar environmental record in general, but it becomes even worse in tropical rainforest regions, which often contain rich deposits of
petroleum. The most notorious examples of rainforest havoc caused by oil firms are Shell Oil in Nigeria and Texaco in Ecuador. The operations run by both companies
degraded the environment and affected local and indigenous people by their activities. The Texaco operation in Ecuador was responsible for spilling some 17 million
gallons of oil into the biologically rich tributaries of the upper Amazon, while in the 1980s and 1990s Shell Oil cooperated with the oppressive military dictatorship in
Nigeria in the suppression and harassment of local people.
 
Action
 
The simplest and most reliable way to mitigate damage from oil operations would be to prohibit oil extraction in the tropical rainforest. But that is unlikely given the
number of tropical countries that produce oil and the wealth of oil deposits located in forest areas. Thus the focus is on reducing pollution and avoiding spills through
better pipeline management, reinjection techniques, and halting methane flaring. Limiting road development and restricting access can help avoid deforestation
associated with settlement.
 
Biofuels
 
The energy and technology sectors are investing heavily in alternatives to conventional fossil fuels, but early efforts to use crop-based biofuels have had serious
environmental consequences.
 
While some believed biofuels—fuels that are derived from biomass, including recently living organisms like plants or their metabolic byproducts like cow manure— would
offer environmental benefits over conventional fossils fuels, the production and use of biofuels derived from palm oil, soy, corn, rapeseed, and sugar cane have in recent
years driven up food prices, promoted large-scale deforestation, depleted water supplies, worsened soil erosion, and lead to increased air and water pollution. Still, there
is hope that the next generation of biofuels, derived from farm waste, algae, and native grasses and weeds, could eliminate many of the worse effects seen during the
current rush into biofuels.
 
Efficiency
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Good old-fashioned oil conservation is effective in reducing demand for oil products. After the first OPEC embargo in 1973, the United States realized the importance of oil
efficiency and initiated policies to do away with wasteful practices. By 1985, the U.S. was 25 percent more energy efficient and 32 percent more oil efficient than in 1973.
Of course the U.S. was upstaged by the Japanese who in the same period improved their energy efficiency by 31 percent and their oil efficiency by 51 percent. Today the
importance of oil to the economy is still diminishing. Despite the 51 percent growth in the American economy between 1990 and 2004, carbon emissions only increased
19% suggesting that those who insist that economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions move in tandem are wrong.
 
Develop new technology
 
The developed world can seek alternative methods to oil exploration, by developing new technologies that rely less on processes that are ecologically damaging. For
example, compressed natural gas is a cleaner-burning fuel than gasoline, is already used in some cars, and is available in vast quantities. Electric cars are potentially even
more environmentally sound.
 
To encourage investment in research and development of “greener” technologies, governments can help by eliminating subsidies for the oil and gas industry and
imposing higher taxes on heavy polluters. While governments will play a role in cleaner-energy development, it is likely that the private sector will provide most of the
funding and innovation for new energy projects. Venture capital firms and corporations have put billions into new technologies since the mid-2000s, while corporations
are getting on board as well.
 
As experiences with biofuels have shown, there are often downsides to alternative energy sources. For example, hydroelectric projects have destroyed river systems and
flooded vast areas of forests. Thus when undertaking any large-scale energy project — whether it’s wind, solar, tidal, geothermal, or something else — it is important to
conduct a proper assessment of its impact.
 
Conclusion
 
Admittedly, there are many challenges facing sustainable use of tropical rainforests. In arriving at a solution many issues must be addressed, including the resolution of
conflicting claims to land considered to be in the public domain; barriers to markets; the assurance of sustainable development without overexploitation in the face of
growing demand for forest products; determination of the best way to use forests; and the consideration of many other factors.
 
Almost none of these economic possibilities can become realities if the rainforests are completely stripped. Useful products cannot be harvested from species that no
longer exist,just as eco-tourists will not visit the vast stretches of wasteland that were once lush forest. Thus some of the primary rainforests must be salvaged for
sustainable development to be at all successful.
 
Available at: <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/1013.htm>. Retrieved on: Aug, 10th, 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of Text “In arriving at a solution many issues must be addressed, including the resolution of conflicting claims to land considered to be in the public
domain” the terms issues, addressed, claims correspond to the following meanings: 
 a) copies – cleared – petitions 
 b) problems – treated – surrender 
 c) queries – dealt with – demands 
 d) magazines – directed – requests 
 e) questions – approached – waivers
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/565192
Questão 497: CESGRANRIO - Med do Trab (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2017
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Text
 
Oil
 
Overview
 
The oil industry has a less-than-stellar environmental record in general, but it becomes even worse in tropical rainforest regions, which often contain rich deposits of
petroleum. The most notorious examples of rainforest havoc caused by oil firms are Shell Oil in Nigeria and Texaco in Ecuador. The operations run by both companies
degraded the environment and affected local and indigenous people by their activities. The Texaco operation in Ecuador was responsible for spilling some 17 million
gallons of oil into the biologically rich tributaries of the upper Amazon, while in the 1980s and 1990s Shell Oil cooperated with the oppressive military dictatorship in
Nigeria in the suppression and harassment of local people.
 
Action
 
The simplest and most reliable way to mitigate damage from oil operations would be to prohibit oil extraction in the tropical rainforest. But that is unlikely given the
number of tropical countries that produce oil and the wealth of oil deposits located in forest areas. Thus the focus is on reducing pollution and avoiding spills through
better pipeline management, reinjection techniques, and halting methane flaring. Limiting road development and restricting access can help avoid deforestation
associated with settlement.
 
Biofuels
 
The energy and technology sectors are investing heavily in alternatives to conventional fossil fuels, but early efforts to use crop-based biofuels have had serious
environmental consequences.
 
While some believed biofuels—fuels that are derived from biomass, including recently living organisms like plants or their metabolic byproducts like cow manure— would
offer environmental benefits over conventional fossils fuels, the production and use of biofuels derived from palm oil, soy, corn, rapeseed, and sugar cane have in recent
years driven up food prices, promoted large-scale deforestation, depleted water supplies, worsened soil erosion, and lead to increased air and water pollution. Still, there
is hope that the next generation of biofuels, derived from farm waste, algae, and native grasses and weeds, could eliminate many of the worse effects seen during the
current rush into biofuels.
 
Efficiency
 
Good old-fashioned oil conservation is effective in reducing demand for oil products. After the first OPEC embargo in 1973, the United States realized the importance of oil
efficiency and initiated policies to do away with wasteful practices. By 1985, the U.S. was 25 percent more energy efficient and 32 percent more oil efficient than in 1973.
Of course the U.S. was upstaged by the Japanese who in the same period improved their energy efficiency by 31 percent and their oil efficiency by 51 percent. Today the
importance of oil to the economy is still diminishing. Despite the 51 percent growth in the American economy between 1990 and 2004, carbon emissions only increased
19% suggesting that those who insist that economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions move in tandem are wrong.
 
Develop new technology
 
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The developed world can seek alternative methods to oil exploration, by developing new technologies that rely less on processes that are ecologically damaging. For
example, compressed natural gas is a cleaner-burning fuel than gasoline, is already used in some cars, and is available in vast quantities. Electric cars are potentially even
more environmentally sound.
 
To encourage investment in research and development of “greener” technologies, governments can help by eliminating subsidies for the oil and gas industry and
imposing higher taxes on heavy polluters. While governments will play a role in cleaner-energy development, it is likely that the private sector will provide most of the
funding and innovation for new energy projects. Venture capital firms and corporations have put billions into new technologies since the mid-2000s, while corporations
are getting on board as well.
 
As experiences with biofuels have shown, there are often downsides to alternative energy sources. For example, hydroelectric projects have destroyed river systems and
flooded vast areas of forests. Thus when undertaking any large-scale energy project — whether it’s wind, solar, tidal, geothermal, or something else — it is important to
conduct a proper assessment of its impact.
 
