(Syntax 2) Questions put by lecturer for first discussion

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1. prepositional verbs in the context of verb valency and in contrast with phrasal verb
Answer: 
In terms of verb valency, prepositional verbs tend to have a more fixed valency since the preposition is essential for completing the verb's meaning. Phrasal verbs can have varying meanings depending on the particle used and the context in which they are applied, making them more flexible but sometimes confusing.
 Prepositional Verbs:
1. **Depend on**: 
   - "She depends on her parents for support."
   - The preposition "on" is essential to convey that support is required from her parents.
2. **Concentrate on**: 
   - "He needs to concentrate on his studies."
   - Here, "on" is necessary to indicate the focus of his concentration.
3. **Listen to**: 
   - "They enjoy listening to music."
   - The preposition "to" is crucial for understanding what they are listening to.
### Phrasal Verbs:
1. **Give up**: 
   - "He decided to give up smoking."
   - The meaning is specific, and "up" adds a nuance of quitting completely.
2. **Run into**: 
   - "I ran into an old friend at the mall."
   - This means to unexpectedly meet someone, and the meaning changes with the context.
3. **Take off**: 
   - "The plane will take off at noon."
   - In this context, it means to leave the ground, but it can also mean to remove something (like clothing) depending on usage.
2. VP structure 
Let us then revise verb valencies , 
1.1 what are the difference verb valencies in English?
Answer:
*1. Intransitive Verbs*
These verbs do not require an object to complete their meaning. They can stand alone with just a subject.
- **Example**: 
  - "She sleeps." 
  - Here, "sleeps" does not need an object; it’s complete with just the subject.
*2. Transitive or Monotransitive Verbs*
Transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning. They cannot stand alone without an object.
- **Example**: 
  - "He reads a book." 
  - The verb "reads" needs the object "a book" to make sense.
*3. Ditransitive Verbs*
These verbs take two objects: a direct object and an indirect object. 
- **Example**: 
  - "She gave him a gift." 
  - Here, "gave" has both a direct object ("a gift") and an indirect object ("him").
*4. Intransitive* with Prepositional Phrase
Some intransitive verbs are followed by a prepositional phrase that adds more information but is not necessary for the verb's core meaning.
- **Example**: 
  - "He sleeps on the couch."
  - The prepositional phrase "on the couch" provides additional information but is not essential.
5. Linking Verbs
Linking verbs connect the subject with a subject complement (which can be a noun or adjective) but do not take direct objects.
- **Example**: 
  - "She is a teacher."
  - Here, "is" links the subject "she" to the complement "a teacher."
6 *Complex Transitive Verb*: 
Roberts (2011) posits that complex transitive verbs take two complements, a direct object, usually a noun phrase and an object-predicative, what Downing and Lokwe (2006) term locative complement which can take the form of a noun phrase, an adjective phrase or a preposition phrase as it can be illustrated below.
*Examples*
1. I find her very smart.
 
2. They elected Mr. Trump their president. 
 2.1- What are the elements of the VP
Answer: 
VP Elements:
- Main Verb
- Auxiliary Verbs
- Modals
- Objects (Direct/Indirect)
- Complements
- Adverbials
3. Distinguish preposition verbs from phrasal verbs
Answer: 
*Prepositional phrase* are verbs that require a preposition to complete their meaning. The preposition is part of the verb's valency.
Example: "to rely on"
*Phrasal Verbs* are verbs combined with a particle (usually a preposition or adverb) that changes the verb's meaning.
Example: "pick up"