Conclusion
 
Admittedly, there are many challenges facing sustainable use of tropical rainforests. In arriving at a solution many issues must be addressed, including the resolution of
conflicting claims to land considered to be in the public domain; barriers to markets; the assurance of sustainable development without overexploitation in the face of
growing demand for forest products; determination of the best way to use forests; and the consideration of many other factors.
 
Almost none of these economic possibilities can become realities if the rainforests are completely stripped. Useful products cannot be harvested from species that no
longer exist, just as eco-tourists will not visit the vast stretches of wasteland that were once lush forest. Thus some of the primary rainforests must be salvaged for
sustainable development to be at all successful.
 
Available at: <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/1013.htm>. Retrieved on: Aug, 10th, 2017. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of Text “The simplest and most reliable way to mitigate damage from oil operations would be to prohibit oil extraction in the tropical rainforest”, the word
mitigate can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by 
 a) annihilate 
 b) increase 
 c) grow 
 d) reduce 
 e) concede
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Questão 498: CESGRANRIO - Med do Trab (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2017
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Text
 
Oil
 
Overview
 
The oil industry has a less-than-stellar environmental record in general, but it becomes even worse in tropical rainforest regions, which often contain rich deposits of
petroleum. The most notorious examples of rainforest havoc caused by oil firms are Shell Oil in Nigeria and Texaco in Ecuador. The operations run by both companies
degraded the environment and affected local and indigenous people by their activities. The Texaco operation in Ecuador was responsible for spilling some 17 million
gallons of oil into the biologically rich tributaries of the upper Amazon, while in the 1980s and 1990s Shell Oil cooperated with the oppressive military dictatorship in
Nigeria in the suppression and harassment of local people.
 
Action
 
The simplest and most reliable way to mitigate damage from oil operations would be to prohibit oil extraction in the tropical rainforest. But that is unlikely given the
number of tropical countries that produce oil and the wealth of oil deposits located in forest areas. Thus the focus is on reducing pollution and avoiding spills through
better pipeline management, reinjection techniques,and halting methane flaring. Limiting road development and restricting access can help avoid deforestation
associated with settlement.
 
Biofuels
 
The energy and technology sectors are investing heavily in alternatives to conventional fossil fuels, but early efforts to use crop-based biofuels have had serious
environmental consequences.
 
While some believed biofuels—fuels that are derived from biomass, including recently living organisms like plants or their metabolic byproducts like cow manure— would
offer environmental benefits over conventional fossils fuels, the production and use of biofuels derived from palm oil, soy, corn, rapeseed, and sugar cane have in recent
years driven up food prices, promoted large-scale deforestation, depleted water supplies, worsened soil erosion, and lead to increased air and water pollution. Still, there
is hope that the next generation of biofuels, derived from farm waste, algae, and native grasses and weeds, could eliminate many of the worse effects seen during the
current rush into biofuels.
 
Efficiency
 
Good old-fashioned oil conservation is effective in reducing demand for oil products. After the first OPEC embargo in 1973, the United States realized the importance of oil
efficiency and initiated policies to do away with wasteful practices. By 1985, the U.S. was 25 percent more energy efficient and 32 percent more oil efficient than in 1973.
Of course the U.S. was upstaged by the Japanese who in the same period improved their energy efficiency by 31 percent and their oil efficiency by 51 percent. Today the
importance of oil to the economy is still diminishing. Despite the 51 percent growth in the American economy between 1990 and 2004, carbon emissions only increased
19% suggesting that those who insist that economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions move in tandem are wrong.
 
Develop new technology
 
The developed world can seek alternative methods to oil exploration, by developing new technologies that rely less on processes that are ecologically damaging. For
example, compressed natural gas is a cleaner-burning fuel than gasoline, is already used in some cars, and is available in vast quantities. Electric cars are potentially even
more environmentally sound.
 
To encourage investment in research and development of “greener” technologies, governments can help by eliminating subsidies for the oil and gas industry and
imposing higher taxes on heavy polluters. While governments will play a role in cleaner-energy development, it is likely that the private sector will provide most of the
funding and innovation for new energy projects. Venture capital firms and corporations have put billions into new technologies since the mid-2000s, while corporations
are getting on board as well.
 
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As experiences with biofuels have shown, there are often downsides to alternative energy sources. For example, hydroelectric projects have destroyed river systems and
flooded vast areas of forests. Thus when undertaking any large-scale energy project — whether it’s wind, solar, tidal, geothermal, or something else — it is important to
conduct a proper assessment of its impact.
 
Conclusion
 
Admittedly, there are many challenges facing sustainable use of tropical rainforests. In arriving at a solution many issues must be addressed, including the resolution of
conflicting claims to land considered to be in the public domain; barriers to markets; the assurance of sustainable development without overexploitation in the face of
growing demand for forest products; determination of the best way to use forests; and the consideration of many other factors.
 
Almost none of these economic possibilities can become realities if the rainforests are completely stripped. Useful products cannot be harvested from species that no
longer exist, just as eco-tourists will not visit the vast stretches of wasteland that were once lush forest. Thus some of the primary rainforests must be salvaged for
sustainable development to be at all successful.
 
Available at: <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/1013.htm>. Retrieved on: Aug, 10th, 2017. Adapted.
 
Thus, in the fragment of Text “Thus some of the primary rainforests must be salvaged for sustainable development to be at all successful” conveys an idea of 
 a) conclusion 
 b) opposition 
 c) time sequence 
 d) addition 
 e) exemplification
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Questão 499: CESGRANRIO - TRPDACGN (ANP)/ANP/Técnico em Química/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Obama Rejects Keystone XL Pipeline
Why Keystone XL Is Dead
 
President Obama announced Friday morning that he has denied TransCanada’s permit application to build the Keystone XL oil pipeline in the U.S.
 
“The State Department has decided that the Keystone XL pipeline would not serve the national interest of the United States,” Obama said. “I agree with that decision.”
 
Obama said America is a global leader on taking action on climate change, and approving Keystone XL would have undercut that leadership. Some crude oil needs to be
left in the ground to keep the climate from warming further, and rejecting Keystone XL will help meet that goal, he said.
 
Among the reasons for rejecting Keystone XL, Obama said the pipeline would not make a meaningful long-term contribution to the U.S. economy, nor would it increase
U.S. energy security or help to lower gas prices, which have already declined dramatically over the last year.
 
TransCanada said in a statement that it “would review all of its options in light of a permit denial for Keystone XL,” including the possibility of filing a new permit
application for a pipeline.
 
“TransCanada and its shippers remain absolutely committed to building this important energy infrastructure project,” TransCanada CEO Russ Girling said in a statement.
 
State Department officials said at a news conference Friday that TransCanada is free to apply for a new permit to build a cross-border pipeline and it is up to the company
to do so.
 
The $8 billion Keystone XL pipeline was slated to stretch 1,179 miles from east-central Alberta, Canada, to the Texas Gulf Coast. It would transport 830,000 barrels of
crude oil per day from the Canadian tar sands to refineries near Houston. Proposed in 2008, the 875-mile section between the Canadian border and Steele City, Neb.,
needed State Department approval because it crossed an international border.
 
Other parts of TransCanada’s Keystone Project between central Nebraska and Texas have already been built and are carrying tar sands oil to refineries along the Gulf
Coast today. Environmental advocates have rallied against the unbuilt portion and urged the Obama administration to reject it, saying emissions from the production and
burning of tar sands oil it would carry could worsen climate change.
 
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency calculated that the tar sands oil the pipeline would carry is highly damaging to the climate, emitting about 1.3 billion more tons
of greenhouse emissions over the pipeline’s 50-year lifespan than if it were carrying conventional crude oil. The production of tar sands oil releases 17 percent more CO2
into the atmosphere than the average barrel of crude oil produced elsewhere, according to the State Department.
 
“Construction of the Keystone XL pipeline would be inconsistent with stabilizing global warming below dangerous levels,” Penn State University climate scientist Michael
Mann said. “I am pleased that the administration has made good on their promise to take seriously the task of acting on climate by rejecting the construction of the
pipeline.”
 
Available at: <http://www.scientifi camerican.com/article/obamarejects-keystone-xl-pipeline/>. Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted
 
In the fragment of the text “nor would it increaseU.S. energy security or help to lower gas prices, which have already declined dramatically over the last year”, the
adverb dramatically can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
 a) theatrically
 b) greatly
 c) trivially
 d) lightly
 e) discreetly
 
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Questão 500: CESGRANRIO - TA (ANP)/ANP/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Low Oil Prices Could Be Good
for Electricity and Renewables
 
By Robert Fares
 
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Since I first wrote about the price of oil last December, the global oil price has fallen to levels not seen in over five years. For many, the recent price decline brings back
memories of the 1980s oil price collapse, which followed the 70s oil price spike and drew attention away from renewable energy and other alternatives — famously
prompting U.S. President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House solar panels that had been installed by the previous administration.
 
Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible low oil prices could actually improve the economics of renewable
energy. It all comes down to the relationship between oil and gas production and the price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom line of technologies like wind
and solar.
 
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced 17 percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the oil price
increased, the price of electricity increased too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear, and renewable
energy.
 
Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s, today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of oil has no
direct impact on the price of electricity. Most electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from nuclear,
hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables. The fuel with the most direct impact on the price of electricity is natural gas, because natural gas generation often sets the
price of electricity in the market. To gauge how low oil prices might affect the price of electricity, it’s really important to think about how they might affect the price of
natural gas.
 
Although oil and natural gas prices have decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link between the price of oil and the price of natural gas, because both oil and
natural gas are often produced from the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is produced from wells drilled for the express purpose of extracting gas, a portion comes
from wells that are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as a byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in
North Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure. However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and Permian Basin, this gas is often injected into the existing pipeline
network. Because drillers are really after the more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no cost — depressing the
overall price of natural gas. The Railroad Commission of Texas, which regulates the oil and gas industry, collects separate data on natural gas produced from gas wells
and natural gas produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
 
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas production has increased since 2008, the amount of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has actually
declined. On the other hand, natural gas associated with oil production has increased markedly since 2008.
 
Available at: <http://blogs.scientifi camerican.com/plugged-in/low-oil-prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-renewables/>.Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of the text “Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s, today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of its electricity using petroleum.
Therefore, the price of oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity", the linking word therefore introduces the idea of
 a) conclusion
 b) addition
 c) cause
 d) condition
 e) opposition
 
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Questão 501: CESGRANRIO - Aud Jr (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Transportation in Geography
 
The world is obviously not a place where features such as resources, people and economic activities are randomly distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to spatial
distribution. Geography seeks to understand the spatial order of things as well as their interactions, particularly when the spatial order is less evident. Transportation is
one element of this spatial order as it is at the same time influenced by geography as well as having an influence on it. For instance, the path followed by a road is
influenced by regional economic and physical attributes, but once constructed the same road will shape future regional developments.
 
Transportation is of relevance to geography for two main reasons. First, transport infrastructures, terminals, modes and networks occupy an important place in space and
constitute the basis of a complex spatial system. Second, since geography seeks to explain spatial relationships, transport networks are of specific interest because they
are the main physical support of these interactions.
 
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged as a branch of economic geography in the second half of the twentieth century. In earlier considerations, particularly in
commercial geography (late 19th and early 20th century), transportation was an important factor behind the economic representations of the geographic space, namely in
terms of the location of economic activities and the monetary costs of distance. These cost considerations became the foundation of several geographical theories such as
central places and location analysis. The growing mobility of passengers and freight justified the emergence of transport geography as a specialized field of investigation.
 
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key factors in location theories and transport geography began to rely increasingly on quantitative methods, particularly
over network and spatial interactions analysis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes challenged the centrality of transportation in many
geographical and regional development investigations. The strong spatial anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded and decentralization was a dominant
paradigm that was observed within cities (suburbanization), but also within regions. The spatial theory foundations of transport geography, particularly the friction of
distance, became less relevant, or less evident, in explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result, transportation became underrepresented in economic geography in the
1970s and 1980s, even if the mobility of people and freight and low transport costswere considered as important factors behind the globalization of trade and production.
 
Since the 1990s, transport geography has received renewed attention with new realms of investigation. The issues of mobility, production and distribution became
interrelated in a complex geographical setting where the local, regional and global became increasingly blurred through the development of new passengers and freight
transport systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). For instance, suburbanization resulted in an array of challenges related to congestion and automobile dependency. Rapid
urbanization in developing economies underlined the challenges of transport infrastructure investment for private as well as collective uses. Globalizationsupported the
development of complex air and maritime transportation networks, many of which supporting global supply chains and trade relations across long distances. The role of
information and communication technologies was also being felt, often as a support or as an alternative to mobility. All of the above were linked with new and expanded
mobilities of passengers, freight and information.
 
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/ conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th, 2015.
 
In the fragment from the text “The issues of mobility, production and distribution became interrelated in a complex geographical setting where the local, regional and
global became increasingly blurred through the development of new passengers and freight transport systems”, the word blurred can be replaced by 
 a) evident 
 b) highlighted 
 c) obvious 
 d) distinct 
 e) imprecise
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Questão 502: CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Náutica/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking
More so than many other fields of business, the maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn gives the appearance of being conservative towards technology.
Certainly, we have technical ships magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it can take decades for a
technology to become mainstream. Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule
though, with many fleet owners realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your own logistical processes, can significantly improve efficiency. If a ship
arrives early or late, more often than not there will be an associated cost. If this can be identified during transit then the early or late arrival can be negated or at least
planned for. Likewise, if by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats means that you can route the closest vessel to the next job, then significant fuel cost savings
can be made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is used is just as important as knowing where a vessel is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply
the data to the benefit of efficiency for a single ship or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to position reports is essential.
A new tracking unit
RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit for the professional maritime environment. During its design phase, the team decided that in order for the position data it
provides to be of the most use, as well as being available via Rock Seven’s own fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in any software system the user chooses.
Using a standards-based API (Application Programming Interface.), the customer can integrate tracking data from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically this
means that RockFLEET tracked assets can be added to existing fleet management software, which invariably is designed around an owner or operators own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available, the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses
location data to manage payroll of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea, in international waters, in port or
transiting regions with high piracy incidents.
RockFLEET, a unique device
The above user is a private security company involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets location data using RockSTAR, the handheld version of RockFLEET, which
is a new fixed unit that can be fitted anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact (13cm diameter/4cm high) device
with multiple mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET was in part driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
 
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous; as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works from ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery inside. Which
is important should a vessel be hijacked and the main power cut.
 
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an operational
vessel/fleet tracking system, ship owners and fleet managers will know where their ships are at all times. This information can be fed to authorities, private anti-piracy
companies and the naval forces patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear, near real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of this information should a vessel be
hijacked is obvious: knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides responders with a starting point should a hijacked vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
 
Today’s pirates know that many commercial vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets sailing in what are known to be hostile waters. So disabling vessel
tracking equipment on board is a sensible action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued and because most tracking units are powered by the
vessel, finding and cutting the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however, is the only device of its kind with an internal battery backup, so it can continue to transmit
position for up to two weeks if external power is cut.
 
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy hotspots.
Available at: <http://maritime-connector.com/from-
security-toeffi ciency-modern-vessel-tracking/>. Retrieved on: Jan, 7th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In terms of pronominal reference, one observes that the word 
 a) which refers to business. 
 b) its refers to rule. 
 c) this refers to ship. 
 d) it refers to team. 
 e) those refers to vessels.
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Questão 503: CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Náutica/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking
More so than many other fields of business, the maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn gives the appearance of being conservative towards technology.
Certainly, we have technical ships magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it can take decades for a
technology to become mainstream. Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule
though, with many fleet owners realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your own logistical processes, can significantly improve efficiency. If a ship
arrives early or late, more often than not there will be an associated cost. If this can be identified during transit then the early or late arrival can be negated or at least
planned for. Likewise, if by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats means that you can route the closest vessel to the next job, then significant fuel cost savings
can be made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is used is just as important as knowing where a vessel is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply
the data to the benefit of efficiency for a single ship or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to position reports is essential.
A new tracking unit
RockFLEET is anadvanced new tracking unit for the professional maritime environment. During its design phase, the team decided that in order for the position data it
provides to be of the most use, as well as being available via Rock Seven’s own fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in any software system the user chooses.
Using a standards-based API (Application Programming Interface.), the customer can integrate tracking data from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically this
means that RockFLEET tracked assets can be added to existing fleet management software, which invariably is designed around an owner or operators own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available, the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses
location data to manage payroll of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea, in international waters, in port or
transiting regions with high piracy incidents.
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RockFLEET, a unique device
The above user is a private security company involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets location data using RockSTAR, the handheld version of RockFLEET, which
is a new fixed unit that can be fitted anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact (13cm diameter/4cm high) device
with multiple mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET was in part driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
 
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous; as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works from ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery inside. Which
is important should a vessel be hijacked and the main power cut.
 
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an operational
vessel/fleet tracking system, ship owners and fleet managers will know where their ships are at all times. This information can be fed to authorities, private anti-piracy
companies and the naval forces patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear, near real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of this information should a vessel be
hijacked is obvious: knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides responders with a starting point should a hijacked vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
 
Today’s pirates know that many commercial vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets sailing in what are known to be hostile waters. So disabling vessel
tracking equipment on board is a sensible action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued and because most tracking units are powered by the
vessel, finding and cutting the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however, is the only device of its kind with an internal battery backup, so it can continue to transmit
position for up to two weeks if external power is cut.
 
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy hotspots.
Available at: <http://maritime-connector.com/from-
security-toeffi ciency-modern-vessel-tracking/>. Retrieved on: Jan, 7th, 2015. Adapted.
 
The expression in bold and the item in italics convey equivalent ideas in 
 a) “Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International Maritime Organization)” - Because 
 b) “Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule though” – as usual 
 c) “If a ship arrives early or late, more often than not there will be an associated cost”- Whenever 
 d) “For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses location data to manage payroll of personnel” – Moreover 
 e) “So disabling vessel tracking equipment on board is a sensible action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued” - Thus
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Questão 504: CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Náutica/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking
More so than many other fields of business, the maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn gives the appearance of being conservative towards technology.
Certainly, we have technical ships magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it can take decades for a
technology to become mainstream. Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule
though, with many fleet owners realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your own logistical processes, can significantly improve efficiency. If a ship
arrives early or late, more often than not there will be an associated cost. If this can be identified during transit then the early or late arrival can be negated or at least
planned for. Likewise, if by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats means that you can route the closest vessel to the next job, then significant fuel cost savings
can be made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is used is just as important as knowing where a vessel is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply
the data to the benefit of efficiency for a single ship or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to position reports is essential.
A new tracking unit
RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit for the professional maritime environment. During its design phase, the team decided that in order for the position data it
provides to be of the most use, as well as being available via Rock Seven’s own fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in any software system the user chooses.
Using a standards-based API (Application Programming Interface.), the customer can integrate tracking data from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically this
means that RockFLEET tracked assets can be added to existing fleet management software, which invariably is designed around an owner or operators own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available, the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses
location data to manage payroll of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea, in international waters, in port or
transiting regions with high piracy incidents.
RockFLEET, a unique device
The above user is a private security company involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets location data using RockSTAR, the handheld version of RockFLEET, which
is a new fixed unit that can be fitted anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact (13cm diameter/4cm high) device
with multiple mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET was in part driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
 
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous; as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works from ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery inside. Which
is important should a vessel be hijacked and the main power cut.
 
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an operational
vessel/fleet tracking system, ship owners and fleet managers will know where their ships are at all times. This information can be fed to authorities, private anti-piracy
companies and the naval forces patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear,near real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of this information should a vessel be
hijacked is obvious: knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides responders with a starting point should a hijacked vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
 
Today’s pirates know that many commercial vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets sailing in what are known to be hostile waters. So disabling vessel
tracking equipment on board is a sensible action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued and because most tracking units are powered by the
vessel, finding and cutting the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however, is the only device of its kind with an internal battery backup, so it can continue to transmit
position for up to two weeks if external power is cut.
 
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy hotspots.
Available at: <http://maritime-connector.com/from-
security-toeffi ciency-modern-vessel-tracking/>. Retrieved on: Jan, 7th, 2015. Adapted.
 
Based on the meanings in the text, one notices that the words 
 a) countless and unlimited are antonyms. 
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 b) reliable and questionable are synonyms. 
 c) ensuring and securing express similar ideas. 
 d) disabled and destroyed express opposing ideas. 
 e) subdued and defeated do not have equivalent meanings.
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Questão 505: CESGRANRIO - Aud Jr (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Transportation in Geography
 
The world is obviously not a place where features such as resources, people and economic activities are randomly distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to spatial
distribution. Geography seeks to understand the spatial order of things as well as their interactions, particularly when the spatial order is less evident. Transportation is
one element of this spatial order as it is at the same time influenced by geography as well as having an influence on it. For instance, the path followed by a road is
influenced by regional economic and physical attributes, but once constructed the same road will shape future regional developments.
 
Transportation is of relevance to geography for two main reasons. First, transport infrastructures, terminals, modes and networks occupy an important place in space and
constitute the basis of a complex spatial system. Second, since geography seeks to explain spatial relationships, transport networks are of specific interest because they
are the main physical support of these interactions.
 
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged as a branch of economic geography in the second half of the twentieth century. In earlier considerations, particularly in
commercial geography (late 19th and early 20th century), transportation was an important factor behind the economic representations of the geographic space, namely in
terms of the location of economic activities and the monetary costs of distance. These cost considerations became the foundation of several geographical theories such as
central places and location analysis. The growing mobility of passengers and freight justified the emergence of transport geography as a specialized field of investigation.
 
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key factors in location theories and transport geography began to rely increasingly on quantitative methods, particularly
over network and spatial interactions analysis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes challenged the centrality of transportation in many
geographical and regional development investigations. The strong spatial anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded and decentralization was a dominant
paradigm that was observed within cities (suburbanization), but also within regions. The spatial theory foundations of transport geography, particularly the friction of
distance, became less relevant, or less evident, in explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result, transportation became underrepresented in economic geography in the
1970s and 1980s, even if the mobility of people and freight and low transport costswere considered as important factors behind the globalization of trade and production.
 
Since the 1990s, transport geography has received renewed attention with new realms of investigation. The issues of mobility, production and distribution became
interrelated in a complex geographical setting where the local, regional and global became increasingly blurred through the development of new passengers and freight
transport systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). For instance, suburbanization resulted in an array of challenges related to congestion and automobile dependency. Rapid
urbanization in developing economies underlined the challenges of transport infrastructure investment for private as well as collective uses. Globalization supported the
development of complex air and maritime transportation networks, many of which supporting global supply chains and trade relations across long distances. The role of
information and communication technologies was also being felt, often as a support or as an alternative to mobility. All of the above were linked with new and expanded
mobilities of passengers, freight and information.
 
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/ conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th, 2015.
 
The expression as well as in the fragment “Geography seeks to understand the spatial order of things as well as their interactions” conveys an idea of 
 a) opposition 
 b) conclusion 
 c) concession 
 d) addition 
 e) comparison
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Questão 506: CESGRANRIO - Aud Jr (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Transportation in Geography
 
The world is obviously not a place where features such as resources, people and economic activities are randomly distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to spatial
distribution. Geography seeks to understand the spatial order of things as well as their interactions, particularly when the spatial order is less evident. Transportation is
one element of this spatial order as it is at the same time influenced by geography as well as having an influence on it. For instance, the path followed by a road is
influenced by regional economic and physical attributes, but once constructed the same road will shape future regional developments.
 
Transportation is of relevance to geography for two main reasons. First, transport infrastructures, terminals, modes and networks occupy an important place in space and
constitute the basis of a complex spatial system. Second, since geography seeks to explain spatial relationships, transport networks are of specific interest because they
are the main physical support of these interactions.
 
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged as a branch of economic geography in the second half of the twentieth century. In earlier considerations, particularly in
commercial geography (late 19th and early 20th century), transportation was an important factor behind the economic representations of the geographic space, namely in
terms of the location of economic activities and the monetary costs of distance. These cost considerations became the foundation of several geographical theories such as
central places and location analysis. The growing mobility of passengers and freight justified the emergence of transport geography as a specialized field of investigation.
 
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key factors in location theories and transport geography began to rely increasingly on quantitative methods, particularly
overnetwork and spatial interactions analysis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes challenged the centrality of transportation in many
geographical and regional development investigations. The strong spatial anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded and decentralization was a dominant
paradigm that was observed within cities (suburbanization), but also within regions. The spatial theory foundations of transport geography, particularly the friction of
distance, became less relevant, or less evident, in explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result, transportation became underrepresented in economic geography in the
1970s and 1980s, even if the mobility of people and freight and low transport costswere considered as important factors behind the globalization of trade and production.
 
Since the 1990s, transport geography has received renewed attention with new realms of investigation. The issues of mobility, production and distribution became
interrelated in a complex geographical setting where the local, regional and global became increasingly blurred through the development of new passengers and freight
transport systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). For instance, suburbanization resulted in an array of challenges related to congestion and automobile dependency. Rapid
urbanization in developing economies underlined the challenges of transport infrastructure investment for private as well as collective uses. Globalization supported the
development of complex air and maritime transportation networks, many of which supporting global supply chains and trade relations across long distances. The role of
information and communication technologies was also being felt, often as a support or as an alternative to mobility. All of the above were linked with new and expanded
mobilities of passengers, freight and information.
 
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/ conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th, 2015.
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In the fragment “However, from the 1970s, technical, political and economic changes challenged the centrality of transportation in many geographical and regional
development investigations”, the word However introduces the idea of 
 a) consequence 
 b) conclusion 
 c) sequence 
 d) contrast 
 e) cause
 
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Questão 507: CESGRANRIO - Seg Of (TRANSPETRO)/TRANSPETRO/Náutica/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
From Security to Efficiency: Modern Vessel Tracking
More so than many other fields of business, the maritime industry is focused on cost, which in turn gives the appearance of being conservative towards technology.
Certainly, we have technical ships magnificently operating with equipment that wouldn’t look out of place in a NASA lab, but generally, it can take decades for a
technology to become mainstream. Unless it becomes mandated by the IMO (International Maritime Organization). Vessel tracking is a partial exception to the rule
though, with many fleet owners realizing its potential for more cost-effective operation and personnel security.
Knowing the exact position of all vessels in a fleet, in a software solution designed to fit with your own logistical processes, can significantly improve efficiency. If a ship
arrives early or late, more often than not there will be an associated cost. If this can be identified during transit then the early or late arrival can be negated or at least
planned for. Likewise, if by knowing the positions of your fleet of workboats means that you can route the closest vessel to the next job, then significant fuel cost savings
can be made. With modern tracking systems, the way data is used is just as important as knowing where a vessel is at all times. But there are countless ways to apply
the data to the benefit of efficiency for a single ship or fleet. So providing easy and reliable access to position reports is essential.
A new tracking unit
RockFLEET is an advanced new tracking unit for the professional maritime environment. During its design phase, the team decided that in order for the position data it
provides to be of the most use, as well as being available via Rock Seven’s own fleet viewer ‘The Core,’ it must also be available in any software system the user chooses.
Using a standards-based API (Application Programming Interface.), the customer can integrate tracking data from RockFLEET into their own applications. Typically this
means that RockFLEET tracked assets can be added to existing fleet management software, which invariably is designed around an owner or operators own logistics.
With precise vessel location data available, the opportunities are unlimited and only down to the creativity of the user. For instance, a current Rock Seven customer uses
location data to manage payroll of personnel. Essentially, personnel get paid different amounts depending on whether the ship is at sea, in international waters, in port or
transiting regions with high piracy incidents.
RockFLEET, a unique device
The above user is a private security company involved in anti-piracy operations. It actually gets location data using RockSTAR, the handheld version of RockFLEET, which
is a new fixed unit that can be fitted anywhere on board. Completely waterproof and with no moving parts, it is a robust, ultra-compact (13cm diameter/4cm high) device
with multiple mounting options. The physical design of RockFLEET was in part driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy.
 
The unit itself is designed to look anonymous; as standard there’s no name on the outside. It works from ship’s power, but it uniquely has a backup battery inside. Which
is important should a vessel be hijacked and the main power cut.
 
Knowing the location of all friendly vessels in a region is vital to organisations with a stake in ensuring safe passage through known piracy hotspots. With an operational
vessel/fleet tracking system, ship owners and fleet managers will know where their ships are at all times. This information can be fed to authorities, private anti-piracy
companies and the naval forces patrolling piracy hotspots to build a clear, near real-time picture for domain awareness. The value of this information should a vessel be
hijacked is obvious: knowing the last whereabouts of a vessel provides responders with a starting point should a hijacked vessel’s tracking system be disabled by pirates.
 
Today’s pirates know that many commercial vessels are tracked, especially those would be targets sailing in what are known to be hostile waters. So disabling vessel
tracking equipment on board is a sensible action for said pirates after a hijacked ship’s crew have been subdued and because most tracking units are powered by the
vessel, finding and cutting the power supply isn’t hard. RockFLEET, however, is the only device of its kind with an internal battery backup, so it can continue to transmit
position for up to two weeks if external power is cut.
 
With facility to mount covertly, this makes it especially suitable for vessels traversing piracy hotspots.
Available at: <http://maritime-connector.com/from-
security-toeffi ciency-modern-vessel-tracking/>. Retrieved on: Jan, 7th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of the text “The physical design of RockFLEET was in part driven by the security challenges faced by vessels facing the issues of modern piracy” driven
by can be replaced, without change in meaning, by 
 a) controlled by 
 b) motivated by 
 c) neglected by 
 d) dependent on 
 e) prevented from
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Questão 508: CESGRANRIO - TA (ANP)/ANP/2016
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Low Oil Prices Could Be Goodfor Electricity and Renewables
 
By Robert Fares
 
Since I first wrote about the price of oil last December, the global oil price has fallen to levels not seen in over five years. For many, the recent price decline brings back
memories of the 1980s oil price collapse, which followed the 70s oil price spike and drew attention away from renewable energy and other alternatives — famously
prompting U.S. President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House solar panels that had been installed by the previous administration.
 
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Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible low oil prices could actually improve the economics of renewable
energy. It all comes down to the relationship between oil and gas production and the price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom line of technologies like wind
and solar.
 
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced 17 percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the oil price
increased, the price of electricity increased too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear, and renewable
energy.
 
Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s, today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of oil has no
direct impact on the price of electricity. Most electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from nuclear,
hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables. The fuel with the most direct impact on the price of electricity is natural gas, because natural gas generation often sets the
price of electricity in the market. To gauge how low oil prices might affect the price of electricity, it’s really important to think about how they might affect the price of
natural gas.
 
Although oil and natural gas prices have decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link between the price of oil and the price of natural gas, because both oil and
natural gas are often produced from the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is produced from wells drilled for the express purpose of extracting gas, a portion comes
from wells that are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as a byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in
North Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure. However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and Permian Basin, this gas is often injected into the existing pipeline
network. Because drillers are really after the more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no cost — depressing the
overall price of natural gas. The Railroad Commission of Texas, which regulates the oil and gas industry, collects separate data on natural gas produced from gas wells
and natural gas produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
 
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas production has increased since 2008, the amount of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has actually
declined. On the other hand, natural gas associated with oil production has increased markedly since 2008.
 
Available at: <http://blogs.scientifi camerican.com/plugged-in/low-oil-prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-renewables/>.Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of the text “Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for renewable energy isn’t so bleak”, the word bleak can be replaced, with no change in meaning,
by
 a) encouraging
 b) cheerful
 c) optimistic
 d) desolate
 e) promising
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Questão 509: CESGRANRIO - Adv (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a
lack of the skills and knowledge they consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential to learn and develop those
skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to
replace a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and
gas leaders find strong millennial talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater return on investment for
millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments 
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good schools and evaluating academic performance will always be
important, and every company wants to hire smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not necessarily reflect all
the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive,
motivation, time management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as qualified as a top student. Using objective
assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for the
business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the
information they receive through social channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as friends and family, so
continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs, and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is
important, but they should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations 
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow,
demonstrate the talents they have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested in these things too, and showing a
commitment to developing employees will help retain existing employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready 
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to
learn, drive for achievement and ability to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in those areas can develop
into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing
the skills that graduates need to flourish in the job todayand prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies 
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business
needs. Openings will always need to be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people who will grow with the
organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for
learning and potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences 
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short time before moving on. However, our research shows that
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millennials view employment stability as very important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and clarifying the benefit
of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making
incorrect assumptions about how millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will see the most success in
attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the 8th paragraph of Text, the word vacancies is used three times.
 
To avoid one more repetition, the author chose as synonym for vacancies the word 
 a) companies 
 b) demands 
 c) needs 
 d) openings 
 e) goal
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Questão 510: CESGRANRIO - Adv (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Text
 
3 “Must Have” Strategies for the Oil and Gas Sector’s Big Shift Change
 
The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. A manager at an oil and gas company recently remarked that there are only two kinds of
people working in the sector: those who already feel the impact of the Big Shift Change and those who are going to. He knew what he was talking about.
 
Is your company ready to lose half of its skilled workforce?
 
Despite the sector’s widely reported recent downturns, industry experts warn that the ongoing departure of experienced older workers poses increasing risk for
companies that aren’t adequately prepared to source, train and support the younger workers who will replace them. In 2014 the Society of Petroleum Engineers
estimated that over the next 5 to 7 years the sector could lose up to 50% of its skilled workforce. If that estimate is even somewhat accurate, it means executives and
managers will face major challenges in maintaining safety, compliance and operational efficiency.
 
Preparing for the Big Shift Change: 3 “Must Have” Strategies
 
Here are 3 strategies that can help ensure that your company is ready to cope with the Big Shift Change.
 
• Ensure knowledge capture: How much missioncritical knowledge is walking out the door every night in employees’ heads? How many vital skills? How will you
manage when they don’t come back? Develop formal processes for knowledge capture and build them into your organization’s culture. From now on, advantage will go to
those who create cultures of sharing knowledge.
 
• Streamline hiring, onboarding and training processes: The younger workers who replace the retiring Baby Boomers aren’t going to be as skilled or experienced.
And they probably won’t stay on the job as long, either. You need to make sure your organization is ready to attract and select the best candidates, onboard them quickly
and give these new workers the training they’ll need to perform effectively—and be prepared to do it again for their replacements when they move on.
 
• Optimize performance support: After they’ve been trained, members of the new workforce will require substantially more support than their predecessors. You’ll
need SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), work instructions and job aids that are easy to access and easy to understand. It will be more important than ever for you
to ensure that their content is clear, concise and up-to-date, with regular review cycles.
 
Availabe at: <http://www.informationmapping.com/en/ resources/blog/entry/3-must-have-strategies-for-the-oil-and-gas-sector-s-big-shift change>. Retrieved on: Apr. 20th, 2015. Adapted.
 
From the fragment in Text “Here are 3 strategies that can help ensure that your company is ready to cope with the Big Shift Change”, one concludes that the 3
recommended strategies aim at 
 a) learning to lower the expectations of companies’ financial results. 
 b) training young employees to carry on their tasks with the least possible support. 
 c) adapting to the companies’ likely failure in the way they carry on their businesses. 
 d) building up and integrating structural processes of knowledge transfer to newcomers. 
 e) concentrating knowledge and know-how in the hands of a limited number of staff members.
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Questão 511: CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/"Sem Área"/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Financial System
People have virtually unlimited needs, but the economic resources to supply those needs are limited. Therefore, the greatest benefit of an economy is to provide the most
desirable consumer goods and services in the most desirable amounts - what is known as the efficient allocation of economic resources. To produce these consumer
goods and services requires capital in the form of labor, land, capital goods used to produce a desired product or service, and entrepreneurial ability to use these
resources together to the greatest efficiency in producing what consumers want most. Real capital consists of the land, labor, tools and machinery, and entrepreneurial
ability to produce consumer goods and services, and to acquire real capital costs money.
 
The financial system of an economy provides the means to collect money from the people who have it and distribute it to those who can use it best. Hence, the efficient
allocation of economic resources is achieved by a financial system that allocates money to those people and for those purposes that will yield the greatest return.
The financial system is composed of the products and services provided by financial institutions, which include banks, insurance companies, pension funds, organized
exchanges, and the many other companies that serve to facilitate economic transactions. Virtually all economic transactions are effected by one or more of these financial
institutions. They create financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds, pay interest on deposits, lend money to creditworthy borrowers, and create and maintain the
payment systems of modern economies.
These financial products and services are basedon the following fundamental objectives of any modern financial system:
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to provide a payment system;
to give money time value;
to offer products and services to reduce financial risk or to compensate risk-taking for desirableobjectives;
to collect and disperse information that allows the most efficient allocation of economic resources;to create and maintain financial markets that provide prices, which indicates how well investments are performing, which also determines the subsequent
allocation of resources, and to maintain economic stability.
Available at: <http://thismatter.com/money/banking/ financial-system.htm>. Retrieved on: July 27th, 2015. Adapted.
 
According to the text, a definition for the expression “the efficient allocation of economic resources” is: 
 a) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in limited amounts 
 b) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in unlimited amounts 
 c) production of economic resources in unlimited ways 
 d) production of economic resources in sufficient amounts 
 e) provision of the most desirable consumer goods and services in the most desirable amounts
 
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/304209
Questão 512: CESGRANRIO - Adv (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a
lack of the skills and knowledge they consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential to learn and develop those
skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to
replace a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and
gas leaders find strong millennial talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater return on investment for
millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments 
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good schools and evaluating academic performance will always be
important, and every company wants to hire smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not necessarily reflect all
the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive,
motivation, time management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as qualified as a top student. Using objective
assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for the
business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the
information they receive through social channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as friends and family, so
continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs, and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is
important, but they should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations 
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow,
demonstrate the talents they have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested in these things too, and showing a
commitment to developing employees will help retain existing employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready 
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to
learn, drive for achievement and ability to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in those areas can develop
into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing
the skills that graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies 
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business
needs. Openings will always need to be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people who will grow with the
organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for
learning and potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences 
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short time before moving on. However, our research shows that
millennials view employment stability as very important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and clarifying the benefit
of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making
incorrect assumptions about how millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will see the most success in
attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of Text “Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the information they receive through social channels”, the word nonetheless conveys an idea of 
 a) addition 
 b) conclusion 
 c) explanation 
 d) exemplification
 e) opposition
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Questão 513: CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/"Sem Área"/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Why Millennials Don’t Like Credit Cards
by Holly Johnson
Cheap, easy credit might have been tempting to young people in the past, but not to today’s millennials. According to a recent survey by Bankrate of over 1,161
consumers, 63% of adults ages 18 to 29 live without a credit card of any kind, and another 23% only carry one card.
The Impact of the Great Recession
Research shows that the environment millennials grew up in might have an impact on their finances. Unlike other generations, millennials lived through economic
hardships during a time when their adult lives were beginning. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the GreatRecession caused millennials to stray from historic
patterns when it comes to purchasing a home and having children, and a fear of credit cards could be another symptom of the economic environment of the times.
 
And there’s much data when it comes to proving that millennials grew up on shaky economic ground. The Pew Research Center reports that 36% of millennials lived at
home with their parents in 2012. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate for people ages 16 to 24 was 14.2% (more than twice the national rate) in early 2014, according to
the BLS. With those figures, it’s no wonder that millennials are skittish when it comes to credit cards. It makes sense that young people would be afraid to take on any
new forms of debt.
A Generation Plagued with Student Loan Debt
 
But the Great Recession isn’t the only reason millennials could be fearful of credit. Many experts believe that the nation’s student loan debt level might be related to it.
According to the Institute for College Access & Success, 71% of millennials (or 1.3 million students) who graduated from college in 2012 left school with at least some
student loan debt, with the average amount owed around $29,400.
 
With so much debt already under their belts, millennials are worried about adding any credit card debt to the pile. After all, many adults with student loan debt need to
make payments for years, and even decades.
How Millennials Can Build Credit Without a Credit Card
The fact that millennials are smart enough to avoid credit card debt is a good thing, but that doesn’t mean the decision has its drawbacks. According to Experian, most
adults need a positive credit history in order to qualify for an auto loan or mortgage. Even 
worse, having no credit history is almost as bad as having a negative credit history in some cases.
 
Still, there are plenty of ways millennials can build a credit history without a credit card. A few tips:
 
Make payments on installment loans on time. Whether it’s a car loan, student loan or personal loan, make sure to mail in those payments on time and pay at least
the minimum amount required.
Put at least one household or utility bill in your name. Paying your utility or household bills on time can help you build a positive credit history.
Get a secured credit card. Unlike traditional credit cards, the funds secured credit cards offer are backed by money the user deposits. Signing up for a secured card
is one way to build a positive credit history without any risk.
The fact that millennials are leery of credit cards is probably a good thing in the long run. After all, not having a credit card is the perfect way to stay out of credit card
debt. Even though it might be harder to build a credit history without credit cards, the vast majority of millennials have decided that the plastic just isn’t worth it.
Available at: <http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/my-money/2014/11/04/why-millennials-dont-like-creditcards>. Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
 
 
In the sentence of the text “the Great Recession caused millennials to stray from historic patterns when it comes to purchasing a home and having children”, the word
stray can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by 
 a) stem 
 b) start 
 c) range 
 d) follow 
 e) deviate
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Questão 514: CESGRANRIO - Adv (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a
lack of the skills and knowledge they consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential to learn and develop those
skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to
replace a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and
gas leaders find strong millennial talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater return on investment for
millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments 
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good schools and evaluating academic performance will always be
important, and every company wants to hire smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not necessarily reflect all
the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive,
motivation, time management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as qualified as a top student. Using objective
assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for the
business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
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Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the
information they receive through social channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as friends and family, so
continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs, and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is
important, but they should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations 
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow,
demonstrate the talents they have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested in these things too, and showing a
commitment to developing employees will help retain existing employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready 
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to
learn, drive for achievement and ability to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in those areas can develop
into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing
the skills that graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies 
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business
needs. Openings will always need to be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people who will grow with the
organization.Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for
learning and potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences 
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short time before moving on. However, our research shows that
millennials view employment stability as very important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and clarifying the benefit
of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making
incorrect assumptions about how millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will see the most success in
attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
Based on the fragment of Text I “Using objective assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential –
improves the odds of finding the right hires for the business”, one infers that objective assessments 
 a) improve the chances of finding the right hires. 
 b) are a strange method of finding the right hires.
 c) are the only method of measuring employability. 
 d) are an ineffective method of finding the right hires if compared to academic performance. 
 e) do not measure the overall potential of a job candidate.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300500
Questão 515: CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/"Sem Área"/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Financial System
People have virtually unlimited needs, but the economic resources to supply those needs are limited. Therefore, the greatest benefit of an economy is to provide the most
desirable consumer goods and services in the most desirable amounts - what is known as the efficient allocation of economic resources. To produce these consumer
goods and services requires capital in the form of labor, land, capital goods used to produce a desired product or service, and entrepreneurial ability to use these
resources together to the greatest efficiency in producing what consumers want most. Real capital consists of the land, labor, tools and machinery, and entrepreneurial
ability to produce consumer goods and services, and to acquire real capital costs money.
 
The financial system of an economy provides the means to collect money from the people who have it and distribute it to those who can use it best. Hence, the efficient
allocation of economic resources is achieved by a financial system that allocates money to those people and for those purposes that will yield the greatest return.
The financial system is composed of the products and services provided by financial institutions, which include banks, insurance companies, pension funds, organized
exchanges, and the many other companies that serve to facilitate economic transactions. Virtually all economic transactions are effected by one or more of these financial
institutions. They create financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds, pay interest on deposits, lend money to creditworthy borrowers, and create and maintain the
payment systems of modern economies.
These financial products and services are basedon the following fundamental objectives of any modern financial system:
to provide a payment system;
to give money time value;
to offer products and services to reduce financial risk or to compensate risk-taking for desirableobjectives;
to collect and disperse information that allows the most efficient allocation of economic resources;
to create and maintain financial markets that provide prices, which indicates how well investments are performing, which also determines the subsequent
allocation of resources, and to maintain economic stability.
Available at: <http://thismatter.com/money/banking/ financial-system.htm>. Retrieved on: July 27th, 2015. Adapted.
 
In the fragment of the text “Hence, the efficient allocation of economic resources”, the connector Hence conveys an idea of 
 a) emphasis 
 b) time sequence 
 c) contrast 
 d) conclusion 
 e) addition
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/304205
Questão 516: CESGRANRIO - Adv (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
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Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a
lack of the skills and knowledge they consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential to learn and develop those
skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to
replace a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and
gas leaders find strong millennial talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater return on investment for
millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments 
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good schools and evaluating academic performance will always be
important, and every company wants to hire smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not necessarily reflect all
the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive,
motivation, time management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as qualified as a top student. Using objective
assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for the
business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the
information they receive through social channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as friends and family, so
continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs, and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is
important, but they should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations 
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivatesthem. Our research shows this generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow,
demonstrate the talents they have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested in these things too, and showing a
commitment to developing employees will help retain existing employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready 
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to
learn, drive for achievement and ability to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in those areas can develop
into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing
the skills that graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies 
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business
needs. Openings will always need to be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people who will grow with the
organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for
learning and potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences 
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short time before moving on. However, our research shows that
millennials view employment stability as very important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and clarifying the benefit
of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making
incorrect assumptions about how millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will see the most success in
attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
Based on the 7th paragraph of Text, it is implicit the author believes that 
 a) new employees should be ready to work from the moment they are hired. 
 b) new employees should have their skills developed for their future in the company. 
 c) technical knowledge is the most important aspect to be taken into consideration when hiring someone. 
 d) the ability to work with others should not be considered an important issue when hiring someone. 
 e) candidates’ capacity to learn is the only issue that should be taken into consideration when hiring someone.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300504
Questão 517: CESGRANRIO - Esc BB/BB/"Sem Área"/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Why Millennials Don’t Like Credit Cards
by Holly Johnson
Cheap, easy credit might have been tempting to young people in the past, but not to today’s millennials. According to a recent survey by Bankrate of over 1,161
consumers, 63% of adults ages 18 to 29 live without a credit card of any kind, and another 23% only carry one card.
The Impact of the Great Recession
Research shows that the environment millennials grew up in might have an impact on their finances. Unlike other generations, millennials lived through economic
hardships during a time when their adult lives were beginning. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Great Recession caused millennials to stray from historic
patterns when it comes to purchasing a home and having children, and a fear of credit cards could be another symptom of the economic environment of the times.
 
And there’s much data when it comes to proving that millennials grew up on shaky economic ground. The Pew Research Center reports that 36% of millennials lived at
home with their parents in 2012. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate for people ages 16 to 24 was 14.2% (more than twice the national rate) in early 2014, according to
the BLS. With those figures, it’s no wonder that millennials are skittish when it comes to credit cards. It makes sense that young people would be afraid to take on any
new forms of debt.
A Generation Plagued with Student Loan Debt
 
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But the Great Recession isn’t the only reason millennials could be fearful of credit. Many experts believe that the nation’s student loan debt level might be related to it.
According to the Institute for College Access & Success, 71% of millennials (or 1.3 million students) who graduated from college in 2012 left school with at least some
student loan debt, with the average amount owed around $29,400.
 
With so much debt already under their belts, millennials are worried about adding any credit card debt to the pile. After all, many adults with student loan debt need to
make payments for years, and even decades.
How Millennials Can Build Credit Without a Credit Card
The fact that millennials are smart enough to avoid credit card debt is a good thing, but that doesn’t mean the decision has its drawbacks. According to Experian, most
adults need a positive credit history in order to qualify for an auto loan or mortgage. Even 
worse, having no credit history is almost as bad as having a negative credit history in some cases.
 
Still, there are plenty of ways millennials can build a credit history without a credit card. A few tips:
 
Make payments on installment loans on time. Whether it’s a car loan, student loan or personal loan, make sure to mail in those payments on time and pay at least
the minimum amount required.
Put at least one household or utility bill in your name. Paying your utility or household bills on time can help you build a positive credit history.
Get a secured credit card. Unlike traditional credit cards, the funds secured credit cards offer are backed by money the user deposits. Signing up for a secured card
is one way to build a positive credit history without any risk.
The fact that millennials are leery of credit cards is probably a good thing in the long run. After all, not having a credit card is the perfect way to stay out of credit card
debt. Even though it might be harder to build a credit history without credit cards, the vast majority of millennials have decided that the plastic just isn’t worth it.
Available at: <http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/my-money/2014/11/04/why-millennials-dont-like-creditcards>. Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
 
 
The word skittish, in the sentence of the text “With those figures, it’s no wonder that millennials are skittish when it comes to credit cards”, can be replaced, with no
change in meaning, by 
 a) uncertain 
 b) enthusiastic
 c) depressed 
 d) determined 
 e) secure
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/266086
Questão 518: CESGRANRIO - Adv (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Millennials – The next generation of oil and gas talent
 
Good oil and gas talent is in short supply. Combine the so-called “Big Shift Change” with the reduced number of students applying for and completing STEM (Science,
Technology,Engineering and Mathematics) courses in college, and there is a serious concern about where the next generation of industry talent will come from.
 
As oil and gas companies bring in new talent to meet staffing demands, CEB research shows that five-in-six hiring managers believe their new graduate hires present a
lack of the skills and knowledge they consider necessary. But rather than changing their hiring strategies to find candidates with the potential to learn and develop those
skills and knowledge, many companies continue to waste money on ineffective and poorly targeted recruitment programs. As a result, these companies are forced to
replace a growing percentage of their graduate hires within the first year.
 
One thing is for certain – millennials, or workers born between 1980 and 2000, will be a critical part of the oil and gas workforce of tomorrow. So how can today’s oil and
gas leaders find strong millennial talent who make an impact quickly? We’ve identified several tips for companies that want to see greater return on investment for
millennial recruitment.
 
1. Broaden your net beyond only those with top grades and use objective assessments 
Strong academic performers aren’t always those who will perform best in the job. Recruiting from good schools and evaluating academic performance will always be
important, and every company wants to hire smart people. However, grades are not a perfect measure of how smart someone is, and they do not necessarily reflect all
the characteristics that make a person successful on the job. The job candidate with a 3.1 GPA who worked full-time while going to school may have demonstrated drive,
motivation, time management and resourcefulness – all of which are beneficial on the job. This person can be just as qualified as a top student. Using objective
assessments to measure employability – a comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft skills and overall potential – improves the odds of finding the right hires for the
business.
 
2. Use, but don’t overestimate, social media
Unsurprisingly, millennials are more likely than any other generation to use social media to learn about organizations. Nonetheless, less than a third actually trust the
information they receive through social channels. Regardless of generation, job seekers place the most trust in personal connections such as friends and family, so
continue to invest in traditional channels such as on-campus recruiting, job fairs, and referral programs. Using technology and social media in the recruiting process is
important, but they should supplement and enhance existing efforts rather than replace them.
 
3. Understand millennial motivations 
To attract the best millennial workers, understand what motivates them. Our research shows this generation is actually motivated by opportunities to develop and grow,
demonstrate the talents they have, and move up in the company, rather than by salary. Incidentally, other generations are interested in these things too, and showing a
commitment to developing employees will help retain existing employees as well as attract new ones.
 
4. Remember that new hires don’t always have to be work-ready 
Graduate hires may not have the necessary skills to be successful on day one. When casting a wider net to find new talent, look for ways to assess candidates’ capacity to
learn, drive for achievement and ability to work effectively with others. There is an increased likelihood that candidates with high measures in those areas can develop
into successful employees, even if they do not possess the full range of technical knowledge and skills when hired. Once they are hired, identify and invest in developing
the skills that graduates need to flourish in the job today and prepare for future roles.
 
5. Avoid recruiting simply to fill vacancies 
Successful companies find a balance between responding to management demands to fill current vacancies and securing the right people to meet long-term business
needs. Openings will always need to be filled, but the urgency to hire for today’s vacancies should be tempered with the goal of hiring people who will grow with the
organization. Many successful oil and gas companies are hiring for fit with the overall company rather than for a specific job. A talented engineer with strong capacity for
learning and potential for growth is someone worth investing in, even if a perfect role isn’t available at the present time.
 
6. Offer diverse experiences 
A common myth about millennials is that they are only looking to stay with a given company for a short time before moving on. However, our research shows that
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millennials view employment stability as very important but they are also looking for varied experiences. By offering diverse career experiences and clarifying the benefit
of moves with the organization, millennials will be more likely to stay in one place.
 
With a growing need for new talent in the sector, most oil and gas companies will feel pressure to hire new millennial employees as rapidly as possible. However, making
incorrect assumptions about how millennials think and hiring for short-term rather than long-term goals will be ineffective. Companies will see the most success in
attracting top millennial talent by taking a more thoughtful, objective and company-specific approach to hiring.
 
Available at: <http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/ 2014/10/millennials-the-next-generation-of-oil-and-gas-talent.html>. Retrieved on: Apr. 30th, 2015. Adapted.
 
The main purpose of Text is to 
 a) highlight the necessity to recruit for a specific position. 
 b) show the reader how to understand millennial motivations. 
 c) present some advice on how to identify young talents for the oil and gas industry. 
 d) defend the idea that millennials are not prepared for the oil and gas market demands. 
 e) deconstruct the myth that millennials are looking to stay in a company for a short time.
Esta questão possui comentário do professor no site. www.tecconcursos.com.br/questoes/300462
Questão 519: CESGRANRIO - Adv (PETRO)/PETROBRAS/Júnior/2015
Assunto: Vocabulário e Tradução (inglês)
Text
 
3 “Must Have” Strategies for the Oil and Gas Sector’s Big Shift Change
 
The global oil market will undergo sweeping changes over the next five years. A manager at an oil and gas company recently remarked that there are only two kinds of
people working in the sector: those who already feel the impact of the Big Shift Change and those who are going to. He knew what he was talking about.
 
Is your company ready to lose half of its skilled workforce?
 
Despite the sector’s widely reported recent downturns, industry experts warn that the ongoing departure of experienced older workers poses increasing risk for
companies that aren’t adequately prepared to source, train and support the younger workers who will replace them. In 2014 the Society of Petroleum Engineers
estimated that over the next 5 to 7 years the sector could lose up to 50% of its skilled workforce. If that estimate is even somewhat accurate, it means executives and
managers will face major challenges in maintaining safety, compliance and operational efficiency.
 
Preparing for the Big Shift Change: 3 “Must Have” Strategies
 
Here are 3 strategies that can help ensure that your company is ready to cope with the Big Shift Change.
 
• Ensure knowledge capture: How much missioncritical knowledge is walking out the door every night in employees’ heads? How many vital skills? How will you
manage when they don’t come back? Develop formal processes for knowledge capture and build them into your organization’s culture. From now on, advantage will go to
those who create cultures of sharing knowledge.
 
• Streamline hiring, onboarding and training processes: The younger workers who replace the retiring Baby Boomers aren’t going